pre-research of breadfruit artocarpus altilis (parkinson ... · the distribution it is estimated in...

Copyright © 201

Pre-research of Breadfruit

(Parkinson) Fosberg

Maitara Island Based on Morphology

SuparmanBiology Department,

*Corresponding Author's Email:

Abstract – Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson)

Moraceae family and it is well known in Indonesia

popular as breadfruit. The plant is estimated as a native

plant of Southeast Asia between Moluccas and Philippines

Herein we conducted and combined morphological character

of breadfruit from Ternate Island and Maitara

Moluccas archipelago. The most important objective is to

make relationship among the population (in

breadfruit between both islands. Five population

and two in Maitara were taken as material source

morphological was done for scoring in binary data i.e. 1 for

present character and 0 for absent. It was continued with

similarity index analysis and building a dendogram with

UPGMA method using NTsys 2.02i software

similar population are between Akebay and Kaulupa, with SI

is 0.75, and it was predictable because both

one Island, Maitara. In the other hand, the lowest SI is

i.e. between Kaulupa (Maitara) and Sasa

dendrogram from UPGMA method had divided seven

populations into two groups that is Maitara group and

Ternate group.

Keywords – Sukun, Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson

Ternate, Maitara.

I. INTRODUCTION

Sukun or breadfruit is named as

(Parkinson) Fosberg 1941 [1] and it

Moraceae family. It is estimated as native plant in South

East Asia, about some island in Moluc

specifically unknown place [2]. The wild breadfruit with

seeds is its ancestral, it is origin from New Guinea and it

indicated come from Moluccas archipelago. The plant was

distributed by human migration about 3000 years ago

especially around Pacific archipelago [2]

map of breadfruit is showed on picture 1.

Breadfruit is very common in Indonesia;

as native plant in South East Asia to the Polynesia.

pacific archipelago (especially in Hawa

scientist have cultivated it widely and produce

varieties product from it. They also buil

for breadfruit in National Tropical Botanical Garden

Tropical Plant Research - the breadfruit institute.

they had collected at least about 150 variet

(NTBG, 2013).

Breadfruit is future plant for security food

alternative crop because of its yield and nutrition. It has

25% carbohydrate, protein 1.5 % and 0.

weight [3]. As crop, breadfruit has wider environment

adaptation than rice [4].

Copyright © 2015 IJAIR, All right reserved

1517

International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research

Volume 3, Issue 5, ISSN (Online) 2319

research of Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis

sberg) Phylogeny between Ternate and


Suparman*, Zulkifli Ahmad, Nurhasanah

Biology Department, Khairun University, Ternate. INDONESIA

Corresponding Author's Email: [email protected]

(Parkinson) Fosberg belongs to

Moraceae family and it is well known in Indonesia, it is also

is estimated as a native

between Moluccas and Philippines.

combined morphological character

sland and Maitara Island in

The most important objective is to

population (infra-species) of

Five populations in Ternate

material source. Then,

morphological was done for scoring in binary data i.e. 1 for

. It was continued with

similarity index analysis and building a dendogram with

2i software. The most

kebay and Kaulupa, with SI

and it was predictable because both of them are in

one Island, Maitara. In the other hand, the lowest SI is 0.43

Sasa (Ternate). The

ogram from UPGMA method had divided seven

that is Maitara group and

Parkinson) Fosberg,

NTRODUCTION

is named as Artocarpus altilis

and it is a member of

Moraceae family. It is estimated as native plant in South

ccas-Indonesia but

The wild breadfruit with

l, it is origin from New Guinea and it is

archipelago. The plant was

distributed by human migration about 3000 years ago

[2]. The distribution

on picture 1.

Indonesia; it is estimated

Asia to the Polynesia. In

awaii, USA), lot of

cultivated it widely and produced lot of

product from it. They also built research centre

National Tropical Botanical Garden -

fruit institute. In 2013,

they had collected at least about 150 varieties of breadfruit

uture plant for security food and

alternative crop because of its yield and nutrition. It has

% and 0.3 % lipid of its

has wider environment

The recent publication [5

contains high complex carbohydrates, low in fat, and

cholesterol and gluten free. Compared to white potato,

white rice, white, bread and taro, i

glycmic index (blood sugar sho

Planting process, harvest, and product

breadfruit is easier than rice. Therefore

appropriate as alternative crop in Indonesia in

of Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia

Development (MP3EI) 2011-2025

agricultural focus in Papua-Kepulauan Maluku Economic

Corridor. The plant is also official

international attachment of “Treaty on Genetic Resource

for Food and Agriculture” and it contributed in global

rescue for food security and novel food

been chosen as one of some species in

Rehabilitation National Movement

Although it is very important for human in food

security, some information about breadfruit spreading,

phylogenetic, distribution route, and product in North

Moluccas are very low. Then a research whereas focus on

location map, phylogenetic, and

are necessary for conducting

particularly in Ternate and Maitara Island

located on the east of Webber line, and have lot of specific

tropic vegetations include from family

Artocarpus.

It is because of lacking information

the plant, and its variety in North Moluccas, so trac

the origin and spreading some plant

Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis in plant is necessary

to be done and it can be started by the easiest method i.e.

using morphological analysis. In this paper we conducted

a simple phylogenetic analysis about breadfruit in Ternate

and Maitara Island based on morphology i.e. leaf, flower,

fruit, and stem.

II. MATERIALS A

Materials All the samples are taken from two islands that are

Ternate and Maitara in North Moluccas Archipelago.

populations of them represent of Ternate

other hand, two populations of breadfruit are

Maitara.

The population of breadfruit

table 1.

Manuscript Processing Details (dd/mm/yyyy) :

Received : 08/04/2015 | Accepted on : 13/04

Agriculture Innovations and Research

, ISSN (Online) 2319-1473

Artocarpus altilis

etween Ternate and


[5] reveals that breadfruit

ins high complex carbohydrates, low in fat, and

Compared to white potato,

white rice, white, bread and taro, it has a moderate

hock).

, and product processing of

Therefore, the plant is very

lternative crop in Indonesia in master plan

xpansion of Indonesia Economic

2025 especially in food and

Kepulauan Maluku Economic

The plant is also officially stamped in

Treaty on Genetic Resource

and it contributed in global

rescue for food security and novel food [6]. It also has

been chosen as one of some species in Forest and Land

ovement [7].

s very important for human in food

security, some information about breadfruit spreading,

ute, and product in North

Moluccas are very low. Then a research whereas focus on

location map, phylogenetic, and potentiality of its product

are necessary for conducting in North Moluccas

particularly in Ternate and Maitara Island. Thus island are

located on the east of Webber line, and have lot of specific

tropic vegetations include from family Moraceae, genus

ecause of lacking information about relationship in

and its variety in North Moluccas, so tracking

the origin and spreading some plants are difficult.

Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis in plant is necessary

to be done and it can be started by the easiest method i.e.

using morphological analysis. In this paper we conducted

alysis about breadfruit in Ternate

and Maitara Island based on morphology i.e. leaf, flower,

AND METHOD

e taken from two islands that are

Moluccas Archipelago. Five

represent of Ternate Island. In the

other hand, two populations of breadfruit are from

of breadfruit as samples can be red on

Manuscript Processing Details (dd/mm/yyyy) :

4/2015 | Published : 20/04/2015

Copyright © 201

Table 1: Breadfruit Populations and Island

taken

No. Population Island

1. Takome Ternate

2. Tarau Ternate

3. Sasa Ternate

4. Ngade Ternate

5. Kulaba Ternate

6. Akebay Maitara

7. Kaulupa Maitara

Picture 1: Map of distributing and spreading of Breadfruit. It is estimated as native to Southeast Asia. The spreading is

from somewhere around North Moluccas and Philippine [2]

Picture 2: Location of Ternate Island and Maitara Island (Map data @2014 Tele atlas).

a. Map of Indonesia (East part of Indonesia)


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and Island where it was

Island

Ternate

Ternate

Ternate

Ternate

Ternate

Maitara

Maitara

Method The first morphology data was taken from every single

sample represents single populatio

into binary data as 1 and 0; one was written if the sample

had that character and zero it had not. Then, all data were

analyzed to know the similarity index between two

populations. The formula referenc

Whereas SI: similarity index, C

is present in booth population

present in sample A, and B is character that is present in

sample B.

Map of distributing and spreading of Breadfruit. It is estimated as native to Southeast Asia. The spreading is

from somewhere around North Moluccas and Philippine [2]

: Location of Ternate Island and Maitara Island (Map data @2014 Tele atlas).

a. Map of Indonesia (East part of Indonesia) b. Halmahera Island and another island in North Moluccas.

c. Map of Ternate and Maitara



data was taken from every single

single population. The data were input

one was written if the sample

had not. Then, all data were

analyzed to know the similarity index between two

rence to Sorenson:

C is amount of character that

present in booth population, A is character that is

and B is character that is present in

Map of distributing and spreading of Breadfruit. It is estimated as native to Southeast Asia. The spreading is

: Location of Ternate Island and Maitara Island (Map data @2014 Tele atlas).

b. Halmahera Island and another island in North Moluccas.

Copyright © 201

Population codes or names were used for Operational

Taxonomic Unit (OTU’s) in making dendogram o

phylogenetic. Dendogram constructing was made based on

phenetic method that called Un-weighted Pair Group

Method using Arithmetic average, UPGMA [8]. The

process of analysing and making dendogram used NTsys

2.02i software [9]. The phonetic method is an a

based on similarity for describing relationship in living

organism. The assumption is two or more organism that

had high SI, it is also had had high relationship [10].

Table 2: Matrix of Similarity Index among OTUs based on Sorenson formula in Ternate and Maitara Island

Takome

Tarau 0.5625000

Sasa 0.5312500

Ngade 0.5000000

Kulaba 0.5312500

Akebay-Mtr 0.6562500

Kaulupa 0.7187500

From the table, it can be seen clearly that the lowest

Similarity index is between Akebay-Maitara and Tarau

Ternate with SI is only 0.406. SI value for all population

in average is 0.592. It is high SI, yet it is really different

for infra-species. For varieties, the value (0.592) is low

because similarity for variety more than 75%. In this case,

the different between OTU’s is lower because morp

were used are tentative.

Dendogram of construction of Ternate and MaitaraResult of dendogram construction is showed on picture

one. The population are divided into two main group

first group is Maitara group and consist of Takome,

Akebay, and Kaulupa. Maitara population dominates the

Picture 3: Phylogeny of breadfruit population in Ternate and Maitara base on morphology.

UPGMA method


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Population codes or names were used for Operational

Taxonomic Unit (OTU’s) in making dendogram of

phylogenetic. Dendogram constructing was made based on

weighted Pair Group

, UPGMA [8]. The

process of analysing and making dendogram used NTsys

2.02i software [9]. The phonetic method is an approach

based on similarity for describing relationship in living

organism. The assumption is two or more organism that

had high SI, it is also had had high relationship [10].

III. RESULT AND

Similarity index (SI) Similarity Index of Sorenson among

obtained from calculation of morphological data. T

values are showed on table 2. Two OTU’s

are Akebay and Kaulupa, both of them are in Maitara

Island and the SI is 0.75. It can be assumed that Akebay

and Kaulupa have higher relationship compared other

OTUs.

of Similarity Index among OTUs based on Sorenson formula in Ternate and Maitara Island

Tarau Sasa Ngade Kulaba

* * * *

0.6562500 * * *

0.6250000 0.7187500 * *

0.6562500 0.6875000 0.5937500 *

0.4062500 0.5000000 0.5937500 0.5625000

0.6562500 0.4375000 0.5312500 0.5625000

can be seen clearly that the lowest

Maitara and Tarau-

value for all population

in average is 0.592. It is high SI, yet it is really different

species. For varieties, the value (0.592) is low

because similarity for variety more than 75%. In this case,

the different between OTU’s is lower because morphology

Dendogram of construction of Ternate and Maitara Result of dendogram construction is showed on picture

d into two main groups. The

consist of Takome,

Maitara population dominates the

group. Second group is Ternate group and

Tarau, Kulaba, Sasa and Ngade. All member of this group

are from Ternate population. It means all population make

a group with the population from

Similarity index between breadfruit from Akebay

and Kaulupa is very high and

Akebay is very similar to Kaulupa sample

phylogenetic relationship than other.

In phylogenetic analysis, there are two

i.e. phenetic, the approach based on similarity

morphology and second is cladisitic, the approach based

on evolutionary and character of

of them are valid approach in analysis and acceptable

Phylogeny of breadfruit population in Ternate and Maitara base on morphology. Dendogram was designed

UPGMA method using NTsys 2.02i programme.



ND DISCUSSION

Similarity Index of Sorenson among OTU’s was

obtained from calculation of morphological data. The

. Two OTU’s of highest SI

both of them are in Maitara

It can be assumed that Akebay

relationship compared other

of Similarity Index among OTUs based on Sorenson formula in Ternate and Maitara Island

Kulaba Akebay-Mtr

*

*

*

*

0.5625000 *

0.5625000 0.7500000

is Ternate group and consist of

Ngade. All member of this group

from Ternate population. It means all population make

population from same island.

between breadfruit from Akebay-Mtr

and it assumes that sample of

aulupa sample or have closer

than other.

analysis, there are two kind approach

, the approach based on similarity of

and second is cladisitic, the approach based

character of homology [10],[11]. Both

of them are valid approach in analysis and acceptable.

Dendogram was designed by

Copyright © 201

Based on phylo-geography in picture 4

assumptions. The first is that Ternate and Maitara

different ancestor. Those polyphyletic characters are

specifically showed on dendogram in picture 4. A

member of Ternate group is in Ternate and

inheritance from one ancestor. This condition is slightly

different from Maitara group. In second group, the

members are not only Maitara populations but a

Ternate. Special for Takoma population, it is about the

same with Maitara population and the similarity index

between Takome and Maitara populations

higher compare to Takome and Ternate population.

The topology of dendogram indicates human role

distributing breadfruit. The second assumption is that

the breadfruit in both islands had the same ancestor. It can

be assumed that the ancestor came from

brought by human being. That ancestor

Picture 4: Phylo

IV. CONCLUSION

The similarity index between breadfruit

Ternate and Maitara based on morphology is low. It means

the variety in species is high. The high

Akebay population and Kaulupa. It is acceptable

both are from one island and have lot of similarity and

relationship. In the other hand, the lowest index

Kaulupa (Maitara) and Sasa (Ternate). It

is from different island.

Dendogram topology describes two main G

are Maitara Group and Ternate Group.


1520



in picture 4, there are two

Ternate and Maitara had

polyphyletic characters are

specifically showed on dendogram in picture 4. All the

in Ternate and it was

. This condition is slightly

In second group, the

populations but also

Special for Takoma population, it is about the

aitara population and the similarity index

nd Maitara populations is little bit

compare to Takome and Ternate population.

The topology of dendogram indicates human role in

he second assumption is that all

the same ancestor. It can

from Ternate and

brought by human being. That ancestor in Maitara is

divided into two by convergent

character. The first offspring bec

and the other became the ancestor of

The assumption is tentative and to reveal the true

evolution need more information about phylogeny ba

on DNA marker.

Maternal analysis with molecular method on breadfruit

is simpler than another plant because the plant is

spread by budding whereas it inheritance only from one

maternal. This analysis can also to trace the ancestor and

colonisation route of breadfruit in Maluku archipelago.

Other plant from Myrtaceae family i.e.

urophylla had been analyzed for

ancestor tracer around Indonesia archipelago

Advanced analyzed on that method is phylo

which is a science focus on geographic distribution of

organism in species level [13], [

4: Phylo-geography of breadfruit based on population origin.

breadfruit population in

Ternate and Maitara based on morphology is low. It means

hest index of all is

acceptable because

both are from one island and have lot of similarity and

other hand, the lowest index is between

Sasa (Ternate). It is clear because it

topology describes two main Groups that

In Maitara group,

there is one unusual population.

to Maitara Group instead of Ternate

complicated problem to determine the ancestor of the plant

from the islands.

REFERENCES

[1] Ragone, D. 2006. Artocarpus altilis

www.traditionaltree.org

[2] Zerega, N. J. C., Ragone, D.,

Origins of Breadfruit (A

Implications for Human Migrations in

Journal of Botany, 91(5): 760–



convergent evolution and change the

character. The first offspring became Takome breadfruit

ancestor of Maitara breadfruit.

The assumption is tentative and to reveal the true

evolution need more information about phylogeny based

Maternal analysis with molecular method on breadfruit

is simpler than another plant because the plant is generally

spread by budding whereas it inheritance only from one

maternal. This analysis can also to trace the ancestor and

colonisation route of breadfruit in Maluku archipelago.

Other plant from Myrtaceae family i.e. Eucalyptus

had been analyzed for colonisation route and

around Indonesia archipelago [12].

Advanced analyzed on that method is phylo-geography,

is a science focus on geographic distribution of

, [14].

geography of breadfruit based on population origin.

. Takome Population joined

Ternate. In generally, it is still

ated problem to determine the ancestor of the plant

EFERENCES

Artocarpus altilis (breadfruit).

D., and Motley, T. J. 2004. Complex

Artocarpus altilis, Moraceae):

igrations in Oceania. American

–766.

Copyright © 201

[3] Hendri, Marlina, L., and Liferdi. 2010. Diversifikasi

Gizi dengan Alpukat, Pisang dan Sukun

program dan strategi pengembangan buah nusantara

[4] Effendie, K. 2011. Lokakarya Sukun Nasional

Tanaman Buah. Solok.

[5] Ragone, D.2014. Breadfruit Nutritional Value and Versatility

Breadfruit Institute of the National Tropical Botanical

and Hawai‘i Homegrown Food Network. Hawaii

[6] Jones, A.M.P., Ragone, D., Tavana, N.G.

Murch, S.J. 2011. Beyond the Bounty: Breadfruit (

altilis) for food security and novel foods in the 21st Century

Etnobotany, www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547

129.pdf

[7] Hendalastuti, H., and Rojidin, A., 2006. Karakteristik Budidaya

dan Pengolahan Buah Sukun : Studi Kasus

Kampar. Prosiding Seminar Hasil, Litbang

220-232.

[8] Xiong, J. 2006. Essential Bioinformatics. Cambridge University

Press: New York.

[9] Rohlf, F.J. 2000. NTSYSpc: Numerical Taxonomy and

Multivariate Analysis System, version 2

Ecology and Evolution, State University of New

[10] Heywood, V., H., and Mcneil, J., 1964. Phenetic and

Phylogenetic classification. Nature, 203.

Group.

[11] Lipscomb, Diana. 1998. Basic of Cladistic Analysis

Washington, George Washington University.

[12] Payn, K..G., Dvorak, W.S., dan Myburg, A. A. 2007.

Chloroplast DNA phylogeography reveals the island colonisation

route of Eucalyptus urophylla (Myrtaceae).

Botany. 55 : 673–683. www.publish.csiro.au/

[13] Avise, J.C. 1998. The hysory and perview of phylogeografi. : a

personal reflection. Molecular ecology, 7, 371

[14] ________. 2009. Phylogeography: retrospect and prospect

Journal of Biogeography (J. Biogeogr), 36

AUTHOR’S PROFILE

Suparman. Lecturer and researcher in Biology Department of Khairun University

Indonesia. Some of his research concern in plant and animal Phylogeny;

biodiversity and education method.

Zulkifli Ahmad. Lecturer and researcher in Biology Department of Khairun University

Indonesia. His research most in Physiology and entomology

Nurhasanah. Lecturer and researcher in Biology Department of Khairun University

Indonesia. Her research most concern in microbiol


1521



iversifikasi Pangan dan

ukun. Seminar nasional

strategi pengembangan buah nusantara. Solok.

Lokakarya Sukun Nasional. Balai Penelitian

Breadfruit Nutritional Value and Versatility.

Breadfruit Institute of the National Tropical Botanical Garden.

and Hawai‘i Homegrown Food Network. Hawaii

N.G., Bernotas, D.W., dan

Breadfruit (Artocarpus

foods in the 21st Century.

www.ethnobotanyjournal.org/vol9/i1547-3465-09-

Karakteristik Budidaya

Studi Kasus di Solok dan

itbang Hasil Hutan 2006 :

. Cambridge University

NTSYSpc: Numerical Taxonomy and

version 2.1. Department of

Ecology and Evolution, State University of New York.

Heywood, V., H., and Mcneil, J., 1964. Phenetic and

, 203. Nature Publishing

Basic of Cladistic Analysis.

Washington, George Washington University.

Myburg, A. A. 2007.

reveals the island colonisation

route of Eucalyptus urophylla (Myrtaceae). Australian Journal of

www.publish.csiro.au/journals/ajb.

. 1998. The hysory and perview of phylogeografi. : a

, 7, 371-379.

Phylogeography: retrospect and prospect.

36, 3–15.

Lecturer and researcher in Biology Department of Khairun University

Indonesia. Some of his research concern in plant and animal Phylogeny;


His research most in Physiology and entomology


Her research most concern in microbiology and biodiversity.



pre-research of breadfruit artocarpus altilis (parkinson ... · the distribution it is estimated in...

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