Prediction in Human

Presented by: Rezvan Kianifar

January 2009

Syllabus

Prediction Levels senasorimotor level cognitive level

Related brain regions at cognitive level

Characteristics which emerge by prediction

Discussion

Motor prediction

biological systems need to be able to predict the sensory consequences of their actions to be capable of rapid, robust, and adaptive behavior.

Control Strategies: direct directly maps sensations to actions, without meaningful

intermediate steps and, in particular, without any attempts to explicitly model the movement system or task.

indirect explicitly employs multiple information-processing steps to

build the control policy, and in particular it employs internal models.

What is internal model?

Internal models are neural substrates that model

input/output relationships and their inverses of kinematic and dynamic processes of the motor system and the environment

Why seek for internal model?

Helmholtz observation

Holst and Sperry 1950s(efferent copy)

Other studies

Motor Prediction Influences

State estimation

Sensory confirmation and cancellation

Context estimation

State estimation

Sensory confirmation and cancellation

Context estimation

Mental practice, imitation and socialcognition

Forward model is used to predict the sensory outcome of an action, without actually performing the action.

In perception of action we could usemultiple forward models to

make multiple predictions and, based on the correspondence between these predictions and the observed behaviour, we

could

infer which of our controllers would be used to generate the

observed action.in social interaction, a forward social model could be used to predict the reactions of others to our actions.

How to investigate prediction in cognitive level?

Cognitive Tests

FMRI-Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Related brain regions in cognitive level of prediction

DLPFC- DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex

OFC- OrbitoFrontal Cortex

ACC- Anterior Cingulated Cortex

DLPFC- DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex

DLPFC- DorsoLateral PreFrontal Cortex is known

as a neural substrate for working memory in which

a model of environment could exist

OFC- OrbitoFrontal Cortex

OFC provides an updated representation of value

through interactions with other brain areas, such

as the amygdale, which can affect adaptive

behavior

ACC- Anterior Cingulated Cortex

ACC detects the state of conflict and drives control processes to resolve the internal conflict. Because of its anatomical position which receives information from

limbic and prefrontal regions as well as having direct access to

the motor system, it seems to play a key role in monitoring

the outcomes of voluntary choices under uncertainty when

the environment is changing.

Midbrain regions

OFC have connections with the amygdala and ventral striatum, both of which have been involved in anticipating the contingencies between environmental stimuli, actions and rewards.

The serial flow of information between the amygdala and ACC is essential for guiding efficient decision

making

relations

Characteristics which emerge by prediction

Prediction: capability of predicting

future properties

Anticipation: mechanisms that use

predictions to improve other mechanisms

including learning and behavior

predictive capabilities

(1) the types of predictions represented,

(2) the quality or accuracy of the predictions,

(3) the time scales of the predictions,

(4) the generality of the predictions,

(5) the capability of incorporating context information and action

decision information for improving predictions,

(6) the focusing and attentional capabilities of prediction generation,

(7) the capability of predicting inner states.

Anticipatory capabilities

(I) learning,

(II) attention,

(III) action initiation and control,

(IV) decision making.

Epigenetic Robotic

goal of Epigenetic robotics is to understand, and model, the role of development in the emergence of increasingly complex cognitive structures from physical and social interaction.

It is being driven by two main, somewhat parallel, motivations:

(a) to understand the brain by constructing embodied systems the so-called synthetic approach,

(b) to build better systems by learning from human studies.

Discussion

1- Prediction is a main characteristic of human activity.

2-new modeling approaches should consider prediction aspect of human behavior (model-based control algorithms such as MPC or RL are good candidates)

3- neural substrates under brain prediction is not well understood but it seems it is better to consider a general framework which covers all prediction levels.

thank you

References

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2-Mehta,B. & Schaal,S. “Forward Models in Visuomotor Control” J Neurophysiol88: 942–953, 2002;

3-Web,B. “Neural mechanisms for prediction: do insects have forward models?” Trends in Neurosciences, April 2004.

4-Yoshida,W. & Ishii,S., “Resolution of Uncertainty in Prefrontal Cortex” Neuron 50, 781–789, 2006.

5- Butz,M.V., “MIND RACES: From Reactive to Anticipatory Cognitive Embodied Systems”, Cognitive Systems,2005.

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References

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