prc's poverty reduction success: implications for cambodia and for prc's development assistance...

8/4/2019 PRC's Poverty Reduction Success: Implications for Cambodia and for PRC's Development Assistance (Paper)

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Kmejo`dm @hwhcovehip Zh{oxzkh Di{pdpxph

Kbdim{ [hkpozmc Koevo{dpdoi og Hkoioedk Lzo|pb# Vowhzpt Zh`xkpdoi# mi` Dih}xmcdpt>@hwhcovehipmc mi` Vocdkt Devcdkmpdoi{ goz Kmejo`dm=

[xjedpph` poVmzpihz Ozlmid~mpdoi{ di pbh Vowhzpt Ihp|oza og pbh M{dmi @hwhcovehip Jmia

Vbioe Vhib# Kmejo`dm;= Mxlx{p :6==

= Pbd{ vmvhz |m{ vzhvmzh` jt Wmpbmim ZOPB# m zh{hmzkb m{{okdmph og pbh Kmejo`dm @hwhcovehip

Zh{oxzkh Di{pdpxph1 hemdc> wmpbmimFk`zd)ozl)ab) D`hm{ hrvzh{{h` di pbd{ vmvhz mzh pbo{h og pbhmxpboz1 pbht `o iop ihkh{{mzdct zhvzh{hip pbh ovdidoi{ og pbh Kmejo`dm @hwhcovehip Zh{oxzkhDi{pdpxph oz pbh M{dmi @hwhcovehip Jmia)
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Pmjch og Koiphip{

Cd{p og Gdlxzh{ ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ddCd{p og Pmjch{))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ddHRHKXPDWH [XEEMZT )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ==) DIPZO@XKPDOI))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ;:) VOWHZPT ZH@XKPDOI DI KMEJO@DM)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 8

:)=) [hkpozmc Lzo|pb mi` Vowhzpt Dikd`hikh )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 8:):) Lowhziehip Vocdkdh{ oi Vowhzpt Zh`xkpdoi)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 7:);) Lowhziehip%ch` Vowhzpt Zh`xkpdoi [pzmphlt mi` Didpdmpdwh{ ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))


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dd

Cd{p og Gdlxzh{

Gdlxzh => [hkpozmc [bmzh og L@V di Kmejo`dm# =44;%:664 )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 8Gdlxzh :> Hevcotehip [bmzh jt [hkpoz# Kmejo`dm =44;%:662 ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 7Gdlxzh ;> Vhz Kmvdpm @d{vo{mjch Dikoeh og Xzjmi mi` Zxzmc Box{hboc`{ di Kbdim))) =6Gdlxzh 0> [hkpozmc [bmzh og L@V di Kbdim# =44;%:664

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =:Gdlxzh 8> Lzo|pb og Oxpvxp di Kbdim mi` Kmejo`dm# miixmc vhzkhip kbmilh ))))))))))))) =0Gdlxzh 7> Hevcotehip [bmzh jt [hkpoz di Kbdim mi` Kmejo`dm =44;%:662 )))))))))))))) = Hevcotehip mi` Oxpvxp Lzo|pb di Mlzdkxcpxzh )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) :6Gdlxzh 4> Lowhzimikh Di`dkmpoz{ di Kbdim mi` Kmejo`dm# Vhzkhipdch Zmia "6%=66 )) ::Gdlxzh =6> Kmejo`dm,{ Lowhziehip Hrvhi`dpxzh jt Gxikpdoi ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) :;

Cd{p og Pmjch{

Pmjch => Kxzzhip Lowhziehip [okdmc Vzophkpdoi Diphzwhipdoi{ ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) 2Pmjch :> Popmc Wmcxh og Devozp{ mi` Hrvozp{ di Kbdim)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ==Pmjch ;> Emdi Di`dkmpoz{ og Di`x{pzdmc Hiphzvzd{h{ di Kbdim "Xidp{ )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =;Pmjch 0> Emdi Di`dkmpoz{ jt Di`x{pzdmc [hkpoz{ di Kbdim# :664 "=66 edccdoi txmi ))))))) =0Pmjch 8> @odil Jx{dih{{ di [hchkph` M{dmi Koxipzdh{# :6=6 )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) =8Pmjch 7> Diwh{pehip Kcdemph mi` Ovhiih{{ Di`dkmpoz{ og [hchkph` Koxipzdh{ )))))))))))) =7Pmjch Kzov Tdhc`{# Phkbiocolt X{mlh mi` Digzm{pzxkpxzh di Kmejo`dm mi` pbhZhldoi)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) :=Pmjch 2> @hwhcovehip%ozdhiph` Vowhzpt Vzolzmeeh{ di Zxzmc Kbdim ))))))))))))))))))))))))) :8Pmjch 4> [kdhikh mi` Phkbiocolt ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) : @hwhcovehip Vmzpihz @d{jxz{hehip{ "X[@ edccdoi

)))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) :2Pmjch ==> Kbdim{ @d{jxz{hehip{ jt [hkpoz# :668%=6 "X[@ edccdoi )))))))))))))))))))))))))))) :4Pmjch =:> Pov =8 Diwh{poz{ di Kmejo`dm# :666%Mvzdc :6== ))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ;6Pmjch =;> Kbdih{h Diwh{pehip jt [xj%[hkpoz# :666%Mvzdc :6== )))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))))) ;=


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HRHKXPDWH [XEEMZT

Mcpboxlb koxipzt koiphrpxmc `dgghzhikh{ mi` vzh%koi`dpdoi{ ex{p jh kmzhgxcct koi{d`hzh`|bhi mpphevpdil po zhvcdkmph hkoioedk lzo|pb mi` vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi eo`hc{# Kmejo`dmkoxc` cooa dipo hrvhzdhikh{ og {oeh M{dmi koxipzdh{ cdah Kbdim# Di`dm# [oxpb Aozhm# Pbmdcmi`mi` Wdhpime# po gxzpbhz devzowh dp{ vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi gzmeh|oza mi` hrhkxpdoi) Kmejo`dmkoxc` mc{o xpdcd{h gozhdli m{{d{pmikh mi` diphzimpdoimc koovhzmpdoi jt zh`dzhkpdil zh{oxzkh{ po{xvvozp mkpdwdpdh{ |bdkb bmwh pbh bdlbh{p vo{{djch hgghkp{ oi vowhzpt mcchwdmpdoi)

M{ gmz m{ Kbdim{ `hwhcovehip hrvhzdhikh{ mzh koikhzih`# Kmejo`dm kmi chmzi gzoeKbdim{ `xmc gokx{ oi vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi> koeedpph` lzo|pb%ozdhiph` vowhzpt zh`xkpdoivocdkdh{ jt pbh lowhziehip |dpb vzolzmeeh{ pbmp m``zh{{ ehkbmid{e po hi{xzh dikoehzh`d{pzdjxpdoi mi` po emah pbh hkoioedk lzo|pb vzokh{{ eozh vzo%vooz mi` dikcx{dwh "h)l)pbzoxlb lholzmvbdkmc pmzlhpdil) Kbdim{ pzmi{gozempdoi gzoe vcmiih` po {okdmcd{p gzhh emzahphkoioet mi` vzojmjct po gzhh emzahp |bhi Kbdim hiphz{ dp{ ihrp ktkch og zhgoze bm{vzowd`h` hkoioedk chwhzmlh goz koxipzt{ `hwhcovehip pmadil m`wmipmlh{ og dikzhm{h`vzo`xkpdwdpt# pzm`h cdjhzmcd{mpdoi# noj kzhmpdoi# gozhdli `dzhkp diwh{pehip mi` vzdwmph {hkpoz

`hwhcovehip "{hh# goz hrmevch# Vhzadi{ =4221 Bmzzoc` =44:1 ]dmi ' \x :6661 Cdi =4401 \x:6661 \mil ' Tmo :66;) Pbh {vhh` og Kbdim{ zhgoze{ bm{ jhhi lzm`xmc mi` hrvhzdehipmc#chmzidil gzoe pzdmc{ mi` hzzoz{ jhgozh didpdmpdwh{ |hzh {kmch`%xv "\oo =444) Kbdim{ zhgoze{pmzph` |dpb mlzdkxcpxzmc `hwhcovehip pbzoxlb devzowh` h{{hipdmc bmz` mi` {ogp digzm{pzxkpxzhgoz zxzmc hiphzvzd{h{ mi` {bdgph` po cmjoxz%diphi{dwh cdlbp emixgmkpxzdil mi` {hzwdkh{) Hrvozp{mi` pzm`h cdjhzmcd{mpdoi bmwh mc{o jhhi pbh emdi gokx{ di Kbdim{ `hwhcovehip mlhi`m"DVZKK :6=6)

Oi pbh hkoioedk gzoip# Kmejo`dm kmi `zm| ch{{oi{ di pbh mzhm{ og pzm`h cdjhzmcd{mpdoi1di`x{pzdmcd{mpdoi gokx{h` oi `dwhz{dgdkmpdoi# jx{dih{{ koevhpdpdwhih{{ mi` xzjmi%zxzmccdiamlh{1 mlzdkxcpxzh mi` zxzmc `hwhcovehip1 mi` pbh zoch og pbh {pmph di `dzhkpdil mi`kooz`dimpdil pbh `hwhcovehip mlhi`m) Di phze{ og {hkpozmc koevo{dpdoi og hkoioedk lzo|pb

mi` vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi mi` meoil pbh goxz vdccmz{ og pbh hkoioet# lmzehip{# poxzd{e#koi{pzxkpdoi mi` mlzdkxcpxzh# mlzdkxcpxzmc `hwhcovehip zhemdi{ kzxkdmc po vowhzpt mcchwdmpdoihggozp{ {dikh mjoxp 26 vhzkhip og pbh vovxcmpdoi cdwh{ di zxzmc mzhm{ mi` zhcdh{ emdict oimlzdkxcpxzh%zhcmph` okkxvmpdoi{) @h{vdph co| wmcxh%m``h` po L@V# mlzdkxcpxzh koipdixh{ povcmt m {dlidgdkmip zoch di pbh owhzmcc hkoioet di phze{ og noj kzhmpdoi mi` dikoeh {oxzkh gozemnozdpt og zxzmc box{hboc`{) Hibmikhehip og mlzdkxcpxzmc mi` goo` hrvozp{ kmi jh jhihgdkdmcpo owhzmcc emkzo%hkoioedk lzo|pb mi` bhcv zh`xkh dikoeh dih}xmcdpt "Aojmtm{bd hp mc) :6621Zmwmccdoi ' Kbhi :66


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P|o ch{{oi{ Kmejo`dm kmi chmzi gzoe pbh Kbdih{h hrvhzdhikh oi vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi>

Kmejo`dm {boxc` {pzhilpbhi dp{ vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi mlhikt# kxzzhipct pbh Koxikdc gozMlzdkxcpxzh mi` Zxzmc @hwhcovehip "KMZ@ jhdil pbh diphz%edid{pzt kooz`dimpoz oivowhzpt zh`xkpdoi vzolzmeeh{# mi` mccokmph eozh zh{oxzkh{ goz zxzmc `hwhcovehip|bhzh pbh emnozdpt og vooz box{hboc`{ mzh) KMZ@ kmi jh em`h m eozh {vhkdmcd{hìmpdoimc vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi mlhikt mi` aht {pmgg ehejhz{ {boxc` jh koipdixox{ctpzmdih` zmpbhz pbmi cmzlhct zhctdil oi hrphzimc koi{xcpmip{1

Eozh zh{oxzkh{ {boxc` jh mccokmph` po jxdc`dil zxzmc vbt{dkmc digzm{pzxkpxzh{ "zom`{#jzd`lh{# cmi` devzowhehip# mi` dzzdlmpdoi po mcco| vooz box{hboc`{ lzhmphz mi`hm{dhz mkkh{{ po emzahp{ goz pbhdz dikoeh%lhihzmpdil mkpdwdpdh{) Km{b goz |oza# |bhzhm khzpmdi meoxip og km{b d{ ldwhi po vooz box{hboc`{ di hrkbmilh goz pbhdz cmjoxz didigzm{pzxkpxzh jxdc`dil# koxc` jh gxzpbhz hrvcozh`) [ogp m{{d{pmikh {xkb m{ pzmdidil mi``heoi{pzmpdoi oi {kdhikh mi` phkbiocolt mi` vzo`xkpdoi {boxc` mc{o jhkoevchehiph`)

Devchehipmpdoi og pbh vzovo{h` vzolzmeeh{ |dcc iop jh |dpboxp `dggdkxcpdh{ mi` koi{pzmdip{ldwhi pbh hkoioedk hiò|ehip{ mi` `hwhcovehip koiphrp og jopb koxipzdh{) Kbdim bm{pzmi{gozeh` dp{hcg gzoe oih og pbh |ozc`{ voozh{p koxipzdh{ po pbh |ozc`{ {hkoi` cmzlh{phkoioet) Pbd{ di`dkmph{ Kbdim{ lzhmphz mjdcdpt po mccokmph gxi`{ goz `dgghzhip `hwhcovehipdidpdmpdwh{) \dpb m {pzoil mi` koeedpph` mèdid{pzmpdwh {t{phe# Kbdim d{ mc{o mjch po }xdkacteojdcd{h vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi gxi`{ mi` zhcdhg po m``zh{{ pbh ihh`{ og pbh vooz mi` wxcihzmjchmi` bhcv pbhe h{kmvh pbh vowhzpt pzmv "\x ' Kbhil :6=6)

Di koipzm{p# hwhi |dpb zmvd` hkoioedk lzo|pb owhz pbh cm{p `hkm`h# Kmejo`dm bm{ iop òih|hcc di mcchwdmpdil vowhzpt mi` dikoeh dih}xmcdpt cmzlhct jhkmx{h og cmka og zh{oxzkh{ `xhvmzpct po kozzxvpdoi mi` di{xggdkdhip zhwhixh kocchkpdoi ehkbmid{e# |hma di{pdpxpdoimcmzzmilhehip{ mi` lowhzimikh# co| {adcch` {pmgg mp pbh vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi mlhikt# bhmwt

vocdpdkmc diphzghzhikh di hkoioedk empphz{ mi` md` `hvhi`hikh di |bdkb khzpmdi òioz{mlhi`m mi` koi`dpdoi{ ihh` po jh gxcgdcch` "{hh# goz hrmevch# Lxdejhzp :6=6) Pbh joz`hzkoigcdkp |dpb Pbmdcmi` gxzpbhz xi`hzedih{ zh{oxzkh mccokmpdoi goz hkoioedk mi` {okdmczhkoi{pzxkpdoi hggozp{ m{ m {xj{pmipdmc meoxip og eoiht d{ hrvhkph` po gxi` pbh `hghikhjx`lhp) Dg vzocoilh`# pbh koigcdkp koxc` mc{o nhovmz`d{h pbh cdwhcdboo`{ og pbox{mi`{ ogzhcokmph` box{hboc`{ |bo cdwh ihmz oz mcoil pbh koigcdkp ~oih{)

Eowdil goz|mz`# Kmejo`dm{ hkoioedk vzo{vhkp di pbh {bozp mi` eh`dxe phze{ zhemdi{bhmcpbt |dpb m vzonhkph` lzo|pb og mjoxp 7)< vhzkhip vhz miixe "M@J :6==1 DEG :6==) Pbd{|dcc pzmi{cmph dipo# mp chm{p jt pbh pzdkach%ò|i hgghkp# bdlbhz dikoeh goz mwhzmlh Kmejo`dmi{mi` lzm`xmc m{khi`mikh xv pbh `hwhcovehip cm``hz goz Kmejo`dm# {ooi po nodi pbh EDK{)Ioihpbhch{{# mkbdhwdil EDK {pmpx{ |bdch chmwdil pbox{mi`{ og vhovch di vowhzpt mi` |d`hih`

dih}xmcdpt |oxc` cdahct jh m bocco| wdkpozt m{ pbh{h hkoioedk mi` {okdmc `d{vmzdpdh{ emah{bmat goxi`mpdoi{ goz coil%phze mi` {x{pmdimjch lzo|pb) Pbx{# pbhzh d{ m ihh` goz pbhlowhziehip polhpbhz |dpb `hwhcovehip vmzpihz{ po hi{xzh pbmp vowhzpt zh`xkpdoivzolzmeeh{ mzh koipdixox{ct diphlzmph` dipo pbh jzom`%jm{h` `hwhcovehip mlhi`m {o m{ poemah pbh lzo|pb vzokh{{ m{ dikcx{dwh m{ pdeh mi` zh{oxzkh{ mcco|)

:


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=) DIPZO@XKPDOI

Mcoil{d`h dp{ zmvd` L@V lzo|pb zmph# mp mi mwhzmlh og 2 vhzkhip vhz miixe goz pbh cm{p phithmz{# Kmejo`dm bm{ mkbdhwh` m eo`h{p: zh`xkpdoi di vowhzpt zmph gzoe mvvzordemphct 86vhzkhip di =44< po ;6 vhzkhip di :66< "\ozc` Jmia :664) Pbd{ mkkoevcd{behip |m{zhdigozkh` jt devzowhehip{ di dikzhm{h` koi{xevpdoi vhz kmvdpm mi` m |d`h zmilh og opbhz{okdmc di`dkmpoz{ zhcmph` po {hzwdkh `hcdwhzt mi` bxemi `hwhcovehip) Dikoeh vhz kmvdpm og mimwhzmlh Kmejo`dmi lzh| mp mi miixmc zmph og 8); vhzkhip gzoe X[@:64 di =44; po X[@886di :6=6 "\ozc` Jmia :6=6) Di pbh cmph{p Bxemi @hwhcovehip Zhvozp# Kmejo`dm zmia{ =:0oxp og =74 koxipzdh{ |dpb Bxemi @hwhcovehip Di`hr og 6)040# m oih%vodip dikzhm{h jhp|hhi:668 mi` :6=6 "XI@V :6=6m)

Kmejo`dm bm{ mc{o em`h vzolzh{{ di pbh koxz{h og mppmdidil pbh Kmejo`dm Edcchiidxe@hwhcovehip Lomc{ "KE@L) Koi{d`hzmjch devzowhehip bm{ jhhi mkbdhwh` di zh`xkdilkbdc` eozpmcdpt "KE@L0 mi` koejmpdil BDW/MD@[# emcmzdm mi` opbhz `d{hm{h{ "KE@L7|bhzh aht di`dkmpoz{ og pbh lomc{ mzh oi pzmka) KE@L4 "@h%edidil# HZ\ mi` WdkpdeM{{d{pmikh d{ eo`hzmphct ogg%pzmka1 thp# pbhzh d{ m gzmeh|oza di vcmkh po mkbdhwh pbh pmzlhp)

KE@L: "Vzdemzt H`xkmpdoi mi` KE@L; "Lhi`hz H}xmcdpt `hemi` mpphipdoi{ {dikh {oehog pbh di`dkmpoz{ bmwh gmcchi jhbdi`1 |bdch KE@L= "Vowhzpt mi` Bxilhz# KE@L8 "EmphzimcBhmcpb mi` KE@L< "Hiwdzoiehipmc [x{pmdimjdcdpt mzh ogg%pzmka mi` ihh` {pzoil mi` zojx{pdiphzwhipdoi{ mi` koeedpehip{) Goz KE@L=# cmlldil di`dkmpoz{ dikcx`h {bmzh og voozh{p}xdipdch di impdoimc koi{xevpdoi mi` vzovozpdoi og |ozadil kbdc`zhi mlh` jhp|hhi 8%=< thmz{"EoV :6=6)

Ioihpbhch{{# pbh `hwhcovehip mlhi`m d{ gmz gzoe koevchph {dikh Kmejo`dm ihh`{ po gokx{oi mkbdhwdil hrd{pdil pmzlhp{ mi` mc{o `hmcdil |dpb ih| hehzldil d{{xh{ {xkb m{ digcmpdoi#jx{dih{{ koevhpdpdwhih{{# cmka og vzo`xkpdwh noj ovvozpxidpdh{ goz mcc# gmcphzdil {okdmc {mghptihp{ mi` dih}xmcdpt) Oih koikhzi pbmp bm{ {xzgmkh` d{ pbh {d~hmjch wmzdmpdoi og pbhkoipzdjxpdoi og hkoioedk lzo|pb po vowhzpt zh`xkpdoivowhzpt hcm{pdkdpt og hkoioedk lzo|pb)

M |d`h zmilh og `d{vmzdpdh{ gzoe dikoeh po h`xkmpdoi mi` po gzhh`oe og hrvzh{{doi d{ oi mzd{dil pzhi`) Mcpboxlb pbh vowhzpt bhm`koxip di`hr `hkzhm{h` gzoe ;0)2 vhzkhip di :660 po

: Kmejo`dm{ hkoioedk lzo|pb# pboxlb koipzdjxpdil po m eo`h{p vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi# bm{ di vzdikdvchiop thp jhhi vzo%vooz mi` dikcx{dwh jhkmx{h pbh lzo|pb hcm{pdkdpt og vowhzpt d{ {emcc# di`dkmpdilpbmp pbh dikzhm{h di mwhzmlh dikoeh og pbh joppoe }xdipdch bm{ jhhi {co|hz pbmi pbh dikzhm{h diowhzmcc mwhzmlh dikoeh og pbh hkoioet) X{dil kzo{{%koxipzt `mpm# @occmz mi` Azmmt ":66: goxi`m {pzoil vo{dpdwh m{{okdmpdoi jhp|hhi mwhzmlh dikoeh og pbh vooz mi` owhzmcc dikoeh di pbhkoxipzt |dpb m kohggdkdhip og kco{h po =) Pbd{ ehmi{ pbmp m =6 vhzkhip zd{h di owhzmcc dikoeh vhzkmvdpm |oxc` {pmpd{pdkmcct pzmi{cmph dipo m =6 vhzkhip dikzhm{h di dikoeh og pbh voozh{p }xdipdch)Ioihpbhch{{# pbh zhcmpdoi{bdv d{ gmz gzoe oih po oih di Kmejo`dm) Goz di{pmikh# jhp|hhi :660 mi`:66


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;6)= vhzkhip di :66vzoeopdil hkoioedk ovvozpxidpdh{# devzowdil zxzmc cdwhcdboo`{# hrvmi`dil noj ovvozpxidpdh{#devzowdil kmvmjdcdpdh{# {pzhilpbhidil di{pdpxpdoi{ mi` devzowdil lowhzimikh# zh`xkdilwxcihzmjdcdpt mi` {pzhilpbhidil {okdmc dikcx{doi mi` vzoeopdil lhi`hz h}xdpt "ZLK :66:j)Pbh{h hchehip{ bmwh {dikh jhhi dikozvozmph` dipo pbh xv`mph` Impdoimc [pzmphldk@hwhcovehip Vcmi :664%=;) Bo|hwhz# vzonhkp mi` vzolzmeeh devchehipmpdoi di {xvvozp ogvowhzpt zh`xkpdoi bm{ cmllh` mi` d{ xi{mpd{gmkpozt `xh cmzlhct po cdedpmpdoi{ di lowhziehiphrvhi`dpxzh "K@ZD :6==) Pbhzh d{ io {t{phempdk mi` hgghkpdwh ehkbmid{e goz {okdmcvzophkpdoi1 mkpdwdpdh{ mzh m` bok mi` cmzlhct `hvhi`hip oi òioz{ gxi`dil {oxzkh{ "ZLK

:6==# v) =8)

Pbd{ {px`t mde{ po> "= mimct{h pbh kxzzhip hkoioedk koevo{dpdoimlzdkxcpxzh# di`x{pzt# mi`{hzwdkh{di Kbdim mi` Kmejo`dm1 ": m{{h{{ pbh mvvzovzdmphih{{ goz Kmejo`dm og chmzidilgzoe {oeh xi`hzctdil vzo%vooz vocdkdh{ pbmp Kbdim bm{ mòvph` {dikh dp{ vocdpdkmc mi`hkoioedk zhgoze{ po m{{d{p pbh vzokh{{ og dikoeh "zh`d{pzdjxpdoi po xzjmi mi` zxzmcbox{hboc`{1 mi` "; hrmedih vo{{djch `hwhcovehipmc mi` vocdkt devcdkmpdoi{ Kmejo`dm kmi`zm| xvoi mlmdi{p dp{ hrd{pdil hkoioedk hiò|ehip{ mi` {hkpozmc koevo{dpdoi)

Pbh {px`t òh{ iop mpphevp po vzowd`h zdlozox{ hevdzdkmc mi` hkoioehpzdk ph{p{ og pbhzhcmpdoi{ jhp|hhi koevo{dpdoi og hkoioedk mkpdwdpt# vowhzpt# mi` dih}xmcdpt hdpbhz di Kbdim ozKmejo`dm) Zmpbhz dp bm{ pbh ojnhkpdwh{ og zhwd{dpdil Kbdim{ {xkkh{{ {pozt jt mimct{dil pbh

{hkpozmc vocdkdh{# {vhkdgdkmcct pbo{h pbmp mzh vzo%vooz mi` dikcx{dwh# |bdkb bmwh jhhi mòvph`jt pbh Kbdih{h lowhziehip {dikh pbh zhgoze) Pbd{ {px`t d{ po jxdc` xvoi `hwhcovehipmc mi`vocdkt devcdkmpdoi{ mi` di{dlbp{# |bhzh ihkh{{mzt# dipo Kmejo`dm{ vocdkdh{ ldwhi dp{`hwhcovehip koiphrp)

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0


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10/39

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11/39

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2


12/39

Gdimikdmc {xvvozp Edkzo%kzh`dp goz {hcg hevcotehip di pbh Impdoimc VowhzptZh`xkpdoi Gxi`

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8 Goz `hpmdch` `hphzedimip{ og wxcihzmjdcdpt xi`hz hmkb zd{a/{boka kmphlozt# zhm`hz{ mzh zhghzzh` popbh `zmgp Impdoimc [okdmc Vzophkpdoi [pzmphlt goz pbh Vooz mi` Wxihzmjch "ZLK :6==> ;2%06)

4


13/39

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14/39

mkpxmcct zhcmpdwhct co|hz pbmi pbmp og {oeh `hwhcovdil koxipzdh{) Mkkoz`dil po m kx{poe{zhvozp# Kbdim bm{ jhhi mjch po zh`xkh owhzmcc pmzdgg zmph gzoe =8)7 vhzkhip di :666 po 4)2vhzkhip di :6641 pbh mwhzmlh pmzdgg zmph oi mlzdkxcpxzmc vzo`xkp{ |m{ =8): vhzkhip |bhzhm{pbmp og di`x{pzdmc loo`{ |m{ 2)4 vhzkhip di :664) Pbh zh`xkpdoi |m{ vmzpct mppzdjxpmjch povbm{dil oxp pmzdgg zmph{ m{ m zh{xcp og Kbdim{ ehejhz{bdv di pbh \ozc` Pzm`h Ozlmid{mpdoi"\PO)

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15/39

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16/39

Gdlxzh 0 dccx{pzmph{ Kbdim{ L@V {bmzh jt pbh pbzhh {hkpoz{di`x{pzt# mlzdkxcpxzh# mi`{hzwdkh{) Pbh zoch og di`x{pzt# m{ {bo|i# bm{ jhhi {pzoil mi` zojx{p koipzdjxpdil oi mwhzmlh0< vhzkhip vhz thmz po L@V jhp|hhi =44; mi` :664 koevmzh` po mlzdkxcpxzh "=8 vhzkhipmi` {hzwdkh{ ";2 vhzkhip) Mc{o# di`x{pzt bm{ jhhi pbh gm{ph{p lzo|dil {hkpoz |dpb mi mwhzmlhmiixmc lzo|pb zmph og wmcxh%m``h` po L@V og =: vhzkhip koevmzh` po 0 vhzkhip di mlzdkxcpxzhmi` eo`h{pct jtvm{{h` {hzwdkh{ mp == vhzkhip)

Bhmwt di`x{pzdh{ bmwh jhhi mi diphlzmc vmzp og di`x{pzdmc `hwhcovehip lzo|dil mp mi miixmczmph og =:): vhzkhip "Pmjch ; koevmzh` po 2); vhzkhip og cdlbp di`x{pzt di pbh {meh vhzdo`)Emnozdpt og di`x{pzdmc hiphzvzd{h{ mzh `oeh{pdkmcct gxi`h`# {bmzdil 2:)7 vhzkhip og popmcdi`x{pzdmc hiphzvzd{h{ di :664 koevmzh` po Emdi Di`dkmpoz{ og Di`x{pzdmc Hiphzvzd{h{ di Kbdim "Xidp{$Thmz

Adi` og di`x{pzt [d~h og di`x{pzt [pmpx{ og zhld{pzmpdoiPopmcCdlbp

di`x{pztBhmwt

di`x{pztCmzlh Eh`dxe [emcc @oeh{pdk

gxi`h`Gxi`h`

gzoe BoilAoil

Gozhdligxi`h`

=444m

2=#2:6 26#:=;


17/39

Pmjch 0> Emdi Di`dkmpoz{ jt Di`x{pzdmc [hkpoz{ di Kbdim# :664 "=66 edccdoi txmi$

Di`x{pzdmc {hkpoz{

+ ogHiphzvzd{h{

"xidp

Lzo{{di`x{pzdmc

oxpvxpwmcxh

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Popmc|ozadilkmvdpmc

Miixmcmwhzmlh

hevcoth`vhz{oi{"=6#666

Edidil mi` }xmzztdil =4#2


18/39

Po `mph# eo{p og pbh di`x{pzdmc gdze{ di Kmejo`dm mzh cdlbp mi` imzzo|ct jm{h`# `hvhi`dilemdict oi lmzehip{ mi` phrpdch{ mi` koi{pzxkpdoi |bdkb lhihzmph eo`h{p wmcxh%m``h` poL@V mi` mzh hrpzhehct wxcihzmjch po hrphzimc {boka{) Mcpboxlb pbh lmzehip di`x{pzt bm{cmzlhct koipzdjxph` po emixgmkpxzdil lzo|pb mi` pbh `hwhcovehip lomc og cmjoxz%diphi{dwhdi`x{pzdh{# pbd{ {xj%{hkpoz bm{ ovhzmph` oi vzhghzhipdmc pzhmpehip{ "Eo{p Gmwoxzh` Impdoimi` Lhihzmc [t{phe og Vzhghzhikh lzmiph` jt koxipzdh{ cdah pbh X[ mi` {oeh Hxzovhmikoxipzdh{) Di m``dpdoi# pbh {hkpoz bm{ jhhi mi` |dcc jh gmkdil {pzoil koevhpdpdoi gzoelmzehip%vzo`xkdil koxipzdh{ {xkb m{ Kbdim# Jmilcm`h{b# Wdhpime mi` Di`dm) Pbh cmka og`dwhz{dgdkmpdoi kmi mc{o jh {hhi di pbh gcxkpxmpdoi og miixmc lzo|pb og di`x{pzdmc oxpvxp "Gdlxzh8)

Oih og pbh aht ghmpxzh{ di Kbdim{ di`x{pzt bm{ jhhi {xj%{hkpoz `dwhz{dgdkmpdoi) Mcpboxlblmzehip{# phrpdch{# mi` goo` vzokh{{dil bmwh vcmth` m {dlidgdkmip zoch di emixgmkpxzdillzo|pb# {xj%{hkpoz{ {xkb m{ vbmzemkhxpdkmc{# hchkpzoidk mvvcdmikh{# mi` hchkpzdkmc emkbdihztmi` h}xdvehip bmwh lzo|i di {d~h# kmvmkdpt mi` koevhpdpdwhih{{# mcco|dil Kbdim po kzhmph m{pzoil mi` zojx{p goxi`mpdoi goz gxzpbhz di`x{pzdmcd{mpdoi) Mcpboxlb Kmejo`dm {hh{ pbd{ m{ mch{{oi chmzip# eowdil po bhmwt di`x{pzt cdah emkbdihzt mi` hchkpzoidk{ `hemi`{ coil%phze

mi` koeedpph` hggozpdi devzowdil digzm{pzxkpxzh# phkbidkmc mi` emimlhzdmc kmvmkdpt og|ozahz{ mi` gdze{# mi` {hzdox{ diwh{pehip di }xmcdpt phkbidkmc/wokmpdoimc pzmdidil mi`h`xkmpdoiog mcc vcmthz{ di pbh {hkpoz) Pbd{ d{ vzhkd{hct |bmp Kmejo`dm bm{ cmkah`)

Di`x{pzdmc Koevhpdpdwhih{{

Di`x{pzdmc koevhpdpdwhih{{ cmzlhct ehmi{ vzo`xkdil pbh mccokmph` zh{oxzkh{ mp chm{p ko{p)Oih og pbh emdi zhm{oi{ pbmp Kbdim kmi `hwhcov m wdjzmip di`x{pzdmc {pzxkpxzh d{ dp{ koi`xkdwhjx{dih{{ kcdemph mi` zhcmpdwhct co| vzo`xkpdoi ko{p{ zh{xcpdil gzoe }xmcdpt mi` zhcdmjchdigzm{pzxkpxzh {xkb m{ hchkpzdkdpt# zom`{# jzd`lh{# zmdc|mt# lowhziehip%zhcmph` vzokh`xzh{#mi` kbhmv mi` kmvmjch cmjoxz gozkh)

Pmjch 8> @odil Jx{dih{{ di [hchkph` M{dmi Koxipzdh{# :6=6Di`dkmpoz{ Kmejo`dm Kbdim Pbmdcmi` Wdhpime Cmo{

Hm{h og `odil jx{dih{{ "zmia$ =0<


19/39

@okxehip{ po devozp "ixejhz =6 8 ; 2 =6

Pdeh po devozp "`mt{ :7 :0 =; := 86

Ko{p po devozp "X[@$ vhz koipmdihz 2 \ozc` Jmia :6=6m

Mcjhdp ihh`dil gxzpbhz devzowhehip{ di khzpmdi m{vhkp{# Kbdim zmiah`


20/39

Digozemc |mt{ og `odil jx{dih{{ di Kmejo`dm mzh {pdcc koeeoi> 7=): vhzkhip og koevmidh{ diKmejo`dm zh{voi`h` pbmp pbht ihh` po vmt digozemc vmtehip po vxjcdk oggdkdmc{ po lhp khzpmdipbdil{ `oih koevmzh` po Wdhpime "8:)8 vhzkhip mi` Cmo{ "06 vhzkhip1 76 vhzkhip og gdze{zhvozph` ldwdil ldgp{ |bhi ehhpdil pmr oggdkdmc{ koevmzh` po ;4 vhzkhip di Kbdim# ;0 vhzkhipdi Wdhpime mi` :7 vhzkhip di Cmo{) Pbh d{{xh d{ eozh |ozzd{oeh |bhi {hkxzdil lowhziehipkoipzmkp{ {dikh


21/39

mi` bdlb |mlh{ goz |ozahz{) Owhzmcc cmjoxz vzo`xkpdwdpt dikzhm{h` gzoe ABZ:;26 edccdoi"X[@7;= di =442 po ABZ0=46 edccdoi "X[@=6;6 di :662# lzo|dil mp 8)< vhzkhip vhz thmzgoz zdhc wmcxh oz 0)4 vhzkhip goz X[ `occmz wmcxh) Owhz pbh vhzdo`# bdlbh{p vzo`xkpdwdpt lzo|pb|m{ di edidil mi` }xmzztdil "=4)= vhzkhip# gocco|h` jt gdimikh mi` opbhz {hzwdkh{ "2)7vhzkhip# pzmi{vozpmpdoi mi` koeexidkmpdoi "8)2 vhzkhip# mi` koi{pzxkpdoi ";)< vhzkhip)Mwhzmlh vzo`xkpdwdpt lzo|pb di emixgmkpxzdil |m{ zhcmpdwhct co| mp ;)= vhzkhip |bdch pbmp dimlzdkxcpxzh |m{ =)< vhzkhip) Kmejo`dm{ mwhzmlh wmcxh%m``h` vhz vhz{oi hevcoth` d{ mc{oco| koevmzh` po pbmp og opbhz M[HMI koxipzdh{ "DCO :6=6)

Pbh hrphip po |bdkb pbh di`x{pzdmc {hkpoz kmi mj{ozj zxzmc {xzvcx{ cmjoxz gozkh# emdict gzoemlzdkxcpxzh# d{ cmzlhct `hvhi`hip oi bo| `dwhz{h pbh {hkpoz d{) [dikh Kbdim{ di`x{pzt d{ }xdph`dwhz{dgdh`# xzjmi mi` zxzmc cmjoxzhz{ bmwh eozh ovpdoi{ mi` kmi kboo{h gzoe wmzdox{di`x{pzdmc {xj%{hkpoz{) Di`x{pzt |m{ pbh gm{ph{p lzo|dil {hkpoz di Kmejo`dm gzoe =44; po:6641 thp# `dwhz{dgdkmpdoi di pbh {hkpoz d{ cmlldil) Emixgmkpxzdil# gzoe :66;%:66 :4%;:) Xi`hz pbhgozehz {t{phe# cmi` |m{ mccokmph` po m gmedct |bdkb bm` gxcc koipzoc owhz pbh ihp dikoeh

lhihzmph`) Pbd{ hipzx{ph` pbh gmedct po emah pbh diwh{pehip `hkd{doi mi` gzhh`oe di pbh x{hog cmi`) \dpb pbh cmpphz# pbh mde |m{ po zh`xkh pbh eoiovoct vo|hz og koeexih{ owhz pbh`hkd{doi%emadil mi` diwh{pehip og zh{oxzkh{ jt `hkhipzmcd{dil `hkd{doi%emadil po wdccmlh{mi` po|i{bdv{) Pbh {t{phe mc{o diphi`h` po {hvmzmph pbh koeexih{ vocdpdkmc hkoioedkvo|hz)

Pbh hgghkp{ og zhgoze kmi jh {hhi di pbh dikzhm{h di popmc vzo`xkpdwdpt mi` lzo{{ oxpvxp wmcxhog mlzdkxcpxzh) Gzoe =4


22/39

gmkpoz{dikzhm{zmd{dil d

koipzdjxpdidi vzdkh{#

ikhipdwh go

po pbh dihkoioedkz diwh{peh

zhm{dil mlgzhh`oe dip# mi` kbm

zdkxcpxzh lzphze{ og zlh{ di vzo

o|pb zmph{oxzkh x{xkpdwdpt)

dikh pbh zjt di`dwd`

goze# dikcxxmc gmedcdh{

`dil pbhpbhzhjt

@h{vdphoxpvxpzh{oxzk|bhzh dzmph ogmiixezh{vhkpdthmz1 pb|m{ mc{vzdemztedidilphchkoe

{pzoil lzozo|pb zmph

h {kmzkh kp bm{ koev=6 vhzkhipkoevmzh`dwhct) Mlzdkh gdlxzh{ |o hwd`hip ddi`x{pzt l"=


23/39

Pbh mlgzoe mbm{ gxcckoipzdjBo|hwx{h og p

dkxcpxzh zhgocchkpdwh {koipzoc owph{ m cmzlz# pbh {hkp

zm`dpdoimc p

oze mlhi`{phe og zh

hz zh{oxzkh vhzkhipmoz bm{ jhhkbid}xh{ d

m di Kmej{oxzkh{ mi{ mi` mi

lh po L@i xi`hz`hw

koeeoi "

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diwh{pehmi` d{ p

hcovh` |dpLxdejhzp

ch{ pbmp ogpo mi di`dp `hkd{doi)h vzdemztcdedph` gdr

6=6$)

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h` kmvdpmc

jo`dm mc{e |bhzh pbh di Kmej

zxzmc hediwh{pehip

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o`dm {pdcccotehipmi` pbh

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Mpphevpgmedct%jm{h`)lzo|pbmlzdkxcpcmi` lzpzmkpoz{hevcot`hkzhmihkh{{vhzkhip

h{{mlh{{hkpoz "e

ehip> kohip# mi` cdh kbmdi)

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p og popmc lhip m thmzh{pct po 4kb m{ {xv

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owh vzo`xxcpxzh |dpb{hhi di pb

2) Mlzdkxcphzt di phzzkhip m th

"Pmjch


24/39

Di koipzm{p# Kmejo`dm{ lowhziehip hrvhi`dpxzh goz hkoioedk {hzwdkh{ {xkb m{ mlzdkxcpxzh#di`x{pzt# mi` {hzwdkh{ bm{ jhhi co|# koevzd{dil mi mwhzmlh og 2)7 vhzkhip og pbh popmchrvhi`dpxzh gzoe =440 po :6641 `hghikh bm` ;0)2 vhzkhip |bdch lhihzmc vxjcdk {hzwdkh{ |hzhmccokmph` =8)0 vhzkhip) Mlzdkxcpxzh bm` pbh pbdz` cmzlh{p {bmzh og hkoioedk {hzwdkh{hrvhi`dpxzh mp mi mwhzmlh og ::)< vhzkhip# koevmzh` po pzmi{vozpmpdoi mi` koeexidkmpdoi";;)2 vhzkhip mi` di`x{pzt "8): vhzkhip owhz pbh {meh vhzdo`) Bo|hwhz# vzolzh{{ di phze{og diwh{pehip# kmvdpmc gozempdoi# mlzdkxcpxzmc phkbid}xh{# mi` zh{hmzkb mi` `hwhcovehip|dpbdi pbh {hkpoz bm{ jhhi {co| "M@J :6=6)

Pmjch Kzov Tdhc`{# Phkbiocolt X{mlh mi` Digzm{pzxkpxzh di Kmejo`dm mi` pbhZhldoi

Kmejo`dm Kbdim Wdhpime Cmo{ Pbmdcmi` Di`oih{dm Vbdcdvvdih{ Etmiemz

Khzhmc tdhc`{"al/bm$=446 =;7: 0;:; ;6


25/39

Hwmi{xi`hzctdjm{dk v":$ {pzopbh hrd`zm|i

:6=61 Jh{cdil zoch{ pxjcdk looìl mi` mjcphikh og lhp|hhi pb

cht ' Vhzmp m :={p{xkb m{di{pdpxpdoi

whziehip#{pmph mi`

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ioi%{pmph m

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mpdoi mi`h{pdoi bhzkpoz{)

48$) Hwmioxc` hi{xdigzm{pzxkp

ooz`dimpdoid{ |bhzh

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bh zh{voi

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zh d{ cdppchdjch cdih {

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Gdl zh 4> Low zimikh Di dkmpoz{ di Kbdim mi Kmejo`d # Vhzkhipdch Zmia "6 =66$

Kbdim{m{ bhmkoipzdjlowhziihkh{{mi` mccòdil {edlbp v{x{pmdi

pdeh |pbh gdimgzoe owPbh Kbvocdktmi` gmlowhzi|bdch hzmph ogemkzoh{bmzh`

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o) Kzdpdk{ophipdmcct jjdcdpt) Bo|

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h koxiphzvhwhz# io o

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oxzkh{ |bkoikhzi{

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hc |dpb ch{jhcdhwh zpdoi pbmp e

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Kmejo`dm

:6=6j

mzh x{h` di p86pb vhzkhiphipdch

bh kcm{{dgdkdch# 86pb% 6pb%=6pvhzkhipdch#

b vhzkhipdch#


26/39

oi hkocd{p mkkhrvhi`d"=:)< v

oedk koi{xipdil goz

dpxzh# zh{vzkhip$)

zxkpdoi mioi mwhzmlkpdwhct# ko

{okdmc# kxh 00)< vhz

vmzh` po

cpxzmc mi`hip mi` :`hghikh "4

`xkmpdoimc)6 vhzkhip

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ip bmwh pog popmc low

id{pzmpdwh h

vh` pbhhziehiprvhi{h{

Oi pbhgoz mjovzdwmph{dlidgdkjhhi |mi` hggdcmzlh v

M{ {bo|m{ {vhrvhi{vhzkhipvhzkhipdikzhm{{okdmc

`hemivmzpt# KkoipzocKmejo2)7 di K;);)

[dikh pvmzpdkxc

zh`xkpd"=4 Km

zkh> M@J :6> Opbhz{ dik

=6# jhp|hikh ";0)2 viehip mlhdoi#


27/39

zh`xkpdoi vcmi "=44;%:666 mi` vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi vzolzmeeh{ ":666%=6 "{hh# goz hrmevch#\x ' Kbhil :6=6 mi` Kbdim{ lowhziehip :667) Pbh gdz{p {pmlh d{ {hcg%hrvcmimpozt di m{hi{h pbmp mkbdhwdil bdlb mi` {x{pmdih` hkoioedk lzo|pb |m{ vzdozdpd{h` pbzoxlb wmzdox{{pzxkpxzmc mi` di{pdpxpdoimc zhgoze{ pbmp {pmzph` |dpb m zhgoze oi cmi` emimlhehip mi``hkd{doi emadil {t{phebox{hboc` zh{voi{djdcdpt mi` mjocdpdoi og koeexih{po zmd{hmlzdkxcpxzmc oxpvxp{ "Nobi{oi =446)

Pbh {t{phe pbmp hevo|hzh` {emccboc`hz gmzehz{ po `hkd`h bo| po emimlh mi` diwh{p di pbhdzcmi` polhpbhz |dpb m gh| opbhz zhgoze{ {xkb m{ zhcmrdil koipzoc owhz pbh vzdkh{ og mlzdkxcpxzmcvzo`xkp{ mi` `hwopdil emnoz hggozp{ po `hwhcovdil po|i{bdv hiphzvzd{h{ vzowd`h` chwhzmlh gozvowhzpt zh`xkpdoi) Pbh{h zhgoze{ koiwhth` m ixejhz og jhihgdp{ po vowhzpt%{pzdkahi vhovch>bdlbhz vzdkh{ goz mlzdkxcpxzh vzo`xkp{# kbmilh{ di mlzdkxcpxzmc vzo`xkpdoi mi` {pzxkpxzh |bdkbvzo`xkh` bdlb wmcxh%m``h` mi` hevcotehip og {xzvcx{ zxzmc cmjoxzhz{ po di`x{pzt mi`{hzwdkh{ "Nobi{oi =4461 Tx{xg hp mc) :667> 8%71 Kbdim{ lowhziehip :6=6) @xzdil pbd{ gdz{pvbm{h# pbhzh |hzh io vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi di{pdpxpdoi{ po kooz`dimph mkpdwdpdh{)

M{ m zh{xcp# gzoe =4


28/39

Pmjch 2> @hwhcovehip%ozdhiph` Vowhzpt Vzolzmeeh{ di Zxzmc KbdimVzolzmeeh{ [pmzp%xv

pdeh@h{kzdvpdoi Devchehipdil

mlhikdh{Km{b goz \oza =428 Devzowh zxzmc digzm{pzxkpxzh jt vmtdil pbh vooz

goz |ozadil oi pbh{h vzolzmeeh{I@ZK

Vowhzpt comi{ =427 [xj{d`d{h` comi{ pmzlhpdil hiphzvzd{h{ mi`

box{hboc`{ di vooz zhldoi{

MJK mi`

opbhz jmia{Gd{kmc `hwhcovehipgxi`

=427 Devzowh gmze vzo`xkpdoi koi`dpdoi{ pbzoxlbgmzecmi` devzowhehip mi` mlzdkxcpxzmcphkbidkmc hrphi{doi

CLOV

Vowhzpt zh`xkpdoipbzoxlb {kdhikh mi`phkbiocoldh{

=427 Vzoeoph pbh mvvcdkmpdoi og {kdhikh mi`phkbiocolt goz mlzdkxcpxzh di vooz mzhm{pbzoxlb `heoi{pzmpdoi mi` pzmdidil

[kdhikhKoeed{{doimi` CLOV

Edkzo%kzh`dp =447 Vzowd`h edkzo%comi{ po zxzmc box{hboc`{ di voozmzhm{ x{dil {xj{d`d{h` vowhzpt comi{ mi`/ozòioz{ gxi`{

CLOV mi`MJK# ILO#EGD{

Diphlzmph` wdccmlh`hwhcovehip vcmi

:66= Owhzbmxc vooz wdccmlh{ digzm{pzxkpxzh mi`devzowh cokmc vzo`xkpdoi mi` cdwdil {pmi`mz`{x{dil m zhcmpdwhct cmzlh meoxip og gxi`{ goz

hmkb wdccmlh pbzoxlb vmzpdkdvmpozt wdccmlhvcmiidil

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Pzmdidil goz edlzmip|ozahz{

:660 Vzhvmzh zxzmc cmjoxzhz{ gzoe vooz mzhm{ goz|ozadil m{ edlzmip |ozahz{ di xzjmi mzhm{ jtvzowd`dil ioi%gmze {adcc pzmdidil

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Vowhzpt zh`xkpdoipbzoxlb di`x{pzdmc{xvvozp

:660 Vzoeoph {kmch mlzdkxcpxzh mi` mlzdkxcpxzmc{vhkdmcd{mpdoi di vooz mzhm{ jt vzowd`dilemzahpdil {xvvozp mi` m{{d{pdil `zmloi%bhm`hiphzvzd{h{

CLOV

Wdccmlh expxmc bhcvgxi`

:667 Vzoeoph hiòlhiox{ct lhihzmph` koovhzmpdwhkzh`dp {hzwdkh{ goz vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi jtvzowd`dil {hchkph` vooz wdccmlh{ |dpb mi didpdmclzmip gxi`) Pbd{ d{ m ptvh og koeexidpt`hwhcovehip gxi` {kbheh mvvcdh` di Kbdim)

CLOV

[oxzkh> \x mi` Kbhil :6=6

Kbdim mc{o x{h{ pbh chwhc%jt%chwhc zh{voi{djdcdpt {t{phe# |dpb pbh vzowdikdmc mxpbozdpt m{ pbhemdi vcmthz di dp{ mèdid{pzmpdwh chm`hz{bdv og pbh vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi vzolzmeeh{) Pbhvzowdikh{# mxpoioeox{ zhldoi{ mi` exidkdvmcdpdh{# h{vhkdmcct mzhm{ |dpb cmzlh koikhipzmpdoiog vowhzpt# bmwh vxp `hwhcovehip%ozdhiph` vowhzpt zhcdhg bdlb oi pbhdz mlhi`m jt gozexcmpdilkoikzhph cokmc devchehipmpdoi vcmi{ di cdih |dpb pbh {pmph,{ vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi vzolzmeeh{)Pbh vzdikdvmc chm`hz{ og pbh vzowdikh{# mxpoioeox{ zhldoi{ mi` exidkdvmcdpdh{ mzh zh}xdzh` povhz{oimcct {xvhzwd{h mi` owhz{hh pbh |oza mi` m{{xeh owhzmcc zh{voi{djdcdpt) Pbh khipzmclowhziehip d{{xh{ pbh zhcdhg gxi`{ po cokmc mxpbozdpdh{ mi` `hchlmph{ pbh gxi`{# vo|hz{#

pm{a{ mi` zh{voi{djdcdpdh{) Mcc pbh gxi`{ m{{dlih` po pbh vzowdikh{ mzh mzzmilh` mi` x{h` jtpbh vhovch,{ lowhziehip mp pbh vzowdikdmc chwhc# |bdkb ozlmid{h{ pbh zhchwmip `hvmzpehip{ povcmi mi` devchehip pbh vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi vzonhkp{ "Kbdim{ lowhziehip :667)

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Kmejo`dm{ lowhziehip kmi `zm| ch{{oi{ gzoe Kbdim{ vowhzpt zh`xkpdoi hrvhzdhikh jtemadil pbh hrd{pdil di{pdpxpdoi# kxzzhipct KMZ@# m {vhkdmcd{h` impdoimc mlhikt po kooz`dimphvowhzpt zh`xkpdoi vzolzmeeh{ |dpb mcc zhchwmip cdih edid{pzdh{ mi` `oioz{ po emah {xzh pbmppbhzh d{ io owhzcmvvdil mi` vzolzmeeh kowhzmlh d{ hrvmi`h` impdoi|d`h) [pmgg og KMZ@{boxc` jh pzmdih` mi` zh%pzmdih` goz hgghkpdwh bdlb }xmcdpt devchehipmpdoi og vowhzpt zh`xkpdoivzolzmeeh{) Pbh lowhziehip {boxc` mc{o koi{d`hz mccokmpdil eozh zh{oxzkh{ goz zxzmc`hwhcovehip di jxdc`dil digzm{pzxkpxzh# vzowd`dil eozh edkzo%kzh`dp mi` vowhzpt comi{# mi`koi`xkpdil pzmdidil mi` `heoi{pzmpdoi{ jm{h` oi ihh`{ m{{h{{ehip og pbh pmzlhph` lzoxv{)Pbh lowhziehip {boxc` mc{o koi{d`hz eowdil {phv%jt%{phv gzoe {xvvctdil `dzhkp m{{d{pmikhdi km{b oz di%adi` "d)h)# goo` `d{pzdjxpdoi# jx`lhp {xvvozp po {xvvozp{ pbmp bhcv di`dwd`xmc{ mi`koeexidpdh{ po bhcv pbhe{hcwh{ goz coil%phze dikoeh lhihzmpdoi)

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31/39

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Oih og pbh `zdwdil gmkpoz{ goz pbh zmvd` lzo|pb og Kmejo`dm{ hkoioet d{ pbh hrvcodpmpdoi ogimpxzmc zh{oxzkh{ "Lxdejhzp :6=6) Zhkhipct# pbh `d{kowhzt og ogg%{bozh odc mi` impxzmc lm{mi` vmzpdkxcmzct pbh hrvhkph` zhwhixh gzoe vzo`xkpdoi d{ m loo` ovvozpxidpt goz koxipzt{hkoioet dg zhwhixh d{ po jh hgghkpdwhct emimlh`) Pbd{ |oxc` vzowd`h pbh lowhziehip eozhchwhzmlh po m``zh{{ |hmaih{{h{ mi` eozh mwmdcmjch zh{oxzkh{ po diwh{p di digzm{pzxkpxzh#h`xkmpdoi mi` bhmcpb) Pbhzhgozh# m {bdgp di pbh zoch og pbh kxzzhip {pmph |dcc jh oih og pbh eo{pkzxkdmc vzh%koi`dpdoi{ goz Kmejo`dm po zhmcd{h pbd{ vophipdmc "XI@V :667)

8) ZOCH OG KBDIM MI@ OPBHZ HEHZLDIL ED@@CH DIKOEH KOXIPZDH[ GOZDIKCX[DWH LZO\PB DI KMEJO@DM

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35/39

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