Pre-ClovisPre-Clovis

When did people first appear in North America?When did people first appear in North America?

How did they get here?/Where did they come How did they get here?/Where did they come from? from?

What was their environment and culture like?What was their environment and culture like?

Late Paleolithic MigrationsLate Paleolithic Migrations

The last lands to inhabit: Glacial conditions and The last lands to inhabit: Glacial conditions and Migration to New FrontiersMigration to New Frontiers

Sumatra and BorneoSumatra and Borneo before 20,000 B.P. connected by land bridge to SE before 20,000 B.P. connected by land bridge to SE

AsiaAsia People could walk to new areas.People could walk to new areas. Sea level was much lower because water taken up in Sea level was much lower because water taken up in

polar ice regions.polar ice regions. Approximately 120 meters lower than at present.Approximately 120 meters lower than at present.

Oldest Australians-35 kyaOldest Australians-35 kya

How did they get there and where did they come How did they get there and where did they come from?from?

Could not walk; even at glacial max., water too Could not walk; even at glacial max., water too deepdeep

Invention of water transport (boats), modern Invention of water transport (boats), modern computer simulations have shown that at certain computer simulations have shown that at certain times of the year it would take seven days to go times of the year it would take seven days to go from Borneo/Java to Australia/New Guinea (55 from Borneo/Java to Australia/New Guinea (55 miles of open water).miles of open water).

Long Chronology (PreClovis)Long Chronology (PreClovis)

Humans in many migrations in New World, as Humans in many migrations in New World, as early as 30-40 kya.early as 30-40 kya. Small groups, largely a wood and bone tool industry. Small groups, largely a wood and bone tool industry.

Also chopper and scraper industry.Also chopper and scraper industry. Postulated due to recent finds of sites which date to Postulated due to recent finds of sites which date to

before 15 kya.before 15 kya. Monte Verde, Chile excavated by Tom Dillehay Monte Verde, Chile excavated by Tom Dillehay

One area of site dates to ca. 13 kya houses, One area of site dates to ca. 13 kya houses, preserved by an overlayer of peat. Wood, bone, skin, preserved by an overlayer of peat. Wood, bone, skin, meat, botanicals are extremely well preserved.meat, botanicals are extremely well preserved.

Ambiguous lower level of three possible cultural Ambiguous lower level of three possible cultural features and some stone tool fragments dated to 33 features and some stone tool fragments dated to 33 kya. Affiliation unclear, but more recent research kya. Affiliation unclear, but more recent research suggests early dates very compelling.suggests early dates very compelling.

Pre-Clovis Pre-Clovis SitesSites

Monte Verde, ChileMonte Verde, Chile

Monte Verde, ChileMonte Verde, Chile

Monte Verde, ChileMonte Verde, Chile

Monte Verde CultureMonte Verde Culture

North American SitesNorth American Sites

Meadowcroft Rockshleter, PA (16-19.5 Meadowcroft Rockshleter, PA (16-19.5 kya) artifacts include stone blades, kya) artifacts include stone blades, scrapers and knives.scrapers and knives.

Wilson Butte Cave, Idaho (14.5 kya)Wilson Butte Cave, Idaho (14.5 kya) Cactus Hill, VA (17 kya)Cactus Hill, VA (17 kya)

Meadowcroft RockshelterMeadowcroft Rockshelter

Meadowcroft RockshelterMeadowcroft Rockshelter

Cactus Hill, VACactus Hill, VA

How did they get here?How did they get here?

Bering Land BridgeBering Land Bridge Pacific CoastPacific Coast Atlantic CoastAtlantic Coast South American Re-EntrySouth American Re-Entry AfricaAfrica

Bering Land BridgeBering Land Bridge

Crossed during glacial maximum (last was Crossed during glacial maximum (last was 18-11 kya)18-11 kya)

Came through ice-free corridor between Came through ice-free corridor between Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets.Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets.

Continued down into North America and Continued down into North America and South America.South America.

http://instaar.colorado.edu/QGISL/bering_land_bridge/downloads/beringlandbridge1l.mov

Pacific Coastal EntryPacific Coastal Entry

The coastal entry hypothesis opens for an earlier The coastal entry hypothesis opens for an earlier date for the spread of human beings into the date for the spread of human beings into the Americas, as this mode of settlement would not Americas, as this mode of settlement would not require an ice-free land corridor. require an ice-free land corridor.

The Arlington Springs Woman, found on Santa The Arlington Springs Woman, found on Santa Rosa Island, has recently been carbon dated to Rosa Island, has recently been carbon dated to 13,000 years. Her presence on the island at this 13,000 years. Her presence on the island at this early date is consistent with the hypothesis that early date is consistent with the hypothesis that migrations into the new world took place by sea.migrations into the new world took place by sea.

Such coastal migration also opens up for a new Such coastal migration also opens up for a new set of possible routes and entry times.set of possible routes and entry times.

Asian-Coastal Western North Asian-Coastal Western North AmericaAmerica

Arlington Springs WomanArlington Springs Woman

One of Califlornia's biggest recent archaeological discoveries occurred not in the field,but in the Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, where this block of earth from asite on Santa Rosa Island had been in storage since 1960. Bones sealed within the sediments have proven even older than the site's original investigators suspected.

http://www.peak.org/csfa/mt14-3.html

Asian-Coastal Western North Asian-Coastal Western North AmericaAmerica

Tool found Submerged UnderwaterIn coastal Pacific

Atlantic Coastal RouteAtlantic Coastal Route

Atlantic RouteAtlantic Route With much of the world's water having been evaporated and With much of the world's water having been evaporated and

converted to ice, sea levels during the last Ice Age were as much as converted to ice, sea levels during the last Ice Age were as much as 400 feet below today's levels.400 feet below today's levels.

An expanded coastal region probably extended from the Iberian An expanded coastal region probably extended from the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern France and northern Spain to the Peninsula in southwestern France and northern Spain to the southern tip of Ireland. In addition, the Grand Banks, a series of southern tip of Ireland. In addition, the Grand Banks, a series of submerged plateaus extending several hundred miles off the coast submerged plateaus extending several hundred miles off the coast of Newfoundland, probably were above water.of Newfoundland, probably were above water.

The geological conditions meant the prehistoric travelers would The geological conditions meant the prehistoric travelers would have needed to pull off only a 1,500-mile Atlantic Ocean crossing have needed to pull off only a 1,500-mile Atlantic Ocean crossing along sheltered ice sheets teeming with easily hunted marine along sheltered ice sheets teeming with easily hunted marine mammals and fish, Bradley and Stanford said.mammals and fish, Bradley and Stanford said.

Stanford noted that 50,000 years ago or more, humans had become Stanford noted that 50,000 years ago or more, humans had become skilled enough at open sea travel that they were able to arrive on skilled enough at open sea travel that they were able to arrive on the continent of Australia. They most likely used small, animal-skin the continent of Australia. They most likely used small, animal-skin boats, taking advantage of favorable sea currents.boats, taking advantage of favorable sea currents.

http://www.jsonline.com/news/state/mar02/24849.asp?format=print

Clovis vs. SolutreanClovis vs. Solutrean

Different shapes, but similar technology

Inuit Skin boatsInuit Skin boats

Three wave theoryThree wave theory

People came in three waves of migrationPeople came in three waves of migration Amerinds (>21,000+) Amerinds (>21,000+) NaDene (ancestors of Navajo, Apache, and NaDene (ancestors of Navajo, Apache, and

Dine) (12,000)Dine) (12,000) Eskimo-Aleut (6,000)Eskimo-Aleut (6,000)

Evidence for 3-waveEvidence for 3-wave

Biological Evidence-Dental Patterns Biological Evidence-Dental Patterns Very few skeletal remains dating to this time Very few skeletal remains dating to this time

period (>9,000 B.P.).period (>9,000 B.P.). Browns Valley, WyomingBrowns Valley, Wyoming Horn Shelter, TexasHorn Shelter, Texas Hourglass Cave, ColoradoHourglass Cave, Colorado Spirit Cave, NevadaSpirit Cave, Nevada Wizard Beach, NevadaWizard Beach, Nevada Gore Creek, British Columbia Gore Creek, British Columbia Kennewick Man, WashingtonKennewick Man, Washington

Genetic Evidence for 3-WaveGenetic Evidence for 3-Wave

Genetic research-mtDNA and JC Virus. Genetic research-mtDNA and JC Virus. mtDNA-mitochondria passed down by mtDNA-mitochondria passed down by

women, shows relationships.women, shows relationships. All modern, native americans are All modern, native americans are

descended from a single group of descended from a single group of Asians.Asians.

But, earlier migrations of people from But, earlier migrations of people from Europe could have died out.Europe could have died out.

JC Virus and Modern Native JC Virus and Modern Native AmericansAmericans

When human beings arrived in North America about 30,000 years When human beings arrived in North America about 30,000 years ago, they brought language, fire, flint tools and skin tents. They also ago, they brought language, fire, flint tools and skin tents. They also brought something they didn't know they had--a tiny microbe called brought something they didn't know they had--a tiny microbe called JC virus sequestered in their kidneys. JC virus sequestered in their kidneys.

Researchers are now using the virus to bolster the hypothesis that Researchers are now using the virus to bolster the hypothesis that American Indians are the distant offspring of those migrants, and American Indians are the distant offspring of those migrants, and that they came from eastern Asia on a land bridge across the Bering that they came from eastern Asia on a land bridge across the Bering Strait. Strait.

The strain of JC carried by modern-day Navajos, as it happens, is The strain of JC carried by modern-day Navajos, as it happens, is nearly identical to that carried by modern residents of Tokyo. It's nearly identical to that carried by modern residents of Tokyo. It's somewhat different from the virus carried by the Chamorro, the somewhat different from the virus carried by the Chamorro, the aboriginal inhabitants of the South Pacific island of Guam. It's very aboriginal inhabitants of the South Pacific island of Guam. It's very different, however, from the virus carried by West Africans, East different, however, from the virus carried by West Africans, East Africans and Europeans. Africans and Europeans.

All in all, the evidence suggests the Navajo and the Japanese are All in all, the evidence suggests the Navajo and the Japanese are closely related to each other, and are related (but more distantly) to closely related to each other, and are related (but more distantly) to the Chamorro. All are descended from the same prehistoric the Chamorro. All are descended from the same prehistoric population of eastern Asians. population of eastern Asians.

http://cogweb.ucla.edu/Chumash/JCMicrobe.html

Evidence for 3-waveEvidence for 3-wave

Linguistic evidenceLinguistic evidence GlottochronologyGlottochronology

Words change gradually but at steady rateWords change gradually but at steady rate Comparison of contemporary native languages can Comparison of contemporary native languages can

give a time frame for their first divergence, and can give a time frame for their first divergence, and can say reconstruct proto-languagesay reconstruct proto-language

Linguistic evidence. Joseph Greenberg Linguistic evidence. Joseph Greenberg suggested three separate migrations: suggested three separate migrations: Amerind before 11,000 BP, Amerind before 11,000 BP, Na-Denes (Athabaskan) ca. 9000 Bp, Na-Denes (Athabaskan) ca. 9000 Bp, and AleutEskimo about 4000 Bp.and AleutEskimo about 4000 Bp.

What was their environment?What was their environment?

There were three short-faced bear species, all larger, There were three short-faced bear species, all larger, two specialized as super carnivores (one about 7-8 feet two specialized as super carnivores (one about 7-8 feet at the shoulder-at the shoulder-Arctodus simusArctodus simus), and one as a super ), and one as a super vegetarian convergent with Europe's cave bear. vegetarian convergent with Europe's cave bear.

In addition there were true lions, only twice the mass of In addition there were true lions, only twice the mass of African specimen, two species of large sabre toothed African specimen, two species of large sabre toothed cats, jaguars, large cheetah-like running cats and big cats, jaguars, large cheetah-like running cats and big dire wolves. dire wolves.

Remains of some of the mammals and birds present in Remains of some of the mammals and birds present in the Los Angeles valley between 10,000 and 40,000 the Los Angeles valley between 10,000 and 40,000 years ago -- including thousands of sabre-toothed cats -- years ago -- including thousands of sabre-toothed cats -- can be seen at the La Brea Tarpits. can be seen at the La Brea Tarpits.

Extinct Pleistocene MammalsExtinct Pleistocene Mammals

Short faced Bear

Smilodon

Dire Wolf

Saber tooth CatSaber tooth Cat

http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/larson/smilodon.html

What was their culture?What was their culture?

Small PopulationsSmall Populations Probably very mobileProbably very mobile Hunters and gatherersHunters and gatherers

Sometimes megafauna, but probably more Sometimes megafauna, but probably more often medium and small mammals, birds and often medium and small mammals, birds and fish.fish.

Stone, bone and wood tool industry that Stone, bone and wood tool industry that was different from later cultures.was different from later cultures.