Pre-Class Friday Pre-Class Friday 10-5-1210-5-12

What do you think Aerospace What do you think Aerospace Engineers do?Engineers do?

Pre-Class Monday 10-8-12Pre-Class Monday 10-8-12

During a recent inter-school athletics event, During a recent inter-school athletics event, four girls competed in the 10 km race. Jane four girls competed in the 10 km race. Jane Brown beat Lucy. Miss Guest beat Lynne. Brown beat Lucy. Miss Guest beat Lynne. Anne was not third. Miss Joseph was not Anne was not third. Miss Joseph was not last. Miss Scott, who was not Anne, came last. Miss Scott, who was not Anne, came just after Jane. Can you tell which girl came just after Jane. Can you tell which girl came where?where?

1. Anne Guest2. Lynne Joseph3. Jane Brown4. Lucy Scott

Aerospace EngineeringAerospace Engineering

Improving life on Earth by Improving life on Earth by changing how we fly above itchanging how we fly above it

Aerospace EngineersAerospace Engineers Design, develop, test, and help manufacture Design, develop, test, and help manufacture

aircraft, missiles, rockets, and spacecraftaircraft, missiles, rockets, and spacecraft Develop new technologies for military or Develop new technologies for military or

commercial usecommercial use Supervise the manufacturing of productsSupervise the manufacturing of products Starting salary in 2010: $58,080; with Starting salary in 2010: $58,080; with

average salary in 2006: $87,610average salary in 2006: $87,610 Divided into two basic fieldsDivided into two basic fields

– Aeronautical: aircraftAeronautical: aircraft– Astronautical: spacecraftAstronautical: spacecraft

AeronauticalAeronautical Develop technology for use in aviation, Develop technology for use in aviation,

defense systems, and attack projectile defense systems, and attack projectile weaponryweaponry

Specialize in structural design, guidance, Specialize in structural design, guidance, navigation and control systems, and navigation and control systems, and instrumentation and communication, as it instrumentation and communication, as it applies to both civilian (commercial) and applies to both civilian (commercial) and military productsmilitary products

Other areas of knowledge are: Other areas of knowledge are: aerodynamics, thermodynamics, celestial aerodynamics, thermodynamics, celestial mechanics, propulsion, and acousticsmechanics, propulsion, and acoustics

Paper WingletsPaper Winglets ObjectiveObjective

– To test the design of a paper airplane with and without winglets.

MaterialsMaterials– Student sheetsStudent sheets ―― Copy paper Copy paper– RulersRulers ―― Cardstock Cardstock

ProceduresProcedures– Read the Background Information.Read the Background Information.– Follow the Procedures on student sheets.Follow the Procedures on student sheets.– Write on the ”tabled” page only.Write on the ”tabled” page only.

Pre-Class Tuesday Pre-Class Tuesday 10-9-1210-9-12

Which of the four black shapes Which of the four black shapes is identical to the red one?is identical to the red one?

The 4 Basic Forces of FlightThe 4 Basic Forces of Flight

Lift Lift Thrust Thrust Gravity Gravity Drag Drag

Since air density and the acceleration of gravity Since air density and the acceleration of gravity changes with the height above the planet’s surface, all changes with the height above the planet’s surface, all of these forces are affected by one thing: of these forces are affected by one thing: altitudealtitude. At . At higher altitudes, the air is thinner, while at lower higher altitudes, the air is thinner, while at lower altitudes the air is thicker. This change in the altitudes the air is thicker. This change in the properties of air will affect how well the engine and properties of air will affect how well the engine and wings work. wings work.

The pilot only has the ability to directly affect three of The pilot only has the ability to directly affect three of these forces.these forces.

When an aircraft is When an aircraft is flying level at a flying level at a constant speed, all constant speed, all four of these forces four of these forces are in balance or are in balance or equilibrium.equilibrium.

The Forces of FlightThe Forces of Flight

LiftLift Lift is achieved through the cross-Lift is achieved through the cross-sectional shape of the wing sectional shape of the wing (airfoil). (airfoil).

As the wing moves through the air, As the wing moves through the air, – the wing's shape causes the air the wing's shape causes the air

moving over the wing to travel moving over the wing to travel faster than the air moving under faster than the air moving under the wingthe wing

– the slower airflow beneath the wing the slower airflow beneath the wing generates more pressure, while the generates more pressure, while the faster airflow above generates less faster airflow above generates less (Bernoulli’s Principle)(Bernoulli’s Principle)

– this difference in pressure results this difference in pressure results in lift in lift

Lift will vary dynamically Lift will vary dynamically depending on the speed an aircraft depending on the speed an aircraft is traveling at.is traveling at.

Another factor to lift: Angle of Another factor to lift: Angle of Attack (AoA)Attack (AoA)

– The angle at which the airfoil meets The angle at which the airfoil meets the airflowthe airflow

– The angle of the wing relative to The angle of the wing relative to airflow airflow

Go Fly A BrickGo Fly A Brick ObjectiveObjective

– Simulate the landing of the Space ShuttleSimulate the landing of the Space Shuttle

MaterialsMaterials– ShoeboxShoebox –– Scissors Scissors– Cardstock (2)Cardstock (2) –– Tape Tape

ProceduresProcedures– Follow the instructions on the lab paperFollow the instructions on the lab paper– Be sure to answer the questionsBe sure to answer the questions– Do not damage the shoebox!Do not damage the shoebox!– Finish by the end of classFinish by the end of class

Fill-in the ChartFill-in the Chart

Pre-Class Wednesday Pre-Class Wednesday 10-10-1210-10-12

There are _____ There are _____ forces of flight.forces of flight.

DragDrag

The force on an aircraft, as it is propelled The force on an aircraft, as it is propelled through the air, that resists its motion through the air, that resists its motion due to the air flowing over the aircraft due to the air flowing over the aircraft (causing friction) (causing friction)

Can be increased or decreased Can be increased or decreased depending on the size, shape, and cargo depending on the size, shape, and cargo of the aircraft of the aircraft

The maximum speed The maximum speed that can be obtained that can be obtained by a falling objectby a falling object

The force of gravity is The force of gravity is equally balanced by equally balanced by the air resistance force the air resistance force (drag)(drag)

Constant speed, no Constant speed, no accelerationacceleration

ThrustThrust

The force generated by the air in front of the The force generated by the air in front of the aircraft being pulled by the propeller or turbine aircraft being pulled by the propeller or turbine of the engine and pushed back towards the tail of the engine and pushed back towards the tail

Gives the aircraft forward velocity, which Gives the aircraft forward velocity, which creates lift on the wings creates lift on the wings

In general, the greater the thrust, the greater In general, the greater the thrust, the greater the airspeed the airspeed

Controlled by the throttle, which raises or Controlled by the throttle, which raises or lowers the revolutions-per-minute (rpm) of the lowers the revolutions-per-minute (rpm) of the engine engine

Air PowerAir Power Follow the instructions on the paper.Follow the instructions on the paper. Use a meter stick rather than a ruler.Use a meter stick rather than a ruler. One balloon and one straw per groupOne balloon and one straw per group Replace question #3 with: “Find the maximum Replace question #3 with: “Find the maximum

velocity of your air engine (balloon).”velocity of your air engine (balloon).”

Pre-Class Thursday 10-11-12Pre-Class Thursday 10-11-12

If a plane is attempting to fly If a plane is attempting to fly through a thinner atmosphere, through a thinner atmosphere,

what happens to the lift?what happens to the lift?

Effects from Thrust and DragEffects from Thrust and Drag

Doppler EffectDoppler Effect– The change in frequency of a wave due to the The change in frequency of a wave due to the

motion of the source or receivermotion of the source or receiver– http://www.kettering.edu/~drussell/Demos/doppler/doppler.html

Sonic BoomSonic Boom– Damaging to anything in its pathDamaging to anything in its path– Could be cool to watch: Could be cool to watch: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v

=wHrwgRsX0BI – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsKwrN0AimEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GsKwrN0AimE

ACCELERATION BY GRAVITYACCELERATION BY GRAVITY

The Earth constantly The Earth constantly accelerates all objects accelerates all objects towards its centertowards its center

We use the variable We use the variable gg for the acceleration of for the acceleration of gravity gravity

g = 9.8 m/sg = 9.8 m/s22

a = - g = - 9.8 m/sa = - g = - 9.8 m/s22

WEIGHTWEIGHT

WW == mm gg

W : weight in Newtons (N) or pounds (lb)

m : mass in kilograms (kg) or slugs

g : acceleration of gravity (9.8 m/s2 or 32 ft/s2)

• Recall: a force is a push or pull on an object

• The force of gravity, a.k.a. weight, is the attraction of any object (with mass) towards the center of the Earth

FALLING LABFALLING LAB

Materials:Materials:– 6 pennies6 pennies– stop watchstop watch– meter stickmeter stick– tapetape

Objective:Objective:– Determine the acceleration of gravityDetermine the acceleration of gravity

Each groupEach group will turn a paper into me will turn a paper into me today.today.

PROCEDURESPROCEDURES Stack five pennies and tape them Stack five pennies and tape them

together.together. Drop the five pennies 3 different times.Drop the five pennies 3 different times. Measure the distance fallen and the time Measure the distance fallen and the time

it took to fall to the ground.it took to fall to the ground. Determine the acceleration of gravity.Determine the acceleration of gravity. Repeat the experiment for the single Repeat the experiment for the single

penny.penny. Complete the chart on the next slide and Complete the chart on the next slide and

answer the questions.answer the questions.

FILL OUT THE CHARTFILL OUT THE CHARTDROP d (m) t (s) a (m/s2)

1

2

3

1

2

3

How could you improve your results (at least 2 examples)?

Pre-Class Friday 10-12-12Pre-Class Friday 10-12-12

Due to the Due to the aerodynamicsaerodynamics of the Space Shuttle, of the Space Shuttle, it is often called a _____.it is often called a _____.

a.a. Flying brickFlying brick c. Paper rocketc. Paper rocketb.b. Monument of engineeringMonument of engineering d. Weightless wonder d. Weightless wonder

Above and Beyond ActivityAbove and Beyond Activity

AstronauticalAstronautical

Develop technology for use in space Develop technology for use in space explorationexploration

Specialize in propulsion, guidance and Specialize in propulsion, guidance and control systems, structural design, and control systems, structural design, and defense systemsdefense systems

Like aeronautical, safety is a premium… Like aeronautical, safety is a premium… people’s lives are depending on your workpeople’s lives are depending on your work

Pre-class Monday 10-15-12Pre-class Monday 10-15-12

There are two possible answers to the There are two possible answers to the following problem:following problem:

What is half of two plus two?What is half of two plus two?

Give me both of them.Give me both of them.

Pre-Class Monday 3-5-12Pre-Class Monday 3-5-12

In spacecraft design, list three In spacecraft design, list three things you need to know things you need to know

before you begin your plan.before you begin your plan.

Pre-Class Tuesday 3-6-12Pre-Class Tuesday 3-6-12Write: Write:

““Guest Speaker: Matthew Hitt, Guest Speaker: Matthew Hitt, UAHuntsville Aerospace Engineer.”UAHuntsville Aerospace Engineer.”

Pre-Class Wednesday Pre-Class Wednesday 3-7-123-7-12

Assume the performance test Assume the performance test was challenging, what was the was challenging, what was the

biggest challenge in it? Explain.biggest challenge in it? Explain.

Pre-Class Thursday 3-8-12Pre-Class Thursday 3-8-12

What is the name (acronym) of What is the name (acronym) of the professional organization for the professional organization for

Aerospace Engineers?Aerospace Engineers?

Pre-Class Friday 10-5-11

Which of the seven black shapes are Which of the seven black shapes are identical to the red one?identical to the red one?

Pre-Class Tuesday Pre-Class Tuesday 3+8=113+8=11

Write: “Continuing Write: “Continuing Performance Test.”Performance Test.”

Pre-Class Friday 10-1-10Pre-Class Friday 10-1-10

Today’s date is a binary number Today’s date is a binary number (10110). What is the decimal (10110). What is the decimal (base 10 number)?(base 10 number)?

Remember: there are 10 kinds Remember: there are 10 kinds of people in the world: those of people in the world: those who understand binary and who understand binary and those who don’t.those who don’t.

Pre-class Wednesday Pre-class Wednesday 2-29-112-29-11

All months have 30-31 days, except for All months have 30-31 days, except for February which has a changing number of February which has a changing number of

days. Explain why today is the last day of the days. Explain why today is the last day of the month and not yesterday.month and not yesterday.

Believe it or not, it was Believe it or not, it was designeddesigned this way. this way.

Designing a Leap YearDesigning a Leap Year

The next leap year will occur in 2016.The next leap year will occur in 2016. In the Gregorian calendar the following three criteria In the Gregorian calendar the following three criteria

must be met to be a leap year:must be met to be a leap year:– It is evenly divisible by four; It is evenly divisible by four; – If it can be evenly divided by 100, it is NOT a leap year, unless; If it can be evenly divided by 100, it is NOT a leap year, unless; – The year is evenly divisible by 400. Then it is a leap year.The year is evenly divisible by 400. Then it is a leap year.

This means that years 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300 This means that years 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2300 and 2500 are NOT leap years, while year 2000 and and 2500 are NOT leap years, while year 2000 and 2400 are leap years.2400 are leap years.

In the Julian calendar–there was only one rule: any In the Julian calendar–there was only one rule: any year evenly divisible by four would be a leap year. This year evenly divisible by four would be a leap year. This calendar was used before the Gregorian calendar was calendar was used before the Gregorian calendar was adopted.adopted.