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Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics & Exome Sequencing Audra Bettinelli, MS, CGC GeneDx

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Page 1: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics & Exome Sequencing 

Audra Bettinelli, MS, CGCGeneDx

Page 2: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Disclosures

• I am an employee of GeneDx, Inc., a wholly‐owned subsidiary of OPKO Health, Inc.

Page 3: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

• Basic Principles • Guidelines• Mechanisms of Action• Clinical Applications• Case Examples

Agenda

Page 4: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

https://www.trueprocess.com/future‐healthcare‐precision‐medicine/

Page 5: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Pharmacogenetics/Pharmacogenomics (PGx)

• The study of how gene(s) affect an individual's response to medications

• Use genetic information to guide drug targeting and dosing to maximize efficacy and reduce toxicity

Page 6: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

• Genetic testing for SNPs/CNVs predicts enzymatic activity for:• Drug targeting: whether a different category of 

medication would be better to prescribe for the patient’s symptoms 

• Drug efficacy: how well the medication has the intended effect in treating the patient’s symptoms

• Drug toxicity: how likely the patient will have an adverse reaction to the medication

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) ‐ definitions

Page 7: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

PGx Nomenclature

• *(star) Alleles 

• Name of the allele not the variant

• *1 is wild type or fully functional allele

• *2, *3, *4, etc. are haplotypes containing one or more variants

• Results are typically reported as a diplotype– Example: CYP2C19 *2/*17

• Sometimes nucleotide changes are used instead of * alleles, eg. rs4149056

Page 8: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Types of Genes Analyzed

• Drug Transporters (eg. channels)• Variants affect drug absorption, distribution, and elimination

– Example: SLCO1B1

• Drug Targets (eg. receptors)• Variants affect drugs ability to bind or interact

– Example: RYR1 

• Drug Metabolizing Enzymes (DMEs)– Genes involved in the metabolism (breakdown) of a drug

• Examples: Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes i.e.  CYP2D6 

Page 9: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Focus on clinical utility

• Variants tested are common SNPs found throughout the population

• Reports do not focus on variant interpretation

• How can results can be used in clinic?

Page 10: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Current Practice: Trial and Error

Page 11: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Adverse Drug Reactions

Spear et al., 2001; PMID: 11325631, Lazarou et al., 1998; PMID: 9555760, Foster et al., Ann Intern Med 2003; Moore & Mattison, JAMA Int Med 2016; https://assurexhealth.com/, Elzagallaai et al., 2017; PMID: 28295234

20% of readmissions

Page 12: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

FDA

”Pharmacogenomics can play an important role in identifying responders and non‐responders … avoiding adverse events, and optimizing drug dose.”

https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ScienceResearch/ucm572698.htm

Page 13: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Hypersensitivity Skin Reactions: Carbamazepine

“Serious and sometimes fatal dermatologic reactions, including toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens‐Johnson syndrome (SJS), have been reported with Tegretol treatment.”

• 1 to 6 per 10,000 Caucasians• ~10 times higher risk in some Asian countries• 15% of population in Hong Kong, 10% Taiwan, 4% North China• Strong association with HLA‐B*1502

http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/tegretol.pdf

Page 14: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Stevens‐Johnson Syndrome

https://hubpages.com/health/I‐Could‐Have‐Died‐Surviving‐Stevens‐Johnson‐Syndrome

https://drimanfirmansyah.com/tag/stevens‐johnson‐syndrome/

Page 15: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Carbamazepine: Serious Dermatologic Reaction

http://www.pharma.us.novartis.com/product/pi/pdf/tegretol.pdf

Page 16: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Data to support PGx use

• Applicable to everyone!– >90% of people carry at least one PGx‐relevant variant

• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes

Dunnenberger et al., Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2015Haga & Solomon, Pharmacogenomics 2016

Page 17: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Type of Medications

Cardiology Neurology OncologyAntiarrhythmics Antiepileptics Chemotherapeutics

Anticoagulants Antidepressants Corticosteroids

Antihypertensives Antipsychotics Immunosuppressants

Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors Corticosteroids Opioids

Statins Muscle Relaxants

Psychiatry General PracticeAntidepressants Antidiabetics

Antipsychotics General Anesthetics

Benzodiazepines Oral Contraceptives

Stimulants Proton Pump Inhibitors

Antivirals/Antiretrovirals

Page 18: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

When Can PGx Testing be Used?

• Preemptively, prior to prescribing medications

• Guide drug therapy for conditions that fail to respond to treatment

• To alter the medication or dose in an effort to decrease side‐effects

Relling et. al., Clin. Pharmacol. Ther; 2011 Dunnenberger et. al., Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol; 2015 

Institutions implementing PGx Testing  

Page 19: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Practice Guidelines

Page 20: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

FDA has PGx information on the label of >100 medications• Example: Warfarin label contains specific dosing recommendations based on genotype

Black box warnings• Example: Codeine label contains warning for use in children

Table of PGx in drug labeling• fda.gov/drugs/scienceresearch/researchareas/pharmacogenetics/ucm083378.htm

www.fda.gov

Page 21: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Creates PGx clinical practice guidelines 

19 guidelines for 33 gene‐drug pairs

Freely available, peer reviewed, evidence based, and routinely updated

cpicpgx.org

CPIC guidelines

Page 22: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

PGx Prescribing information

CPIC

DPWG

CPN

Drug Labeling

FDA

Canada

Europe

Japan

Clinical Annotations

Summary of evidence

Quality rating for evidence

Other Clinical Tools

Pathways

Gene summaries

Variant annotations

www.pharmgkb.orgM. Whirl‐Carrillo, et al.. Clinical Pharmacol & Therapeutics (2012) PMID: 22992668

Page 23: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Strength of Evidence

https://www.pharmgkb.org/page/clinAnnLevels

Page 24: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Multiple Factors Affect Drug Response

Page 25: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Warfarin

https://www.pharmgkb.org/pathway/PA145011113

Page 26: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Warfarin Guidelines

Johnson et al. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017www.WarfarinDosing.org

Page 27: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Mechanisms of Action

Page 28: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Pharmacology

• Absorption• Distribution• Metabolism• Excretion

http://blog.gyrosproteintechnologies.com/spinblog/adme‐of‐therapeutic‐proteins

Page 29: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Drug Activity

Active Drug• Active parent drug• Immediate effect• Enzymes convert to inactive for excretion

Prodrug

• Inactive parent drug• Enzymes convert to active metabolite• Additional enzymes may convert the drug for excretion

• Example: Codeine

Properties of Both

• Active parent drug and active metabolite• Example: some SSRIs

http://www.pharmatips.in/Articles/Pharmaceutical‐Prodrug.aspx

Page 30: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Drug Metabolizing Enzymes (DMEs)

Normal Metabolizers

Page 31: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

http://www.pharmatips.in/Articles/Pharmaceutical‐Prodrug.aspx

Active Drugs• Average risk of side effects• Average risk of treatment failure

Prodrugs• Average risk of side effects• Average risk of treatment failure

Normal Metabolizers

Page 32: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Rapid/Ultrarapid Metabolizers

Active Drugs• Less active drug in system• At risk for treatment failure 

Prodrugs• More active drug in system• At risk for side effects/toxicity

Page 33: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Intermediate/Poor Metabolizers

Active Drugs• More active drug in system• At risk for side effects/toxicity

Prodrugs• Less active drug in system• At risk for treatment failure 

Page 34: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Case study: Phenytoin

Used in treatment of epilepsy

Dosing can be complex

Caudle et al., 2014 25099164

Page 35: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Case Example2 year old female with history of epilepsy

Initially received valproate, then later oxcarbazepine

Admitted to the ED in status epilepticus

Treated with diazepam and phenytoin

Develop dizziness, nystagmus, ataxia, and excessive sedation

Plasma PTH levels were higher than expected

Patient was a CYP2C9 Poor MetabolizerDorado et al., 2013 22641027

Page 36: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

CYP2C9

Expressed in the liver

Highly polymorphic

2 common alleles associated with decreased enzyme activity

Caudle et al., 2014 25099164

Page 37: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Phenytoin and CYP2C9

Phenytoin is metabolized by 

CYP2C9

Poor metabolizers have reduced 

function

Higher plasma concentrations of 

phenytoin

At risk for dose related side effects

Sedation, ataxia, dizziness, nystagmus, nausea, cognitive 

impairment 

Caudle et al., 2014 25099164

Page 38: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Dosing Guidelines: Phenytoin

CYP2C9

Normal Metabolizer

Recommended maintenance 

dose

Intermediate Metabolizer

25% reduction in starting dose

Poor Metabolizer

50% reduction in starting dose

Caudle et al., 2014 25099164

Page 39: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

What to look for in a report

Which gene‐drug pairs are included?

Is your patient’s drug(s) included?

How are results returned? Are they understandable and clear?

Does the report include the level of evidence for recommendations?

Does the patient have access to the reports and patient‐friendly materials?

Page 40: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

What Does a Report Look Like?

Page 1 of 28!

Don’tPanic!

Page 41: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

PGx Reports: Elements to Look for

1. Table of Medications– metabolizer status or phenotype

2. Summary of the genotype3. Detailed prescribing guidance

Page 42: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

PGx Reports: Table of Medications

• Often use a stop light approach for prescribing guidance

Green: prescribe as directed

: prescribe with caution

Red: prescribe with extreme caution / consider an alternative

Page 43: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Example Report

Prescribing GuidanceCodeine: Level of Evidence: Strong

CPIC guideline: consider alternative analgesic not affected by CYP2D6 (morphine, nonopioid) FDA Label: Codeine containing products should not be used in children younger than 12

Medication TableMedication Comments

Codeine Prescribing Alert

Genotype/Phenotype Summary

Gene Diplotype Phenotype

CYP2D6 *1/*1xN Ultrarapid Metabolizer

Page 44: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Case Example: Codeine

Boy with history of snoring and sleep apnea

Underwent elective adenotonsillectomy

Sent home on acetaminophen syrup with codeine

Found unresponsive and resuscitation efforts failed

Genotyping revealed a duplication of the  CYP2D6 gene

Ultrarapid metabolizer phenotype

Morphine at autopsy exceeded therapeutic levels 

Ciszkowski et al., 2009 PMID: 19692698

Page 45: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Codeine• Codeine: opioid analgesic used for relief of mild to severe pain– Prodrug converted by CYP2D6 to morphine 

Crews et al., 2014; 24458010

Page 46: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

CYD2D6

Crews et al., 2014; 24458010; guidelines video on pharmgkb.org 

Allele Duplications

Allele Deletions

Loss of function Alleles

Reduced function Alleles

Increased Enzymatic Function Decreased Enzymatic Function

Ultrarapid Metabolizers Intermediate and Poor Metabolizers

Page 47: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Codeine Dosing Guidelines

CYP2D6 Ultrarapid Metabolizers 

•Metabolize codeine quickly to morphine

•More morphine than expected

•At risk for toxicity•Guideline: consider alternative analgesic not affected by CYP2D6 (morphine, nonopioid) 

CYP2D6  Intermediate Metabolizer

•Slowly metabolize codeine to morphine

•Reduced levels of morphine than expected

•At risk of treatment failure •Guideline: Use label recommended age/weight dosing monitor for nonresponse

CYP2D6 Poor Metabolizers 

•Slowly metabolize codeine to morphine

•Greatly reduced levels of morphine than expected

•Likely risk of treatment failure 

•Guideline: consider alternative analgesic not affected by CYP2D6 (morphine, nonopioid) 

Crews et al., 2014; 24458010; 

Page 48: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

CPIC Guidelines 

look up guidelines at pharmgkb.orghttps://cpicpgx.org/genes‐drugs/

Page 49: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Codeine and Children

Aka et al., 2017; PMID 29099060 

Codeine with acetaminophen was approved by the FDA for use in children over 3 years

In April of 2017, the FDA included a black box warnings:

Do not use in children younger than 12

Do not use in adolescents 12‐18 with obesity, obstructive sleep apnea, or severe lung disease

Warning against use in breast feeding mothers

Page 50: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

PharmacoDx Reports: ADHD

Page 51: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

PharmacoDx Reports: Detailed Summary

Evidence Summary

Prescribing Guidance 

Strength of Evidence

Predicted Genotype

Page 52: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

PharmacoDx Reports: Statins

Page 53: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

PharmacoDx Reports: Antidepressants

Page 54: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

PharmacoDx Reports: Detailed Summary

Evidence Summary

Prescribing Guidance  Strength of 

EvidencePredicted Genotype

Page 55: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

PharmacoDx Reports: Genotype/Phenotype Summary

Prescribing Guidance 

Strength of Evidence

Predicted Genotype

Page 56: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Benefits and Limitations of PGx testing

Benefits• Reduces trial and error• Applicable to everyone• Reduces the genetic variable in drug response• Prescribing guidance is well‐vetted by independent, empiric data

Limitations• Genetics is not the only factor influencing drug‐response• No PGx test on the market captures all relevant medications or genes• Very little research to date on efficacy in pediatric care• Need more research on specific ethnic groups• Clinical Implementation is challenging

Page 57: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Exome Sequencing

• What is Exome Sequencing (ES)?– Massively parallel sequencing (Next Generation sequencing) of 

the protein‐coding regions of the human genome• What is ES used for?

– Can be used to identify the underlying molecular basis of a genetic disorder in an affected individual

– May also identify secondary or incidental findings, clinically significant variants not obviously related to the patient’s current phenotype

• What are some advantages to ES? – Cast a wider net, inclusion of candidate genes– Free reanalysis– High diagnostic yield

Page 58: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Case Example15yo boy presents with ALL, hepatosplenomegaly and liver dysfunction

Trio exome sequencing performed

Initial result non‐diagnostic

Bone marrow aspirate sent for molecular testing

Results showed homozygous multi‐exon deletion in FANCA

Interpretation complicated  by mixture of blasts and normal cells

Providers reached back out to GeneDx

Patient consent obtained

Page 59: Precision Medicine in Action: Pharmacogenomics Exome ......• Of 1,000 FDA‐approved drugs, ~100 are candidates for PGx testing based on variants in 12 genes Dunnenberger et al.,

Case Example continuedRush del/dup for FANCA requested 

Exome data from blood showed heterozygous paternally inherited deletion

Del/dup testing performed and confirmed het deletion in buccal DNA

Updated exome report released <1 week after request

Providers now working with lab that sequenced blasts

Does the patient have a somatic loss of heterozygosity in FANCA?

If so, he is a candidate for a PARP inhibitor if he experiences a relapse

Patient consent obtained

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Questions?