preeminence - usri.inusri.in/cobinedv6n1.pdf · sh. s.k. agnihotri sh. amar singh dr. arya...

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Volume 6, No. 01 ISSN 2249-7927

Jan-June 2016

PREEMINENCE An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal

UNITED SOCIETY FOR REHABILITATION AND INCLUSION

ii

PREEMINENCE

Patron

Prof Yogesh Chandra Dubey

Vice-Chancellor

J R H University, Chitrakoot (UP)

Advisory Board

Prof. K.B. Pandeya

Dr. J.P. Singh

Prof. S.R. Mittal

Dr. Bharat Mishra

Editor

Dr. Vijay Shankar Sharma

Assistant Editors

Dr. Akhil Agnihotri

Sh. Amit Agnihotri

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Dwiwedi

Sh. Nihar Ranjan Mishra

Dr. Rajnish Kumar Singh

Sh. Atul Srivastava

Dr. Punam Pandey

Dr. Neeraj Kumar Shukla

Dr. Reetu Sharma

Sh. Chandra Shekhar Yadav

Legal Advisor

Smt. Subhas Rathi

Dr. Veena Singh

Technical Advisor

Sh. S.K. Agnihotri

Sh. Amar Singh

Dr. Arya Agnihotri

Mr. Yogendra Tripathi

Mr. Sudhir Kumar

Mr. Akhil Raikwar

Mr. Chandra Prakash Yadav

The views expressed in the articles/research papers are

the individual’s opinion of the concerned author only.

iii

Editorial Advisory Board Prof. Ranbir Singh

Ex. Vice Chancellor, National Law University,

Delhi

Prof. K.B. Pandeya

Ex. Vice Chancellor

M.G.C. Gramodaya, University, Chitrakoot

Dr. Yogesh Upadhyay

Professor, Dept. of Management

Jiwaji University, Gwalior

Prof. V.D. Mishra

Retd. Professor, University of Allahabad

Dr. J.P. Singh

Consultant, AMITY University, Noida

Prof. S.R. Mittal

Adjunct Professor, NIEPVD, Dehradoon

Prof. T.B. Singh

Adjunct Professor,

Central University of South Bihar

Prof. B. Pandey

Ex. Vice Chancellor,

J.R.H. University, Chitrakoot, U.P.

Dr. S.B. Mishra

Ex. Head Deptt. of Mathematics, M.L.K. (P.G.)

College, Balrampur

Dr. Ranganath Mishra

Deptt. of Oncology

National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street

Goodman K721, Denver CO 80206

Dr. Dharmendra Kumar

Ex. Director, PDUIPH, New Delhi

Dr. J.P. Pandey

Deptt. of Physics, M.L.K. P.G. College

Balrampur, U.P.

Dr. Himanshu Pandey

Deptt. of Statistics,

D. D. U. University, Gorakhpur, U.P.

Prof. I.C. Shukla

Ex- Head, Deptt. of Chemistry,

University of Allahabad, Allahabad.

Prof. J. Prasad

Ex Head & Dean, S.H.I.A.T.S., Allahabad.

Prof. Kapil Deo Mishra

Vice Chancellor

Rani Durgawati Vishwavidyalay, Jabalpur, MP

Prof. S.P. Gupta

Ex. Director, School of Education,

U.P.R.T. Open University, Allahabad

Prof. Yogesh Chandra Dubey

Vice-Chancellor,

J.R.H. University, Chitrakoot, U.P.

Prof. K.K. Mishra

Deptt. of Pol. Science, BHU, Varanasi

Dr. S.N. Tripathi

Ex. Dean, Dr. R.M.L. Awadh University,

Faizabad

Dr. Bharat Mishra

Associate Professor


Prof. Arvind Joshi

Deptt. of Social Work,

BHU, Varanasi

Prof. Avanish C. Mishra

Head, Dept, of History,

Dr. Shanuntla Mishra National Rehabilitation

University, Lucknow

Prof. Kaushal Kishor

Dept. of Education

Central University of South Bihar, Gaya

Dr. Amit Tripathi

Vice President

Sunward Resources Ltd., Casa 101, Calle 6A,

No. 22-75, El Poblado, Medellin, Colambia

Dr. Prgya Mishra

Head, Deptt. of Sanskrit


Dr. M.P. Shah

Reetd. Scientist F, Wadia Instt. of Himalayan

Geology, Dehradun

Prof. S.S. Chaubey

Ex. Prof. & Head

Deptt. of Geography

Arrah University, Arrah, Bihar

Prof. J.P. Lal

Deptt. of Plant Breeding

B.H.U., Varanasi

Dr. K.N. Uttam

Deptt. of Physics,

University of Allahabad

Dr. D B Tyagi

Principal, Sri Megh Singh PG College, Abidgarh

Agra (UP)

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Editorial

I, herewith, present another issue of Preeminence - An International Peer Reviewed

Research Journal with great pleasure. Editorial Team members have great sense of

gratitude toward the authors/contributors who provided the content of this issue of the

journal in the form of different research papers and articles. The Editorial Team

recognizes the efforts made by peer reviewers who commented on the suitability of

manuscripts for publication. Readers of this Journal and the academic community will

surely get benefitted with the content of the Journal.

We, the Editorial Team, welcome the opportunity to expand our reviewer community and

invite colleagues with an interest in reviewing to send their details to

[email protected] with the details including Name, Email Address,

Organization,Country, Subject specialization/areas of expertise and experience in the

area.

I hope that with the combined efforts, Preeminence will continue the journey for

achieving greater heights.

All the best,

Dr. Vijay Shankar Sharma

Editor

mailto:[email protected]

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advertisement (hard and soft) to the following address:

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‘PREEMINENCE’ An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal

United Society for Rehabilitation and Inclusion

Sonalika House, Ranipur Bhatt,

Chitrakoot 210204 India

Phone: 9919061827, 9412409625, 9450167507

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Website: http://www.usri.in

vii

CONTENTS

Editorial / iv

Ykksd lkfgR; ,oa jktuhfrd laLd`fr /1

MkW-vkyksd dqekj flag

Reflectance properties of 1-D Superconductor Dielectric Photonic Crystal / 7

Dr. J. P. Pandey Emerging Challenges Before Indian Agriculture /17

Dr.Bindrawan Lal tkWu jkWYl ds U;k; fl)kUr dh lkFkZdrk yksd dY;kdkjh jkT; ds ifjis{; esa ,d

v/;;u/28

MkW- iadt frokjh

REVIEW OF LITERATURE IN PROSTHETICS & ORTHOTICS FIELD /33 Mr. Girish V Gupta and Mr. Mohit Gupta

Lekos'kh f'k{kk dh vo/kkj.kk /37 nqxsZ'k dqekj feJ /keZ] v/;kRe ,oa fodkl /41 MkW- vEcjh'k jk;

Impact of Higher Education on Women Empowerment /45 Rupali Sharma i;kZoj.k eS=h /51 MkW- izKk feJk

f'k{kk dk futhdj.k& lek/kku ;k leL;k /56 MkW- jsuw xqIrk

egcqfy;k /62 MkW- jkts'k dqekj iky

BASEL- III : A Roadmap to the Future Indian Banking System /67 Dr. Mahendra Kumar Sultaniya Hkkjrh; jk’Vªh; dkaxzsl vkSj efgykvksa dh jktuhfrd tkx#drk /75 MkW- fiz;adk flag

Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa ßmnkjoknÞ dh Hkwfedk /78 izsepUnz lkgw

vkpk;Z fouksck Hkkos ds thou esa HkfDr;ksx dh lk/kuk ,d foospu /84 lanhi Bkdjs

ledkyhu dyk xq: Hkos’k pUnz lkU;ky /90 MkW- mek'kadj izlkn

oS'ohdj.k ;qx esa v?;kid f'k{kk ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa xq.kkRed lq/kj /94 MkW- jhuk ik.Ms;

jkek;.k dk lekt n'kZu/100 MkW- izfeyk feJk

viii

Hkkjrh; yksdra= dk vk/kkj gS pquko lq/kkj /104 MkW- lqcks/k dqekj

Reading Technological Devices For Students With Visual Impairment In Inclusive

Schools Of North-Eastzone Of Delhi /113 Mr. Brijesh Kumar Rai

Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things: A Study in Cultural Ethics/121 Dr. Siddhartha Sharma

oSfnd dky esa fyaxksikluk/125

M‚0 v”ksd dqekj

/kEkZ ,oa Ik;ZVu ¼Jh jkoriqjk ljdkj ds fo’ks”k lUnHkZ esa½/129

MkW0 gfjvkse ckny

Jh jkepfjr ekul esa of.kZr f'k{kk dh orZeku lUnHkZ esa mikns;rk/136

ftrsUnz ukFk feJ

Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 6, No. 1 /Jan-June. 2016 1

Ykksd lkfgR; ,oa jktuhfrd laLd`fr

MkW-vkyksd dqekj flag1]

Hkkjrh; yksd lkfgR; esa /keZ esa vkSj n”kZu esa cgqr leUo; gSA n”kZu ds

okLrfod Lo:Ik ds fo’k; esa pkgsa vkt Hkh /keZ dh HkkWfr fofHkUUk er gksa ftuesa

vkidh vkSj gekjh /kkj.kk,sa HkzkUr gks ldrh gSa fdUrq ijkuqHkwfr dks LokuqHkwfr esa

cny nsus ds fy, ,d Hkkafr dk Øfed Hkkxksa dks gh ysdj xzUFkksa dh jpuk

n”kZu”kkL= esa gqbZ gSA oSls n”kZu ds nks iz/kku Hksn gS& vkfLrd vkSj ukfLrdA

ukfLrd n”kZu dks ysdj ^Pkk:&Pkkdq* PkkokZd er ds iz.ksrk vkpk;Z o`gLifr us

tSu n”kZu esa izfl) dqUndqUnkpk;Z vkSj lkeUrHknz] fl)lsu] fnokdj vkSj

gfjHknz lwfj rFkk gsepUnkfn us okS)&n”kZu esa egkiku /keZ ds xzUFk tks laLd`r

esa fy[ks x;s gS&oSHkkf’kd] lkrkfU=d ;ksxkpkj vkSj ek/;fed& bu pkjksa fofHkUUk

erksa us tgkW Ik;kZIr :I esa yksd lkfgR; ds egRo esa ;ksx fn;k gSA ;gkW

vkfLFkd n”kZu ds vUrxZr U;k;&n”kZd] oS”ksf’kd&n”kZu] lka[;&n”kZu]

;ksx&n”kZu] ehekalk&n”kZu vkSj csnkUr&n”kZu dks Hkh ysdj vkt ,d vusd

iqLrdsa laLd`r esa yksd lkfgR; dk ifjo)Zu djus esa ;ksx nsxj mldh egRRkk

esa viwoZ ;ksxnku dj jgh gSA

bl yksd lkfgR; dh izkphurk] O;kidrk] ekSfydrk] ljlrk] mikns;rk

laLFkk esa o`f) gksuk] izHkkoksRiknudRkk] o Sfo/; fo’k; okyh iqLrdksa dk gksuk]

mlesa jpuk&lkS’Bo] lH;rk ,oa jktuhfrd laLd`fr dh /kkjk Hkh ftlesa

vfofPNUUk :i ls fujUrj izokfgr gksrh jgs] bl HkkWfr dh vksj Hkh vusd ckrksa

dk lekos”k gksuk vkfn ckrsa bl jktuhfr lkfgR; dh egRRkk esa pkj pkWn yxk

jgh gSA jktuhftd laLd`fr m)kjd gksrh gS rks nwljh jktuhfrd laLd`fr

fouk”kdkfj.kh fl) gksrh gS] tks oLrq dk dk;Z djrh gSA yksd lkfgR; rks ik=

1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] Mh0,u0¼ih0th0½ dkyst] Qrsgx< +


gSA ftlesa ;g j[kh tkdj xzg&xzg] xzke&xzke] uxj&uxj] ns”k&ns”k rFkk

jk’Vª& jk’Vª esa igWqpkbZ tkrh gSA bldks LFkkuksa ds O;fDr;ksa ds iz”kalk ds ik= gksa

,oa gekjk Hkh thou oSlk gksus esa fo”o dh n`f’V esa vuqdj.kh; cu tk,A geus

blh y{; dh iwfrZ ds fy, izFke jktuhfrd laLd`fr lEHkkyk gS] ftlesa lc

dqN izFke Hkkx esa gh j[ fn;k gSA mlh jktuhfrd laLd`fr ds ik= yksd

lkfgR; dks ;gkW fy;k x;k gSA ftudh ewy&eukso`fRRk rks jktuhfrd Hkk’kk ds

xzUFkksa esa Hkjh iwjh gSA ewy&LRkj dSlk gS bldk fu.kkZ;d rks gekjk yksd lkfgR;

gh gSA bl yksd lkfgR; dks gh ysdj bl ckr dh ;gkW iqf’V dh tk;sxh fdUrq

bl iqf’V ds iwoZ ;g Hkh rks izekf.kr djuk gksxk fd bl yksd lkfgR; dk bl

HkkWfr vR;kf/kd egRo dSls c<+ tkrk gSA

yksd lkfgR; dk egRo rks edku gSaA mlds egRo dh iqf’V esa dqN ckrsa

;gkW ij fy[k nsuk vko”;d gS jktuhfr lkfgR; esa tks yksd lkfgR; “kCn

iz;qDr fd;k x;k gS og “kCn vkSj /keZ ds lkeUtL; dk lwpd gSA oSlk vU;

fdlh Hkk’kk ds lkFk mruk [kjk ugh mrj ldrkA oks yksd lkfgR; lcls

vf/kd yEch vk;q okyk gks rFkk mldk foLrkj Hkh ,d cgqr cM+s Hkw[k.M ij

foLrr :i ls gks pqdk gksA ftldk dkj.k mldh /keZ lEEifRRk] mldk jpk

pkrq;Z] mldh “kk”or jgus okyh jktuhfr laLd`fr esa LFkku&LFkku ij

ekSfydrk] LokHkkfodrk ,oa iqjkrUkrk dh vkHkk ds n”kZu esa dgk gSA gsujh

gM~lu ds “kCnksa esa& ^^lkfgR; ewyr% Hkk’kk ds ek/;e ls thou dh vfHkO;fDr

gSA** fu’d’kZ ;g gS fd lkfgR; Hkko lkexzh dk lafpr dks’k gS rFkk mlds }kjk

lekt ds eu&ekul dk iks’k.k gksrk gSA

lkfgR; dk dRkkZ lekt gksrk gS vkSj mlds “kCnkFkZ esa lfgRk gksu s dk

Hkko fufgr gSA lkfgR; dk vFkZ gS& fgr ls ;qDr gksuk] ;Fkk&fgrsu lgbfr

lfgre~] lR; Hkko%] lkfgR;e~] ^^fgra lfUUkfgra rr~] lfgrajlsu ;qDre~ rL; Hkko%

lkfgR;e~A** vkfn leLr dFku blh rF; ds |ksrd gS fd lkfgR; dk ewy rRo

fgr lk/ku gSA O;fDr gh lekt dh jpuk djrk gS vkSj O;fDr gh vius fgr

lk/ku gsrq lkfgR; jpuk djrk gS blh izdkj dh dlkSVh ewyr% f”koRo vFkkZr~

lkekftd dY;k.k gS& ^^dhjfr Hkfufr Hkfy lksbZA lqjlfj le lc dgSa fgr

gksbZA**

thou vkSj lkfgR; dh izj.kk,W leku gksrh gSA os iq:’kkFkZ prq’V; rFkk

rhu , s’k.kkvksa vFkok ftxh’kk ,oa fo’e; dh ewy o`fRRk;ksa esa lekfgr gks tkrh gSA

rkRi;Z ;g gS fd lkfgR; ekuo thou ds lq[k&nq%[k] g’kZ&fo’kkn] vkd’kZ.k]

fod’kZ.k ds rkus&ckus ls fufeZr gksrk gS vkSj mles ekuo dh vkRek dk LiUnu

izfrQfyr gksrk gSA lkfgR; oLrqr% ekuo dh Hkkoukvksa] leL;kvksa vkSj


vuqHkwfRRk;ksa dk lkdkj :i gSA Hkkjrh; vkpk;ksZa }kjk lkfgR; ds ewy iz;kstu

prqoZxZ dh izkfIr] ;”k] vFkZ] O;ogkj] Kku] vkuUn vFkok jl rRo] mins”k]

f”kosrj{k; rFkk dykoSpj.; ,oa nq[kh vkSj Jfer o “kksd larIr dks “kkfUr

iznku djuk vkfn crk, x;s gSaSA buesa izR;sd iz;kstu lekt&lkis{k gSA

,d vaxzsth fo}ku us Bhd gh dgk gS fd& Literature is the brain of humanity, vFkkZr~ ^^lkfgR; ekuo lekt dk dkekZfLr’d gS** vrhr ds jhfrfjokt

jgu&lgu] lH;rk&lLd`r vkfn dk Kku gesa lkfgR; }kjk gh izkIr gksrk gSA

Hkkjr ds xkSjo”kkyh vrhr dk mn~?kkVu gekjs izkphu lkfgR; us gh fd;k]

vU;Fkk gekjs fons”kh “kkld rks ge Hkkjrh;ksa dks cuekuq’k gh rku cSBs FksA

lkfgR; ds ek/;e ls gh ge vius iwoZtksa ,oa vaxzstksa ds vkn”kksZa ds vuqlj.k dh

izsj.k izkIr djrs gSA

LoxZ vkSj i`Foh ;fn nks gS rks mUgsa feykdj ,ddjus dk dk;Z lkfgR;

gh djrk gSA ckcw xqykc jk; us Bhd gh fy[kk gS fd] fo”okfe= dh HkkWfr

lkfgR;dkj vius ;teku dks lansg igqWpkus dk nkok ugha djrk]oju~ vius

;ksxcy ls bl i`Foh ij gh LoxZ dh izfr’Bk dj nsrk gSA ^fdlh Js’B oLrq dks

LoxZ dh gSA* dgdj izfr’Bk nsuk bl yksd dk vieku gSA lkfgR; bloh yksd

dh] fdUrq vlk/kkj.k oLrq gS vkSj mlds ewy rUrq thou ls gh jl xzg.k djrs

gSA

lkfgR; ds vUrxZr lekt dh fofHkUUk fLFkfr;ksa&ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj mlds

vkpkj&fopkjksa ,oa O;ogkjksa dk fp=.k jgrk gSA lkFk gh lkfgR; lekt laLdkj

dh izsj.kk iznku djrk gSA ge pkgsa rks dg ldrs gS fd lkfgR; jpuk dk y{;

lkekftd ;FkkFkZ dks vkn”kZoknh iz.kkyh }kjk izLrqr djuk gSA

lkfgR;dkj lekt ds ØksM esa gh iyrk gS vkSj vius fodkl jl dks ogha ls

xzg.k djrk gSA lekt dh ifjfLFkfr;ka lkfgR;dkj dks izHkkfor djrh gS vkSj

og lekt ls gh lkfgR; ltZuk dh izsj.kk xzg.k djrk gSA lkfgR;dkj pkgdj

Hkh lekt ds izHkko ls ugha cp ldrk gSA lekt dk izHkko lkfgR;dkj vkSj

mlds lkfgR; ij vfuok;Z :i ls iM+rk gSA bl lUnHkZ esa MkW0 lEiw.kZuUn dk

dFku egRoiw.kZ gS& ^^ys[kd ds Åij ifjfLFkfr;kW fujUrj viuk izHkko Mkyrh

gSA ys[kd muls cpus dk iz;Ru djs rks Hkh ugh ldrk gS vkSj u og ;g gh

dg ldrk gS fd eSa viuh ?kM+h ds vuqlkj brus cts ls ysdj brus cts rd

viuh pkjksa vksj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls izHkko xzg.k d:Wxkk vkSj blds okn ys[kd

pkgs ;k u pkgs ifjfLFkfr;kW ml ij izHkko Mkysaxh ghA thou esa tks fØ;k,a gks

jgh lkfgR;dkj ij mudh izfrfØ;k gksuk LokHkkfod vkSj vfuok;Z gSA


Hkkjr ,d fo”kky nsk gSA ;gkW dh Hkw&vkd`fr] tyok;q] ouLifr vkfn esa rks

fofHkUUkrk gS gh] lkFk gh ;gka ds yksxksa ds jgu&lgu][kku&iku] os”kHkw’kk]

jhfr&fjokt] /keZ] Hkk’kk vkfn esa Hkh fofHkUUkrk gSA fdarq bu lHkh fHkUUkrkvksa ds

gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr dh laLd`fr esa ,d ekSfyd ,drk fo|eku gSA

leLr fofHkUUkrkvksa ds gksrs gq, Hkh Hkkjr esa ,d ,slk v[kaM ekSfyd

,drk gS] ftldk Kku Hkkjr ds bfrgkl dk xgu v/;;u djus ls izkIr gksrk

gSA

iafMr usg: ds “kCnksa esa] ^^tc ls lH;rk dj lw;ksZn; gqvk gS rHkh ls

Hkkjr ds efLr’d ij ,drk dh Hkkouk us vf/kdkj dj fy;k gSA ;g ekSfyd

,drk fdlh izdkj ls ckgj ls Fkksih xbZ ugh gS] cfYd ;g ,d vkrafjd ,drk

gS vkSj Hkkjr dh vkRek eesa lekbZ gqbZ gSA**

HkkSxkfyd n`f’V ls Hkkjr lqn`<+ izkd`frd lhekvksa ls lqjf{kr gSA blsa

mRRkj esa xxupqEch ioZr gSA vU; rhUkksa fn”kkvksa esa vFkkg leqnz Hkjk gqvk gSA

bu izkd`frd lhekvksa us ,d gh ns”k Hkkjr fuekZ.k fd;k gS vU; dk ughA ;gha

ugh izkphu dky esa Hkkjroklh laiw.kZ ns”k dks Hkkjro’kZ ds uke ls iqdkjrs gSA

bl izdkj ls HkkSxksfyd fofHkUUkrk ds gksrs gq, mlesa ,d ekSfyd ,drk fo|eku

gS vkSj Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh izeq[k fo”ks’krk gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh bl ekSfyd ,drk ds n”kZu izR;sd {ks= esa gksrs gSA

pkgs og HkkSxksfyd ,drk gks] pkgs jktuhfrd ,drk gks] /kkfeZd ,drk gks ;k

fQj lkaLd`frd ,drk gksA gkykafd fofHkUUkrk,W ekStwn gS fdarq Hkkjrh; laLd`fr

dh lcls izeq[k fo”ks’krk blh fofHkUUkrk esa ,drk dh gSA blhfy, lfn;ksa ls

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ekStwn gS vkSj vkxs Hkh viuh blh fujarjrk dks cuk, j[ksxhA

Hkkjr esa fofHkUUk /keksZa tSls tSu] okS)] fgUnw] eqfLye] flD[k] bZlkbZ vkfn ds

fuoklh jgrs gSA vr% vkfn Hkkjr dks fofHkUUk /keksZa dk m|ku dgktk, rks

vk”p;Z ugh gksxk fdUrq /keksZa dh ;g fofHkUUkrk flQZ ckgjh gS bu lHkh /keksZ esa

,d xgjh vkarfjd ,drk fo|eku gSA

Hkkjr esa izkphudky ls gh fons”kh vkØe.kdkjh vkrs kgs gS dqB le;

ckn os ;gh ds gksdj jg x,A Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ;g mnkjrk gh gS fd mlus

mu lHkh fofHkUuk /kekZoyfEcr;ksa dks vius esa lekfgr dj fy;k vkSj lHkh

Hkkjrh; gks x,A

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ekSfyd ,drk mldh lkaLd`frd fofHkUUkrk esa fufgr

gSA Hkkjr esa laLd`r] fgUnh] iatkch] caxkyh] vlfe;k] jktLFkkuh] xqtjkrh]

rfey] rsyxw] dUUkM+] mnwZ vkfn fofHkUUk izdkj dh Hkk’kk,a gSA ysfdu lokZf/kd

izkphu Hkk’kk laLd`r gSA izkphudky esa vf/kdka”k lezkVksa esa vius ys[k&laLd`r


Hkk’kk dks dEI;wVj foKkuh daI;wVj ds fy;s lkoZf/kd ljy Hkk’kk ekurs gSA blls

Hkkjr dh laLd`fr dh Hkk’kk;h ,drk ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA

;gka ds fuokfl;ksa esa Hkh izkphudky ls gh xgjh ekSfyd ,drk fo|eku jgh gSA

izkphudky ls gh ;gka vk;Z] nzfoM+] ;wukuh] “kd] dq’kk.k] rqdZ] eaxksy vkfn

vusd tkfr;ka vkbZ ijUrq vkt os fgUnw lekt esa ,d&nwljs ls bruh ?kqy ?kqy

fey xbZ gS fd mudk i`Fkd vfLrRo lekLr gks x;k gSA

fons'kh tkfr;ksa esa dsoy bZlkbZ ,oa eqlyeku gh viuk i`Fkd vfLrRo

cuk, gq, gSa fdUrq os Hkh izkphu fgUnwvksa dh gh larku gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd

fgUnwvksa] eqlyekuksa rFkk bZlkbZ;ksa vusd jhfr&fjoktksa] mRlo&esyksa os”kHkw’kk vkfn

esa lekurk ikbZ tkrh gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh ;gh ,drk lkfgR; vkSj dyk esa Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

Hkkjr dh lHkh Hkk’kkvksa ds lkfgR; esa vk/kkjHkwr ,drk dh Li’V >kadh fn[kkb Z

iM+rh gSA Hkkjr dh LFkkiR; dyk] fp=dyk] laxhr dyk rFkk k rFkk u`R; dyk

esa Hkkjrh;rk dh Li’V >yd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa vkarfjd ,drk rks ekStwn gS gh vkSj mlesa dksbZ lansg

ugh gS fdUrq Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh lcls izeq[k fo”ks’krk bldh loZ/keZ leHkko

dh Hkkouk vkSj fo”o ca/kqRo gSA blus ges”kk ls leLr i`Foh dks viuk dqVqEc

vkSj mlesa jg jgs yksxksa dks viuk ifjokfjd lnL; ekuk gSA bl “yksd esa

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh mi;qZDr fo”ks’krk ifjyksd esa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh mi;qZDr

fo”ks’krk ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA

v;a fut% ijksosfr x.kuk y?kqpsrlke~

mnkjpfjrkuke~ rq olq/kSo dqVqEcdeAA

mi;qZDr “yksd dk vFkZ gS fd ^^;g esjk gS ;g ijk;k gS dh x.kuk NksVs

g``n; okys djrs gSA mnkgj pfj= okys O;fDr ds fy, tks laiw.kZ i`Foh gh

dqVqEc dh rjg gSA**

1893 esa vesfjdk ds f”kdkxks “kgj esa fo”o /keZ lEEksyu dk vk;kstu

fd;k x;kA Lokeh foosdkuUn us bl fo”o lEEksyu esa Hkkjr dk izfrfuf/kRo

fd;kA tgka lHkh ns”kksa ds izfrfuf/k vius&vius ns”k ds /keksZa dh fo”ks’krk dk

c[kku djus esa yxs gq, Fks ogha Lokeh foosdkuUn us ,d ,sls /keZ dk c[kku

fd;k tks /keksZa dks vius vUnj lesV ysus dh {kerk ls ifjiw.kZ FkkA dgus dk

rkRi;Z gS fd mudk /keZ ekuork dk /keZ Fkk tks loZ/keZ leHkko dh Hkkouk ls

;qDr Fkk vkSj lHkh euq’;ksa dh lekurk ij cy nsus okyk FkkA muds bl Hkk’k.k

dks fo”o Hkj esa ljkgk x;kA


bl izdkj ge ns[krs gS fd Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh lcls cM+h fo”ks’krk

vusdrk esa ,drk vkSj loZ/keZ leHkko gSA izkphudky ls orZeku rFkk vusd

FkisM+ksa dks lgrs gq, Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vkt Hkh mlh etcwrh ls LFkkfir gSA

oLrqr% ;g laLd`fr Hkkjro’kZ dh vkRek gSA

lUnHkZ&

1- fyIlsV] ,l0,u0&iksfyfVdy eSuA

2- feYl] lh0 jkbV&n ikoj ,ykbVA

3- csoj] eSDl&lekt “kkL= esa fucU/kA

4- iSjVks] ekbUM ,.M lkslkbVhA

5- cSfUMDl&Dykl LVsVl ,.M ikojA

6- vke.M ,.M okosy&dEizsfVo ikfyfVDlA

7- yqfl;u MCY;w ikbZ& vkLisDVl vkQ iksfyfVdy Msosyies.VA

8- ,yu vkj0 cky& ekMuZ ikfyfVDl ,.M xouZes.VA


Reflectance properties of 1-D Superconductor Dielectric Photonic

Crystal Dr. J. P. Pandey

1

Abstract: The dispersion, reflectance and transmittance spectrum of 1-D

superconductor-dielectric periodic multilayer structure are theoretically

investigated for a stratified medium by using the transfer matrix method (TMM)

method. This study of reflectance and transmittance at different angles of incidence

and temperatures show the filtering properties in superconductor-dielectric photonic

crystal.

Introduction:

Superconductivity was first observed in mercury in 1911 by Dutch physicist

Heike Kamerlingh Onnes of Leiden University. The materials, which offer no

resistance to the flow of electricity, was called superconducting materials. These are

one of the last great frontiers of scientific discovery. In subsequent decades, other

superconducting metals, alloys and compounds were discovered. In 1941, Niobium-

Nitride was found to superconduct at 16K. In 1953, Vanadium-Silicon displayed

superconducting properties at 17.5K and, in 1962, the first commercial

superconducting wire and alloy of Niobium and Titanium was developed by

scientists at Westinghouse. Additional milestones have been achieved by using

exotic- and toxic- elements in the base perovskite ceramics.

The transmission properties of a high critical temperature superconductor-

dielectric PC was studied by Yaw [1] in 2002. He observed that superconductivity

can be rapidly quenched with an incident electromagnetic field above some critical

intensity and the superconductivity is restored when the radiation intensity is

reduced below the critical value. Also, superconductor undergoes a change in optical

properties in term of index of refraction, dielectric function, dispersion relation,

transmittance and reflectance etc. as the transition is made between the

superconducting (S) and normal state (N), though the degree to which the dielectric

function differ between the S-state to N-state varies with normalized frequency.

1. Department of Physics, M L K P G College, Balrampur (UP)


Various reports [2-7] show the study of photonic crystals consisting of a

superconducting material and a dielectric. The size of the gap is characterized by

polarization, penetration depth, and highly dependent on temperature at the vicinity

of superconducting transition temperature. The analysis shows that the property of

thin photonic crystals may have application in optical region if extremely low

relaxation time superconductor is used. This may be asset for superconducting

electronics-photonic integration [5-7].

Feng et al. [8] investigated the tunable negative refraction in the lowest band

of a 2-D PC incorporating the superconductor constituents. Ricci et al. [9] has

examined experimentally the properties of a low loss super conducting materials.

The issue of a super conducting photonic crystal was first investigated by a group in

Singapore [3]. They have considered 1-D superconductor/dielectric super lattices by

making use of the TMM [10].

Recently, Wu et al. [6] calculated the full band structure in the TE mode for

a 1-D superconductor dielectric super lattice. They observed the three lowest band

gaps as a function of penetration depth of superconductor, permittivity of dielectric

and angle of incidence respectively.

A full band structure of superconductor-dielectric periodic structure is an

important means for understanding the fundamental physics about electromagnetic

wave propagation characteristics in a superconducting photonic crystal. This

information is not only fundamental but also of technical use of super conducting

material. The findings of ref. [11-13] are extended in this paper.

In this communication, the optical properties of PCs with super conducting

constituent are studied for a stratified medium. The dispersion relation, reflectance

and transmittance spectrum of superconductor-dielectric 1-D periodic multilayer

structure are calculated based on the transcendental equations derived from transfer

matrix method and Bloch theorem. This study shows the filtering properties in

superconductor-dielectric 1-D photonic crystal.

Mathematical Formulation:

Figure 1.Schematic presentation of superconductor/dielectric periodic

structure.


The refractive index profile of the above structure is given as,

dxdn

dxnxn

22

11

,

0,)(

(1) with n(x) = n(x + d) where n1, n2 are the refractive indices of the superconductor

and dielectric materials. The electric field E(x) in the mth

unit cell can be written

as

)dmd(xd)1m(;edec

mdx)dmd(;ebea)x(E

1

)dmdx(ik

m

)dmdx(ik

m

1

)mdx(ik

m

)mdx(ik

m

1212

21 ,

(2) where

1d

21

2

2

11 cosc

nn

ck

,

2s

21

2

2

22 cosc

nn

ck

(3) For the superconductor, the index of refraction can be described on the basis of

the conventional two fluid models [14-15]. This model is used to describe the

electromagnetic behavior of superconductor at non-zero temperature. Normally,

the conductivity of the superconductor is complex. With some approximations

(lossless), the complex conductivity of a superconductor approximates to

m

nei)( s

2

(4) only when the conduction nn < ins/ is satisfied. Where () is the

conductivity of the superconductor, e and m are the charge and mass of electron

respectively, ns is the density of electron and is the frequency of external

electromagnetic wave. The approximation condition can be found in Ref. [2].

The conductivity equation (4) can be expressed in terms of London-penetration

depths L, since 2

s0

2

Len

m

(5) (5a) So that 2

L0

i)(

(5b) From the Gorter-Casimir result [14, 17], 1T

T

n

n4

c

n

s

and the London-

penetration depth,

4

c

LL

T

T1

)0()T(


(6) where the conductivity equation (5b) is temperature dependent. In the

superconductor layer, with no external source current and charge, the Maxwell‘s

equation becomes - 0BkB2

1

2

(7) By substituting equation (5),

2

L

2

22

1

1

ck

(8) Then, from Snell‘s law, the length of the tangential wave vector k1x (parallel to

the dielectric superconductor interface) is conserved. That is

sinc

k y1 ,

where is the angle of incident (relative to normal of interface) of the

electromagnetic wave as vacuum. Then, the frequency dependent normal vector

is )(nc

1cos

ck 12

L

2

2

2

x1

(9) where

2

L

2

22

1

1ccos)(n

In the dielectric layer, with no external source

current and charge, the Maxwell‘s equation becomes 02

2

2 BkB

(10) From equation

(11) and Snell‘s law, we have 2

22

2c

k

or

2

2

22

2

2

2

22

x2 sinc

sincc

k

or 2x2 nc

k

(11) where

2

2 sinn

According to transfer matrix method, the characteristic matrix corresponding

to one period is as follows

2,21,2

2,11,1

mm

mm)d(m

(12) Where )dk(sin)dksin(p

p)dkcos()dkcos(m 2x21x1

1

22x21x11,1


)dk(cos)dk(sinp

i)dk(sin)dkcos(

p

im 2x21x1

1

2x21x1

2

2,1

)dk(sin)dk(cosip)dk(cos)dksin(ipm 2x21x122x21x111,2

)dk(sin)dk(sinp

p)dk(cos)dkcos(m 2x21x1

2

12x21x12,2

where )TM(cosnZ

1p),TE(cos

Z

npandcosn

ck i

i0

ii

0

iiiii

with i = 1, 2 and impedance )/(Z000 of free space. The total characteristic

matrix for the N-period structure can be obtained,

2,21,2

2,11,1N

MM

MM)d(m)Nd(M

(13) where M1,1 = m11 UN-1 - UN-2, M1,2 = m12 UN-1 M2,1 = m21 UN-1, M2,2 =

m22 UN-1 - UN-2

mi,j are the characteristic matrix of equation (13) and UN is the Chebyshev

polynomial of second kind defined by

d)(Ksin

d)(K)1N(sinU N

(14) The dispersion relation can be

found as

)dksin()dksin(

p

p

p

p

2

1)dk(cos)dkcos(cos

d

1)(K 2x21x1

1

2

2

12x21x1

1

(15) The reflection and transmission coefficients can be determined and are

given by

s2,21,20s2,11,1

s2,21,20s2,11,1

pMMppMM

pMMppMMr

s2,21,20s2,11,1

0

pMMppMM

p2t


(16) Here p0 and ps are for the first and last medium of the structure, which are

given as )TE(Z

cosnp,

Z

cosnp

0

sss

0

000

and impedance

)/(Z000 of free space. In this case, n0 = ns = 1.0 for the free

space. The reflectance (R) and transmittance (T) for superconductor/dielectric

photonic crystal are related by 2

0

s2t

p

pTandrR (17)

The expressions of the reflectivity for Nth

layers of the structure is given

2

2

1,2

2

1,22

N

d)(NKsin

d)(KsinM

MR

(18) where N is the total number of unit cells (i.e. number of pairs of layers).

Results and Discussion:

Here, Tc=10K is taken with penetration depth as 60nm for superconducting

material and the refractive index of dielectric material is 15 in the considered PC.

The thicknesses of the superconductor and dielectric materials are 2d/3 and d/3

respectively with d=1, 2 where d is the total thickness of the unit cell of the

superconductor-dielectric materials.

Generally, the refractive index of the superconductor is temperature

dependent, but here, T=5.5K is taken which is below the critical temperature (Tc).

The substrate is supposed to be air having refractive index 1.0. The material is

considered to be linear, homogeneous, non-absorbing and with no optical activity

when the electromagnetic wave is incident. The band structure, reflectance and

transmittance versus normalized frequency range of the structure are plotted for

N=10, where N is the total number of the period. These variations are shown at the

different angles of incidence for the electromagnetic spectrum. The band structures

are investigated by calculating cos (Kd) term of the structure. The allowed or

forbidden gaps of cos(Kd) of the structure has also been calculated for the

transmittance and reflectance.

The band structure, reflectance and transmittance at zero angle of incidence

is shown in figure 2(a). A broad band gap is found in the range of 0.15 to 0.34 of the

normalized frequency. The reflectance is found 100% in the range of 0.15 to 0.34 of

the normalized frequency. Such property can be applied to make a reflector which

can be used in low temperature region. It is also seen that the band structure and

reflectance for the periodic layers are same due to Bragg reflection inside the

interfaces of the periodic layers.


The same calculations are made at the angles of incidences 30o, 60

o and 85

o

for the same structure. These calculations are done at different angles of incidence

30o, 60

o and 85

o and are shown in figures 2(b), 2(c) and 2(d) respectively. From the

study of figures, it is observed that the band structures and reflectance/transmittance

of the given structure are same. The range of band gaps and

reflectance/transmittance of the given structure increases with the increase in angle

of incidence. But the band structures and reflectance/transmittance of the considered

structure are shifted towards the higher frequency range. Such shifting properties of

the band gaps and reflectance‘s of the periodic structure are due to the property of

the Bragg gaps.

From above study, it can be seen that the superconductor-dielectric photonic

crystal may be used as broad band reflector and omnidirectional reflector at low

temperatures below to the critical temperature. Such property may be applied to

make the reflector which can be used in low temperature region.

(a)

(b)


(c)

(d)

Figure 2: Dispersion relation, Reflectance and Transmittance of the considered

structure at an angle of incidence (a) 00 (b) 30

0 (c) 60

0 and (d) 85

0.

References:

1. R.N.Yaw “Transmission properties of a high critical temperature superconductor/dielectric multilayer photonic band gap”, Huntsvill, Alabama, 2002

2. W.M. Lee, P.M. Hui and D. Stroud, “Propagating photonic modes below the gap in a superconducting composite”, Phys. Rev. B, 51, 8634-8637, April, 1995.

3. C.H. Raymond Oai, T.C. Anyeung, C.H. Kam and T.K. Lim, Phys. Rev. B, 61, 5920, 2000; F. Abbas, “Propagation in a multilayer structure of superconductor and dielectric”, Phyica C, 254, 291-306, June, 1995.


4. Y.B. Chen, C. Zhang, Y. Zhu. S. Zhu and N. Ming, “Tunable photonic crystals with superconducting constituents”, Mat. Lett., 55, 12-16, July, 2002.

5. H. Takeda and K. Yoshino, “Tunable photonic band schemes in two-dimensional photonic crystals composed of copper oxide high-temperature superconductors”, Phys. Rev. B, 67, 245109-6, June, 2003.

6. C. J. Wu, M. S. Chen and T. J. Yang, “Photonic band structure for superconductor-dielectric superlattices”, Physica C, 432, 133-139, Sept., 2005; C. J. Wu, “Transmission and reflection in a periodic superconductor/dielectric film multilayer structure”, J. Electromagnetic wave and Applications, 19, 1991-1996, 2005; C. J. Wu, “Transmission and reflection in a periodic superconductor/dielectric film multilayer structure”, PIER Symposium-2005, China, Aug., 2005.

7. H. Takeda and K. Yashino, “Properties of Abrikosov lattices as photonic crystals”, Phys. Rev. B, 70, 085109-5, 2004.

8. L. Feng, X. P. Liu, J. Ren, Y. F. Tang, Y. B. Chen and Y. F. Chen, “Tunable negative refraction in two dimensional photonic crystals with superconducting constituents”, J. Appl. Phys., 97, 073104-5, March, 2005.

9. M. Ricci et al, Superconducting metamaterials, Appl. Phys. Lett., 87, 034102-3, July, 2005.

10. Huang-Ming Lee and Jong-Ching Wu, “Transmittance spectra in one-dimensional superconductor-dielectric photonic crystal” J. Appl. Phys. 107, 09E149, 2010.

11. G.N. Pandey, Khem B. Thapa and S.P. Ojha, “Omni directional reflectance properties of superconductor-dielectric photonic crystal” Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, Volume 125, Issue 1, Pages 252–256, January 2014.

12. Chun-Li Liu, Hai-Feng Zhang, Yu-Qing Chen, “Enlarged the omnidirectional Bragg gap by one-dimensional superconductor-dielectric photonic crystals with ternary Thue–Morse aperiodic structure” Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics, volume 124, Issue 22 , Pages 5811-5817, 2013.

13. M. Upadhyay, S. K. Awasthi, L. Shiveshwari, P. K. Srivastava, S. P. Ojha, “Thermally Tunable Photonic Filter for WDM Networks Using 1D Superconductor Dielectric Photonic Crystals” Journal of Superconductivity and Novel Magnetism, Volume 28, Issue 8, pp 2275-2280, 2015.

http://scitation.aip.org/content/contributor/AU0061391;jsessionid=16l5w9ri77aj6.x-aip-live-03

http://scitation.aip.org/content/contributor/AU0220399;jsessionid=16l5w9ri77aj6.x-aip-live-03

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14. P. Yeh, “Optical waves in layered media”, John Willey and Sons, New York, Chapter 6, 1988.

15. M. Born and E. Wolf, “Principle of Optics, Pergmon Press, Oxford, 1965. K. Sakoda, “Optical properties of photonic crystals”, Springer Verlag Germany, 2001.


Emerging Challenges Before Indian

Agriculture Dr.Bindrawan Lal

1

Introduction: Agriculture is different from industry and plays a significant role in the economic

development of a nation. India‘s prosperity depends upon the agricultural prosperity.

There are many kinds of agricultural products produced in India. Agriculture has

been the backbone of the Indian economy and it will continue to remain so for a long

time. It has to support almost 17 per cent of world population from 2.3 per cent of

world geographical area and 4.2 per cent of world‘s water resources. The economic

reforms, initiated in the country during the early 1990s, have put the economy on a

higher growth trajectory. Annual growth rate in GDP has accelerated mainly due to

rapid growth in non-agriculture sector. There are many problems faced by Indian

agriculture. One of the excluded sectors during the reform period was agriculture

which showed low growth and experienced more farmers‘ suicides. There are

serious concerns on the performance of agriculture sector in the country. The post-

reform period growth was led by services. The commodity sector growth

(agriculture +industry) has not been higher in the post-reform periods compared to

that of 1980s. Particular worry is the agriculture sector which showed lower than 2%

per annum growth during the previous decade. Also, there is a disconnect between

employment growth and GDP growth. In other words, employment is not generated

in industry and services where growth is high. On the other hand, GDP growth is

low in agriculture where majority of people are employed. In this research paper we

would highlighted the various problems of Indian agriculture sector; such as small

and fragmented land holdings, lack of quality seeds, Manures, Fertilizers and

Biocides, lack of irrigation facility, Lack of mechanization, Soil erosion, agriculture

marketing, Inadequate storage facilities, inadequate transport facility and Scarcity of

capital etc.

1. Associate Professor, M.K.Govt Degree College, Ninowa, Farrukhabad U.P.


Some of the major problems and their possible solutions have been discussed as

follows. Indian agriculture is plagued by several problems; some of them are natural

and some others are manmade.

1. Small and fragmented land-holdings:

Table 1-All India proportion of households of different social groups possessing

upto 1 hectare of land (percent) and proportion of non agriculture households

by major source of income (Rural) (percent)

Social

group

s

Size class of land

possessed(Hectare up to

0.40

Size class of land

possessed(Hectare up to

1.00

Proportion of non

agriculture households%

1993

-

1994

1999

-

2000

2004

-

2005

2009

-

2010

1993

-

1994

1999

-

2000

2004

-

2005

2009

-

2010

1993

-

1994

1999

-

2000

2004

-

2005

2009

-

2010

ST 43.2 46.3 46.4 56.7 64.6 70.6 70.3 76.5 24.2 24.2 26.6 29.6

SC 71.7 75.0 74.9 81.0 86.6 89.7 89.6 92.1 30.6 32.2 39.3 46.1

OBC - 56.5 56.0 62.7 - 76.7 75.5 79.4 - 36.1 39.0 42.6

Other

s

49.1 52.5 52.5 58.1 68.6 71.2 71.0 75.1 33.4 39.8 41.1 44.7

ALL 53.2 58.1 58.2 64.8 72.0 77.7 76.9 80.8 31.9 35.1 38.3 42.5

The seemingly abundance of net sown area of 141.2 million hectares and total

cropped area of 189.7 million hectares (1999-2000) pales into insignificance when

we see that it is divided into economically unviable small and scattered holdings.

Size class of land possessed(Hectare up to 0.40 in 1993-1994 is 53.2 percent while it

was 64.8 percent in 2009-2010 respectibly. Size class of land possessed Hectare up

to 1.00 was 72 percent in 1993-1994 and it was 80.8 percent in 2009-2010.

The problem of small and fragmented holdings is more serious in densely populated

and intensively cultivated states like Kerala, West Bengal, Bihar and eastern part of

Uttar Pradesh where the average size of land holdings is less than one hectare and in

certain parts it is less than even 0.4 hectare.

Rajasthan with vast sandy stretches and Nagaland with the prevailing ‗Jhoom‘

(shifting agriculture) have larger average sized holdings of 4 and 7.15 hectares

respectively. States having high percentage of net sown area like Punjab, Haryana,

Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh have holding size above the

national average.

The main reason for this sad state of affairs is our inheritance laws. The land

belonging to the father is equally distributed among his sons. This distribution of

land does not entail a collection or consolidated one, but its nature is fragmented.


Different tracts have different levels of fertility and are to be distributed accordingly.

If there are four tracts which are to be distributed between two sons, both the sons

will get smaller plots of each land tract. In this way the holdings become smaller and

more fragmented with each passing generation.

Sub-division and fragmentation of the holdings is one of the main causes of our low

agricultural productivity and backward state of our agriculture. A lot of time and

labour is wasted in moving seeds, manure, implements and cattle from one piece of

land to another.

Irrigation becomes difficult on such small and fragmented fields. Further, a lot of

fertile agricultural land is wasted in providing boundaries. Under such

circumstances, the farmer cannot concentrate on improvement.

The only answer to this ticklish problem is the consolidation of holdings which

means the reallocation of holdings which are fragmented, the creation of farms

which comprise only one or a few parcels in place of multitude of patches formerly

in the possession of each peasant.

But unfortunately, this plan has not succeeded much. Although legislation for

consolidation of holdings has been enacted by almost all the states, it has been

implemented only in Punjab, Haryana and in some parts of Uttar Pradesh.

2. Seeds:

Seed is a critical and basic input for attaining higher crop yields and sustained

growth in agricultural production. Distribution of assured quality seed is as critical

as the production of such seeds. Unfortunately, good quality seeds are out of reach

of the majority of farmers, especially small and marginal farmers mainly because of

exorbitant prices of better seeds.

In order to solve this problem, the Government of India established the National

Seeds Corporation (NSC) in 1963 and the State Farmers Corporation of India (SFCI)

in 1969. Thirteen State Seed Corporations (SSCs) were also established to augment

the supply of improved seeds to the farmers.

High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was launched in 1966-67 as a major

thrust plan to increase the production of food grains in the country.

The Indian seed industry had exhibited impressive growth in the past and is expected

to provide further potential for growth in agricultural production: The role of seed

industry is not only to produce adequate quantity of quality seeds but also to achieve

varietal diversity to suit various agro-climatic zones of the country.

The policy statements are designed towards making available to the Indian farmer,

adequate quantities of seed of superior quality at the appropriate time and place and

at an affordable price so as to meet the country‘s food and nutritional security goals.

Indian seeds programme largely adheres to limited generation system for seed

multiplication. The system recognises three kinds of generation, namely breeder,

foundation and certified seeds. Breeder seed is the basic seed and first stage in seed


production. Foundation seed is the second stage in seed production chain and is the

progeny of breeder seed.

Certified seed is the ultimate stage in seed production chain and is the progeny of

foundation seed. Production of breeder and foundation seeds and certified seeds

distribution has gone up at an annual average rate of 3.4 per cent, 7.5 per cent and

9.5 per cent respectively, between 2001-02 and 2005-06).

3. Manures, Fertilizers and Biocides:

Indian soils have been used for growing crops over thousands of years without

caring much for replenishing. This has led to depletion and exhaustion of soils

resulting in their low productivity. The average yields of almost all the crops are

among t e lowest in the world. This is a serious problem which can be solved by

using more manures and fertilizers.

Manures and fertilizers play the same role in relation to soils as good food in relation

to body. Just as a well-nourished body is capable of doing any good job, a well

nourished soil is capable of giving good yields. It has been estimated that about 70

per cent of growth in agricultural production can be attributed to increased fertilizer

application.

Thus increase in the consumption of fertilizers is a barometer of agricultural

prosperity. However, there are practical difficulties in providing sufficient manures

and fertilizers in all parts of a country of India‘s dimensions inhabited by poor

peasants. Cow dung provides the best manure to the soils.

But its use as such is limited because much of cow dung is used as kitchen fuel in

the shape of dung cakes. Reduction in the supply of fire wood and increasing

demand for fuel in the rural areas due to increase in population has further

complicated the problem. Chemical fertilizers are costly and are often beyond the

reach of the poor farmers. The fertilizer problem is, therefore, both acute and

complex.

It has been felt that organic manures are essential for keeping the soil in good health.

The country has a potential of 650 million tonnes of rural and 160 lakh tonnes of

urban compost which is not fully utilized at present. The utilization of this potential

will solve the twin problem of disposal of waste and providing manure to the soil.

The government has given high incentive especially in the form of heavy subsidy for

using chemical fertilizers. There was practically no use of chemical fertilizers at the

time of Independence As a result of initiative by the government and due to change

in the attitude of some progressive farmers, the consumption of fertilizers increased

tremendously.

In order to maintain the quality of the fertilizers, 52 fertilizer quality control

laboratories have been set up in different parts of the country. In addition, there is

one Central Fertilizer Quality Control and Training Institute at Faridabad with its

three regional centers at Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.


Pests, germs and weeds cause heavy loss to crops which amounted to about one third

of the total field produce at the time of Independence. Biocides (pesticides,

herbicides and weedicides) are used to save the crops and to avoid losses. The

increased use of these inputs has saved a lot of crops, especially the food crops from

unnecessary wastage. But indiscriminate use of biocides has resulted in wide spread

environmental pollution which takes its own toll.

4. Irrigation:

Although India is the second largest irrigated country of the world after China, only

one-third of the cropped area is under irrigation. Irrigation is the most important

agricultural input in a tropical monsoon country like India where rainfall is

uncertain, unreliable and erratic India cannot achieve sustained progress in

agriculture unless and until more than half of the cropped area is brought under

assured irrigation.

This is testified by the success story of agricultural progress in Punjab Haryana and

western part of Uttar Pradesh where over half of the cropped area is under irrigation!

Large tracts still await irrigation to boost the agricultural output.

However, care must be taken to safeguard against ill effects of over irrigation

especially in areas irrigated by canals. Large tracts in Punjab and Haryana have been

rendered useless (areas affected by salinity, alkalinity and water-logging), due to

faulty irrigation. In the Indira Gandhi Canal command area also intensive irrigation

has led to sharp rise in sub-soil water level, leading to water-logging, soil salinity

and alkalinity.

5. Lack of mechanization:

In spite of the large scale mechanization of agriculture in some parts of the country,

most of the agricultural operations in larger parts are carried on by human hand

using simple and conventional tools and implements like wooden plough, sickle, etc.

Little or no use of machines is made in ploughing, sowing, irrigating, thinning and

pruning, weeding, harvesting threshing and transporting the crops. This is specially

the case with small and marginal farmers. It results in huge wastage of human labour

and in low yields per capita labour force.

There is urgent need to mechanize the agricultural operations so that wastage of

labour force is avoided and farming is made convenient and efficient. Agricultural

implements and machinery are a crucial input for efficient and timely agricultural

operations, facilitating multiple cropping and thereby increasing production.

Some progress has been made for mechanizing agriculture in India after

Independence. Need for mechanization was specially felt with the advent of Green

Revolution in 1960s. Strategies and programmes have been directed towards

replacement of traditional and inefficient implements by improved ones, enabling

the farmer to own tractors, power tillers, harvesters and other machines.

A large industrial base for manufacturing of the agricultural machines has also been

developed. Power availability for carrying out various agricultural operations has


been increased to reach a level of 24 kW per hectare in 2009-10from only 0.3 kW

per hectare in 1971-72.

This increase was the result of increasing use of tractor, power tiller and combine

harvesters, irrigation pumps and other power operated machines. The share of

mechanical and electrical power has increased from 40 per cent in 1971 to 88 per

cent in 2009-10.

Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest average sales of tractors during the five year

period ending 2003-04 and/West Bengal recorded the highest average sales of power

tillers during the same period.

Strenuous efforts are being made to encourage the farmers to adopt technically

advanced agricultural equipments in order to carry farm operations timely and

precisely and to economize the agricultural production process.

6. Soil erosion:

Large tracts of fertile land suffer from soil erosion by wind and water. This area

must be properly treated and restored to its original fertility.

7. Agricultural Marketing:

Agricultural marketing still continues to be in a bad shape in rural India. In the

absence of sound marketing facilities, the farmers have to depend upon local traders

and middlemen for the disposal of their farm produce which is sold at throw-away

price.

In most cases, these farmers are forced, under socio-economic conditions, to carry

on distress sale of their produce. In most of small villages, the farmers sell their

produce to the money lender from whom they usually borrow money.

According to an estimate 85 per cent of wheat and 75 per cent of oil seeds in Uttar

Pradesh, 90 per cent of Jute in West Bengal, 70 per cent of oilseeds and 35 per cent

of cotton in Punjab is sold by farmers in the village itself. Such a situation arises due

to the inability of the poor farmers to wait for long after harvesting their crops.

In order to meet his commitments and pay his debt, the poor farmer is forced to sell

the produce at whatever price is offered to him. The Rural Credit Survey Report

rightly remarked that the producers in general sell their produce at an unfavorable

place and at an unfavorable time and usually they get unfavorable terms.

In the absence of an organized marketing structure, private traders and middlemen

dominate the marketing and trading of agricultural produce. The remuneration of the

services provided by the middlemen increases the load on the consumer, although

the producer does not derive similar benefit.

Many market surveys have revealed that middlemen take away about 48 per cent of

the price of rice, 52 per cent of the price of groundnuts and 60 per cent of the price

of potatoes offered by consumers.

In order to save the farmer from the clutches of the money lenders and the middle

men, the government has come out with regulated markets. These markets generally

introduce a system of competitive buying, help in eradicating malpractices, ensure


the use of standardized weights and measures and evolve suitable machinery for

settlement of disputes thereby ensuring that the producers are not subjected to

exploitation and receive remunerative prices.

8. Inadequate storage facilities:

Storage facilities in the rural areas are either totally absent or grossly inadequate.

Under such conditions the farmers are compelled to sell their produce immediately

after the harvest at the prevailing market prices which are bound to be low. Such

distress sale deprives the farmers of their legitimate income.

The Parse Committee estimated the post-harvest losses at 9.3 per cent of which

nearly 6.6 per cent occurred due to poor storage conditions alone. Scientific storage

is, therefore, very essential to avoid losses and to benefit the farmers and the

consumers alike.

At present there are number of agencies engaged in warehousing and storage

activities. The Food Corporation of India (F.C.I.), the Central Warehousing

Corporation (C.W.C.) and State Warehousing Corporation are among the principal

agencies engaged in this task. These agencies help in building up buffer stock, which

can be used in the hour of need. The Central Government is also implementing the

scheme for establishment of national Grid of Rural Godowns since 1979-80.

This scheme provides storage facilities to the farmers near their fields and in

particular to the small and marginal farmers. The Working Group on additional

storage facilities in rural areas has recommended a scheme of establishing a network

of Rural Storage Centers to serve the economic interests of the farming community.

9. Inadequate transport:

One of the main handicaps with Indian agriculture is the lack of cheap and efficient

means of transportation. Even at present there are lakhs of villages which are not

well connected with main roads or with market centres.

Most roads in the rural areas are Kutcha (bullock- cart roads) and become useless in

the rainy season. Under these circumstances the farmers cannot carry their produce

to the main market and are forced to sell it in the local market at low price. Linking

each village by metalled road is a gigantic task and it needs huge sums of money to

complete this task.

10. Scarcity of capital:

Agriculture is an important industry and like all other industries it also requires

capital. The role of capital input is becoming more and more important with the

advancement of farm technology. Since the agriculturists‘ capital is locked up in his

lands and stocks, he is obliged to borrow money for stimulating the tempo of

agricultural production.

The main suppliers of money to the farmer are the money-lenders, traders and

commission agents who charge high rate of interest and purchase the agricultural

produce at very low price. All India Rural Credit Survey Committee showed that in

1950-51 the share of money lenders stood at as high as 68.6 per cent of the total


rural credit and in 1975-76 their share declined to 43 per cent of the credit needs of

the farmers.

This shows that the money lender is losing ground but is still the single largest

contributor of agricultural credit. Rural credit scenario has undergone a significant

change and institutional agencies such as Central Cooperative Banks, State

Cooperative Banks, Commercial Banks, Cooperative Credit Agencies and some

Government Agencies are extending loans to farmers on easy terms.

Agriculture credit – major concerns

In the 12 year period from 2000-01 to 2011-12, the flow of ground level credit has

increased impressively, especially after the ‗doubling period‘ (2004-07), showing

almost a 10 fold increase! Around 28 lakh crore havebeen disbursed during the 12

years and in the next 5 years of 12 th FYP, another 35 to 42 lakh crore are expected

to be invested (12 th Five Year Plan Estimates). Clearly,agriculture credit has

emerged as a major strategy for accelerating investments in agriculture. Out of

roughly 14 crore farm households, only half are covered by formal banking

institutions, leaving the remaining to informal sources or for self financing. hough

growth in agricultural credit is very high in nominal terms, in real terms, it looks

‗modest‘ - especially for the later period 2007-08 to 2010-11. This is true for both

long term as well as short term credit. Obviously, the later period inflation has taken

off some of the sheen in the credit growth.

Recommendations:

Following are the key recommendations as a ‗way forward‘ to ensure higher and

inclusive growth in Indian agriculture. Although all these recommendations are

important, the first four demand immediate attention.

1. Increasing agricultural productivity is a key challenge for ensuring national food

security. To increase production, exploiting the potential of existing yield gaps

offers a tremendous opportunity. Hence, a Mission Mode Program on ―Bridging the

Productivity Gap‖ with real missionary zeal and effective monitoring is required to

be launched with meticulous planning as a matter of priority. For this, attention to

agriculture in science policy is needed, and the existing technology dissemination

and input supply system needs to be revitalized and tuned to meet the emerging

needs of farmers. Special emphasis on seed sector, input use efficiency, financial and

insurance institutions and a paradigm shift in technology transfer mechanisms

involving both the private sector and NGOs would be critical in achieving the

desired goals.

2. Rain fed areas have a huge potential to raise production and increase farm income.

These grey areas can soon be made green to harness a second green revolution.

Role of technologies, policies and infrastructure would be very important in

realizing the potential of rain fed agriculture. In this context, it has to be ensured

that public policies and technologies have appropriate synergies to move forward.

The initiative of the government to establish the ‗Rain fed Authority of India‘ is a


welcome step. However, this Authority needs a proper policy framework, legal

and funding supports as well as empowerment for effective coordination and

monitoring of all rain fed related programs run by various

Ministries/Departments. The sooner it is ensured, the better it would be in the

national interest as time is otherwise running out.

3. Linking farmers to markets is a pre-requisite for augmenting farm production

and farmers‘ income. Role of innovative institutions would be critical in this

context to reap the benefits of emerging opportunities.

4. There is a dire need to significantly expand the capital investment in both public

and private institutions in the non-green revolution regions, particularly in the

eastern and north-eastern India, where there is a great potential for agricultural

growth. Hence, investment priorities must now be oriented towards realistic

accelerated growth of agriculture for meeting the growing needs of the

population. Therefore, public policies should be such that these trigger the much

needed private sector investments for infrastructure development.

5. Agriculture is confronted with new forms of risks and uncertainties. These are

related to natural calamities, global climate change, use of food for bio fuels,

uncertainty over prices, etc. Role of knowledge system and institutional

mechanisms for input supply, credit, crop and livestock insurance, etc., would,

therefore, be important in reducing both risks and uncertainties in order to attain

the much needed resilience in Indian agriculture. At the same time, less

dependence on the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and efficient use of

water, energy and other inputs, including timely farm operations with major

emphasis on small farm mechanization and bio energy (solar and wind), would

help achieve faster growth in agriculture.

6. Water will be the most critical natural resource for the future growth of

agriculture. Currently, the water sector for irrigation is invariably neglected both

at the central and state levels. High inefficiencies in water delivery, distribution

and on-farm use are adversely affecting our agricultural production. Irrigated area

can be expanded considerably with improved efficiency in water use. Innovations

in governance and pricing of surface and ground water for the desired water use

efficiency, through an integrated approach among irrigation department, private

sector, and farmers‘ water user associations are urgent issues for coordinated

action by all stakeholders.

7. Climate change has added a new dimension to future agricultural growth, which is

a major concern. The worst affected would be small farm holders located in the

marginal and under-privileged areas. Therefore, investment options for both

adaptation and mitigation, and policies which can help in reducing the impact of

climate change, are urgently needed at this stage, especially to provide


Conclusions:

Agriculture continues to be the backbone of Indian economy. Agriculture

sector employs 54.6% of the total workforce. The total Share of Agriculture &

Allied Sectors (Including Agriculture, Livestock, and forestry and fishery sub

sectors) in terms of percentage of Gross Domestic Product is 13.9 percent during

2013-14 at 2004-05 prices. [As per the estimates released by Central Statistics

Office]. For the 12th

Plan (2012-17), a growth target of 4 percent has been set for the

Agriculture Sector. As per the 4th

Advance Estimates of Production of food grains

for 2013-14, total food grain production is estimated to be 264.77 Million Tonnes. In

order to keep up the momentum gained during the 11th

Plan and achieve the targeted

growth rate of 4% during the 12th

Five Year Plan as also the ensure focused

approach and to avoid overlap, all the ongoing 51 schemes of the Department have

been restructured into five missions viz. National Food Security Mission (NFSM),

Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture Mission (MIDH), National

Mission on Oil Seed and Oil Palm (NMOOP), National Mission for Sustainable

Agriculture (NMSA), and National Mission on Agricultural Extension &

Technology (NMAET); five Central Sector Schemes viz. National Crop Insurance

Programme (NCIP), Intergrated Scheme on Agri-Census & Statistics (ISAC&S),

Integrated Scheme of Agriculture Marketing (ISAM), Integrated Scheme of

Agriculture Cooperation (ISAC) and Secretariat Economic Service; and one State

Plan Scheme viz. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana. Recognizing the importance of

Agriculture Sector, the Government during the budget 2014-15 took a number of

steps for sustainable development of Agriculture. These steps include enhanced

institutional credit to farmers; promotion of scientific warehousing infrastructure

including cold storages and cold chains in the country for increasing shelf life of

agricultural produce; Improved access to irrigation through Pradhan Mantri Krishi

Sichayee Yojana; provision of Price Stabilisation Fund to mitigate price volatality in

agricultural produce; Mission mode scheme for Soil Health Card; Setting up of Agri-

tech Infrastructure fund for making farming competitive and profitable; provide

institutional finance to joint farming groups of ―Bhoomi Heen Kisan‖ through

NABARD; development of indigenous cattle breeds and promoting inland fisheries

and other non-farm activities to supplement the income of farmers. and nutrition

security, increasing farm income, alleviating poverty and minimizing production

risks on account of climate change, besides ensuring overall natural resource

management and environmental security. Appropriate policies, institutions and

technologies would play an important role in facing these challenges boldly.


Refrences:

1- The Story of India: a PBS documentary". Public Broadcasting Service,

United States.

2- The numbers in this column are India's average, metric tonnes per hectare per

year; regional farm productivity within India varies. For milk and other

produce, productivity is on per livestock animal basis.

3- Staff, India Brand Equity Foundation Agriculture and Food in India

Accessed 7 May 2013.

http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/gallery/photos/7.html

http://www.ibef.org/exports/agriculture-and-Food.aspx


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REVIEW OF LITERATURE IN PROSTHETICS

& ORTHOTICS FIELD Mr. Girish V Gupta

1, Mr. Mohit Gupta

2

Summary:

Background: Prosthetics & Orthotics journal provides information on new devices,

fitting and fabrication techniques, and patient management experiences. The

multidisciplinary approach focuses on prosthetics and orthotics, with timely reports

from related fields such as orthopaedic research, occupational therapy, physical

therapy, orthopaedic surgery, amputation surgery, physical medicine, biomedical

engineering, psychology, ethics, and gait analysis.

Aim:

The mission of the Journal in Prosthetics & Orthotics is to promote, enhance

and disseminate uncovered scientific article information and technical

advances in prosthetics and orthotics.

Method:We have reviewed 690 article in prosthetics, 356 article in orthotics and 85

other article (Hearing, Speech, Orthopaedic disease) but major research performed

over lower extremity prosthesis, lower extremity Orthosis, upper extremity

prosthesis and less topic covered over biomechanics, Higher level amputee,

wheelchair modification for sports in person with disable, upper extremity orthosis

and different materials importance.

Results:Every practitioner who performs a clinical investigation, such as an analysis

of patients treated with a specific device, or a trial on the treatment of prosthesis and

orthosis, will be contributing to the sum of knowledge in our profession.Clinical

research employs one or more intervention techniques. An intervention technique in

O&P might be the evaluation of a new thought to be more effective.

Discussion & Conclusion : Participating in new clinical research will make you a

better Orthotist and Prosthetist. Clinical researches provides knowledge of new

technology and improve different equipment used for data collection and analysis

with the collaboration of other professional.

Key Word: Journals Data, Library reference

1 & 2. P and O Department, PDUIPH, New Delhi.


Introduction:The purpose of this review of journal analysis was to describe trends

in publication of the Journal of Prosthetics and Orthotics (JPO),International Society

for Prosthetics and Orthotics journal (ISPO), Journal of O & P world over the past

years. We focused on publication patterns in the areas of article type, subject

demographics, study details, component/intervention type, funding, and author

training. The multidisciplinary approach focuses on prosthetics and orthotics, with

timely reports from related fields such as orthopaedic research, occupational therapy,

physical therapy, orthopaedic surgery, amputation surgery, biomedical engineering,

psychology, ethics, and gait analysis. Each issue contains research-based articles

reviewed and approved by a highly qualified editorial board.

Aim:

The mission of the Journals in Prosthetics and Orthotics is to promote,

enhance and disseminate uncovered scientific article information and

technical advances in prosthetics and orthotics.

To achieve different article information, tools and equipment for research or

data analysis.

Method: All articles published in Orthotics & Prosthetics (O&P) World, Journal of

Prosthetics & Orthotics (JPO) & International Society of Prosthetics & Orthotics

(ISPO) from January 1977 to December 2016were included in the review; editorials

written by the journal editor, as well as letters to the editor, were excluded.

Six main domains were chosen: Article Listing Description, Article Type, Subject

Demographics, Study Details, Funding, and Author Training. Each domain was then

broken down into sub-categories from which selections were made.

Article Type: The option of an article being a survey was given for all article types.

Level of amputation/orthotic: Non-anatomic was selected if the article was a

modeling study.

Subject Demographic: The option of non-anatomic was given for all sub-categories

under this domain; this was selected if the article was based on a study with no

human subjects, such as a modeling study

Baseline Component: Used if the patient entered the study using a baseline

component, either prosthetic or orthotic.

Component/Intervention type: The component or intervention used in the study (i.e.

ankle-foot orthosis, C-Leg, physical therapy, etc.). Degree Held: An author with

multiple credentials could be listed as having more than one degree. For example, if

an author held a PhD and a CPO, they would be given credit as having both an

academic doctorate and being a clinician. Other Information: This sub-category was

used to document relevant information that did not fall into any other domain or sub-

category. Authors agreed a priori that reliability testing would be conducted until

reliability reached >90%. Articles were then analyzed independently.


Results: A total of 1102 articles were reviewed. The majority (50%) were case

study/reports/series and 33.7 % were prospective studies and 16% others. 49.8 % of

the articles reviewed were prosthetics-related, 33.8 % were orthotics-related and

16.4% others (Assitive technology, Tools & equipment). Trauma and

diabetes/PVD/vascular comprised the two largest etiologies in prosthetics-related

studies.

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Prosthetics Orthotics Others

Lower Extremity

Upper Extremity

Other

Num

ber O

f A

rtic

les

0

5

10

15

20

25

Prosthetics

Orthotics

Prosthetics & Orthotics

Num

ber of A

rtic

les

Type Of Article


Discussion: More of the articles (49.8%) in these past years review contained

prosthetics as the main topic. Such a trend may point to greater research interest in

the field, with impetus toward publishing research results. In a year-by-year analysis,

however, while orthotics&prosthetics related articles increased from 1977 to 2016.

Subject gender was more evenly distributed in orthotics related articles. In the

prosthetics articles reviewed, males outnumbered females by a greater than 3:1 ratio.

In all prosthetics & orthotics research others department, gadgets was also involve.

Conclusion: This journals analysis of the O&P world, JPO & ISPO reveals that

greater prosthetic articles are published than are orthotic articles. The great majority

of articles are of the case study/report/series classification. By age, subjects are not

highly representative of the demographics of device users according to

epidemiologic data. A similar issue is present regarding amputation etiology where

more traumatically amputated subjects participate in research published in JPO&

ISPO. There should be coperation and coordination available from different

departments for doing a better meaningful reserach.

References:

Seymour R. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2002. American

Orthotics Prosthetic Association (AOPA) Web site. Available at:

http://www.aopanet.org. Ryan C, et al. IEEE Trans Neural SystRehabil Eng.

12 (4): 422-429, 2004. Franchignoni F, et al. J Rehabil Med. 43: 471-476,

2011. Kocak FU, et al. Arch Phys Med Rehabil.92: 299-3.3, 2011.

Journal of Prosthetics & Orthotics (JPO)

International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics journal (ISPO)

Journal of O & P world web site.


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fodkl dk fo"k; fdlh ds fy;s u;k ugha gS] ysfdu bldk ifjisz{;

cnyrk jgrk gSA ^fodkl* ;g 'kCn dqN o"kks± ls vf/kd izpyu esa vk;k gSA

fodkl dh tks vo/kkj.kk orZeku esa izpfyr gS] og dqN n'kdksa esa lkekftd o

jktuhfrd ppkZ dk dsUnz cuh gSA ftl izdkj mn~fodkl dk vFkZ cgqr Li"V

,oa fuf'pr ugha gS] fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk Hkh cgqr Li"V ugha gSA vFkZ'kkL= ds

{ks= esa blds vFkZ ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ fo”ks"k fookn ugha gS] ij lkekt foKku ds

{ks= esa bl 'kCn dk iz;ksx dkQh <hys&<hys vFkks± esa gksrk vk;k gSA ;gkW fodkl

ls gekjk rkRi;Z eq[;r% lkekftd fodkl ls gSA lkekftd fodkl esa vkfFkZd

fodkl dk Hkko fNik gksrk gS vkSj mlh ds rgr ge ijEijkxr lekt]

laØe.k”khy lekt ,oa vk/kqfud lekt dh ppkZ djrs gSA lkekftd fodkl ds

dbZ mn~ns'; crk;s tkrs gSA ;s mn~ns”; loZekU; ugha gksrs gSA lkekftd

fodkl dk mn~ns'; fofHkUu jk"Vª ds lkFk cnyrs jgrs gS] ysfdu bl fHkUurk ds

gksrs gq;s Hkh dgh ij Hkh gks] lkekftd fodkl dk mn~ns”; euq"; thou dh

xq.koÙkk dks c<+kus ls gksrk gSA izks0 xkYVu us fodkl dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s

fy[kk gS fd ^^fodkl dk fl)kUr lkekftd foKkuksa dk og {ks= gS tgkW vrhr

dk v/;;u fd;k tkrk gS] orZeku dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gS vkSj Hkfo"; dk

fo”ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA** bl izdkj fodkl ,d cgqvk;keh vo/kkj.kk gSA

izR;sd jk"Vª dh laLd`fr vius lkaLd`fr rRoksa ds dkj.k fodkl dks O;k[;kf;r

djrh gSA /kkfeZdrk ,oa vk/;kfRedrk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds eq[; lkaLd`frd rRo

gSA ftudk izHkko Hkkjr ds lkekftd fodkl esa nf'kZr gksrk gSA

1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] n'kZu'kkL=] ts0vkj0 fodykax fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] m0iz0


/keZ fodkl dk lcls cM+k vk/kkj gSA D;ksafd /keZ O;fDr dks vkarfjd

'kfDr iznku djrk gSA O;fDr esa ln~xq.kksa] uSfrd vkn”kksZ] vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa dk

fodkl djds mlesa lfg".kqrk iSnk djrk gSA 'kkfUr vkSj lfg".kqrk ls fodkl

dk ekxZ Lor% iz”kLr gksrk gSA oLrqr% ftl lekt esa 'kkfUr vkSj lfg".kqrk gksrh

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fodkl dk lokZsPp ek/;e gS vkSj blfy;s /keZ dks lgh :i esa le>k vkSj xzg.k

fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA egkRek xkW/kh ds 'kCnksa esa ^^gekjh gj fØ;k esa /keZ fufgr

gksuk pkfg;sA ;gkW /keZ dk vFkZ lEiznk;okn ugha gSA bldk vFkZ fo”o esa ,d

O;ofLFkr uSfrd 'kklu esa vkLFkk gSA vn`”; gksus ds dkj.k og vokLrfod ugha

gks tkrhA ;g fgUnw /keZ] bLyke] bZlkbZ er vkfn ls ijs gSA ;g mUgsa vinLFk

ugha djrk gS] cfYd lkeatL; LFkkfir djds vkfLrd cukrk gSA1** /keZ esa

drZC; ikyu dh Hkkouk izeq[k gksrh gSA oLrqr% /keZ ds vHkko esa 'kfDr]

lfg".kqrk vkSj fodkl dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA

/keZ ,d ,slk 'kCn gS ftldks fo”o ds fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa] tkfr;ksa]

leqnk;ksa] laLd`fr;ksa rFkk lkfgR;ksa }kjk fofHkUu izdkj ls le>k tkrk gS vkSj

mlds fofHkUu vFkZ fy;s tkrs gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd /keZ ds lEcU/k esa erSD;rk

dk vHkko fn[krk gSA fodkl ekuo tkfr dk vk/kkjHkwr rF; jgk gSA fodkl esa

/keZ dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\ bl lanHkZ esa nks ijLij n`"Vhdks.k mHkj dj lkeus vkrs

gSA ,d n`f"Vdks.k mu yksxksa dk gS ftudk ;g ekuuk gS fd fodkl esa /keZ dh

dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha jgh gS] vfirq /keZ fodkl ds ekxZ esa ck/kk igqWpk;h gSA nwljk

n`f"Vdks.k mu yksxksa dk gS ftudk ekuuk gS fd fodkl esa /keZ dh egRoiw.kZ

Hkwfedk jgh gSA blds n`f"Vdks.k ds leFkZdksa dk ekuuk gS fd fodkl esa /keZ dh

vge Hkwfedk gS vkSj /keZ ls gh fodkl dk ekxZ iz”kLr gksrk gSA tks yksx /keZ

dks fodkl esa ck/kd ekurs gS og lgh n`f"Vdks.k ugha gSA lekt foKku ds

vuqlkj fdlh Hkh rF; dks ml laLd`fr ds ifjisz{; esa le>uk pkfg;sA blfy;s

;fn /keZ dks ge Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds lanHkZ esa le>s rks ^/keZ* dh O;kidrk dks

le> ladsxs vkSj bls fodkl esa ck/kd u ekudj lk/kd ekusxsA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa /keZ 'kCn dk vFkZ cgqr O;kid gSA lkjk thou gh

/keZ ds cqfu;knh fl)kUrksa ij fVdk gSA ^/keZ* 'kCn dh mRifÙk laLd`r ds ^/k`*

/kkrq ls gqbZ gS ftldk vFkZ gS /kkj.k djukA ^^/kkj;sr bfr /keZ%**2 vFkkZr tks

thou esa /kkj.k djus ;ksX; gS] tks thou dk vk/kkj gS] tks thou dks lgh fn”kk

nsrk gS] tks deZ gS og /keZ gSA /keZ ,d ,slh thou 'kSyh dk leFkZu djrk gS

ftlesa lkalkfjd rFkk 'kk'or dY;k.k fufgr gksrk gSA ^^;rks·H;qn;fu% Js; l

laflf) l /keZ%**3 vFkkZr ftlls lekt] jk"Vª rFkk laiw.kZ lalkj ds ekuo bl


yksd esa vH;qn; rFkk ijyksd esa ije in dks izkIr djsa] og /keZ gSA /keZ dksbZ

iwtk i)fr ugha gSA /keZ 'kk”or vkSj lukru vkpj.k gSA /kkfeZd gksuk ekuoh;

xq.kksa ds okgd gksus dk izrhd gSA oLrqr% euq"; dk /keZ vkSj euq"; 'kk”or

lukru gS] vr% euq"; dk /keZ Hkh 'kk”or] lukru gSA4 Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds vFkZ

esa lkjh iztk dh /kkj.kk /keZ ls gksrh gSA jktk dk iztk ds izfr drZO; D;k gksuk

pkfg;s\ jkT; ds izfr D;k drZO; gksuk pkfg;s\ ;g lc /keZ esa fufgÙk gSa drZO;

/keZ ls r; gksrk gSA5 /keZ 'kCn dks lEiznk;] er] iaFk] etgc rFkk fQjdk ds

:i esa Lohdkj djus ij mlds vFkZ dk vuFkZ gks ldrk gSA iaFk] er laiznk;

vkfn /keZ dk i;kZ; ugha gS] /keZ dks loksZPp vk/;kfRed ,oa loksZPp uSfrdrk dk

i;kZ; le>uk pkfg;s] dksbZ Hkh mikluk i)fr bl loksZPp vk/;kfRedrk dk

vax gks ldrh gSA ysfdu og loksZPp vk/;kfRedrk fdlh mikluk i)fr dk

i;kZ; ugha gks ldrhA ns’k&dky] ik= vkSj ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vuqlkj mikluk

i)fr fHkUu&fHkUu gks ldrh gSA blfy;s muesa fHkUurk gksuk LokHkkfod gS]

fdUrq ;g fdlh Hkh izdkj ls fodkl esa ck/kk ugha mRiUu djrh gSA Lokeh

foosdkuUn th dk dguk Fkk fd gj ,d /keZ dk y{; rFkk lk/; Hkxor~ izkfIr

gSA lcls cM+h f'k{kk dsoy Hkxoku dh vkjk/kuk djus dh gSA ;fn izR;sd euq";

viuk vkn”kZ pqu ys vkSj mldks viuk;s j[ks rks lHkh /kkfeZd fookn lekIr gks

tk;A6

fodkl dh pjekoLFkk esa tc ge ije oSHko ,oa lok±fx.k mUufr dh

ckr djrs gS rks ije oSHko esa HkkSfrd fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk vk/;kfRed fodkl

Hkh tqM+k gksrk gSA Bhd mlh izdkj lok±fx.k mUufr esa loZ vax vFkkZr

tM&psru lHkh dh mUufr dh ckr lekfgr gksrh gSA ;|fi fodkl dh jh<

dh gM~Mh esa vkfFkZd izxfr dks gh eq[; ekuk x;k gSA bls inkFkZ ,oa lsokvksa ds

mRikn vkSj miHkksx esa o`f) ds lkFk ekik tkrk gSA ftls ldy ?kjsyw mRikn

dgrs gSA ;g loZfofnr rF; gks x;k gS fd vkfFkZd izxrh dks gh mUufr ekuus

dks dkj.k O;fDr ,oa jk"Vª ds lEeq[k vusd ladV [kMs gks x;s gSA bls vkt

le>us dh vko”;drk gSA bl dkj.k ls ;g vko”;d gks x;k gS fd fodkl

fd vo/kkj.kk dks ge ,dkRe ekuo n”kZu ds vkyksd esa le>us rFkk viukus dk

iz;kl djsaA /keZ rFkk vk/;kRe ds vkyksd esa tc ge fodkl dks O;k[;kf;r

djus dk iz;kl djrs gS rks loZizFke ;g ckr /;ku esa vkrh gS fd ftruh Hkh

HkkSfrd laink gSA ;g bZ'oj fufeZr gS] bZ'oj dh gSA blh dks b’kkokL;ksifu"kn~

esa bZ’kkokL;fena loZe~7 dgk x;k gSA ge lHkh dks U;klh ds ukrs bls mi;ksx esa

ykuk pkfg;sA Hkkjrh; thou n`f"V esa pkj o.kZ] pkj vkJe] iq:"kkFkZ prq"V; dh

O;oLFkk /keZ vk/kkfjr thou jpuk vkSj fodsUnzhdj.k fodkl ds izeq[k vk/kkj jgs


gSA blh ds vk/kkj ij gekjs fodkl dk ?kks"k.kk i= jgk ^losZ HkoUrq lqf[ku% losZ

lÙkq fujke;k%A losZ Hknzkf.k i';Urq ek·df'pn~ nq%[k HkkXHkosr^A fodkl /keZ

vk/kkfjr ekuo dsfUnzr ¼fdUrq ekuo lcdqN ugha½ ,dkRe n`f"V] 'kjhj] eu]

cqf)] vkRek ds Lrj ij rFkk O;f"V] lef"V] Lk`f"V] ijes"Bh ds Lrj ij Hkh gksuk

pkfg;sA

lUnHkZ &

1- egkRek xkW/kh] gfjtu & 10 Qjojh] 1940

2- egkHkkjr 'kkafrioZ & 109&10&11

3- oS’ksf”kd n'kZu v- 1 lwDr 21

4- dY;ka.k /keZ 'kkL=akd & i`- 149

5- ogh /keZ 'kkL=akd & i`- 249

6- foosdkuUn lkfg0 6&252

7- b’kkokL;ksifu"kn & 1-1


Impact of Higher Education on Women Empowerment Rupali Sharma

1

Abstract

India holds the second position in the world of having highest population and in total

population of it, approximately 49% are females. India is country where man

dominance in the society prevails. But if we analyze the current status of Indian

women with other countries of the world than we can realise that the scene is not

even satisfactory but the worst. Indian women generally faced all types of barriers to

success like illiteracy, domestic violence, lack of motivation lack of support and

many more. It is very important for the harmonious development of the country that

women should be shouldered with men. Higher education plays an important role in

empowering women.

Key words: Empowerment, Higher Education

Introduction

It is a big myth, if anyone thinks that womens are empowered just being highly

educated and employed. Women have to awake and understand the true meaning of

empowerment. Everyone must understand that empowering women doesn‘t mean

empowering them in technical area only. Women should remember that they are also

rational, intelligent and thinking human beings.

For years and years , women were always treated as lower to men in every aspect of

life and they were inbound to stay inside the house. They were not allowed to vote,

own property, or work in many jobs. This situation was due to strong addiction to

culture and tradition by Indians. And Such things was conducted not only for the

sake of society and children, but also due to own lack of confidence by womens to

live as a single in society and face the challenges of life. Now that we are out of

those dark ages, women are more EMPOWERED and have the confidence to do

chase their dreams. This means that they have the ability to choose their own

destiny, job, vote, and do anything equally which a man can do. The Oxford

American Dictionary defines "empowerment" as "to make (someone) stronger and

more confident, esp. In controlling their life and claiming their rights." When we talk

about women's empowerment, we talk about women taking more of a leadership role

instead of just being subordinates.

1. Senior Research Fellow, Dr. S.M.N Rehabilitation University, Lucknow


1. MEANING OF WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

The absence of democratic references have contributed to the slowing of women

empowerment process, especially in South Asia. Women's empowerment movement

has not survived in the authoritarian rule on the basis of sexuality and ideology of

male domination. The perspectives of South Asia have focused on opportunities and

services rather than the necessary political power. The concepts of gender

discrimination and male domination have been exaggerated and have been focused

on explicitly ending oppressive practices such as killing a wife or demanding dowry.

There will be lasting effect in the empowerment of women; social, social, gender,

which should include awareness before being subservient to women in the family,

class, caste, religion or society, can be changed.

Three empirical approaches to empowerment have been tried in South Asia:

Integrated Development, Economic Empowerment and Consciousness raising which

has been implemented in Awareness Groups and the establishment of consciousness

in education have been implemented which led to a new consciousness, i.e self

value, social and gender analysis and access to skills and information. Economic

empowerment approach has relied on improving women's control on economic

resources and strengthening women's economic security. Gramin Bank has given an

example of organizing women around savings and loans, income generation and

skill training activities. The integrated development approach has encouraged a

group of women who are engaged in solving development and social problems and

have formed special activity groups in the form of a means of mobilizing women.

No design has given assurance of success, the identity of the poorest and most dalit

people in the geo-political area has provided an entry point for action. Women were

encouraged to find a different time and place for themselves. There are different

perceptions about the reasons for the powerlessness of women in the three above-

mentioned approaches: greater poverty and access to resources, economic insecurity,

and subordination within patriarchal society and socio-economic inequalities.

2. MEANING OF HIGHER EDUCATION

Higher education is the systematic knowledge and practical skills that the theoretical

and practical problems allowed to be solved on the basis of given kind of training,

the total utilization and the development of creative achievements of science,

technology, and culture. The term "higher education" is also applied to the training

of highly skilled experts in the areas of economics, science, technology, and culture

in the higher school, which accept persons who have successfully completed

secondary general education schools or secondary specialized-educational

institutions.

Objectives

The main objectives of this research paper are:

1. To know the relevance of higher education in the women‘s life.

2. To analyze the need for empowerment of women.


3. To identify barriers in the way of women empowerment.

4. To examine the impact of women empowerment on the development of the

country.

Research Methodology

This research paper is basically descriptive and analytical in nature. In this paper

attempt has been taken to analyse the importance of higher education for women in

India. The data used in it is purely from secondary sources according to the need of

this study.

Literature Review

Sethuraman, K. (2008), The Role of Women’s Empowerment and Domestic

Violence in Child Growth and Undernutrition in a Tribal and Rural

Community in South India, Research Paper No. 2008/15, United Nations

University.

The research paper explores the relationship between women‘s empowerment,

domestic violence, maternal nutritional status, and development of more than six

months between the age group of 6 to 24 months in the rural and tribal communities.

This longitudinal observation study included tribal and rural subjects in Rural

Karnataka,India.

Doepke, M., Tertilt, M. (2011), Does Female Empowerment Promote Economic

Development?

This study is an empirical analysis suggesting that money in the hands of mothers

(as opposed to their husbands) benefits children. This study developed a series of

non-cooperative family bargaining models to understand what kind of frictions can

give rise to the observed empirical relationships.

Duflo, E. (2011), Women’s Empowerment and Economic Development,

National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge.

The study argues that the interconnection of empowerment and development is

probably too weak to be self-sufficient and to have a equality between men and

women, continuous policy commitment may be required for equality for self's sake.

Kingdom, G.G. (2002), Education of women and socio-economic development,

Reason and Revaluation: Studies in the Babi and Baha’i Religions, volume 13,

Los Angeles: Kalimat Press.

This research paper reflects the findings of recent research on the social and

economic benefits of women's education and emphasizes the importance of the

methods through which the school education of women leads to social benefits. And

also supports Bahá'u'lláh perspective towards female education

Frenette, M., Coulombe, S. (2007), Has Higher Education among Young

Women Substantially Reduced the Gender Gap in Employment and Earnings?

Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series, Canada.

This research paper examines the role of the rapidly growing academic achievement

among young women in increasing their relative position in the labor market and


suggests that educational trends have not contributed to the reduction of full-time

employment gap.

Need of Women Empowerment

Empowerment is perhaps the totality of the following or similar abilities:

* Being the power to make your own decision

* Accessing information and resources to make a fair decision

* There is a range of options that you can choose from (not just yes / no, or /.)

* Ability to exercise strongly in making collective decisions

* Thinking positively on the ability to make changes

* Ability to learn skills for improving individual or group strength

* Demonstrate the ability to change the perceptions of others.

* Including the development process and those changes which never expire and start

on itself

* Raise your positive image and overcome stigma

Therefore, with the above mentioned points, we can divide the components of

female empowerment in five components, which is self explanatory why women

need empowerment: -

- The sense of a woman of self-worth;

- To determine their rights and options;

- The right to access opportunities and resources;

- The right and power to control their lives within and outside the home;

- And their ability to influence the direction of social change to create more social

and economic order at national and international level.

Relationship Between Higher Education and Women Empowerment

Higher education certainly enhances the status of women whether it contributes to

family income or not. She can be equal to men. Most women in our country are

uneducated so they are suppressed. It is the duty of school teachers to tell them that

to become a wife is not their ultimate goal. Standing on their feet and being

something is more important.

Education can bring unprecedented change in the lives of women, which in turn can

be a long-term social change by:

1. Enhancing Their Confidence

2. Raising their status in family and society

3. Get awareness about your rights

4. Promote your self esteem

5. Increasing Your Own Influence

6. Reducing their dependence

7. Better advancement of your children

8. Increasing their mobility

9. Opening career opportunities

Obstacles in Higher Education & Women Empowerment


There are many obstacles in the path of women's empowerment and in higher

education. Some of them are as follows:

-Lack of education

-financial constraints

- Family responsibilities

- low mobility

- low capacity to bear Risk

- less necessity of achievement

- lack of ambitions for achievement

- social status

Status of Women in Indian Society

The value of a civilization can be determined by the place given to women in

society. Muslim influence on India has declined the situation of women

significantly. They were deprived of their rights of equality with men. Raja Ram

Mohan Roy started the movement against this inequality and subordination. Contact

of Indian culture with British culture also improved the status of women and the

third factor in the revival of women's condition was the influence of Mahatma

Gandhi, who inspired women to participate in the freedom movement. As a result of

this freedom of independence, Indian womens have established themselves as

teachers, nurses, air hostesses, booking clerks, receptionists and doctors and in other

positions. They are also participating in politics and administration. But despite this

improvement in the situation of women, the evils of illiteracy, dowry, ignorance and

economic slavery should be completely removed to give them the right place in

Indian society.

Conclusion

On the basis of above detailed analysis it could be concluded that there is no doubt

about the essential need of empowering women through higher education. Now it is

cleared that only literacy is not the ultimate solution but women should be highly

educated to know their rights and duties. And should be able to use their rights as

per the need. But it is also mandatory that there should proper implementations what

policies are made and what government of India has made different programmes

regarding women empowerment.

Based on the above detailed analysis, it can be concluded that there is no doubt

about the necessary requirement to empower women through higher education. It is

now clear that literacy is not the ultimate solution, but women should be highly

educated to know their rights and duties. And should be able to use their rights

according to the need. But it is also imperative that of appropriate policies should be

maintained and should be properly implemented what the Indian government has

done for empowerment of women through various programs.


References

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http://www.slideshare.net/puneetsharma5688/women-empowermentpuneet-

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www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2007301-eng.pdf


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vFkkZr~ tks rqEgsa ¼isM+&ikS/kksa dks½ lhaps fcuk ty Hkh ugha ihuk pkgrh Fkh]

tks vyadkj fiz; gksus ij Hkh Lusg ds dkj.k rqEgkjs yky&yky dksey iRrksa dks

Hkh ugha rksM+rh FkhA rqEgkjs igys&igys Qwyus ij tks mRlo eukrh Fkh] ogh

'kdqUryk vkt vius ifr ds ?kj tk jgh gS] vki lc mls tkus dh vuqefr

nhft,A oUkLifr oxZ ds lkFk fdruk lqUnj rknkRE;! fdruk mnkRr

ekuohdj.k! tks lkfgR; esa Hkh vU;= nqyZHk gSA ;g 'yksd izd`fr ds lkFk

vkReh;rk dk vf}rh; mnkgj.k gSA

egf"kZ d.o viuh nRrd iq=h dks izkr% mBrs gh ikS/kksa ds ty flapu dk

dk;Z nsrs gSaA og pk;] dkWQh nw/k ;k ty fi;s fcuk gh izkr% loZ izFke ckxokuh

djrh gS] ikS/kksa dks ty nsrh gS] tc ty ihrh gSA Jaxkj fiz; gS fdUrq Qwy

ugha rksM+rhA ikS/kksa esa igyh ckj dksaiy vkus ij og lf[k;ksa ds lkFk mRlo

1- v/;{k] laLd`r foHkkx] e-xk¡-fp-xzk-fo-fo] fp=dwV] lruk] e-iz-


eukrh gS vkSj tc og igyh ckj llqjky tk jgh gS rc d.o _f"k mUgha isM+

ikS/kksa ls vk'khokZn nsus ,oa csVh dks llqjky tkus dh vuqefr nsus dk vuqjks/k

djrs gSaA

lEiw.kZ izd`fr dks Lej.k djkrs gSa fd tks csVh rqe lcdks Lo;a ls vf/kd

I;kj djrh gS] og vkt vius x`gLFk thou esa izFker% izos'k djus tk jgh gSA

izd`fr Hkh mlds fy;s gj lEHko migkj ,oa vk'kh"k nsrh gSA dksbZ egkoj nsrk

gS] dksbZ J`axkj gsrq iq"i nsrk gS] dksbZ mlds tkus dk ekxZ lqxe djus gsrq ekxZ

esa Nk;k dj nsrk gS] rks dksbZ ekxZ ij iq"i o"kkZ dj nsrk gSA isM+ iRrksa ds

ek/;e ls vk¡lw cgk jgs gSaA e`x NkSuk ¼ftls 'kdqUryk us ikyk Fkk] mldh lsok

dh Fkh½ mldk iYyk idM+ ysrk gS] mls tkus ugha ns jgk gSA lEiw.kZ izd`fr

ml csVh dh fonkbZ esa nq%[kh gSA ;Fkk&

{kkSea dsufpfnUnqik.Mqr#.kk ekaxY;ekfo"d`ra]

fu"B~;wr'pj.kksijkxlqHkxks yk{kkjl% dsufpr~A

vU;sH;ks ounsorkdjrySjkioZHkkxksfRFkrS

nZRRkkU;kHkj.kkfu u% fdly;PNk;kifjLif)ZfHk%AA 2

vFkkZr~ fdlh o`{k us pUnzor~ 'kqHkz ekaxfyd oL= mRiUu djds fn,] fdlh

us ik¡o jaxus ds fy, vrho lqUnj egkoj fudky dj fn;k vkSj blh izdkj

vU; o`{kksa us ef.kcU/k izns'k rd ckgj fudys gq, iYyoksa ds leku lqUnj ou

nsorkvksa ds gkFkksa ls gesa ;s vkHkj.k vkfn lefiZr fd,A bl izdkj leLr izd`fr

us 'kdqUryk dks vewY; migkj nsdj viuh iq=h tSlk Lusg iznku fd;kA

vkt tc ekuo&ekuo ls ckr djus esa ldqpkrk gS] mlds ikl le;

ugha gSA ifjokj fj'rs ,oa iM+ksl ls vuqefr dh vko';drk ugha gSA

ekuo ekuorkjfgr gS] izd`fr dk nksgu fcuk lksps le>s djrk gSA

LokFkZijrk ds fy;s th jgk gSA e'khujh ,oa lalk/kuksa dks mn~ns'; ,oa y{; cuk

jgk gSA lEiw.kZ f'k{kk iqLrdksa ,oa efLr"d esa cUn gS] ekuo&O;ogkj ls frjksfgr

gSA ekuo fcfYMax ij fcfYMax cuk jgk gSA e'khuksa ls ty [khapdj lEiw.kZ ty]

feV~Vh] ikS/ks ,oa taxy dks u"V djus esa yxk gSA ml le; egkdfo dkfynkl

dk izd`fr isze] izd`fr laj{k.k] i;kZoj.k larqyu ekuork ds fy;s vR;Ur mikns;

gSA

es?knwr esa ;{k viuk lans'k es?k ds ek/;e ls viuh fiz;k ds ikl Hkstrk

gSA ;{k ds }kjk es?k dks viuh fiz;k ds fy;s HkkHkh 'kCn dk lEcks/ku izd`fr ds

izfr ekuoh; Hkko dks n'kkZrk gSA viuh fiz;k ds ?kj dh igpku crkrs gq,

egkdfo dgrs gSa&

r=kxkja /kuifrx`gknqRrjs.kkLenh;a]


nwjkYYk{;a lqjifr/kuq'pk#.kk rksj.ksuA

;L;ksikUrs d`rdru;% dkUr;k of/kZrks es]

gLrizkI;Lroduferks ckyeUnkjo`{k%AA3

vFkkZr~ gs es?k! ml vydkiqjh esa dqcsj ds izklkn ds mRrj Hkkx esa

vofLFkr ge yksxksa dk Hkou bUnzk;q/k ds leku lqUnj ckgj ds njokts ls nwj

ls fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA ftlds ik'oZ esa esjh fiz;k ds }kjk iq= ds leku c<+k;k gqvk

vkSj gkFkksa ls rksM+s tkus okys xqPNksa ls >qdk gqqvk NksVk lk eUnkj dk o`{k gSA

mi;ZqDr 'yksd ds vFkZ ls Li"V gS fd ml dky esa yksx o`{kksa dks vius

vkSjl lUrkuksa ds leku Lusg ls ikyrs FksA lEiw.kZ izd`fr esa vHksnn'kZu rFkk

rknkRE; izn'kZu dsoy 'kCnksa rd gh lhfer u Fkk fdUrq og ml le; ds

tulkekU; dh gkfnZd vuqHkwfr FkhA orZeku eas o`{kksa rFkk ouLifr;ksa ds fy,

blh izdkj ds yxko dh vko';drk gS ftlls i;kZoj.k ds fcxM+rs Lo:i dks

iqUk% l¡okjus esa i;kZIr lgk;rk fey ldrh gSA egkdfo dkfynkl dk lUns'k gS

fd dsoy o`{k] yrkvksa vkSj ouLifr;ksa ds izfr gh ugha] fdUrq ioZrksa] ufn;ksa vkSj

/kjrh ds izfr Hkh gekjk laosnukRed lEcU/k gksuk pkfg,A os ¼ioZr] ufn;k¡ vkfn

tM+ izd`fr½ Hkh gekjs dkSVqfEcd lnL; gSa] blh vuqHkwfr dks izdV djrs gq, ;{k

dgrk gS ¼gs es?k eSa½ rqedks txr~ fo[;kr iq"dj vkSj vkorZd ¼uke okys es?kksa½

ds dqy esa mRiUu viuh bPNk ds vuqlkj :i /kkj.k djus okyk banz dk iz/kku

iq#"k tkurk gw¡A ;gh dkj.k gS fd HkkX;o'k eSa fiz;rek ls fcNqM+k gqvk rqEgkjs

ikl ;kpuk djus vk;k gw¡A

tkra oa'ks Hkqoufofnrs iq"djkorZdkuka]

tkukfe Roka izd`friq#"ka dke:ia e?kksu%A

rsukfFkZRoa Rof; fof/ko'kkn~ nwjcU/kqxZrks∙ga]

;kP´k eks?kk ojef/kxq.ks uk/kes yC/kdkekAA4

vkt ekuo&ekuo ls ;kpuk djus esa 'kekZrk gSA mldk vgadkj lkeus vkrk

gSA fdUrq dkfynkl izd`fr ls ;kpuk djrs gSaA

rHkh mudh izd`fr gjh Hkjh ,oa lq[knk;h gSA 'kkdqUrye~ dh ukf;dk dks

uk;d ,d yrk dh Hkk¡fr ns[k jgk gSA ^^v/kj% fdly; jkx%^^ og iYyo 'kk[kk

vkSj iq"i la;qDr yrk gSA og ukf;dk izkd`frd :i esa vf/kd lqUnj yx jgh

gSA ;Fkk&

ljflteuqfo)a 'kSoysukfi jE;a]

efyuefi fgeka'kksyZ{e y{eha ruksfrA

b;ef/kd euksKk oYdysukfi rUoh]

fdfeo fg e/kqjk.kka e.Mua ukd`rhuke~AA 5


vFkkZr~ 'ksoky ls vkPNkfnr gksus ij Hkh dey lqUnj gh izrhr gksrk gSA

efyu gksus ij Hkh pUnzek dk dyad 'kksHkk dk gh foLrkj djrk gSA mlh izdkj

;g d`'kkaxh ckyk Hkh oYdy /kkj.k dj vkSj vf/kd euksgj fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA

oLrqr% LoHkko ls e/kqj yxus okyh vkd`fr;ksa ds fy, dkSu lh oLrq vyadj.k

dk lk/ku ugha cu tkrhA oYdy /kkj.k djds mldk ¼'kdqUryk dk½ :i vkSj

fu[kjrk gSA lkSUn;Z dk ewydkj.k dsoy ckg~; oL=kHkw"k.k vkfn ugha] fdUrq 'kq)]

ljy ,oa LoLFk izkd`frd thou gksrk gSA blh izdkj&

dfBuefi e`xk{;k oYdya dkUr:ia

u eufl #fpHkaxa LoYieI;kn/kkfrA

fodpljfltk;k% LrksdfueqZDrd.Ba]

futfeo defyU;k% ddZ'ka oÙRktkye~AA 6

vFkkZr~ bl e`xu;uh ds dksey 'kjhj ds fy, ;|fi ;g oYdy dBksj gS

rFkkfi tSls ty ls fdafpr~ ckgj fudyh gqbZ fodflr defyuh dk viuk

ddZ'k oÙrlewg fdlh Hkh izdkj v#fpdj ugha yxrk] oSls gh blds }kjk

/kkj.k fd;k x;k ;g :{k oYdy eu dh #fp esa fdlh izdkj dk fodkj

mRiUu ugha djrkA

j?kqoa'k esa jktk fnyhi uafnuh xk; dks cpkus ds fy;s Lo;a dks 'ksj ds

lEeq[k izLrqr dj nsrs gSaA dqekjlEHkoe~ esa ikoZrh izd`fr ds lkfu/; esa vius

b"V dh vkjk/kuk djrh gsA miek ds fy;s Hkh egkdfo izd`fr ds loksZifj

mnkgj.k dk p;u djrs gSaA ^^vfHkKku'kkdqUrye~^^ esa 'kdqUryk dk vkJe ds

dfBu dk;Z esa fu;qDr gksxk nq";Ur dks ûhydey^ ds iRrs ds fdukjs ls

'kehyrk dks dkVus dk iz;kl fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA

bl izdkj egkdfo dkfynkl dk lkfgR; i<+ dj balku balkfu;r lh[k

ldsxkA ekuo esa izd`fr laj{k.k dk Hkko vk;sxkA i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k nwj gksdj

i;kZoj.k lajf{kr gksxkA

izd`fr isze dk vuq'khyu djds iqu% gjh&Hkjh] lqUnj] iks"kd rFkk

lq[knk;h izd`fr gksxhA ge izd`fr ds Hk{kd ugha j{kd gksaxsA izd`fr gesa nsrh gS

lc dqN ge Hkh izd`fr dks nsuk lh[ksaA


lUnHkZlwph

1- vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ prqFkZ vad] 'yksdla[;k& 11] O;k[;kdkj& Mk0

osnizdk'k 'kkL=h] izdk'kd& pkS[kEHkk fo|kHkou okjk.klh] laLdj.k& lu~

2008 bZ0A

2- vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ prqFkZ vad] 'yksdla[;k& 7] O;k[;kdkj& Mk0


2008 bZ0A

3- es?knwre~] mRrjes?k] 'yksdla[;k& 12] O;k[;kdkj& Mk0 'ks"kjkt 'kekZ

jsXeh] izdk'kd& pkS[kEHkk fo|kHkou] okjk.klh] laLdj.k& lu~ 2003 bZ0A

4- es?knwre~] iwoZes?k] 'yksdla[;k& 6] O;k[;kdkj& Mk0 'ks"kjkt 'kekZ jsXeh]

izdk'kd& pkS[kEHkk fo|kHkou] okjk.klh] laLdj.k& lu~ 2003 bZ0A

5- vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ izFke vad] 'yksdla[;k& 20] O;k[;kdkj& Mk0


2008 bZ0A

6- vfHkKku 'kkdqUrye~ izFke vad] 'yksdla[;k& 21] O;k[;kdkj& Mk0


2008 bZ0A


f'k{kk dk futhdj.k& lek/kku ;k leL;k

MkW- jsuw xqIrk1

Lkkjka'k

f”k{kk O;fDr dh vUrfuZfgr {kerk rFkk mlds O;fDrRo dks fodflr djus

okyh izfØ;k gSA gekjs ns”k esa tula[;k dk c<+rk ncko] dks’kksa dh deh dh

otg ls ljdkj f”k{kk dh vksj /;ku ugha ns ik jgh gSA blfy;s ljdkj us

bls futh {ks= esa lkSaius dk QSlyk fd;k] tks f”k{kk ds futhdj.k ls lEcfU/kr

gSA f”k{kk ds futhdj.k ls vk”k; f”k{kk dks futh gkFkksa esa lkSaiuk gSA f”k{kk ds

futhdj.k ls f”k{kk O;oLFkk esa dqN vuqdwy ifjorZu vk;s gSa] ogha nwljh rjQ

blus xEHkhj leL;kvksa dks Hkh tUe fn;k gS] ftudk ;fn le; jgrs lek/kku

ugha fd;k x;k rks ;g ns”k dh uhao dks Hkh fgyk ldrh gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa

[kklrkSj ij jkT; }kjk mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr viukus ds ckn futh fudk;ksa dks

“kS{kf.kd laLFkku [kksyus dh vuqefr nh x;h gSA f”k{kk ds Åij ljdkj ds iw.kZ

,dkf/kdkj okyh fLFkfr esa cnyko gqvk gS] ftlls futh laLFkkvksa dks

Qyus&Qwyus dk volj feyk rFkk f”k{kk dk futhdj.k gksus ls f”k{kk ds {ks=

esa ØkfUrdkjh ifjorZu vk;s gSaA f”k{kk ds futhdj.k us f”k{kk ds Lrj esa lq/kkj

dj f”k{kk dh xq.koRrk dks c<+k;k gSA

izkphu dky ls gh f'k{kk ekuo thou dk vfHkUu vax jgh gS] D;ksafd

f'k{kk efLr"d dk lao/kZu dj n{krk& izkfIr }kjk thou dks lUrks"ktud cukrh

gSA f'k{kk esa Kku] mfpr vkpj.k] vkSj rduhdh n{krk] f'k{k.k vkSj fo|k izkfIr

vkfn lekfOk"V gSA bl izdkj ;g dkS'kykas] O;kikjksa ;k O;kolk;ksa] ekufld]

uSfrd vkSj lkSUn;Z fo"k;d ds mRd"kZ ij dsfUnzr gSA

1- izoDrk] lekt'kkL= foHkkx] ,dyO;] egkfo|ky;] ckank] m0iz0


f'k{kk] lekt dh ,d ih<+h }kjk vius ls fupyh ih<+h dks vius Kku ds

gLrkarj.k dk iz;kl gSA bl fopkj ls f'k{kk ,d laLFkk ds :i esa dk;Z djrh

gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk vk;ksx 1964&66 ds vuqlkj& **f'k{kk jk"Vª ds vkfFkZd ,oa

lkekftd fodkl dk 'kfDr'kkyh lk/ku gS] f'k{kk jk"Vªh; lEiUurk ,oa jk"Vª

dY;k.k dh dqath gSA** vkt f'k{kk og uhao gS ftl ij vk/kqfud lekt ds

LrEHk [kM+s gSaA vkt f'k{kk dk lOkZO;kihdj.k gks x;k gSA vkt vukSipkfjd ,oa

lLrh f'k{kk vkt vfr fof'k"V gks xbZ gS vf/kdka'k ns'kksa esa bldk jk"Vªh;dj.k

gks x;k gS] ysfdu Hkkjr tSlk fodkl'khy ns'k vkfFkZd ncko ds dkj.k f'k{kk

ij vf/kd O;; ogu ugha dj ldrk gSA gekjk f'k{kk O;; gekjs ldy ?kjsyw

mRikn dk ek= 2-8 izfr'kr gS tcfd fodflr ns'kksa esa lkekU;r% Lohd`r

ekun.M 6 izfr'kr ;k mlls Hkh vf/kd gSA1 blds QyLo:i f'k{kk ;gk¡a cM+s

izpkj ls oafpr jgh gSA ljdkj ds fy, c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k o dks"kksa dh deh

,d xEHkhj leL;k gSA vr% f'k{kk ds {ks= esa futh {ks= dh Hkkxhnkjh dh t:jr

gS vkSj bls csgrj djus ds fy, f'k{kk dk futhdj.k vko';d gSA

f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dk vFkZ f'k{kk ds {ks= esa futh laLFkkuksa] daifu;ksa ds

izos'k ls gSA ;g izos'k LorU=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ f'k{kk esa lq/kkj] fodkl o

foLrkj vkfn mn~ns';ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq;s fn;k x;k FkkA rc ls vkt rd

futh {ks= f'k{kk ds {ks= esa viuk dHkh u lekIr gksus okyk vfLrRo LFkkfir dj

pqdk gSA ;g iw.kZr% lR; gS fd dksbZ Hkh ;kstuk ;k uhfr vPNs mn~ns'; ls ykxw

dh tkrh gS ijUrq ml ;kstuk ls tqM+s O;fDr viuh lQyrk] o lRrk esa

o'khHkwr gksdj lkekftd dY;k.k dks Hkwy dj Lofgrksa dh iwfrZ esa fyIr gks tkrs

gSaA ;gh fLFkfr f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dks ysdj gqbZA f'k{kk ds futhdj.k us f'k{kk

ds Lrj eas lq/kkj] fodkl o QSyko esa cgqr enn dj f'k{kk dh xq.koRrk dks

c<+k;k gSA bls vkSj csgrj djus ds fy, lekt] ljdkj o futh {ks= dks

feykdj ,d desVh cukuh pkfg, blls f'k{kk dk fodkl gksxk] yksx lkFk

feydj dke djsxsa] blls tks ftl {ks= esa etcwr gksxk] og viuk ;ksxnku

ml {ks= es djsxkA ijUrq futhdj.k dh lQyrk us f'k{kk dks ek= vkfFkZd :i

ls le`) oxZ o vaxzsth f'k{kk foLrkj dk :i iznku fd;k gS o cMh la[;k esa

tula[;k dh bu fo|ky;ksa rd igqap cgqr gh lhfer gS ftlesa lq/kkj dh

vko';drk gS D;ksafd f'k{kk dksbZ oLrq ugha ftls [kjhnk ;k cspk tk;sA2

f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dh vko';drk blfy, Hkh eglwl dh tk jgh gS

fd o"kksZa ls jkT;&izk;ksftr f'k{kk us bl {ks= dks yxHkx tulsok esa rCnhy

dj fn;k gS vkSj fo'ks"kdj blds izR;{k ykHkfUorksa ¼Nk=ksa½ us blds egRo dks

rjthg ugha nh gSA vr% ;fn f'k{kk nsus ds cnys mldh lEiw.kZ dher ;k


vkaf'kd dher] f'k{kk&'kqYd vkfn ds :i esa olwy dh tkrh gS] rks ,d rks Nk=

blds egRo dks le>sxsa] nwljs bls xaHkhjrk ls ysxsa] ftlls mudh vkSj f'k{kk

nksukas dh xq.koRrk c<+sxhA

Hkkjr esa ljdkjh Ldwyksa dh [kLrk gkyr dks ns[krs gq, vfHkHkkod vius

cPpksa dks vc futh Ldwyksa esa Hkst jgs gSaA vfHkHkkodksa ds futh Ldwyksa esa Hkstus

ds ihNs rhu dkj.k gSA igyh ;g futh Ldwy csgrj f'k{kk eqgS;k djkrs gS]

nwljh lLrh vkSj rhljh ckr ;g gS fd cPpksa vkSj muds vfHkHkkodksa ds izfr

vf/kd tokcnsg gksrs gSaA vc iz'u ;g mBrk gS fd f'k{kk laLFkkuksa ds

futhdj.k fd;s tkus ds D;k dkj.k gSa \ bu ij izdk'k Mkyuk vko';d izrhr

gksrk gS ftuesa ls dqN izeq[k gSaA buesa tula[;k esa vR;f/kd o`f) gksuk]

ljdkjh f'k{kk iz.kkyh esa deh gksuk] futh Ldwy ctV ds fglkc ls Hkh lLrs gSa]

f'k{kk ds uke ls vk;s gq, /ku dk nq:i;ksx] lqfo/kkvksa dh deh] f'k{kk ds fy,

dks"k dk vHkko gksuk tcfd futh Ldwy ljdkjh Ldwyksa ds eqdkcys csgrj vkSj

lLrh f'k{kk eqgS;k djkrs gSaA ljdkj bl okLrfodrk ls vka¡[k ugha ewan ldrh

gSA buls cpus dk lcls vklku mik; ;g gS fd ljdkj Nk=ksa dks QaM eqgS;k

djk,A bl lEcU/k esa mRrj izns'k esa o"kZ 2012&13 esa f'k{kk ds fy, jkT; ctV

dk 22-1 izfr'kr fgLlk [kpkZ fd;k x;k Fkk] fdUrq ;g pkj lky esa ?kV dj

17-2 izfr'kr ij vk x;kA3 f'k{kk ds {ks= esa jktuhfrd gLr{ksi gksuk Hkh

futhdj.k dks c<+kok nsrk gSA tc n'kdksa ls ljdkjksa dks ;g irk gS] fd Ldwyksa

esa 'kkSpky; ugha gSa ;k ihus dk ikuh ugha gS ;k f'k{kd ugha gS] rks fQj Hkh

fLFkfr D;ksa ugh cnyh \ fLFkfr blfy, ugha cnyrh D;ksafd f'k{kk dk ekeyk

jktuhfr vkSj uhfr ds Lrj ij tqckuh izfrc)rk dk fo"k; gS] fØ;kUo;u dh

izfrc)rk dk ughaA bl ij Hkh fiNys 26 lkyksa esa gekjh ljdkjksa us eku fy;k

gS fd f'k{kk dk futhdj.k gh lcls mfpr fodYi gS] lafo/kku ds Hkhrj ekSfyd

vf/kdkj cuus ds ckotwn] bl fo"k; dks lcls T;knk ljdkjksa us gh utjvankt

fd;k gSA ljdkjsa ,d lkS :i;s esa ls dsoy 25 iSls fuxjkuh vkSj fujh{k.k ij

vkSj 40 iSls f'k{kdksa ds izf'k{k.k ij [kpZ djrh gS Hkkjr eas cqfu;knh f'k{kk

O;oLFkk esa gh vHkh 5 yk[k f'k{kdksa ds in [kkyh gS] tcfd 1-05 yk[k ljdkjh

Ldwy dsoy ,d f'k{kd ds Hkjksls ij gaSA f'k{kdks dh deh gksuk ;k vuqifLFkr

jguk vc vke ckr gksrh tk jgh gSA f'k{kdksa dk vU; dk;ksZa esa O;Lr ¼tSls

pquko] tux.kuk] iksfy;ks M~;wVh bR;kfn½ jgus ls Hkh f'k{k.k dk;Z ckf/kr gksrk

gSA

,uqvy LVsVl vkWQ ,tqds'ku fjiksVZ Hkkjr esa fiNys nl lky ls tkjh

gks jgh gS] bl fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ik¡poh d{kk esa i<+us okys cPps nwljh d{kk dk


ikB ugha i<+ ikrs gSaA vkBoha ds cPpksa dks tksM+uk&?kVkuk] Hkkx nsuk ugha vkrk

gS bl fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj rhljh d{kk esa i<+us okys 42-3 izfr'kr cPps d{kk ,d

dh fo"k; lkexzh i<+ ikrs gSaA d{kk rhu ds 27-7 izfr'kr cPps nks vadksa okyk

?kVkuk dj ikrs gaS] tcfd d{kk ikap ds 26 izfr'kr cPps gh lkekU; Hkkx ns

ikrs gSa ljdkjh Ldwyksa dh ,slh gkyr ns[kdj f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dks c<+kok

feyk gSA i<+kbZ dk detksj Lrj o vdq'ky izca/k lapkyu o u;s&u;s iz;ksxksa

dk vHkko] /ku dk vHkko] ikB~;Øe esa jk"Vªh; Lrj esa vlekurk gksuk o

ljdkjh f'k{kk laLFkkuksa esa f'k{kk ds ekudhdj.k dk vHkko tSls [ksydwn dk

eSnku u gksuk] vkd"kZd Hkou] fo|ky; ,d gh dejs esa lapkfyr gksuk o ikuh

rFkk 'kkSpky; dh O;oLFkk u gksuk rFkk cPpksa dks cSBus ds fy, dqlhZ&est vkfn

dk bLrseky u gksuk] f'k{kk deh'kuksa ¼eqn~fyvj deh'ku] jk/kkd`".ku deh'ku ,oa

dksBkjh deh'ku½ dh vuq'kalkvksa dk va'kr% Hkh ikyu u gksuk] yksxksa esa ljdkjh

f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds izfr vkd"kZ.k o fo'okl dk vHkko] ljdkjh f'k{kk laLFkkvksa

esa vk/kqfud f'k{kk i)fr dk vHkko] cPpksa dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy, iqjLdkjksa

dk vHkko] Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ,oa laLdkjksa dks iksf"kr djus esa vkt dh f'k{kk

i)fr foQy lkfcr gqbZ gSA ;s dqN dkj.k gSa tks f'k{kk dks futhdj.k ds fy,

izksRlkfgr djrs gaS] ysfdu dqN yksxksa us f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dks vius ykHk dk

tfj;k cuk fy;k gS] mudh dksf'k'k gksrh gS fd os viuh f'k{kk :ih nqdku dks

vk/kqfud :i ls ltk&laokj dj yksxksa ds chp is'k djsa] rkfd bl vkd"kZ.k esa

vkdj yksx mudh vksj vkdf"kZr gksus yxsA Hkkjr esa lqizhe dksVZ us fiNys fnuksa

dgk gS fd **f'k{kk dks /ka/kk cukus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk ldrh** ysfdu futh

f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa us bldk nq:i;ksx dj reke rjg ds 'kqYd ds uke ij f'k{kk

dks olwyh vkSj equkQk[kksjh dk tfj;k cuk fn;k gSA ns'k ds lqizhe dksVZ us bl

ij jksd yxkrs gq, nku ds :i esa olwyh tkus okyh dSfiVs'ku Qhl dks voS/k

djkj fn;k gSA futh Ldwyksa esa nkf[kys ds bPNqd cPpksa ds vfHkHkkodksa ds fy,

nku dk [ksy eqlhcr dk lcc cu x;k gSA Ldwy esa cPps dk nkf[kyk djokus

ls igys reke rjg dh Qhl ds vykok nku ds :i esa Hkkjh&Hkjde jde ,asBrs

gSaA lqizhe dksVZ us dgk fd f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 19¼1½ th ds

rgr f'k{kk ekSfyd vf/kdkj gS] blfy, f'k{kk ds uke ij fdlh Hkh O;fDr ;k

laLFkk dks O;olk; djus dh NwV ugha nh tk ldrh gSA vnkyr us futh Ldwy

ekfydksa ls nks Vwd dgk fd f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ogh yksx vk;as tks uks izkfQV uks

ykWl ds vk/kkj ij dke djus dks rS;kj gSaA ftudk edln flQZ equkQk

dekuk gS os f'k{kk dks NksM+dj vius fy, dksbZ nwljk dke ns[k ysaA vnkyr dk

;g QSlyk cgqr vPNk gS ysfdu futh laLFkkvksa us vkd"kZd Hkou& lqfo/kk,a]


rduhd] [ksydwn O;oLFkk;sa tSlh lqfo/kkvksa dk izyksHku nsdj turk dks

vkdf"kZr djuk o ykHk dekuk] ;s mik; vkt ds le; esa pyu esa vk x;s gSaA

ljdkjh laLFkk;sa budk eqdkcyk ugha dj ikrha] blfy;s buds izfr yksxksa esa

fo'ks"k yxko ugha gSA futh laLFkk;sa viuk izHkko rks NksM+rh gSa ysfdu f'k{kdksa

dks de osru nsdj o dq'ky f'k{kd u j[kdj vf/kd ls vf/kd ykHk dekus dh

gksM+ esa yxh jgrh gSaA ,d fjlpZ ds vuqlkj futh vkSj xSj foRrh; lgk;rk

izkIr Ldwyksa ds f'k{kdksa dk osru ljdkjh Ldwyksa dh rqyuk esa 5&7 xquk de gSA

futh laLFkk,a f'k{kdksa dks de osru nsdj] vPNh f'k{kk dh dYiuk ek= djrs

gSaA4

dgha&dgha edkukas ds Hkhrj ,d ;k nks dejksa esa Ldwy pyk;s tk jgs gSaA

cxSj [ksydwn eSnkuksa ds futh fo|ky; dk;Zjr gSaA tks cPpksa ds LokLF; ds

fy, gkfudkjd gSaA ,d&,d d{kk esa vf/kd ls vf/kd la[;k esa cPpksa dks

v/;;u djk;k tkrk gSA i;kZIr lalk/ku o ekud ugha gksrs fQj Hkh bu

laLFkkuksa dks pykus dh ekU;rk fey tkrh gS] tks ns'k dk Hkfo"; dgykus okys

cPpksa ls /kks[kk gSA f'k{kk ds futhdj.k dk izHkko ;g iM+rk gS fd bu f'k{k.k

laLFkkuks esa cgqr lh dfe;ka ikbZ tkrh gSaA ;gka ij T;knkrj futh f'k{k.k

laLFkkuks esa euekuh Qhl olwyh tkrh gS reke rjg ds 'kqYd ftuesa Hkou

Qhl] dEI;wVj Qhl] fctyh Qhl vkfn 'kkfey gSA buds vfrfjDr vf/kdrj

futh laLFkkvkssa ds ikl Lo;a ds Hkou o [ksydwn ds i;kZIr lk/ku ugha gSA5

f'k{kk ds futhdj.k ls lekt dks rHkh ykHk gks ldrk gSA tc dqN dfe;ksa dks

nwj djds blds fy, dkjxj dne mBk;sa tk;sa] ftuesa f'k{kk ij O;; c<+kdj

de ls de ldy ?kjsyw mRikn ¼thMhih½ dk 6 izfr'kr fd;k tk;s ,oa f'k{kk

ds O;kikjhdj.k vFkok cktkjhdj.k dks jksdus gsrq dsUnz ljdkj vf/kd dBksj

dkuwu cuk;s ftlls f'k{kk esa O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj ij jksd yxs vkSj vk/kkjHkwr <k¡ps

okyh f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa dks vuqefr nh tk;s lkFk gh f'k{kk dks jktuhfrd

gLr{ksi ls nwj j[kk tk;s rFkk ekudksa dk lgh rjhds ls ikyu djk;k tk;s o

f'k{kk ds vf/kdkj dks lgh rjhds ls ykxw fd;k tk;sA izf'kf{kr v/;kid j[ks

tk;sa o lgh osru fn;k tk;s ,oa d{kk esa cPpkas vkSj f'k{kdksa dk vuqikr lgh

gksuk pkfg,A Ldwyksa esa fuEu vk; oxZ ds cPpksa dks eq¶r f'k{kk nsus dk izko/kku

dM+kbZ ls ykxw djok;k tk;s ,oa Ldwyksa esa nku dk [ksy [kRe fd;k tk;s rFkk

Ldwyksa esa HksnHkko [kRe fd;k tk;sA futh laLFkkvksa dks Hkh ljdkj }kjk fu/kkZfjr

ikB~;Øe i<+kuk vfuok;Z fd;k tk;s vkSj ljdkj ds }kjk r; ekunaMksa

f'k{kd&Nk= vuqikr] Hkou] iz;ksx'kkyk,a] iqLrdky;] [ksy&lkexzh o vU;

lqfo/kkvksa ij [kjk mrjuk gksxkA


mijksDr fooj.k ls Li"V gS fd f'k{kk tks fd ns'k dh uhao ds cht cksrh

gS] mlds izfr bl izdkj joS;k ugha gksuk pkfg,A cPps ns'k dk Hkfo"; gksrs gS

vkSj muds izfr gekjh uSfrd ftEesnkjh gksrh gSA blds fy, ,sls futh f'k{k.k

laLFkkuks ij udsy dlsa tks fd f'k{kk uhfr ds ekunaMksa dks iwjk ugha djrh vkSj

u gh cPpksa ds Hkfo"; ds izfr tkx:d gaS vkSj vPNh futh ,oa ljdkjh f'k{k.k

laLFkkuksa dk fodkl fd;k tk;s ftlesa LoLFk okrkoj.k dk fodkl gks vkSj

f'k{kk ds ikou mn~ns';ksa dks izkIr fd;k tk lds lkFk gh ns'k o lekt dks lgh

fn'kk fey ldsA

lanHkZ xzUFk lwph&

1- dqekj d`".k] 1998 'kSf{kd Kku vkSj opZLo& fnYyh % xzaUFkf'kYih

2- vxzoky ts0lh0] 1968 Lora= Hkkjr esa f'k{kk dk fodkl& fnYyh % vk;Z

cqd fMiks

3- jSuk fouksn] 2009 f'k{kk dk vf/kdkj dkuwu&f'k{kk foe'kZ] fnYyh %

uoEcj&fnlEcj

4- f'k{kk vfHkO;fDr ¼okf"kZd vad½ 3&4 2004&05

5- feJ lehjkRet] fucU/k eatw"kk % f}rh; laLdj.k


egcqfy;k

MkW- jkts”k dqekj iky1

Hkkjrh; ijEijkvksa dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k tk ldrk gS&o`gr ijEijk ;k

nh?kZ ijEijk ,oa y?kq ijEijkA o`gr ijEijk og gS tks Ldwyksa] eafnjksa esa iksf"kr

gksrh gSa] ftudk mYys[k gekjs /keZxzUFkksa esa feyrk gS] tks fyf[kr gSa] “kkL=h; gSa]

O;ofLFkr gSa rFkk fpUru”khy gSaA o`gr ijEijk dks dqN lekt”kkL=h mPp yksxksa

dh ijEijk ;k vfHktkRk oxZ dh ijEijk Hkh dgrs gSaA y?kq ijEijk vfyf[kr]

v”kkL=h;] de O;ofLFkr] de fpUru”khy o LFkkuh; gksrh gSA y?kq ijEijk dks

vf”kf{kr yksxksa dh ijEijk ekuk tkrk gS] tks Lo;afl) gksrh gS vkSj bldk

gLrkUrj.k ekSf[kd :Ik ls ih<+h nj ih<+h gksrk gSA y?kq ijEijk dk izpyu

d`’kd lektksa esa vf/kd ns[kus dks feyrk gSA

^*egcqfy;k^* ;k ^*egcqy nkbZ^* dks ge y?kq ijEijk ds vUrxZr j[k

ldrs gSaA egcqfy;k NksVh cfPPk;ksa dk ioZZ gS tks fir`i{k ;k firj i{k esa euk;k

tkrk gSA egcqfy;k dk dksbZ fyf[kr bfrgkl ;k dksbZ fyf[kr dgkuh ugha

feyrh gSA fyf[kr bfrgkl u gksus ls ;g D;ksa eukbZ tkrh gS] dksbZ Li’V

dkj.k Kkr ugha gks ikrkA egcqfy;k ds lEcU/k esa tks dqN Hkh tkudkjh feyrh

gS] og lc ekSf[kd gSA ,d fo”ks’k ckr ;g Hkh gS fd egcqfy;k lc txg ugha

eukbZ tkrhA egcqfy;k dk izpyu cqUnsy[k.M {ks= ds xzkeh.k vapykas esa gh

fo”ks’kdj ns[kus dks feyrk gSA

egcqfy;k uked y?kq ijEijk dks tkuus ds fy, geus cqUnsy[k.M {ks= ds

ckank ,oa fp=dwV tuin ds xzkeh.k vapyksa o dLcksa esa lgHkkxh voyksdu ,oa

vukSipkfjd lk{kkRdkj izfof/k dks viukrs gq, vusdksa cqtqxZ O;fDr;ksa ,oa

efgykvksa ls blds fo’k; esa tkudkjh izkIr dh gSA fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa us

egcqfy;k ds lEcU/k esa fHkUu&fHkUu nardFkkvksa dk Hkh o.kZu fd;k gS ftuesa dqN

dk mYys[k izLrqr ”kks/k i= esa Hkh fd;k x;k gSA ekSf[kd lzksr ds vkykok

egcqfy;k ds laca/k esa tkuus ds fy, vU; dksbZ ek/;e izkIr ugha gks ldk gSA

1- vfl- izksQslj] lekt”kkL=]] xksLokeh rqylhnkl jktdh; LukRkdksRrj egkfo|ky;]

dohZ fp=dwV m-iz-


egcqfy;k flrEcj&vDVwcj esa xzkeh.k vapyksa o NksVs dLcksa dh NksVh&NksVh

cfPp;ksa ds }kjk euk;k tkrk gSA fir`i{k esa xkao dh yM+fd;k lqcg ls gh

fofHkUu izdkj ds jax&fcjaxs Qwy ,df=r djus esa tqV tkrh gSaA ;s Qwy dusj]

pdkSM+k] csljek] xqykc] xasnk] pesyh] fofHkUu izdkj dh ”kkd&Hkkth ds Qwy o

LFkkuh; {ks= esa miyC/k >kfM;ksa] ouLifr;ksa ds Qwy vkfn gks ldrs gSaA ,d

xkao ;k dLcs esa dbZ egcqfy;k ltkbZ tk ldrh gSaA pw¡fd xkao tkfr;ksa ds

fglkc ls fofHkUu Fkksdksa esa cVk jgrk gSA vr% Qwy ,d= djus ds fy, Hkh

yM+fd;ksa dk lewg tkfr;ksa ds Fkksdksa ds vuqlkj fudyrk gSA Qwy ,d= djds

,d Mfy;k esa j[k fn, tkrs gSa ;k fQj yM+fd;k¡ vius&vius Qwyksa dks vius

?kj ys tkrh gSaA Qwy ,d= djus dh izfØ;k nksigj rd pyrh gSA nksigj ckn

”kke dks izk;% rhu cts ls N% cts ds chp egcqfy;k dk l`tu fd;k tkrk gSA

ftl LFkku ij egcqfy;k dks ltkuk gksrk gS] mls igys xkscj ls yhi fn;k

tkrk gSA egcqfy;k dks vf/kdrj pcwrjs ;k lQkbZ;qDr LFkku ij gh ltk;k

tkrk gSA vc dqN yksx yhis gq, LFkku ij vkVs dk pkSd Hkh iwjus yxs gSaA ml

yhis gq, LFkku ds chpksa&chp ccwy dh dkaVsnkj lw[kh gqbZ Vguh xkM+h tkrh gSA

ml Vguh dks lcls T;knk mi;qDr le>k tkrk gS ftlesa dkaVs lcls vf/kd

gksaA dkaVsnkj ccwy dh Vguh dks cqUnsy[k.M ds xzkeh.k vapyksa esa ^*>ka[kj^* dgk

tkrk gSA yhis gq, LFkku ij ccwy dh xM+h gqbZ Vguh (>ka[kj) ij lHkh

yM+fd;ka izR;sd dkaVs esa ,df=r fd, gq, Qwyksa dks yxkrh gSaA ;g /;ku j[kk

tkrk gS fd Vguh dh lHkh ”kk[kkvksa ds dkaVksa ij Qwy yxs gSa fd ughaA tc

Vguh dh lHkh ”kk[kkvksa ds dkaVks ij Qwy yx tkrs gSa rks og Vguh cM+h lqUnj

fn[krh gSA la{ksi esa Qwyksa ls ynh gqbZ Vguh dks gh ^*egcqfy;k^* dgk tkrk gSA

;g egcqfy;k dqN nsj ml LFkku ij jgrh gS vkSj mlds pkjksa rjQ yM+fd;ka

cSBh jgrh gSaA lHkh yM+fd;ka ge mez dh gksrh gSaaA lkekU;r% yM+fd;ksa dh mez

ikap ls pkSng lky rd dh gksrh gSA ij blls cM+h mez dh yM+fd;ka o vkSjrsa

Hkh blesa Hkkx ys ldrh gSaA blesa dksbZ ck/;rk ugha gSA NksVs&NksVs yM+ds Hkh

blesa ”kkfey jgrs gSa] ij mudh la[;k de gksrh gSA

egcqfy;k dks ltkrh

gqbZ ,d yM+dh


egcqfy;k ds fuekZ.k ds i'pkr foltZu dh rS;kjh dh tkrh gSA ;g

foltZu eq[;r;k ryS;ksa] iks[kjksa] ugj] rkykcksa ;k unh esa fd;k tkrk gSA buds

u gksu ij ml xkao ;k dLcs esa tks Hkh tylzksr gksrk gS] mls foltZu ds fy,

pquk tkrk gSA egcqfy;k foltZu ds igys jkLrs esa yM+fd;ka dqN xhr xkrh gSaA

ftl Vguh ij egcqfy;k ltk;h tkrh gS] mlesa uhps idM+us ds fy, Ik;kZIr

MaBy gksrk gSA bl MaBy dks dbZ yM+fd;ka idM+dj mij mBk;s jgrh gSaA

jkLrs esa pyrs&pyrs bldh vnyk cnyh Hkh djrh tkrh gSaA jkLrs esa tks xhr

yM+fd;ksa }kjk xk;s tkrs gSa os dqN bl izdkj gS&

egcqfy;ka ds ukS&nl Qwy] >yj jgh eksj egcqfy;kA

eksj ckck cok vk;ks [ksr] >yj jgh eksj egcqfy;kA

eksj nkbZ fujk vkbZ [ksr] >yj jgh eksj egcqfy;kA

eksj cIik cok vk;ks [ksr] >yj jgh eksj egcqfy;kA

eksj vEek fujk vkbZ [ksr] >yj jgh eksj egcqfy;kA

;s xhr lewg esa xk;s tkrs gSa vkSj LosPNkuqlkj fj”rsnkjksa ds uke vkSj Hkh c<+k

ldrh gSaA ;s xhr Hkh vyx&vyx xkao esa vyx&vyx gks ldrs gSaA dbZ xhrksa

esa Øec)rk Hkh ugha fn[kkbZ nsrhA dqN yM+fd;ka ;s xhr Hkh xkrh gSa&

egcqy nkbZ&egcqy nkbZ] nky&Hkkr u [kk;sA

cgqjh ds /kks[ks fcukSjh pck;] panu pkSdh ek cSBk;A

iaxM+h ds Qwy >js] py l[kh chus pys ikoZrhA

egcqfy;k dk foltZu djus gsrq tkrh yM+fd;ka


bl izdkj VwVs&QwVs xhr xkrs gq, ;s yM+fd;k viuh&viuh egcqfy;k

ysdj vius lehi ds rky&ryS;ksa ds ikl tkrh gSa vkSj ikuh esa MaBy dks

idM+dj ik¡p&N% ckj >i&>ikrh gSaA ,slk djus ij dkaVksa esa yxs gq, lHkh

Qwy ikuh ij rSjus yxrs gSaA ;g izfØ;k dbZ yM+fd;k ckjh&ckjh ls djrh gSa]

tc rd fd lc Qwy dkaVksa ls u fudy tk;saA cqUnsy[k.M {ks= esa egcqfy;k

dks ty esa folftZr djus dh izfØ;k dks ^*[kksaVuk^* dgk tkrk gSA foltZu

dsoy Qwyksa dk gh fd;k tkrk gSA dkaVsnkj >kM+h dks ?kj ys vk;k tkrk gSA

tgka ij egcqfy;k dks [kksaVk tkrk gS] ogka [kksaVus ds ckn izlkn forfjr fd;k

tkrk gSA ,d fo”ks’k ckr ;g ns[kus dks feyrh gS fd izlkn pus dh nky dk

gksrk gSA igys izlkn esa Lokn ds fy, ued feyk;k tkrk Fkk ijUrq vc cgqr

ls xkaoksa] dLcksa esa ued dh txg xqM+ Hkh feykus yxs gSaA izlkn ykus dh

ftEesnkjh lHkh yM+fd;ksa dh ckjh&ckjh ls gksrh gS vkSj ;g ,d fnu iwoZ gh r;

dj fy;k tkrk gS fd vxys fnu izlkn ykus gsrq fdldk uEcj gSA yM+fd;ksa

}kjk egcqfy;k eukus dh ;g izFkk iwjs firì{k esa pyrh gSA firì{k ds igys o

ckn egcqfy;k ugha [ksyh tkrh ;k euk;h tkrhA egcqfy;k dk ltu dsoy

firì{k esa gh gksrk gSA

egcqfy;k ds eukus ds lEcU/k esa dksbZ fyf[kr lkexzh ugha feyrhA

bldh izd`fr ekSf[kd gh gSA bldh mRifRr tkuus ds lEcU/k esa dbZ dLcksa o

xkaoksa dk Hkze.k fd;k x;kA dqN xkaoksa ds cqtqxZ O;fDr;ksa us egcqfy;k ds lEcU/k

esa ,d&nks nUrdFkkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA

,d nUrdFkk ds vuqlkj cgqr igys lqvkVk uked jk{kl Fkk] tks

yM+fd;ksa dks ekjdj [kk tkrk FkkA ,d ckj dqN yM+fd;ka dkaVs ysdj vius

?kj tk jgha Fkha] rHkh mudks jkLrs esa lqvkVk jk{kl fey x;kA ij yM+fd;ksa ds

gkaFkksa esa dkaVs ns[kdj og jk{kl muds ikl ugha vk;kA yM+fd;ka ?kj vk;ha vkSj

vius ekrk&firk ls bldk mYys[k fd;kA ?kj okykas us lkspk fd ;g jk{kl

dkaVksa ls Mjrk gS] blfy, gj yM+dh ds ikl dkaVksa dh ,d Mkyh j[k nhA ,d

fnu lc yM+fd;ksa us feydj dkaVksa dh Mkfy;ksa ls ml lqvkVk uked jk{kl dks

ekj MkykA blh [kq”kh esa yM+fd;ka egcqfy;k eukrh gSaA dqN yksxksa dk ;g Hkh

dguk gS fd dkaVksa esa yM+fd;ka Qwyksa dks yxkdj blfy, folftZr djrh gSa]

rkfd ftu yM+fd;ksa dks jk{kl us ekj Mkyk Fkk] mudh vkRek dks “kkfUr fey

ldsA tcfd dqN yksxksa dk dguk gS fd jk{kl ds ejus dh [kq”kh esa gh bldks

euk;k tkrk gSA

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lanHkZ

izkFkfed losZ{k.k


BASEL- III : A ROADMAP TO THE FUTURE INDIAN

BANKING SYSTEM Dr. Mahendra Kumar Sultaniya

1 ABSTRACT

Reserve Bank issued Guidelines based on the Basel III reforms on capital regulation

on May 2, 2012, to the extent applicable to banks operating in India. The Basel III

capital regulation has been implemented from April 1, 2013 in India in phases

and it will be fully implemented as on March 31, 2018i.

Further, on a review, the parallel run and prudential floor for implementation of

Basel II vis-à-vis Basel I have been discontinuedii . Now days an analysis of risk in

the Indian banking industry is conducted along the lines of credit risk, interest rate

risk, market risk and the liquidity risk. Over the past two and half decades, leading

banks around the world have adopted a new paradigm for financial risk management

focused on the concept of economic capital.

Basel III reforms strengthen the bank-level i.e. micro prudential regulation, with the

intention to raise the resilience of individual banking institutions in periods of stress.

Besides, the reforms have a macro prudential focus also, addressing system wide

risks, which can build up across the banking sector, as well as the procyclical

amplification of these risks over time. These new global regulatory and supervisory

standards mainly seek to raise the quality and level of capital to ensure banks are

better able to absorb losses on both a going concern and a gone concern basis,

increase the risk coverage of the capital framework, introduce leverage ratio to serve

as a backstop to the risk-based capital measure, raise the standards for the

supervisory review process (Pillar 2) and public disclosures (Pillar 3) etc. The macro

prudential aspects of Basel III are largely enshrined in the capital buffers. Both the

buffers i.e. the capital conservation buffer and the countercyclical buffer are

intended to protect the banking sector from periods of excess credit growth.

1. Assistant Professor, Commerce, HRPG College Khalilabad, Sant Kabir

Nagar, U.P


In this study would primarily enquire the basics as well as overall status of Basel

Norms, Basically Basel III norms towards emerging phenomenon in the Indian

Banking Industry as whole.

INTRODUCTION

Basel III reforms are the response of Basel Committee on Banking Supervision

(BCBS) to improve the banking sector‘s ability to absorb shocks arising from

financial and economic stress, whatever the source, thus reducing the risk of spill

over from the financial sector to the real economy. During Pittsburgh summit in

September 2009, the G20 leaders committed to strengthen the regulatory system for

banks and other financial firms and also act together to raise capital standards, to

implement strong international compensation standards aimed at ending practices

that lead to excessive risk-taking, to improve the over-the-counter derivatives market

and to create more powerful tools to hold large global firms to account for the risks

they take. For all these reforms, the leaders set for themselves strict and precise

timetables. Consequently, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS)

released comprehensive reform package entitled ―Basel III: A global regulatory

framework for more resilient banks and banking systems‖ (known as Basel III

capital regulations) in December 2010iii

.

Basel III reforms strengthen the bank-level i.e. micro prudential regulation, with the

intention to raise the resilience of individual banking institutions in periods of stress.

Besides, the reforms have a macro prudential focus also, addressing system wide

risks, which can build up across the banking sector, as well as the procyclical

amplification of these risks over time. These new global regulatory and supervisory

standards mainly seek to raise the quality and level of capital to ensure banks are

better able to absorb losses on both a going concern and a gone concern basis,

increase the risk coverage of the capital framework, introduce leverage ratio to serve

as a backstop to the risk-based capital measure, raise the standards for the

supervisory review process (Pillar 2) and public disclosures (Pillar 3) etc. The macro

prudential aspects of Basel III are largely enshrined in the capital buffers. Both the

buffers i.e. the capital conservation buffer and the countercyclical buffer are

intended to protect the banking sector from periods of excess credit growth.

BASEL NORMS WITH INDIAN BANKING

Reserve Bank issued Guidelines based on the Basel III reforms on capital regulation

on May 2, 2012, to the extent applicable to banks operating in India. The Basel III

capital regulation has been implemented from April 1, 2013 in India in phases

and it will be fully implemented as on March 31, 2018iv

. Further, on a review, the parallel run and prudential floor for implementation of

Basel II vis-à-vis Basel I have been discontinuedv . Now days an analysis of risk in

the Indian banking industry is conducted along the lines of credit risk, interest rate

risk, market risk and the liquidity risk. Over the past two and half decades, leading


banks around the world have adopted a new paradigm for financial risk management

focused on the concept of economic capital.

―Economic capital‖ is the amount of capital a bank requires to achieve a given level

of protection against default for its creditors. Operationally, the question is usually

posed as ―How much capital should the bank have to achieve a target rating for its

long-term debt?‖ This is a straightforward inference from Merton‘s model of the

pricing of risky corporate debt: given the institution‘s net asset value and the target

probability of default, economic capital is the amount needed to achieve the target

probability of default. Applications of this approach include Risk Adjusted Return of

Capital (RAROC) or Value at Risk (VaR)vi

.

In principle, allocated economic capital can be used to risk-adjust returns across

various lines of business to reveal which activities create or destroy shareholder

value. The most successful application, however, has been to the measurement and

management of market risk. In a sharp break with previous regulatory practice, the

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision recognized this new approach to risk

management in the 1996 Amendment on Market Risk to the original Basel Accord

on Capital Adequacy. Rather than allocate positions to crude risk buckets or apply

mechanical asset price haircuts to positions in order to measure risks, the Basel

Committee provided the opportunity for qualifying banks to rely on the supervised

use of their own internal models to determine their capital charges for exposure to

market risk.

This internal models approach to regulation was expected to deliver several benefits.

First, it would reduce or eliminate incentives for regulatory arbitrage since the

capital charge would reflect the bank‘s own estimate of risk. Second, it would deal

more flexibly with financial innovations, incorporating them in the regulatory

framework as soon as they were incorporated in the bank‘s own risk management

models. Third, it would provide banks with an incentive to improve their risk

management processes and procedures in order to qualify for the internal models

approach. And fourth, compliance cost would be reduced to the extent that the

business was regulated in the same way that it was managed.

CREDIT RISK FACTOR IN INDIAN BANKING

The success of the internal models approach to market risk led to the extension of

the methodology to credit risk, the principal risk facing most banks. This is partly

due to a blurring of the traditional line between trading and the lending business.

Financial innovations have begun to erode traditional distinctions between the

trading book and the banking book. Increasingly, traders are dealing with less liquid,

less creditworthy instruments. A market in credit risk – more precisely credit risk

derivatives – is growing rapidly. And, bank loans are underwritten increasingly with

a view toward making them more marketable. Indeed, there is a thriving secondary

market in bank loans. Thus it was only natural that leading banks would attempt to


apply the same financial technology that had proven so successful in measuring and

managing market risk to credit risk.

At the same time, regulators were becoming increasingly dissatisfied with the

effectiveness of the original Basel Accord. In response to growing evidence of

regulatory capital arbitrage, regulators began to consider whether the paradigm used

so successfully in the regulation of market risk could be applied to credit risk and

operational risk. The result was a proposal for a new Basel Capital Accord (Basel

II).

The Basel Committee found that internal models of credit risk were not yet

sufficiently reliable (or verifiable) to replicate the approach to market risk and so

they embarked on a complex course of increasingly intrusive specifications about

how banks should manage their credit risk by means of an internal ratings approach.

On December 18, 2014, the Federal Reserve Board (Fed) issued a notice of proposed

rulemaking (NPR) to impose a surcharge on U.S.- based Global Systemically

Important Banks (G-SIBs). The proposed framework would require a top-tier U.S.

bank holding company (BHC) with $50 billion or more in total consolidated assets

to calculate a measure of its systemic importance. This initiative has been criticized

by the Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee on Feb. 2015vii

.

Over the past years the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision has refined its

approach to setting minimum capital requirements for operational risk. The result is

a revised definition of operational risk, a reduced target for capital charges for

operational risk relative to total minimum capital requirements and greater

specificity about how such capital charges might be implemented. I believe this

attempt to set capital charges for operational risk is fundamentally misguided.

The Basel Committee might have hoped that by imposing a risk-sensitive capital

requirement for operational risk it will lead institutions to enhance the measurement

and management of operational risk and will discourage them from substituting

operational risk for credit or market risk. The Basel Committee has stated a goal of

setting capital charges for operational risk in conjunction with an anticipated

reduction in the capital charge for credit risk, so that overall capital charges will

remain the same on average. This goal dictates their charge for whatever measure of

operational risk they devise and belies any claim that the capital charge with regard

to operational risk is somehow objectively determined.

In contrast to credit risk and market risk, there is no compelling rationale for setting

a capital charge for operational risk. Institutions can increase the option value of

deposit insurance by taking bigger market or credit risks since larger risks may yield

larger returns. Risk sensitive capital requirements thus have a direct impact on

incentives to take greater risks. But operational risk is downside risk only. Taking

more operational risk does not enhance the option value of deposit insurance. It is

simply a kind of expense that institutions try to minimize to the extent that it is cost


effective to do so. These two different species of risk are best dealt with in two

different ways.

EFFECT OF CREDIT RISK ON INDUSTRY

It is by no means clear that capital regulation is the most efficient means of

achieving a reduction in the exposure of institutions to operational risk. Moreover,

there is no systemic risk rationale for imposing capital requirements because losses

due to operational risk tend to be idiosyncratic to a particular institution. The sorts of

institution-destroying operational losses that have occurred – often due to the actions

of a rogue trader – are usually attributable to a failure of internal controls rather than

inadequate capital. No reasonable amount of capital would be sufficient to cover

such an extreme event. The most effective means of reducing operational risk are

sound policies, practices and procedures, and insurance (which also serve the

function of shifting losses should they, nonetheless, occur).

LIQUIDITY RISK IN BANKING SECTOR

It is by the market turbulence that began in July 2007 stemmed initially from credit

prospects deteriorating in U.S. subprime mortgages, but quickly spread to other

markets. Growing uncertainty surrounding the valuation of structured credit

instruments affected their liquidity, leading to difficulties in the asset-backed

commercial paper (ABCP) market, where these instruments were partly funded.

Illiquidity spread to the broader money markets as concerns grew over the extent of

bank on- and off-balance-sheet exposures to these instruments, requiring bank

rescues and capital injections.

The speed and extent of the transition from ―market‖ illiquidity to ―funding‖

illiquidity, and their subsequent interaction, was remarkable and required

unprecedented intervention by mature market central banks to meet banks‘ liquidity

needs. As a result, important questions arise concerning the extent to which new

financial instruments have increased the financial system‘s vulnerability to liquidity

events and the adequacy of the tools central banks have at their disposal to address

such disruptions. The episode also has important implications for the clarity of

central bank communications when balancing their responsibilities for formulating

monetary policy and protecting financial stability.

The concepts of market and funding liquidity that are relevant for understanding the

episode are examined first, along with how banks have managed liquidity risks in

recent months. The various ways in which market and funding liquidity can interact

to cause self-sustaining ―liquidity spirals‖ is then explained, including why such

spirals may have become more prevalent. The response of central banks to the

liquidity crisis, as well as their ability to address such disruption, is discussed in light

of their operational frameworks.

An empirical analysis suggests that liquidity transmission has been a key element

during this period of stress and provides some evidence that certain types of central

bank support can reduce the elevated volatility associated with these events. After


identifying ways in which liquidity management has been deficient during this

episode, the chapter concludes by proposing a set of reforms and policies to address

these issues.

THE NATURE OF MARKET LIQUIDITY RISKS

During the period of stress that began in July 2007, ―market liquidity‖— the ease

with which one can liquidate a position in an asset without appreciably altering its

price—fell dramatically for a wide range of assets, reflecting both the characteristics

of the markets in which these assets traded, and their specific characteristics.

Secondary market liquidity became extremely thin, most notably in markets for

structured credit products—where securities were highly tailored to the needs of

specific investors and, for the most part, were meant to be held to maturity.

Moreover, since most trading took place in over-the-counter (OTC) markets, price

reporting and a common venue to connect a wide variety of buyers and sellers were

absent.

In other cases, traders attempted to hedge positions, meet margin calls, or realize

gains in other safer or more liquid markets, transmitting demand for liquidity and the

resulting volatility more widely. This demand for market liquidity migrated to robust

trading platforms and easily valued securities. Robust price discovery mechanisms

and the knowledge that even large trade sizes would be less likely to move prices

appreciably attracted participants.

Market liquidity is often hard to measure precisely. The interpretation of typical

measures, such as bid-ask spreads and volumes, is more difficult during stressful

periods, since they also reflect volatility and credit risks. In this latest event,

anecdotal evidence suggests that the increased uncertainty and volatility, and higher

default risks of potential counterparties, made posted bid-ask spreads in many

instruments unreliable, as no trading took place at those prices.

Although recent developments would seem to make a strong case for amending

market risk management procedures to take into account liquidity risk, doing so in

the future will be challenging. One approach is to add a measure of liquidity risk to

the value-at-risk measure, but this has proved difficult, especially given the absence

of satisfactory measures of liquidity even in normal times. Thus, financial firms have

tended to use ad hoc approaches to control market liquidity risk, making their

responses to crises difficult to anticipate.

THE DETERMINANTS OF MARKET LIQUIDITY

A market is considered liquid if an investor has the ability to buy or sell a reasonable

amount of an asset without appreciably affecting the price. In practice, there are a

number of contributing elements to market liquidity:

Information Liquidity is enhanced if information about the asset‘s value is

distributed roughly evenly between intermediaries and potential buyers and

sellers. Wide bid-ask spreads quoted by intermediaries can reflect concerns

over asymmetric information.


Intermediaries The existence of intermediaries such as brokers,

specialists, locals, or market- makers that can provide ongoing price quotes,

maintain an inventory of the asset, and perform timely execution of trades

will add to market liquidity.

Underlying funding of intermediaries Those acting as market

intermediaries and carrying inventories can be constrained in providing

liquidity by their own capitalization and their ability to finance their trading

positions.

Trading venue How buyers and sellers congregate, physically or

electronically, can also affect liquidity. Formal exchanges that have well-

established methods of recording and publishing prices can preserve liquidity

in stress circumstances better than over-the counter (OTC) markets, where

buyers and sellers must find one another to trade—often through brokers—

and traded prices may not be widely available.

Type of asset Customized credit derivatives and collateralized debt

obligations that are highly tailored to meet specific investor needs in the

primary market are often illiquid in secondary markets. An investor wishing

to unwind or modify a position may have to rely on the initial arranger of the

transaction, who may not be willing or able to provide liquidity under

stressed market conditions, or may do so only at a significantly discounted

price.

Size of tradable issue The larger the asset size freely available to trade, the

more liquid the asset is likely to be.

FUNDING LIQUIDITY RISKS

Events since July 2007 have demonstrated that funding liquidity risk is intimately

related to market liquidity, potentially causing systemic difficulties. Funding

liquidity risk captures the inability of a financial intermediary to service its liabilities

as they fall due. It is intrinsic to financial intermediation where liabilities of shorter

maturity are issued to finance longer-maturity assets with the intention of earning a

yield premium, and is particularly relevant to commercial banks, whose core

business historically has been to fund longer-term loans through short-term deposits.

Moreover, funding liquidity difficulties can quickly result in insolvency if an illiquid

firm is forced to sell assets quickly at fire-sale prices to raise cash, so reducing its

capital.

COMPLEXITIES IN LIQUIDITY RISK MANAGEMENT

Measurement of a bank‘s vulnerability to liquidity risk is inherently difficult. For

instance, demand deposits are usually stable sources of funding, but can quickly be

lost in a bank run. Conversely, banks perceived to be safer during crises may

actually attract deposits from competitors. Similarly, the degree to which a bank‘s

liquidity commitments may be called in a crisis is difficult to judge exactly and can


depend on firm specific or systemic liquidity conditions, and on the perceived

reputational risk of exercising them.

Given the inherent complexity of managing liquidity risk, bank regulators have

adopted a diverse approach. For example, some countries maintain multiple metrics

to gauge bank liquidity, although most impose some type of minimum liquidity

requirement. Banks and regulators can legitimately differ over how long they believe

that a bank should be able to rely on internal sources to meet its cash flow

commitments.

The longer a bank must be able to survive on its own, the more liquid assets it needs

to hold, and the less efficient the banking system will be in providing maturity

transformation services to the economy. Moreover, the systemic nature of much

liquidity risk, and its ―jump-to-crisis‖ fat-tailed distribution, also makes it very

difficult to model funding liquidity risks so as to translate a given liquidity structure

into a probability of default. Hence, banking regulators have yet to develop a

liquidity equivalent to minimum capital requirements and have increasingly focused

on the integrity of liquidity risk-management systems rather than specific liquidity

ratios.

REFERENCES 1. ―Financial Stability Report‖ 9

th issues, issued by Reserve Bank of India published

on June 2014.

2. ―Financial Stability Report‖ 11th issues, issued by Reserve Bank of India published

on June 2015.

3. ―Financial systems and the real economy‖ BIS paper no. 91 published by Bank for

International Settlements on mar 2017.

4. Basel III: A global regulatory framework for more resilient banks and banking

systems Published ―Bank for International Settlements 2010‖ by Bank for

International Settlements Communications CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland in

December 2010.

5. RBI Guidelines on “Implementation of Basel III Capital Regulations in India” through its vide letter no.-RBI/2011-12/530 DBOD.No.BP.BC.98 /21.06.201/2011-12 on May 2, 2012.

6. Circular No. DBOD.BP.BC.No.95/21.06.001/2012-13 dated May 27, 2013

Published on Prudential Guidelines on Capital Adequacy and Market Discipline

New Capital Adequacy Framework (NCAF) - Parallel Run and Prudential Floor.

7. Merton’s paper, published in the Journal of Finance in 1974, see respectively, Merton 1974, 1970; see also Merton 1992, chapter 11.

8. Statement of the Shadow Financial Regulatory Committee on ―The Fed's SIFI

Surcharge: An Alternative Proposal‖ February 9, 2015.

9. ―Basel III : Implications for Indian Banking‖ by Dr Vighneswara Swamy,

Department of Finance, IBS Hyderabad.


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Hkkx ysus yxhA 1889 esa cEcbZ esa gk sus okyas 5osa vf/kos”ku esa izfrfuf/k cudj

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1917 esa x`g “kklu vkUnksyu ,d oS/kkfud vkUnksyu Fkk] csls.V “kkfUr

iwoZd oS/kkfud rjhdks ls Hkkjr esa Lo”kklu dh LFkkiu pkgrh Fkh ljdkj ds

fo#} lHkk,s dh x;h budh xfrfof/k;ksa ds dkj.k bUgsa fxj¶rkj dj fy;k

x;kA

dkaxzsl us ljdkjh uhfr dh ?kksj fuUnk dh vkSj utjcUn usrkvksa dks

NksM+us dh ekax dhA fryd us lR;kxzg djus dh /kedh nhA ljdkj ds fy,


bl vkUnksyu dh mis{kk djuk lEHko ugh jgk blfy, Hkkjrea=h ek.VsLd;w us

,sfrgkfld ?kks’k.kk }kjk ;g bPNk izdV dh fd ;q}ksijkUr Hkkjr esa mRrjnk;h

“kklu dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sxhA bl ?kks’k.kk ls Hkkjr ds jktuhfrd usrkvksa dks

lUrks’k gqvk Qyr% gkse#y vkUnksyu f”kfFky iM+k vkSj ,suh csls.V Hkh tsy ls

eqDr dj nh x;hA

o’kZ 1931 ds vius djkph vf/kos”ku esa usg# ds usr`Ro esa ,d ekSfyd

vf/kdkj dk ladYi ikfjr fd;k x;k ftlesa efgykvksa vkSj iq#’kksa ds leku

fl}kUr dk izfrknu fd;k x;k ftlds }kjk efgykvksa dh fLFkfr ij /;ku fn;s

fcuk iw.kZ lekurk iznku fd x;hA

dkaxzsl us Lora=rk ls iwoZ lnSo efgyk iq#’k lekurk dks /;ku j[kdj

gh viuh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu fd;k rFkk Lora=rk izkfIr ds i”pkr~ Hkh lafo/kku

esa ,slh O;oLFkk dh x;h ftlls fdlh Hkh vk/kkj ij efgyk iq#’k dh

jktuhfrd lgHkkfxrk esa dksbZ vlekurk u gksa lds] lHkh dks leku vf/kdkj

fey ldsA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- n LVsVeSu% dydRrk 25 ekpZ 1947

2- d”;i] lqHkk’k % ghLVªh vkWQ ikfyZ;kes.V vkWQ bf.M;k] us”kuy cqd VªLV

bf.M;k

3- pUnz] fofiu % Hkkjr dk LorU=rk l?ka’kZ fgUnh ek/;e dk;kZoU;u

funs”kky;] fnYyh fo”ofo|ky; i`0 la0 41

4- oksgjk] vk”kjkuh % ^efgyk;sa ,oa LojkT;* Hkkjr ljdkj 1983 i`0 la0

97]98

5- esuu] ,y0 ,u0 ikWfyfVdy jkbV vkWQ vksesu bu bf.M;k] n LVsV

vkWQ oqesu bu lkmFk ,f”k;k bu dydRrk 1954 i` la0 86


Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa ßmnkjoknÞ dh Hkwfedk

izsepUnz lkgw1

mnkjokn dh vo/kkj.kk

mnkjoknh fopkj /kkjk vU; fopkj/kkjkvksa dh Hkkafr fuf’pr vkSj Øe c) fopkj /kkjk

ugh gS vkSj u gh ;g fdlh ,d ;qx ds lkFk tqM+h gqbZ gSA okLro esa ;g dksbZ ,d n’kZu

ugha] oju vf/kd fopkjksa dk lfEeJ.k gSaA ;g ,d thou n`f”V] thou Øe rFkk efLrd dh

,d izo`fRr gSa ftlds vUrxZr vusd ekU;rk,¡] vkn’kZ ,ao laLFkk,a gSaA **,d jktuhfrd

fl)kUr ds :i esa mnkjoknh nks i`Fkd rRoksa dk feJ.k gSA buesa ls ,d gSa yksdra= vkSj

nwljk O;fDroknA**1

mnkjokn dk tud *ykd* dks ekuk tkrk gSA mnkjokn dk ?kj baXyS.M gS vkSj

baXyS.M esa mnkjokn dk mn; vuqnkjokn dk fojks/k djus okyh ,d izo`fRr ds :i esa gqvkA

blesa lUnsg ugh fd tc vuqnkjoknh fczVsu esa yEcs le; ls pyh vk jgh jktuhfrd]

lkekftd vkSj /kkfeZd laLFkkvksa] ijEijkvksa vkSj :f<+;ksa dks cuk;s j[kuk pkgrs Fks] ml le;

mnkjokn ds }kjk lq/kkj] ifjorZu vkSj izxfr dk leFkZu fd;k x;kA ykLdh dk er

gS&**mnkjokn dk laca/k fdlh lEiznk; ls de vkSj ekuo LoHkko ls vf/kd gSA ;g Lora=rk

ds fy, mRØ”V vfHkyk”kk dk |ksrd gS] bl izdkj dh izcy Hkkouk ds fy, nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds

fopkjksa ds izfr] pkgs os fdrus gh [krjukd ekywe gks] lgu’khyrk vkSj ftKklk ds Hkko dh

vko’;drk gS vkSj ;g nqyZHk ekuoh; xq.k gSaSA** 2

vkUnksyu ds fofHkUu pj.kksa esa mnkjokn

bUgh izo`fRr;ksa ls izsfjr gksdj gh Hkkjrh; iqutkZx.k dss vxznwr lekt lq/kkjdksa

jktkjke eksgu jk;] n;kuUn ljLorh] foosdkuUn] ,uhoslsaV vkfn egkiqj”kksa us lekt esa

tkx`fRr mRiUu dhA jk”Vªoknh usrkvksa tks ik’pkR; Hkk”kk ds tkudkj Fks] nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth]

lqjsUnzukFk cuthZ] O;kses’k pUnz cuthZ] cn:n~nhu rSÓc] nhu’kkokpk] egknso xksfoUn jkukMs]

1- 'kks/k Nk=&bfrgkl] egkRek xkW/kh fp=dwV xzkeksn;] fo’ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] lruk e0iz0


jes’kpUnz nRr] xksiky d`”.k xks[kys] fQjkst ‘kkg esgrk vkfn us vius Hkk”k.kksa rFkk ys[kuh ds

ek/;e ls yksdra=] Lora=rk] lekurk] vfHkO;fDr] vf/kdkj rFkk laoS/kkfud fodkl o lq/kkj

dh ekWx dhA

Hkkjrh; jk”Vªoknh usrkvksa us mnkjokn ds ewy fl)kUrks a dks vius dk;ZØeksa esa viuk;k

tSls ekuoh; foosd esa vkLFkk] bfrgkl rFkk ijEijkvksa dk fojks/k ekuoh; Lor=ark dh /kkj.kk

esa fo’okl] O;fDr ds izkd`frd vf/kdkjksa dh /kkj.kk esa fo’okl] ‘kkldh; LosPNkpkfjrk dk

fojks/k vkSj dkuwu dh iz/kkurk dk izfroknu rFkk yksdrkaf=d i)fr dk leFkZu vkfnA bl

izdkj mnkjoknh n’kZu 19oha ‘knh esa lcls vf/kd izHkko’kkyh FkkA bl n’kZu us dbZ jk”Vªks ds

bfrgkl dks egRoiw.kZ :i ls izHkkfor fd;kA blus fo’ks”kkf/kdkjksa ij vk/kkfjr iqjkuh O;oLFkk

dk vUr dj Lora=rk] lekurk rFkk yksdra= dk leFkZu fd;kA vkt dh lalnh; laLFkk,

vkSj o;Ld erkf/kdkj dk fl+)kUr mnkjoknh n’kZu dh gh nsu gSA blus jk”Vªh; vkRefu.kZ;

ds fl)kUr dk leFkZu dj fofHkUu tkfr;ksa dh jk”Vªh; Lok/khurk esa egkRoiw.kZ ;ksx fn;kA

mnkjokn dh ,d fo’ks”krk ;g jgh gS fd mlds }kjk cnyrh gqbZ ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds

vuqlkj lnSo gh vius Lo:i esa ifjotZu fd;k tSlk fd Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkUnksyu esa ikrs

gSA Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; dkxzsal dh LFkkiuk ds ckn Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vkUnksyu ds bfrgkl dks

rhu pj.kksa esa ckWVk x;k gSA igyk&1885 bZ0 ls 1905 bZ0 rd dk dky uje mnkjoknh ;qx]

nwljk&1905 bZ0 ls 1919 bZ0 rd mxz mnkjokn dk dky vkSj rhljk&1919 bZ0 ls 1947 bZ0

rd xkW/kh ;qxA rhuks pj.kksa esa mnkjokn ds le;] ifjfLFkfr vkSj vko’;drkuqlkj mlds

Lo:i esa ifjorZu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA bl izdkj mnkjokn dks yksdra=] jk”Vªh; Lo/khurk

vkSj vfFkZd izxfr dk n’kZu dgk tk ldrk gSA

izk;% ,slk gqvk fd tks Hkh fons’kh Hkkjr vk;sa mUgksaus Hkkjrh; /keZ] lLad`fr rFkk lH;rk

dks viuk fy;kA Hkkjr dh *mnkjpfjrkuke* dh izofRr vkfndky ls pyh vk jgh FkhA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa vktknh vkSj Lora=rk dks c<kok nsus okyk fopkj *mnkjokn* lek;k gqvk

Fkk ftlus fonsf’k;ksa dks vkRelkr~ dj fy;kA

19oh ‘knh dks Hkkjrh; iqutkZxj.k dk dky dgk tkrk gSA blh le; lj fofy;e

tksUl] eSDleksyj] dkyczqd] jkSFk vkfn ik’pkr fo}kuksa us Hkkjrh; /keZ’kkL=ksa dk v/;;u dj

Hkkjrh;ksa ds lkeus Hkkjrh; jktuhfrd] lkekftd vkSj lLdf`r bfrgkl dk ,slk fooj.k izLrqr

fd;k tksa ledkyhu ;wjksih; lH;rkvksa dh rqyuk esa fuf’pr :i ls Js”B FkkA blh le;

jktkjke eksgu jk;] Lokeh n;kuUn ljLorh] Lokeh foosdkuUn rFkk vU; lektlq/kkjdksa us

lekftd ifjorZu o iqjkru laLd`fr ds iqu:)kj dk oh.kk mBk;kA bUgksaus jk”Vhª; tkx`fr

mRiUu djus dh fn’kk esa egRoiw.kZ dk;Z fd;kA ,0vkj0nslkbZ us fy[kk gSa&Þlkekftd {ks=

tkfr izFkk ds lq/kkj vkSj muds mUewyu] fL=;ksa ds fy;s leku vf/kdkj] cky fookg ds fo:)

vkUnksyu] lkekftd vkSj oS/kkfud vlekurkvksa ds fo:) tsgkn fd;kA /kkfeZd {ks= esa /kkfeZd


vU/kfo’oklksa ] ewfrZ iwtk vkSj ik[k.Mksa dk [k.Mu fd;kA ;s vkUnksyu O;fDrxr Lora=rk vkSj

lkekftd lekurk ds fy;s l?k”kZ Fks vkSj budk pje y{; jk”Vªokn FkkAß 3

rkfdZd n`f”V ls ;fn Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh dkyt;h ?kVukvksa ij fogaxe n`f”V Mkyh

tk;s rks 1857bZ0 ds izFke Lora=rk la?k”kZ ds ckn nwljh egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh;

dkxzsal dh LFkkiuk FkhA ;g ,d vk’pZtud ckr gS fd bldh LFkkiuk fdlh Hkkjrh; us ugh

cfYd ,d vodk’k izkIr vxazst vf/kdkjh ,0vks0 áwe us dh tks fd mnkjoknh fopkj /kkjk ls

izHkkfor FksA dkykUrj esa jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu dh leLr ?kVuk;sa dkxzsal ds bnZ&fxnZ ?kfVr gksrh

jghA MkW0ih0lhrkjeS;k us fy[kk gS&Þdkxzsal dk bfrgkl gh Hkkjr dh Lora=rk dk bfrgkl gS

D;ksafd dkxzsal dh LFkkiuk ds iwoZ vkSj ik’pkR; nwljh vusd ‘kfDr;ksa ds }kjk Hkh bl mís’;

ls dk;Z fd;k FkkA ysfdu dkxzsal us Hkkjrh; Lora=rk ds la?k”kZ esa lnSo gh dsUnz dk dk;Z

fd;kA ;g og /kqjh Fkh ftlds pkjksa vksj Lora=rk dh egku xkFkk dh fofo/k ?kVuk;sa ?kfVr

gqbZAß4

dkaxzsl dh LFkkiuk ls iwoZ Hkh Hkkjr esa vU; lLFkkvksa }kjk jktuhfrd {ks= esa dk;Z

fd;k tk jgk FkkA ysfdu buesa ls dksbZ Hkh laLFkk vius dk;Z vkSj Lo:i dh n`f”V ls jk”Vªh;

ugh FkhA dkxzssal gh ,slh izFke laLFkk Fkh ftlus Hkkjr esa viuh vkokt mBkbZA Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh;

dkxzasl ds laLFkkid mnkjoknh O;fDr FksA ykyk yktir jk; us Lohdkj fd;k FkkA fd áwe

Lora=rk ds iqtkjh FksA mudk gzn; Hkkjr dh fu/kZurk vkSj nqnZ’kk ij jksrk FkkA dydRrk ds

Lukrdks ds uke mUgksaus tks i= fy[kk Fkk mlesa mUgksaus *ns’kfgr* dk mYys[k fd;k FkkA áwe

dks osMjouZ] tktZ ;wys] ts0bZ0gkoMZ tSls vU; mnkjokfn;ksa dk lg;ksx izkIr gqvkA MkW0

tdkfj;k us fy[kk gS&ÞHkkjr vkSj fczfV’k iztkra=okfn;ksa ds la;qDr iz;Ruksa ds ifj.kke Lo:Ik

Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; dkxzsal dk tUe gqvkAß

dkxzsal ds izkfjEHkd 20 o”kksZ essa mnkj vFkok uje jk”Vªh;rk dh iz/kkurk jgh gSA bl

;qx esa dkxzsal fdlh Hkh izdkj ØkfUrdkjh laLFkk ugh FkhA blds usrkvksa us fczfV’k ljdkj ds

izfr fo’okl vkSj lg;ksx dh uhfr viuk;h rFkk ;kpuk] Le`fr i=ksa vkSj izfrfuf/k e.Myksa ds

ek/;e ls turk dks jktuhfrd vf/kdkj fnykus dk iz;Ru djrs jgsA buds fopkj rFkk dk;Z

i)fr mnkjokj ds fl)kUrksa ls izsfjr FksA mu ifjfLFk;ksa esa mnkjokfn;ksa }kjk viuk;k x;k

ekxZ furkUr vkSfpR;iw.kZ vkSj O;kogkfjd FkkA ;fn muds }kjk vHkh ls gh fczfVl jkT; ds

vUr ;k Hkkjrh; Lora=rk ds ckr dh tkrh rks lEHkor% blls bl laLFkk ds vfLrRo ij gh

dqBkjk?kkr gksrkA fQj Hkh mUgksaus vxazsth ‘kklu ds nks”kks vkSj pfj= dks turk ds le{k izdV

fd;k] Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh;rk dh tM+ks dks etcwr fd;k] Hkkjfr;ksa dks jktuhfrd izf’k{k.k fn;k]

Hkkjrh; Lora=rk laxzke dk vk/kkj rS;kj fd;kA ds0,e0eqa’kh us fy[kk&Þ;fn fiNys 20 o”kksZ esa

,d vf[ky Hkkjrh; laLFkk ns’k jktuhfrd {ks= esa dk;Zjr u gksrh rks ,slh voLFkk esa xkW/kh

th dk dksbZ egku vkUnksyu lQy u gksrkAß mnkjokfn;ksa us dfBu ifjfLFk;ksa es a Hkh dqN

lQyrk;sa izkIr dhA muds iz;Ruksa ds QyLo:i 1892 dk bf.M;u dkmfUly ,DV ikfjr


gqvk ftlls ifj”knksa esa Hkkjrh; lnL;ksa dh la[;k c<kbZ xbZA 1894bZ0 esa mUgksaus og dkuwu

lekIr djk;k ftlds }kjk odhyksa dks ftyk U;k;kf/kdkjh ds fu;U=.k esa j[kk tkrk Fkk vkSj

muds jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu esa Hkkx ysus ij jksd yxk nh xbZ FkhA

1905 bZ0 ls 1919bZ0 rd ds dkxzsal dk f}rh; pj.k mxz jk”Vªokn dk ;qx FkkA

19oh0 ‘krkCnh ds vfUre o”kksZ esa ns’k rFkk vUrjkZ”Vªh; txr esa ,slh ?kVuk;sa gqbZ ftUgksus

Hkkjrh; uo;qodks ds n`f”Vdks.k esa vewy ifjorZu dj fn;kA bl izdkj dkxzsal esa ,sls oxZ dk

mRFkku gqvk tks fou;’khy i)fr dk ifjR;kx dj ‘kfDr’kkyh mik;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;kA bl

vkUnksyu dk vk/kkj xfr’khyrk rFkk lfØ;okn FkkA blfy, mUgs mxzoknh dgk x;k gSA

;|fi mudh ekaxs rFkk mís’; i zkjEHk dh rjg mnkjokn ls izsfjr FkhA fdUrq mudh dk;Z

i|fr rFkk Lo:Ik esa ifjorZu gks x;k vr% ;gkW mnkjokn dk nwljk :Ik ns[kus dks feyrk gSaA

vius y{; dh izfIr ds lk/ku ds :Ik esa mUgksaus ofg”dkj] Lons’kh vkSj jk”Vªh; f’k{kk dks

ek/;e cuk;kA fryd us dgk Fkk& Þvius mn~ns’;ksa ds dkj.k ugh oju mls izkIr djus ds

mik;ksa ds dkj.k gesa mxzokfn;ksa dh mik/kh feyhAß

caxky foHkktu] dtZu dh fufr;ksa vkSj le; dh vko’;drk us dkxzsal ds r:.k ny

dks mxzoknh cuk fn;k FkkA ;|fi nksauks dh oxZ ds mí s’; ,d tSls Fks&laoS/kkfud fodkl]

iztkra=] LojkT; vkSj fQj Lora=rk A jkeukFk lqeu fy[krs gS&Þgekjh jk”Vªh;rk ds fodkl esa

nkasuks ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSa vkSj nksauks gekjh jktuhfr ds LokHkfod midj.k gSA oLrqr% os ,d

gh vkUnksyu ds nks i{k gSA ,d gh nhid ds nks ifj.kke gSA igyk izdk’k dk |ksrd gS]

nwljk xehZ dkA igyk cqf) dk i{k gS] nwljk Hkko dkA ßLi”V gS fd vkUnksyu ds c<rs pj.k

esa jk”Vªokn us tksj idM+k ftl dkj.k uez mnkjoknh mxz mnkjokn dk Lo:Ik /kkj.k djus

yxkA fryd us fy[kk gSß gekjh uhfr;ksa ds izfr nks u;s ‘kCnks dk iz;ksx gksus yxk

gSa&mnkjoknh ny vkSj mxzoknh nyA ;s ‘kCn le; ls lEcfU/kr gS blfy;s ;s le; ds lkFk

cny tk;saxsA tSls dy ds mxzoknh vkt ds mnkjoknh ny cu x;s gSA blh izdkj vkt ds

mxzoknh dy ds mnkjoknh ny cu tk;saxsA**

Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; vkUnksyu ds rhljk pj.k dks izk;% xkW/kh ;qx dh laKk nh tkrh gSaA

bl ;qx esa dkxzsal dk mís’; iw.kZ LojkT; izkIr djuk FkkA lEHko gks rks vxzsath lkezkT; ds

Hkhrj gh vkSj vko’;d gks rks mlds ckgjA bl ;qx essa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr xkW/kh th ds

bnZ&fxnZ ?kwerh jghA xkW/kh th Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa viuh fufr;ksa ds dkj.k dHkh mnkjoknh

yxrs gSa rks dHkh xjeiaFkh lq/kkjoknhA mUgksaus nf{k.k vQzhdk esa tks Hkh vkUnksyu fd;s os

mnkjokn ls izsfjr FksA vfgalk ds iqtkjh xkW/kh th us xksiky d`”.k xks[kys dks viuk

jktuhfrd xq: cuk;k vkSj vius vkUnksyuksa esa vfagalkRed lR;kxzg dh uhfr viuk;hA

egkRek xkW/kh us Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa fczfV’k ‘kklu ds lg;ksxh ds :Ik esa izos’k fd;k D;ksafd

mUgsa Hkh vxzastksa dh U;k; fiz;rk esa fo’okl FkkA mUgksaus ;ax bf.M;k esa ,d ys[k 31 fnlEcj

1919 dks fy[kk Fkk ftlesa muds mnkjoknh n`f”Vdks.k rFkk ljdkj ds lkFk lg;ksx dh bPNk


ij Ik;kZIr izdk’k iM+rk gSA mUgksaus fy[kk&Þlq/kkj dkuwu vkSj mlds lkFk gqbZ ?kks”k.kk fczfV’k

turk dh bl uhfr dk |ksrd gS fd vc og Hkkjrh;ksa ds lkFk U;k; djuk pkgrh gS vkSj

bls bl lEcU/k esa lc lUnsg feVk nsuk pkfg,A gekjk dR;ZO; ugh gS fd ge budh

vkykspuk djsa] ges rks bUgs lQy cukusa dh n`f”V ls gh bu ij vey djuk gSAß vxys 9

eghus esa jktuhfrd ?kVuk pØ bruh rsth ls pyk fd lEiw.kZ fLFkfr cny xbZ vkSj xkW/kh th

us ljdkj ls vlg;ksx djus dk fuf’p; fd;kA 1919 dk vf/kfu;e] jkSyV ,DV]

tfy;Wkokyk gR;kdk.M] g.Vj desVh rFkk f[kykQr ds iz’u us mUgs vlg;ksxh cuk fn;kA

xkW/kh th mnkjoknh vkSj mxzoknh nksauksa nyksa dh jktuhfrd ijEijkvksa ds jktuhfrd

mRrjkf/kdkjh FksA mUgksaus u dsoy nksuksa dh uhfr;ksa dk leUo; fd;k cfYd nkssauks dks ,d

vf/kd xfr’khy vkSj O;kogkfjd eksM+ Hkh fn;kA mUgksaus vius LojkT; esa jkejkT; dh dYiuk

dhA bls izkIr djus ds fy;s viuh uhfr;ksa esa mnkjoknh fopkjksa dks viuk;kA

vkjfEHkd dky esa mnkjoknh usrkvksa us fczfV’k ‘kks”k.k dh ckr rk s dh ysfdu fu/kZu

turk ds fy;s dqN ugh fd;kA xkW/kh th us Li”V dj fn;k dh dkxzsal fu/kZu] ewd vkSj Hkw[kh

turk dk izfrfu/kRo djrh gSA vr% mUgksaus muds lekftd vkSj vfFkZd fgr ds fy;s dk;Z

fd;kA xkW/kh th ,d lUr jktuhfrd Fks tks jktfufrd lk/;ksa ds fy;s uSfrd lk/kuksa dk

fo’okl djrs FksA mUgksaus vlg;ksx vkUnksyu] lfou; voKk vkUnksyu] O;fDrxr lR;kxzg

vkUnksyu rFkk Hkkjr NksMksa vkUnksyu }kjk fczfV’k ljdkj dks ;g fo’okl fnykusa dk iz;Ru

fd;k fd Hkkjr dh Lora=rk U;k;iw.kZ gSA og Hkkjr esa vxzsath jkT; ds cus jgus ds fy;s

fdlh Hkh rdZ dks Lohdkj ugh djrs FksA blh /kkjk ds vU; jk”Vªh; usrkvksa us ns’k dks ubZ

fn’kk nh] loS/kkfud fodkl esa fo’okl fd;k rFkk vU; l`tu’khy dk;ksZ ds ek/;e ls vke

turk esa jktuhfrd tkx:drk iSnk fd;kA bUgh fopkjksa ls izHkkfor gksdj vusd ns’k HkDr

vius izk.kksa dk cfynku nsus esa rfud Hkh ugh fgpfdpk,A

bl izdkj Li”V gS fd izkjfEHkd mnkjoknh usrkvksa us ftl jk”Vªokn dk fodkl dj

Hkkjfr;ksa esa tkxfr mRiUu dh vkSj ns’k dh lexz vktknh izkIr djus ds fy;s tks cht jksfir fd;k

mlsa fryd vjfoUn ?kks”k] fofiupUnz iky] ykyk yktir jk; tSls jk”Vªokfn;ksa us reke >a>kokrksa

ds ckotwn flafpr fd;k vUr% xkW/kh ;qx esa vFkd izs;Ruksa o cfynkuksa dks lgrs gq, Lora=rk :ih

Qy dks izkIr dj fy;k x;kA

ikn&fVIi.kh

1½ eSDouZ&QzkWe ywFkj Vq fgVyj] ist & 11

2½ ykWLdh&fn lksly ,.M ikWfyfVdy vkbfM;kWt vkWQ le fjizstsaVsfVo fFkadlZ vkWQ

foDVksfj;u ,t] ist & 100

3½ ,0vkj0 nslkbZ0&lksly cSd xzkm.M vkWQ bf.M;u us’kufyTe] ist & 210

4½ vkj0lh0 etwenkj&fgLVªh vkWQ fn QzhMe ewoes.V vkWQ bf.M;k] ist & 150


lanHkZ xzUFk lwph

1½ ns’kkbZ] ,0 vkj0 & Hkkjrh; jk”Vªokn dh lkekftd i`”B Hkwfe] fnYyh

1976

2½ xzksoj] oh0,y0 rFkk ;liky & vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl ] ,l0pUnz ,.M daiuh

fy0 ubZ fnYyh]1999

3½ tSu] iq[kjkt & Hkkjr dk jk”Vªh; vkanksyu ] lkfgR; Hkou

vkxjk]1982

4½ egktu] ch0Mh0 & vk/kqfud Hkkjr dk bfrgkl] ,l0pUnz0,.M daiuh

fy0 ubZ fnYyh] 1999

5½ iV~VkfHk lhrkjeS;k & dkxzsal dk bfrgkl ¼1885&1935½ ubZ fnYyh

6½ ljdkj] lqfer & vk/kqfud Hkkjr] ¼1885&1947½] jktdey izdk’ku

ubZ fnYyh] 1992

7½ lrh’k dqekj & mnkjokn vkSj xksiky d`”.k xks[kys] 1983 okjk.klh

8½ fofiu pUnz & Hkkjr dk Lora=rk la?k”kZ] ubZ fnYyh] f}rh;

laLdj.k 1998

9½ oekZ] ,l0vkj0 & Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; vkanksyu ¼1857&1947½] lkfgR; Hkou

vkxjk] 2006


vkpk;Z fouksck Hkkos ds thou esa HkfDr;ksx dh lk/kuk ,d

foospu

MkW-lanhi Bkdjs1

HkfDr;ksx % vFkZ ,oa ifjHkk"kk %&

^HkfDr* 'kCn ^^Hkt~&lsok;ke~** /kkrq esa ^fDru* izR;; yxdj curk gS]

ftldk vFkZ& lsok] iwtk] mikluk vkSj laxfrdj.k vkfn gksrk gSA vr% HkfDr

ml Hkkouk dk uke gS ftlesa mikld iw.kZ :i ls mikL; czEg ds Hkko esa

Hkkfor gksdj loZrks Hkkosu rn~:irk dks gh vuqHko djrk gSA

lk/kuk txr esa HkfDr;ksx Hkh ,d vU;re lk/kuk gSA Hkxoku ds lkFk

lEcU/k tksM+us ds dkj.k HkfDr Hkh ^;ksx* gh gSA HkfDr;ksx lcls ljy] lqxe

vkSj loZ tufiz; Hkh gSA

^izse* ;k ^HkfDr* ds ek/;e ls bZ'oj ;k czEg dks ikus dk ekxZ HkfDr;ksx

dgykrk gSA bl ekxZ esa iw.kZrk izkIr djus ds fy;s bZ'oj ds izfr izse gh ,d

lkjHkwr oLrq gSA bl HkfDr;ksx dk vf/kdkjh dksbZ Hkh cu ldrk gS] vFkkZr

lalkj ds lHkh L=h&iq:"k] ckyd] o`) rFkk ;qod HkfDr;ksx ds vf/kdkjh cu

ldrs gSA blfy;s Jhen~ 'kadjkpk;Z th us Hkh HkfDr;ksx dk egRo izdV djrs

gq;s dgk gS&

eks{kdkj.klkexz;ka HkfDrjso xjh;lhA

LoLo:ikuqlU/kkua HkfDrfjR;fHk/kh;rsAA

LokRerRokuqlU/kkua HkfDrfjR;ijs txq%A1

vFkkZr eqfDr dh dkj.k :i lkexzh esa HkfDr gh lcls c<+dj gS vkSj

vius okLrfod Lo:i dk vuqlU/kku djuk gh ^HkfDr* dgykrk gSA dksbZ&dksbZ

LokRe&rRo dk vuqlU/kku gh HkfDr gS] ,slk dgrs gSaA vfHkizk; ;g gS fd

HkfDr;ksx ds }kjk Lo&Lo:i dk vuqlU/kku vFkkZr vUos"k.k djuk vkSj vUr esa

mlh ijerRo esa fLFkfr izkIr dj ysuk gh HkfDr;ksx gSA

1- ;ksx foHkkx] bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; tutkfr; fo'ofo|ky;] vejdaVd] e0iz0


ukjn HkfDr lw= esa nsof"kZ ukjn th HkfDr dh ifjHkk"kk nsrs gq;s dgrs gSa&

^^lk rfLeu ije izse :ik**2

vFkkZr Hkxoku ds izfr mRdV izse gh HkfDr gSA HkfDr ds vusd izdkj

cryk;s x;s gSa] ijUrq ukjnth ftl HkfDr dh O;k[;k djrs gSa] og izseLo:ik

gSA Hkxoku esa vuU; izse gks tkuk gh HkfDr gSA Kku] deZ vkfn lk/kuksa ds

vkJ; ls jfgr vkSj lc vksj ls Li`gk'kwU; gksdj fpRro`fRr vuU; Hkko ls tc

dsoy Hkxoku esa gh yx tkrh gS] txr ds leLr inkFkksZa ls rFkk ijyksd dh

leLr lq[k&lkefxz;ksa ls ;gka rd fd eks{k&lq[k ls Hkh fpRr gVdj ,dek=

vius ije izsekLin Hkxoku esa yxk jgrk gS] lkjh eerk vkSj vklfDr lc

inkFkksZa ls loZFkk fudydj ,dek= fiz;re Hkxoku ds izfr gks tkrh gS] rc ml

fLFkfr dks ^vuU; izse* dgrs gSaA

^^ijk'kjuUnu* Jh O;klth ds erkuqlkj Hkxoku dh iwtk vkfn esa vuqjkx

gksuk HkfDr gSA**3 vius ru] eu] /ku dks Hkxoku dh iwtu&lkexzh le>uk vkSj

ije J)kiwoZd ;Fkkfof/k rhuksa ds }kjk Hkxoku dh izfrek dh vFkok fo'o:i

Hkxoku dh iwtk djuh pkfg;sA Hkxor&iwtk esa eu yxkus ls lalkj ds

cU/kudkjd fo"k;ksa ls eu vius vki gh gV tkrk gSA vr% ckg~; vkSj ekul

nksuksa gh izdkj ls Hkxoku dh iwtk gksuh pkfg;sA

^^Jh xxkZpk;Z th ds erkuqlkj Hkxoku dh dFkk vkfn esa vuqjkx gksuk gh

HkfDr gSA**4 Jh Hkxoku dh fnO; yhyk] efgek] muds xq.k vkSj ukeksa ds dhrZu

rFkk Jo.k esa eu yxkuk HkfDr dk iz/kku y{k.k gSA

blh izdkj ^^'kkf.MY; _f"k ds erkuqlkj vkRejfr ds vfojks/kh fo"k; esa

vuqjkx gksuk gh HkfDr gSA**5 vfofNUu:i ls 'kq) vkReLo:i esa jr jguk gh

vkRejfr gS] bl vkRejfr esa fuR; fLFkr jgus dks gh HkfDr dgrs gSaA ijarq

nsof"kZ ukjn ds er ls ^^vius lc deksZa dks Hkxoku dks viZ.k djuk vkSj Hkxoku

dk FkksM+k&lk Hkh foLej.k gksus esa ije O;kdqy gksuk gh HkfDr gSA**6

mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd HkfDr ds fo"k; esa fofHkUu

ererkUrjksa dk mYys[k djus ds ckn nsof"kZ ukjnth us viuk er Hkh izdV dj

fn;k gSA mDr ererkUrjksa ij fopkj djus ij Kkr gksrk gS fd buesa ijLij

ewyr% dksbZ Hksn ugha gSA lcdk ,dek= y{; gS] Hkxoku ds izfr vuU; izseA blh

dks vkRejfr ;k vkReizse dgk x;k gSA vr% ;g ^vkReizse* gh HkfDr dk 'kq)

y{k.k gSA

Lokeh foosdkuUn us HkfDr dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s dgk ^^lPps vkSj

fu"diV Hkko ls bZ'oj dh [kkst djuk gh HkfDr;ksx gSA HkfDr;ksx esa HkDr ^izse*

;k ^HkfDr* ds ek/;e ls bZ'oj ;k czEg dks izkIr djus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA**7


fouksckth ^HkfDr* dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s dgrs gSa& ^^HkfDr dk mn~xe

izhfr ls gqvk gSA HkfDr esa HkDr dk bZ'oj ij n`<+ fo'okl gksrk gSA HkDr dks

loZ= gfjn'kZu gks ;gh HkfDr dk lkj gSA bl izdkj izÑfr esa fn[kkbZ nsus okys

lHkh thoksa esa bZ'ojrRo ns[kus dk iz;kl gh HkfDr dgykrk gSA**8

^^fouksckth us HkfDr vkSj lsok dks ,d gh ekuk gSA xjhcksa dh] nq%f[k;ksa

dh] vukFkksa dh] Hkw[kksa dh lsok djuk lk{kkr~ Hkxoku dh gh lsok djus tSlk gSA

;g lsok dk;Z ;fn ge fu%LokFkZ cqf) ls] fu"dke Hkkouk ls] fujagdkj gksdj

djrs gSa rks ;gh Hkxoku dh loksZRre HkfDr gksrh gSA**9

os dgrs gSa euq"; dh lsok dk ewY; fudkyuk gS] rks mls vgadkj ls

foHkkftr djuk iM+rk gSA lsok ds {ks= vuar gSaA lsok ftruh gks lds djsa]

fdUrq lkFk&lkFk O;fDr dk vgadkj de gksuk pkfg;sA blh dks /;ku esa j[kdj

fouksckth us ^HkfDr* dk xf.krh; Hkk"kk esa ,d lw= cuk;k Fkk&

lsok

¾ HkfDr

vgadkj

bl izdkj bl lw= ds vuqlkj fouksckth dgrs gSa fd vgadkj 'kwU; gksus

ls lsok vuar gks tkrh gSA lsokdk;Z Lo;a iwtk ugha gSA ftl izdkj Qwy dks

yxkuk iwtk ugha gS] bl Qwy dks Hkxoku ij p<+kuk gksrk gS rHkh og iwtk dk

:i ysrk gS] Bhd mlh izdkj fu"dke yksdlsok ds Qwy vFkkZr lsokdk;Z Hkxoku

dks lefiZr djus ls og iwtk dk;Z cu tkrk gSA10 blh dks /;ku esa j[kdj

fouksckth dgrs gSa lsok O;fDr dh djuh pkfg, vkSj HkfDr lekt djsaA11

^HkfDr* dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq;s rqylhnklth us Hkh mi;qZDr vkpk;ksZa dh

Hkkafr Hkxoku ds izfr vVwV izse dks gh HkfDr dgk gSA HkfDr izseLo:i gS] jke

ds izfr] izhfr j[kuk gh HkfDr gSA

mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd ^HkfDr* gh ,d ,slk lk/ku gS]

ftldks lHkh lqxerk ls dj ldrs gSa vkSj ftlesa lHkh euq";ksa dk vf/kdkj gSA

vr% bl dy;qx esa ^HkfDr* ls c<+dj vkReKku gsrq nwljk dksbZ lqxe mik;

ugha gSA blfy;s euq"; dks dfVc) gksdj dsoy bZ'oj dh HkfDr dk gh lk/ku

djus ds fy;s rRij gksuk pkfg;sA mi;qZDr HkfDr&fo"k;d ifjHkk"kkvksa ls Li"V

gksrk gS fd ^bZ'oj* ds izfr tks izse gS] ogh HkfDr gSA laLÑr O;kdj.k esa ^HkfDr*

'kCn dk vFkZ lsok gksrk gS] D;ksafd HkfDr 'kCn ^Hkt~ lsok;ke~* /kkrq ls curk gSA

bl izdkj izse lsok dk Qy gS vkSj HkfDr ds lk/kuksa dh vfUre lhek gSA tSls

o`{k dh iw.kZrk vkSj xkSjo Qy vkus ij gh gS] Bhd mlh izdkj HkfDr dh iw.kZrk

vkSj xkSjo Hkxoku esa ije izse gksus esa gh gSA izse gh mldh ijkdk"Bk gS vkSj


izse ds gh fy;s lsok dh tkrh gSA blfy;s okLro esa Hkxoku esa vuU; izse gksuk

gh HkfDr gSA

fouksckth ds thou esa HkfDr&;ksx dh lk/kuk %

fouksckth ds O;fDrRo esa vkpk;Z] lar] egkRek] ;ksxh] lk/kd] fpard]

fopkjd] HkDr] nk'kZfud] jktuhfrK] vFkZ'kkL=h] f'k{kk&'kkL=h vkfn O;fDrRoksa

dk leUo; gSA yksxksa us mudks fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls ns[kk vkSj le>kA ij

lR; ckr ;g gS fd fouksckth us dksbZ fo"k; ;k 'kkL= vNwrk ugha NksM+k ftl

ij mudh ys[kuh ;k okuh us dk;Z u fd;k gksA

mudk thou bruk O;kid Fkk] mudh cqf) bruh loZrkseq[kh Fkh] muds

lkFkh brus fofHkUu #fp okys Fks fd mUgsa lc izdkj ds fo"k;ksa ;k 'kkL=ksa ds ckjs

esa dqN&u&dqN dHkh&u&dHkh dguk iM+rk FkkA vr% gesa muds lkfgR; esa

izR;sd 'kkL= dh izofRr;ka feyrh gSaA ijUrq mudk Lo;a dk fopkj Fkk fd mudh

eq[; vkSj loZlaxzkgd izofRr vkRe&lk{kkRdkj dh FkhA izR;sd deZ djrs le;

mudh ofRr fujUrj fpRr 'kqf) dh cuh jgrh FkhA bl izdkj mudk izR;sd dk;Z

bZ'oj dh vuqHkwfr ls vksrizksr FkkA muds }kjk pyk;k x;k Hkwnku&vkUnksyu Hkh

dsoy Hkwfe dh leL;k lqy>kus dk vkUnksyu ek= ugha Fkk bls fouksckth us

euq"; tkfr ds izfr d#.kk mRiUu djus dk l'kDr ek/;e ekuk FkkA bl

vkUnksyu dks mUgksaus Jhen~ Hkxon~xhrk ds rRoKku] osn vkSj mifu"knksa esa of.kZr

Kku ds vk/kkj ij lekt dh leL;kvksa dks gy djus dk lQyre iz;kl fd;k

FkkA blh dkj.k yksxksa us mUgsa lar dh miek iznku dh FkhA mudk thou Hkh

deZ.kk] eulk] okpk ,d HkDr&;ksxh tSlk lHkh ds fy;s vkn'kZ FkkA bruk fo'kky

O;fDrRo gksrs gq;s Hkh mUgsa vgadkj ;k ?keaM dHkh Li'kZ Hkh ugha dj ldrk FkkA

mUgksaus fo|kFkhZ thou ls gh ladYi fy;k Fkk fd os czEgpkjh] lR;kUos'kh] vfgald

vkSj vifjxzgh jgsaxsA blh ds vuqlkj mUgksaus viuk lEiw.kZ thou ft;kA blh ds

vuqlkj mUgksaus viuh ok.kh cuk;h] vius Ñfr;ksa dks fy[kk rFkk mu ij lnSo

dk;Z djrs jgsA nqcyk&iryk mudk 'kjhj] pj[kk vkSj mudks pykus dh lkexzh]

iguus ds fy;s xka/khth tSlh NksVh yaxksVh okyh /kksrh] vks<+us ds fy;s tkM+s esa

dEcy vkSj xfeZ;ksa esa dqN ugha] iqLrdky;ksa ls dqN iqLrdsa vkSj fy[kus dks FkksM+s

dksjs dkxt] Mk;jh] dye vkSj nokr dks NksM+dj muds ikl dqN ugha jgrk

FkkA

Hkkstu esa ogh phtsa ysrs Fks ftls Hkkjr dk xjhc ls xjhc fdlku izkIr

dj ldrk FkkA ij [kk|ksa vkSj is;ksa dh ek=k mudh xjhc ls xjhc fdlku dh

ek=k ls Hkh de FkhA os [kkus ds fy;s ugha thrs Fks cfYd thus ds fy;s [kkrs

FksA nw/k vkSj lfCt;ksa ds vfrfjDr os Hkkstu esa Qyksa dk iz;ksx djrs FksA mudk


vkgkj fuf'pr vkSj vYi FkkA bldks Hkh u izkIr gksus ij os blds LFkku ij

dqN nwljk lgt izkIr uSlfxZd jl gh ysrs FksA bl izdkj mudk thou

fcYdqy lgtrk vkSj lknxh ls ifjiw.kZ FkkA bl izdkj fouksckth dk thou

Js"B lar dk mnkgj.k gSA mudk thou&fopkj lUrks a ds fpUru ds vk/kkj ij

gSA lar Kkunso] lar ukenso] lar rqdkjke] lar ,dukFk] lar jkenkl]

ukudth] dchj] lar rqylhnkl vkfn ds lkfgR; us lUrqfyr lekt&lajpuk

rFkk LoLFk lkekftd lEcU/kksa ij ewyHkwr vkLFkk vkSj vkpj.k fouksck&fopkj esa

izfo"V fd;k gSA ^^Kkunso ds Hktu vkSj mudh fpUrfudk esa eSa ftruk ,dkxz

Fkk] mruk xhrkbZ NksM+dj vU; fdlh Hkh xzUFk ds le; ugha FkkA buds vuqokn

ds le; esa dsoy lekf/kLFk Fkk ,slk xgjk vuqHko mudks gksrk FkkA Kkunso ds

lkFk os ftrus ,d :i Fks] mruk vU; fdlh ls ugha gq;s FksA**12 fouksck ds

ân; esa Jhen~ Hkxon~xhrk ds fy, lEeku lar Kkunso ds dkj.k gh gqvk FkkA13

bl izdkj os larksa ds ân; ls ,d:i gq;s FksA

xka/khth ls Hkh os vR;Ur izHkkfor FksA muds izR;sd Ñfr esa xka/kh n'kZu

dh Nki Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh FkhA ijUrq xka/khth ls vR;Ur izHkkfor gksus ds ckn

Hkh fouksckth dk viuk Lora= O;fDrRo vkSj fopkj&fparu FkkA bl izdkj

mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd fouksckth ds ân; esa xqIr ljLorh ds

Hkkafr HkfDr dh vfojy /kkjk cg jgh FkhA muds HkfDr Hkjs d#.kknzZ ân; dk

ifjp; rks yksxksa dks rc gqvk] tc os nfjnzukjk;.k dh mikluk ds fy;s lrr

rsjg lky xkao&xkao iSny ?kwers jgsA bl izdkj muds thou dh cqfu;kn

bZ'ojfu"Bk ij gh jph x;h FkhA bZ'oj ds Lej.k ek= ls mudh vka[ks xhyh gks

tkrh FkhA bZ'oj ds lkFk mudk vuqla/kku lrr cuk jgrk FkkA14

HkfDr ds fo"k; esa Lo;a fouksck dgrs Fks& ^^,d fnu eSa /kwi esa ?kwe jgk

FkkA pkjksa rjQ cM+s&cM+s gjs o`{k fn[kk;h nsrs FksA bruh dM+h /kwi esa ;s o`{k gjs

dSls \ esjh le> esa vk;k fd Åij ls brus gjs&Hkjs fn[kus okys o`{kksa dh tM+sa

tehu esa xgjh igqaph gSa] ogka ls mUgsa ikuh feyrk gSA Åij ls /kwi vkSj vanj

ls ikuh] nksuksa dh Ñik ls lqUnj gjk jax mUgsa feyk gSA blh rjg gesa vanj ls

HkfDr dk ikuh vkSj ckgj ls riLp;kZ dh /kwi feys rks isM+ksa ds tSls ge Hkh

gjs&Hkjs gks tk;saxsA**15

lUnHkZ xzUFk %

1- Jhen~ vk|'kadjkpk;Z ¼2009½] foosd pwM+kef.k&32] xhrkiszl xksj[kiqj] i`-la-13 2- iksn~nkj guqeku izlkn ¼2010½] ukjn&HkfDr lw=&2] xhrk iszl] xksj[kiqj] i`-5 3- ogh&16] i`-la-12 4- ogh&16] i`-la-15


5- ogh&18] i`-la-20 6- ogh&19] i`-la-22 7- Lokeh foosdkuUn ¼1998½] ukjn&HkfDr lw= ,oa HkfDr foospu] jked`".k eB]

ukxiqj] i`-la-15 8- fouksck ¼2006½] v/;kRe rRo&lq/kk] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV]

okjk.klh] i`-la-68&69 9- fouksck ¼2011½] HkfDr&n'kZu] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV] okjk.klh] i`-

la-29 10- HkV~V ehjk ¼2013½] fouksck ds thou&izlax] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV]

okjk.klh] i`-la-145

11- fouksck ¼2011½] HkfDr&n'kZu] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV] okjk.klh] i`-

la-31

12- dkfyUnh ¼2008½] vfgalk dh ryk'k] j.kftr nslkbZ] ije/kke izdk'ku ¼xzke

lsok e.My½ ioukj o/kkZ] i`-la-254 13- dkfyUnh ¼2008½] vfgalk dh ryk'k] j.kftr nslkbZ] ije/kke izdk'ku ¼xzke

lsok e.My½ ioukj o/kkZ] i`-la-258 14- fouksck ¼2011½] HkfDr&n'kZu] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV] okjk.klh] i`-

la-3&4] 15- fouksck ¼2011½] HkfDr&n'kZu] loZ lsok la?k izdk'ku] jkt?kkV] okjk.klh]

doj ds vafre i`"B ls]


ledkyhu dyk xq: Hkos’k pUnz lkU;ky

Mk0 mek”kadj izlkn1

ledkyhu dyk txr ds izfrf’B dyk xq:vksa esa Hkos’k pUnz lkU;ky

dk fo”ks’k LFkku gSA bUgksaus Hkkjr esa ledkyhu dykRed dk;Z vkSj

dyk dh Lora=rk dks LFkkfir fd;k] ftlls dykdkj vius dk;Z djus

ds fofo/k & fo’k; p;fur djus esa Lora= jgsA vkt dk dykdkj

euksfoKku vkSj n”kZu ls tqM+dk jpuk djus ij fopkj djrk gS vFkkZr~

yhd ls gVdj cqf)] foosd ds vk/kkj ij jpuk djrk gSA ftlesa og

dYiuk dk lgkjk ysrk gS] vkSj u;s :iksa dk l`tu djtk gSA

1947 bZ0 esa dqN dykdkjksa us caxky “kSyh dh izpfyr dyk ijEijkvksa

dh csfM+;k rksM+dj ekSfyd vfHkO;fDr dhA budh dyk esa lkekftd

psruk dks vf/kd LFkku feykA ;gh dkj.k gS fd xjhcksa] misf{krksa vkSj

eqlhcrksa ds ekjs yksx bu fp=dkj ds fo’k; oLrq jgsA bu dykdkjksa

esa] Hkos’k pUnz lkU;y izeq[k gSA mudk tUe 22 vizSy 1901 esa *vle*

ds fMcwzx<+ xzke esa gqvk] vkSj e`R;q 9 tuojh 2003 esa gqbZA ;g o’kZ

muds **lgL=kf} o’kZ** ds :i esa euk;k x;kA budh izkjfEHkd f”k{kk

xkW/kh th ds vlg;ksx vkUnksyu rFkk fons”kh oLrqvksa dks cfg’dkj ls

izHkkfor jghA dyk ds ek/;e ls vfHkO;fDr dh ckSf)drk rFkk caxky

Ldwy esa py jgs *iqutkZxj.k dyk vfHk;ku* dk vlj iM+k ilhZ czkmu]

vks0lh0 xkaxqyh ds f”k’;Ro esa budks dyk ds :i vkdkj vkSj dyk

O;kdj.k lh[kus dk volj izkIr gqvkA fp=dkj ds lkFk&lkFk bUgksaus

1- lgk;d vpk;Z] fp=dyk foHkkx] ,l-,e-ih-] jktdh; efgyk ih0th0

dkyst] esjB


ewfrZdkj ds :i esa Hkh vius Hkkoksa dh xgjkbZ ls O;Dr fd;kA blfy,

fnYyh iz”kklu us bUgsa lEekfUUkr fd;k rFkk 1984 bZ0 esa budh

*ine~&Hkw’k.k* dh mikf/k ls lEekfur fd;kA lkU;ky dks cpiu ls gh

?kj esa dykRed okrkoj.k feyk tks budh d`fr;ksa ij fn[kkbZ iM+rk

gSA vius ckY;dky esa gh *ekW nqxkZ* ds :ikdkj izfrek esa jax] Hkkoksa ds

ek/;e ls ykfyR; vkSj lkSUn;Z ls lk{kkRdkj fd;kA ;gh laLdkj

dkykUrj esa vkids ewfrZ] f”kYi esa izLrqr gq,A buds fp=ksa dk eq[;

mn~ns”; fons”kh dyk dh tdM+ ls Hkkjrh; dyk dks eqDr djkuk jgkA

bUgksaus viuh dyk ds ek/;e ls lc dk /;ku lekt ds ml oxZ dh

vksj vkdf’kZr fd;k] tks izk;% misf{kr dk fn, x;s FksA ;s izk;% loZgkjk

oxZ ds FksA buds fp= n”kZd ds eu esa vfeV Nki NksM+rs FksA dyk ds

ek/;e ls vkLFkkoku] tuekul dks ik[k.M ,oa okg; vkMEcjksa ds ?ksjs

ls eqDr dj ,sls /kjkry ij ykuk FkkA tks vUreZu rd Hkkjrh; ls

tqM+k gksA

Hkos’k pUnz tUe tkr izfrHkk lEiUu dykdkj FksA bUgksaus fp=dyk]

ewfrZdyk] fHkfRr fp=.k] fHkfRr rduhd] xzkfQd dyk rFkk Vsjk&dksVk

vkfn cgq fof/kvksa esa vius dks ikjaxr fd;kA

Buds fp=ksa dh fo’k; oLrq buds vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k ls izHkkfor

gSA xjhcksa fo”ks’k ij] d`’kd] Jfedka ls fo”ks’k lgkuqHkwfr ds dkj.k

ekuoh; laosnukvksa dks fp=ksa dh fo’k;&oLrq cuk;kA bu fp=ksa esa

*iwokZHkkl* vkSj *fujk”kk* eq[; gSA 20oha “krkCnh esa caxky ds fouk”kdkjh

vdky dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fp= cuk;sA bUgksaus caW/kh& cW/kkbZ lhek esa

dHkh dk;Z ugha fd;kA izkd`frd fp=ksa dh gfjrek] xxu pqEch ioZr

/kkSyk ioZr rFkk O;fDr fp=.k esa budk dksbZ lkuh ugha FkkA buds

vkRefp=.k gWleq[k vkSj fouksnh LoHkko dks n”kkZrs gSA O;fDrfp=ksa esa

viuh iq=h *vEck* dk O;fDr&fp= ckyd iu dh papyrk dks n”kkZrk

gSA blds lkFk gh bUgsa i”kq&if{k;ksa ds fp=.k eaas egkHkkjr gkfly FkhA

buesa *cUnj* rFkk *fcYyh* J`a[kyk ds vUrxZr cuk;s fp= vkrs gS

ftlesa lgtrk vkSj fofo/krk gSA ewfrZf”kYi esa *cks> <ksus okyk* ewfrZ

f”kYi dh n{krk dks n”kkZrk gSA 1921 esa ykyk yktir jk; dh vko{k


izfrek rFkk vU; izfrf’Br O;fDr;ksa dh izfrek, cukbZ ftlesa fe0 ghFk]

tujy ds0 ,e0 dfjvIik] Mk0 jktsUnz izlkn] egkRek xkW/kh] jk/kk

d`’.ku vkfn gSA ftlesa ekalisf”k;ksa ds x<+u ij fo”ks’k /;ku fn;kA

blds lkFk gh vkius eqEcbZ esa ekLVj [kse th ls iRFkj rjk”kus dk

dke lh[kk ckn esa /kkSyiqj ds xqykch iRFkj ij **ofVZdy cwesu** cukbZA

Dys&ekMfyax rFkk *IykLVj vkQ isfjl* ls **vUuiw.kkZ** d`fr cukbZA

ftlesa ,d L=h dks gkFk esa dVksjk fy, cuk;k x;k gSA ftlesa ,d

ikS/kk yxk gS ftldk og vius vkapy ls <ddkj j{kk dj jgh gS

ftl izdkj ekW vius cPps dh j{kk djrh gSA lkU;ky us blds vykok

dk izHkko gSA bu ij tknw Vksus vkSj izsrkRekvksa ds leku Hkko n”kkZ;s

x;s ftl ij fidklks dh dyk dk izHkko fn[kkbZ iM+rk gSA

;s vkd`fr ewyd fp=.k ds fp=dkj dgs tkrs gSA ftUgksaus izrhdksa dk

Hkh lgkjk fy;kA buds ty fp= pedhyh jax ;kstuk vkSj dksey

ikjnf”kZrk fy;s gSA ftlesa dkWxM+k dh ?kkfV;ksa dh izHkko mWpkbZ] xgjkbZ]

/kjkry ds jax ds fcUnqvksa ?kqekonkj js[kkvksa }kjk lqUnj cuk;k gSA

budh rwfydk dk Li”kZizkd`frd :iksa esa vUrfuZfgr thou “kfDr dks

n”kkZrs gSA **m’kk dh [kkst**] ** lw;kZLr ds lehi** vkfn blh rjg ds

fp= gSA ;s c/kh&c/kkbZ yhd ls gVdj gSA buds dqN fp= tks *ok”k

i)fr* esa cus gSA vofuUnz ukFk VSxksj dh ok”k i)fr tkiku] Hkkjr dk

feys tqys :i esa fufeZr gS ftlesa *ikoZrh eYgkj* uked fp=ekyk ,slh

gh d`fr gSA rSy fp= esa bUgksaus u jaxksa dks vf/kd xk<+k u vf/d iryk

yxk;k gSA dgha&dgha *VSDlpj* dks mHkkjus ds fy, xk<+s jsxksa dk

iz;ksx vkSj O;fDr fp=ksa esa irys jaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA buds fp=ksa

esa ukjh ik= *dqyhu oxZ* dh ugha gSA cfYd xjhc e/;e oxhZ; ifjokj

dh gSA bUgksaus ukjh dks vusd :iksa esa fpf=r fd;k gSA J`axkj fp= esa

lw{e js[kkvksa esa *yksd dyk* dk izHkko fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA *ckyo/kq*]

*mnkl L=h* vkfn rSy jaxksa ds fp=ksa esa vfHkO;atuk dh >yd gSA

yky] ihyk] dkyk jax bu fp=ksa ds iSysV ds eq[; jax jgs fQj Hkh jaxksa

dk Hkkoksa ds vuq:i iz;ksx fd;kA mlds i”pkr vki ty jaxksa dh vksj

eqM+s rFkk izkd`frd fp= cuk;sA


vki vius pkjksa vksj ds okrkoj.kksa dks lw{e] iSuh] Li’V] HkkokRed n`f’V

ls ns[krs gSA pkgs og xkWo dk ;k “kgj dk n`”; gksA 1975 esa

mn;hHkku o`) iq:’k uke d`fr esa thou ds lkr n”kd ikj djus ij

vkRe fp=ksa ds ek/;e ls tUe fnu euk;k ftldh i`’BHkwfe esa fnYyh]

dqrqcehukj] cqyUn njoktk rFkk ,sfrgkfld bekjrksa dk vadu bl ckr

dks crkrs gS fd mUgksaus ;gkW dh vusdjusd ;k=k,W dh gSA *mM+rh

irax* muds vkRe fp=ksa esa fouksnh izo`fRr dks n”kkZrh gSA

izd`fr fp=.k esa ;g ;FkkZFk ls izsfjr gS & ijarq dkUlsVscy dh rjg

niZ.k rqY; lkn`”; izfrfcfEcr ugha djrsA 1951 bz0 esa fpf=r

**fctw[kk** Ja`[kyk mudh mRd`’B dk;ksZa esa ls ,d gS tks vdky ls

izsfjr gS ftlesa Lo;a dks rFkk xk;ksa dks <kpsa dh rjg n”kkZ;k gSA

Lora=rk foHkktu ds le; cuk;s x;s fp= *dkSos* rRdkyhu lkekftd

ifjfLFkfr ij O;aX; gS tks iatkc foHkktu dh =klnh dks bafxr djrs

gSA budks /kwrZ] gR;kjs] cnek”k rFkk funksZ’k O;fDr dh tku ysus okys

ds :i esa n”kkZ;k gSA budk nks’k bruk Fkk f dos nwljs /keZ l s lEcU/k

j[krs FksA f}rh; dky esa bUgksaus izd`fr ds rhu jax uhyk] Hkwjk] gjk]

iSysV ds eq[; jax iz;ksx fd;sA Hkw&n`”;ksa esa bUgksaus ekuokd`fr;kW ugha

cukbZA bUgksaus fnYyh *f”kYih pdz* dh LFkkiuk dh vkSj uohu ekxksZa dh

[kkst dhA fu%lansg lkU;ky ,d ,sls dykdkj gS tks vkUrfjd vkSj

okg; LiUnu ds e/; ,d izdkj dk larqyu j[krs gSA

“kph jkuh xqVwZa dh “kCnksa esa& **lkU;ky dh dyk lk/kuk dk /;s; izxfr

vkSj mRFkku jgkA /;s; iwfrZ dk lk/ku u gksus ds dkj.k budh dksbZ Hkh

d`fr dHkh fu’iz;kstu ugha gqbZA**

lUnHkZ xzUFk

vzxoky oklqnso “kj.k & rhu dykdkjks ls HksaV

xqVw lph jkuh & dyk ds iz.ksrk

xakxqyh v)ZUrq dqekj & vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; fp=dyk

jkeu , ,l & Hkkjrh; fp=dyk dh uohu izo`fRr;kW

Kapoor gita contemporary Indian artist. Ramchandra roa pr contemporary Indian art. V.C sanyal, Dinker koshike lalitkala academy new delhi,monographs


oS'ohdj.k ;qx esa v?;kid f'k{kk ds le{k pqukSfr;k¡ ,oa

xq.kkRed lq/kj

MkW- jhuk ik.Ms;1

'kSf{kd ,oa O;olkf;d n`f"V ls ns'k ds fofHkUu 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa esa dk;ZjÙk

rFkk Hkkoh v?;kidksa dks dk;Zdq'kyrk ,oa n{krk iznku djus] mUgsa ekuoh;

'kSf{kd lalk/uksa ds :i esa fodflr djus rFkk Hkkoh jk"Vªh; ukxfjdksa ds fuekZ.k

lEcU/h nkf;Ro ,oa dÙkZO;ksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, v?;kid f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed

lq/kj rFkk muds le{k fofHkUu pqukSfr;ksa dks nwj djuk vR;ar vko';d gS A

tkWu ,MEl us dgk fd v?;kid gh O;fDr] lekt] jk"Vª ,oa fo'o dk

fuekZ.kd ,oa fodkl dk izeq[k vk/kj gS A fcuk f'k{kd dh lfØ; lgHkkfxrk ds

fdlh jk"Vª dk orZeku ,oa Hkfo"; dk fuekZ.k laHko ugha gS A blh ckr dks

Hkkjrh; fpUrdksa us %&

xq: czãk] xq: fo".kq] xq: nsoks egs'ojk % A

xq: lk{kkr~ ijczã] rLe;S Jh xq:os ue% AA

ds :i esa dgk gS A ;g ijEijk ,oa lEeku v?;kidksa ds izfr lukru ls pyk

vk jgk gS A fdUrq v?;kid f'k{kk dks orZeku dky esa ns[krs gSa rks mlds Lo:i

esa dbZ ifjorZu vk x, gSaA v?;kid f'k{kk esa LFkkuh; lksp ds lkFk&lkFk vc

oSf'od lksp Hkh 'kkfey gks xbZ gS A

vkt Hkkjrh; lekt dsoy Hkkjrh; u gksdj fofHkUu ns'kksa dh laLd`fr;k¡]

vk/qfudhdj.k ,oa oSf'odj.k ls vksr&izksr gSa A izfl¼ nk'kZfud jfoUnz ukFk VSXkksj

ds fo'o ukxfjd laizR;; dks orZeku esa oSf'od Lrj ij viuh igpku cukuh

gksxh rFkk bldk mÙkjnkf;Ro v?;kid f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk ds fcuk laHko ugha gSA

foxr dbZ n'kdksa ls v?;kid f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa vlUrks"ktud okrkoj.k

O;kIr gSa A tcfd le;≤ ij ;w-th-lh-] ,u-lh-Vh-bZ- vkfn laLFkkvksa us

v?;kid f'k{kk dh xq.koÙkk dks cuk, j[kus ds mn~ns'; ls ikB~;Øeksa esa ifjorZu

fd;k A fdUrq v?;kid f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa nh tkus okyh izf'k{k.k O;oLFkk]

ikB~;Øe O;oLFkk] ,dsMsfed LVkWiQ dkWystksa dh Hkwfedk ,oa lgHkkfxrk us bldh

xq.koÙkk dks izekf.kr fd;k gS A

1- lgk;d vkpk;kZ] f'k{kk ladk;] ts-vkj- fodykax fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV


Hkwe.M+yhdj.k ds uke ij v?;kid&f'k{kk dk O;olkf;dj.k gks jgk gS

vkSj fo'o ds cktkj esa izf'kf{kr v?;kidksa dks vius vki dks fl¼ djus ds fy,

la?k"kZjÙk gS A foKku vkSj rduhdh ;qx esa la?k"kZ vkSj izfr;ksfxrkvksa pje mRd"kZ

ij gS rFkk f'k{kk esa jktuhfr dk izos'k gks jgk gS A ns'k fufj{K.kksa ds cks> ls

nck gqvk gS A mPp f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh izxfr ifjyf{kr

gksrh gS fdUrq vHkh Hkh izkFkfed vkSj ek?;fed f'k{kk fofHkUu leL;kvksa ds lkFk

misf{kr gSa A

'kSf{kd {ks=k dh xq.koÙkk ds lqn`<+hdj.k esa oSf'od n`f"Vdks.k dks lfEefyr

djds izkFkfed f'k{kk ds cqfu;knh <k¡ps dk iqufuZek.k fd;k tk ldrk gS A

ftldk ikB~;Øe vf/xe vk/kfjr gksus ds lkFk&lkFk xka¡/h dh cqfu;knh f'k{kk]

fxtqHkkbZ ds fnokLoIu] VSxksj dk izd`fr izse] VkiQyj dh Hkfo";fefr] czwuj o

I;kts dk laKkUkkRed n`f"Vdks.k lwpuk o izkS|ksfxdh rFkk 'kks/k ds rRoksa dk

lekos'k djrh gks A 'kSf{kd xq.koÙkk dks c<+kus ds fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ls ysdj

LFkkuh; Lrj dks ,d lw=k esa ck¡/uk gksxk A tks fuEuor~ gS %&

xq.koÙkk c<+kus okys laxBu

mPp v?;kid f'k{kk laLFkku (IASE)

fofo- f'k{kk ladk; (UFE) f'k{kd f'k{kk egkfo|ky;(CTE)

Izkk- o ek- f'k{kd izf'k0 laLFkku {ksf=k; f'k{kk laLFkku (R.I.E.)

jk"Vªh; f'k{kk ,oa vuqla/ku (STERT)


bu lHkh laxBuksa dk ldkjkRed tqM+ko fuf'pr :i ls f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa

ifjorZu ,oa uohu fopkjksa dk l`tu djsxk A

f'k{kk ds oS'ohdj.k }kjk fo'o dk leLr Kku vk/qfud lwpuk ,oa izkS|ksfxdh

midj.kksa ds ek?;e ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS A orZeku esa f'k{kk ,d fo|ky;

ls ckgj fudydj E-Gurukul rFkk E-Learning tSls vUrjkZ"Vªh; f'k{kk L=kksr

rd igq¡p x;h gS A

oS'ohdj.k dk f'k{kk ij ldkjkRed izHkko %&

f'k{kd dh 'kSf{kd {kerkvksa] vk/qfudhdj.k ,oa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k esa o`f¼

'kSf{kd fo"k;ksa dk mUu;u

mPp f'k{kk ,oa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k ds {ks=kks esa uohure vuqla/ku] ubZ [kkstksa

ds fy, fn'kk fu/kZj.k

vlaxr] vrkfdZd ,oa Hkzfer f'k{kk n'kZu ls eqfDr

f'k{kk ds lkoZtfudj.k ds y{; dh izkfIr esa lgk;d

f'k{k.k izfØ;kvksa fo"k;oLrq] fof/;ksa] izfof/;ksa] ewY;kadu] ikB~;Øe lkexzh

vkfn ds Kku o xq.kkRed lq/kj esa lgk;d

oS'ohdj.k dk f'k{kk ij udkjkRed izHkko %&

f'k{kk ds cktkjhdj.k dks vuns[kk dj futhdj.k dk leFkZu ?kkrd

lkaLd`frd ,oa jk"Vªh; ewY;ksa dk {k; ,oa iru

vUrjkZ"Vªh; lwpuk ,oa lapkj rduhdh dk Hkkjrh; ewY;ksa ij izgkj

uo ih<+h dk ewY;ksa ds fojks/ esa fn'kkHkze

oS'ohdj.k f'k{kd txr ds fy, cM+h pqukSrh %&

oS'ohdj.k ds ek?;e ls f'k{kkfon~] izkpk;Z vkfn iw.kZ dÙkZO;fu"Bk ds lkFk vius

mÙkjnkf;Roksa dk fuokZg dj ldrs gSa blds fy, vko';d gS fd os uohure

Kku ,oa rduhfd;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ gks D;ksafd os gh jk"Vª ds HkkX; fuekZrkvksa ds fy,

f'k{kdksa dks rS;kj djrs gSa vkSj f'k{kd izf'k{k.k bldh ,d egRoiw.kZ dM+h gS A

gekjk lekt oS'ohdj.k dh jkg esa vkxs c<+ jgk gS A

uohure lapkj ,oa lwpuk lk/uksa dks xk¡oksa rd igq¡pkus dk iz;kl fd;k tk jgk

gS A ewY;ksa ds fuekZ.k ,oa laj{k.k rFkk f'k{kk ds oS'ohdj.k tSls nkSjkgs ij f'k{k.k

izf'k{k.k ds nkf;Roksa esa fujUrj o`f¼ gks jgh gS A uohure rduhdh ds Kku ds

lkFk&2 Hkkoh f'k{kdksa dks xk¡/h th ds 3H esa ,d H vkSj lfEefyr djuk vko';d

gks x;k gS vkSj og gS %& Highway Information.


vr% vkt f'k{kd izf'k{kdksa ds le{k oS'ohdj.k ,oa Hkkjrh; ewY;ksa esa lkeatL;

LFkkfir djuk lcls cM+h pqukSrh gS A bl pqukSrh dks Lohdkj djrs gq;s v?;kid

f'k{kk ds {ks=k esa xq.kkRed lq/kj ds fy, fuEufyf[kr iz;kl fd;s tk ldrs gSa A

vUrjkZ"Vªh;] jk"Vªh; ,oa jktdh; Lrj ij v?;kidksa ds fopkj

foe'kZ dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg;s A

vè;kid f'k{kk dh i`Fkdrk dh leL;k dks nwj fd;k tkuk

pkfg,A vè;kid&f'k{kk esa fofHkUu Lrjksa ds vè;kid ,d&nwljs ls dksbZ lEcU/

ugha j[krs gSa A izkFkfed] ekè;fed] dkWyst rFkk fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ds

vè;kidksa esa dksbZ lg;ksx ugha gksrk gS A blhfy, la;qDr dkWyst [kksys tk;sa

vkSj ,d jktdh; vè;kid f'k{kk cksMZ dh LFkkiuk dh tk, A

f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z fo"k; ds :i esa c<+k;k tk, rFkk pqus gq,

fo'ofo|ky; esa f'k{kk Ldwy [kksys tk,a A

Intership Programme dks c<+kok fn;k tk, A bl dk;ZØe esa

Nk=kkè;kid fo|ky; ds lHkh dk;ksZa rFkk ikB~;Øe lgHkkxh fØ;kvksa esa Hkkx ys

ldsa A

lHkh jkT;ksa esa vè;kid p;u dh dksbZ ,d iz.kkyh ugha gS A

izR;sd jkT; esa vè;kid p;u ds fy, ijke'kZ lfefr fu;qDr dh tk ldrh gS

A

izos'k ds fy, Nk=kksa dk lk{kkRdkj gksuk pkfg, A f'k{k.k O;oLFkk

ds izfr Nk=kksa dh :fp ,oa :>ku dk ewY;kadu fd;k tkuk pkfg, A

vè;kid f'k{kk dks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy, dq'ky ,oa ;ksX;

f'k{kdksa dh fu;qDr djuh pkfg, A

vè;kid izf'k{k.k ds Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, vko';drk ds

vuqlkj gh Nk=kksa dks izos'k fn;k tk, A

ikB~;Øe] f'k{k.k ,oa ewY;kadu dh fof/;ksa esa lq/kj gksuk pkfg, A

iqLrdky; lEcU/h Kku] le;&lkj.kh dk fuekZ.k] fo|kFkhZ lHkkvksa

dk xBu] jftLVj dk;Z rFkk ikB~;Øe ds foHkktu vkfn dk vH;kl djokuk

pkfg, A

izf'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ds fy, gksLVy dh lqfo/k] vkokl dk izcU/d]

iqLrdky;] okpuky;] iz;ksx'kkykvksa ,oa dk;Z'kkykvksa dh O;oLFkk 'kkfey gS A

vè;kid izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa vuqla/ku dk;ksZa dks izksRlkgu feyuk

pkfg, A


izf'k{k.k dsUnzksa esa py jgs dk;ZØeksa esa izos'k ds fy, V~;w'ku 'kqYd

ugha yxkuk pkfg, A

f'k{kk foHkkx rFkk ljdkj dks va'kdkfyd lqfo/kvksa dh O;oLFkk

djuh pkfg,A

vè;kid f'k{kk ds Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkus ds fy, mUgs izf'k{k.k

nsus okys vè;kidksa dks vPNk osru fn;k tkuk pkfg, A

fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx us osru Øe dh o`f¼ ds fy, egRoiw.kZ

dne mBk, gSa A

lS¼kfUrd ,oa iz;ksxkRed fo"k;ksa ds ikB~;Øeksa dks iqu%

fu;ksftr fd;k tkuk pkfg, A

ikB~;Øe ,slk gksuk pkfg, tks orZeku le; ds Ldwyksa rFkk

Nk=kksa dh vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ dj lds A

vè;kid f'k{kk esa f'k{k.k fof/ ,slh gksuh pfg, ftlesa

lsfeukj] fopkj&foe'kZ] la;qDr f'k{k.k rFkk lkewfgd okn&fookn 'kkfey gks

A

vè;kid f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed lq/kkj ds fy, ;g vko';d gS

fd fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds foHkkxksa esa vè;kid f'k{kk foHkkx dks f'k{k.k ikB~;Øe

,oa ewY;kadu lEcU/h vuqla/ku ds fy, dsUnz fcUnq cukuk pkfg, A

oSKkfud o vk/qfud rduhd ls lEcfU/r ;U=kksa dk iz;ksx

vf/d ls vf/d fd;k tkuk pkfg, A

vè;kid f'k{kk esa lq/kj ds fy, dksBkjh vk;ksx ds lq>ko %&

vk;ksx us dgk] ^^f'k{kk dks LorU=k :i ls ,d fo"k; ekuuk

pkfg, A mi&Lukrd Lrj ij bls ,d bySfDVo fo"k; ds rkSj ij i<+k;k

tkuk pkfg,A

fu;qDr O;fDr;ksa ds izf'k{k.k laLFkkvksa ds okrkoj.k dks

le>us esa lgk;rk djuh pkfg, A

vè;kid f'k{kk ds Lrj dks Å¡pk mBkuk pkfg, A

fu"d"kZ%&

^^dksbZ ns'k vius vè;kidksa ls Å¡pk ugha mBk ldrk A ljdkj

rFkk leqnk; dks ,slh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ mRiUu djus dk iz;Ru djuk pkfg,

ftlls vè;kidksa dks jpukRed vkSj fØ;kRed {ks=kksa esa mRlkg vkSj izsj.kk


feys A vè;kidksa dks ;g LorU=krk gks fd os leqnk; ls lEcfU/r ubZ

[kkst dj ldsa rFkk oS'ohdj.k dh izfØ;k esa viuk ;ksxnku ns ldsa A**

REFERENCES:- Dr. Ramnath Kishan, Global Trends In Teacher Education, ND.

Singh M.S. (Ed) (2007) Challenges in teacher education ND Adhyayan Publication.

Pandey V.C. (2001) Education and Globalization ND Kalpaz Publication

www.google.com


jkek;.k dk lekt n'kZu

MWk- izfeyk feJk1

jkedFkk Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vkSj mlds HkO; Lo:i dks vfHkO;Dr ,oa fpf=r djrh gSA

vkt lekt esa ekuo ewY;ksa dk ladV xgjkus yxk gSA bl ifjos’k esa Jhjke dk pfj= ,oa

jkek;.kdkyhu lekt gekjk ekxZn’kZu djrk gSA jkek;.kdkyhu lekt esa mPp dksfV ds

vkn’kksZa ds n”kZu izkIr gksrs gSa( jktk n’kjFk ds 'kkludky esa v;ks/;k vkSj ogka ds ukxfjdksa dh

mRre fLFkfr dk o.kZu okYehdh; jkek;.k ds ckydk.M ls izekf.kr gksrk gS&

rfLeu~ iqjojs â"Vk /kekZRekuks cgqJqrk%A

ujkLrq"Vk /kuS% LoS% LoSjyqC/kk% lR;okfnu%AA1

ml mRre uxj esa fuokl djus okys lHkh euq"; izlUu] /kekZRek] cgqJqr fuyksZHk]

lR;oknh rFkk vius vius /ku ls larq"V jgus okys FksA

dkeh ok u dn;ksZ ok u`’kal% iq#"k% Dofpr~A

nz"Vqa 'kD;e;ks/;k;ka ukfo}ku~ u p ukfLrd%AA2

v;ks/;k esa dgha Hkh dksbZ dkeh] d`i.k] Øwj] ew[kZ vkSj ukfLrd euq"; ns[kus dks Hkh ugha

feyrk FkkA

losZ ujk’p uk;Z’p /keZ’khyk% lqla;rk%A

eqfnrk% 'khyo`RrkH;ka eg"kZ; bokeyk%AA3

ogk¡ ds lHkh L=h&iq#"k /keZ’khy] la;eh] lnk izlUu jgus okys rFkk 'khy vkSj

lnkpkj dh n`f"V ls egf"kZ;ksa dh Hkkafr fueZy FksA

orZeku lekt esa tc ge n`f"Vikr djrs gSa rks ;gh lc mi;qZDr xq.k vkt ds lekt

esa nks"kiw.kZ fn[kkbZ iM+rs gSaA v;ks/;k esa dksbZ Hkh ,slk ugha Fkk] tks vfXugks= vkSj ;K u djrk

gks( tks {kqnz] pksj] lnkpkj 'kwU; vFkok o.kZladj gksA ckydk.M esa o.kZu gS&

1- lgk;d vkpk;kZ] laLd`r foHkkx] ts-vkj- fodykax fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV

ukukfgrkfXuukZ;Tok u {kqnzks ok u rLdj%A


dfÜpnklhn;ks/;k;ka u pkoRrks u ladj%AA4

jke;.kdkyhu lekt esa o.kZO;oLFkk vR;Ur lqpkj :i ls fu;ksftr FkhA pkjks o.kksZa ds yksx

vius&vius dÙkZO;ksa esa layXu jgrs FksA okYehdh; jkek;.k ds ckydk.M esa o.kZu izkIr gksrk

gS&

LodeZfujrk fuR;a czkã.kk% foftrsfUnz;k%A

nkuk/;;u’khykÜp la;rkÜp izfrxzgsAA5

ogk¡ fuokl djus okys czkã.k lnk vius deksZ a esa yxs jgrs] bfUnz;ksa dks ok esa j[krs] nku vkSj

Lok/;k; djrs rFkk izfrxzg ls cps jgrs FksA ogk¡ dgha ,d Hkh ,slk f}t ugha Fkk] tks

ukfLrd] vlR;oknh vusd 'kkL=ksa ds Kku ls jfgr] nwljs ds nks"k <wa<us okyk] lk/ku esa

vleFkZ vkSj fo|kghu gksA dgk x;k gS&

ukfLrdks uku`rh okfi u dfÜpncgqJqr%A

uklw;dks u pk’käks uk fo}ku~ fo|rs Dofpr~AA6

vU; rhuksa o.kksZa ds fo"k; esa Hkh o.kZu izkIr gksrk gS fd os fdl izdkj vius&vius dÙkZO; dk

ikyu djrs Fks&

{k=a czãeq[ka pklhn~ oS’;k% {k=euqozrk%A

'kwnzk% LodeZfujrkL=hu~ o.kkZuqipkfj.k%AA

{kf=; czkã.kksa dk eqag tksgrs Fks] oS’; {kf=;ksa dh vkKk ikyu djrs Fks vkSj 'kwnz vius dÙkZO;

dk ikyu djrs gq, mi;qZDr rhuksa o.kksZa dh lsok esa layXu jgrs FksA

jkek;.kdkyhu lkekftd thou esa o.kZO;oLFkk tUet gksus ds ckotwn Hkh o`fÙk ,oa

dekZuqlkj ifjorZu'khy izrhr gksrh gS& ^^jkek;.k esa dgk x;k gS fd dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ohjrk ls

{kf=; gks ldrk gSA**7

f’k{kk

jkek;.kdky esa f’k{kk dk izpqj fodkl gks pqdk FkkA okYehdh; jkek;.k ds ckydk.M

ds vuqlkj ml v;ks/;kiqjh esa osn ds Ngksa vaxksa dks tkuus okyk] ozrghu] lglzksa ls de nku

nsus okyk] nhu] fof{kIr fpÙk vFkok nq%[kh Hkh dksbZ ugha FkkA

uk"kMxafon=kfLr ukozrks uklglzn%A

u nhu% f{kIrfpÙkks ok O;fFkrks okfi dÜpuAA8

O;fDrRo ds lE;d~ fodkl ds fy;s f’k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks osn n’kZu] mifu"kn~] jktuhfr /keZ’kkL=]

vFkZ’kkL=] O;kdj.k] vk[;ku rFkk mik[;ku vkfn dk Kku djk;k tkrk FkkA mPp f’k{kk ds

lkFk&lkFk ftKklqvksa dks fofo/k izdkj dh dykvksa dk izf’k{k.k fn;k tkrk FkkA

xq#tu fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa ik=rk dk vUos"k.k djds gh f’k{kk iznku djrs Fks bldk izek.k

okYehdh; jkek;.k ds ckydk.M esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA egf"kZ fo’okfe= th dgrs gSa&

^^iznkrqa ro dkdqRLFk ln`’kLRoa fg ikfFkZoA**9


ddqRLFkuUnu! eSaus bu nksuksa dks rqEgsa nsus dk fopkj fd;k gSA jktdqekj \ rqEgha buds ;ksX;

ik= gksA

jkek;.kdkyhu lekt esa f’k{kk ds fy;s xq#dqyksa dk lUnHkZ feyrk gS] tks f’k{kk vkSj

fo|k ds fo[;kr vf/k"Bku FksA _f"k Hkj}kt vkSj okYehfd ds vkJe f’k{kk ds iz/kku fo|k

LFky FksA okYehdh; jkek;.k ds v;ks/;kdk.M esa Jhjke dgrs gSa fd ^^l iUFkkfÜp=dwVL;

xrL; cgq’kks e;kA10 ** vFkkZr~ ;g ogh LFkku gS tgka ls fp=dwV dks jkLrk tkrk gSA

bfr iUFkkuekfn’; egf"kZ% laU;orZrA

vfHkok| rFksR;qDRok jkes.k fofuofrZr%AA11

bl izdkj ekxZ crkdj tc egf"kZ Hkj}kt ykSVus yxs] rc Jh jke us ^rFkkLrq* dgdj

muds pj.kksa esa iz.kke fd;k vkSj dgk& ^vc vki vkJe dks ykSV tkb;s*A

L=h n’kk&

jkek;.kdkyhu lekt esa ukjh dh vusd n’kkvksa dk fo’kn~ fp=.k feyrk gSA

mPpoxhZ; yksxksa esa cgqfookg izFkk izpfyr FkhA fQj Hkh jkek;.k esa ,d iRuh&izFkk dks Js;"dj

dgk x;k gSA lkekftd thou esa fookg dh vfuok;Zrk dks fo’ks"k egRo fn;k tkrk FkkA

iq#"kksa ds leku fL=;ksa dh f’k{kk ij cy fn;k tkrk FkkA fookg dh Lo;aoj izFkk dks

fo’ks"k egRo FkkA jkek;.k esa vkn’kZ Hkk;kZ ¼iRuh½ dk fo"kn~ fu:i.k fd;k x;k gSA egklrh

lhrk th vius ifr ds ân; vkSj efLr"d dks vius esa dsUnzhHkwr dj fy;k djrh Fkha(

r’;kÜpHkrkZ f}xq.ka ân;s ifjofrZrsA

vUrxZrefi O;Drek[;kfr ân;a ânkAA12

iRuh ifr ds Hkkb;ksa ds lkFk vius Hkkb;ksa ;k iq=ksa tSlk O;ogkj fd;k djrh FkhaA og

vius e`nq] lq’khy rFkk lsokijk;.k O;ogkj ls lcdks izlUu j[kus dh ps"Vk djrh FkhaA egf"kZ

of’k"B us rks ,d LFky ij iRuh dks ifr dh vkRek dgk gS&

^vkRek fg nkjk% losZ"kka nkjk lxzg ofrZuke~A13*


fu"d"kZ&

mi;qZDr o.kZu ls Li"V gS fd jkek;.k dkyhu lekt ,d vkn’kZ lekt Fkk ftl

dkj.k ls lEiw.kZ jk"Vª esa 'kkfUr O;oLFkk dk;e jgrh FkhA okYehdh; jkek;.k ds ckydk.M

lIre lxZ ls ;g ckr izekf.kr gksrh gS& ^iz’kkUra loZesaoklhn~ jk"Vª iqjoja p rr~A14*

vr% orZeku le; esa jkek;.k dkyhu lekt n’kZu dh egrh mikns;rk fl) gksrh gSA

lqj{kk ds fy, lekt dh

lc vk;as rks vPNk gSA

lkekftd i;kZoj.k dks

cpk ik;s arks vPNk gSA

dHkh ph[ksa eklweksa dh

dHkh vcyk iS euekuh

vxj ekuork vk tk;s

rks thou /kU; lcdk gSA

lUnHkZ lwph

1- okYehdh; jkek;.k ckydk.M] "k"B% lxZ%] 'yksd 6-

2- ogh] 'yksd 8-

3- ogh] 'yksd 9

4- okjk- ckydk.M] "k"B% lxZ%] 'yksd 12-

5- ogh] 'yksd 13

6- ogh] 'yksd 14

7- nqcs- ,p- ,u] ^Hkkjrh; laLd`fr* i`- la- 180] 'kkjnk iqLrd Hkou] bykgkckn

8- okjk- ckydk.M] "k"B% lxZ%] 'yksd 15-

9- okjk- ckydk.M] }kfoa’k% lxZ%] 'yksd 20-

10- okjk- v;ks/;kdk.M] iapiapk’k% lxZ% 'yksd 9-

11- ogh- 'yksd 10-

12- okjk- 2- 69 13- okjk- 1] 77] 27-8 14- okjk- ckydk.M] lIre% lxZ% 'yksd 15-


Hkkjrh; yksdra= dk vk/kkj gS pquko lq/kkj

MkW0 lqcks/k dqekj1

Hkkjr fo'o dk lcls cM+k yksdrkfU=d ns'k gSA yksdra= dk lQy

lapkyu Lora= ,oa fu"i{k pquko ij vk/kkfjr gSA ^^o;Ld erkf/kdkj ij

vk/kkfjr Lora= ,oa fu"i{k pquko fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=d izfØ;k dk vk/kkj gS]

D;ksafd ,d fuf'pr le; vUrjky ds mijkUr turk vius yksdfiz; er }kjk

'kkldksa ds ek/;e ls lRrk esa viuh lgHkkfxrk dk fuokZg djrh gS vkSj

fuokZpd 'kfDr ds ek/;e ls mRrjnkf;Ro dk fu/kkZj.k djrh gSA^^1

lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkf/kdkj }kjk vke turk esa

tks vkLFkk O;Dr dh Fkh] ml ij ernkrk izk;% [kjs mrjs gSaA /ku ds nwf"kr

iz;ksx] c<+rh fgalk] vR;f/kd [kphZys pquko] ernku dsUnzksa ij dCtk] pqukoksa esa

mEehnokjksa dk vf/kD;] Lora= ,oa fu"i{k pquko djkus okyh ljdkjh e'khujh

ds fu"i{krk ij lansg] jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk vkpkj lafgrk dk mYya?ku]

lRrk:<+ nyksa }kjk pquko e'khujh dk nq:i;ksx rFkk efgykvksa vkSj

vYila[;dksa ds vi;kZIr izfrfuf/kRo ls pqukoh izfØ;k nwf"kr gks pqdh gSA vkt

lcls cM+h leL;k ;g gS fd yksdra= dks l'kDr djus ds fy, pqukoh izfØ;k

esa yksxksa dh c<+rh mnklhurk dks jksdus rFkk pquko dks lkFkZd cukus ds fy,

pqukoksa esa lq/kkj dh furkUr vko';drk gSA

pquko vk;ksx dh lHkh vuqla'kkvksa esa pquko lq/kkj ds izLrko 'kkfey jgs

gSaA okLro esa izFke vke pquko ds ckn pquko lq/kkj dh vko';drk okn&fookn

dk fo"k; jgk gSA QyLo:i pquko izlkj le; dh ekWx gSA Hkkjr esa fuokZpu

lq/kkjksa ds lUnHkZ esa lHkh igyqvksa dk v/;;u djuk lkef;d vkSj izklafxd gSA

1- lg- vkpk;Z] jktuhfr'kkL= foHkkx] Mh0,0oh0ih0th0 dkyst] xksj[kiqj] m0iz0


^^laln us Lora= ,oa fu"i{k pquko lqfuf'pr djkus gsrq yksd izfrfuf/kRo

vf/kfu;e 1950 vkSj 1951 cuk,a gSa rFkk ifjlheu vk;ksx vf/kfku;e 1962]

1972 cuk, gSa vkSj buls fuokZpu dk <ax fofgr fd;k gS rFkk fuokZpu ls

lEcfU/kr fuokZpu {ks=ksa dh jpuk vkSj mudk ifjlheu fd;k gSA^^ bl dkuwu esa

pquko vk;ksx dks O;kid laLFkk ds :i esa fodflr fd;k gSA laln ds 16 vke

pqukoksa ,oa jkT; fo/kku lHkkvksa ds rhu lkS ipkl fuokZpuksa us bl O;oLFkk esa

vUrfuZfgr xq.k ,oa nks"kksa dks mtkxj fd;k gSA pquko O;oLFkk esa reke =qfV;kW

fo|eku gSaA ;|fi O;kid ifjorZu fd;k x;k gS rFkkfi pquko izfØ;k esa vkt

Hkh reke folaxfr;kW ,oa vusd dfe;kW izdk'k esa vk;h gSaA buesa lq/kkj gsrq

le;≤ ij foi{kh ny] fof/k fo'ks"kKksa] lafo/kku fo'ks"kKksa] U;k;fonksa]

i=dkjksa rFkk vke turk us Hkh O;kid lq>ko izLrqr fd;k gSA pquko lq/kkj gsrq

reke lfefr;ksa rFkk vk;ksxksa dk xBu fd;k x;kA ftUgksus viuh vuq'kalkvksa ds

ek/;e ls pquko vk;ksx ,oa ljdkj dks voxr djk;kA fuokZpu O;oLFkk esa

O;kid dfe;ksa esa dqN egRoiw.kZ bl izdkj gSa &\

fuokZpu O;oLFkk esa cM+s iSekus ij /ku ckgqcy ,oa jktuhfrd Hkz"Vkpkj

dk cksyckyk c<+kA 1967 ds ckn yksdlHkk rFkk jkT; fo/kku lHkkvksa ds pquko

esa /ku dk cM+s iSekus ij [krjukd nq:i;ksx c<+k gSA ns'k esa yksdrkaf=d

O;oLFkk ds vfLrRo ij lokfy;k fu'kku gS vijk/k ds jktuhfrdj.k ,oa

jktuhfrd ds vijk/khdj.k ls pquko izfØ;k dyafdr gq;h gSA vijk/kh i`"BHkwfe

ds mEehn~okj gfFk;kjksa ds cy ij pquko izfØ;k dks izHkkfor djrs gq, pquko

yM+ jgs gSa vkSj thr Hkh jgs gSaA cM+s iSekus ij bl rjg ds mEehnokj iathd`r

jktuhfrd nyksa ds fVdV ij ;k funZyh; mEehnokj ds :i esa pquko yM+ jgs

gSaA tc rd dh lEiw.kZ laoS/kkfud O;oLFkk dks ifjofrZr u fd;k tk,A mUgsa

jksd ikuk vlEHko yxrk gSA orZeku fuokZpu iz.kkyh cgqer }kjk fuokZpu

lqfuf'pr ugha djrh ftls fd fot;h mEehnokj lEcfU/kr fuokZpu {ks= ds

cgqer dk izfrfuf/kRo djsA mls ek= vius izfr}Unh mEehnokjksa ls dqN gh er

vf/kd izkIr gksrk gSA ;|fi mls izkIr er cgqer ls lHkh de gSA

orZeku fuokZpu izfØ;k esa fuokZpu vk;ksx vius lEiw.kZ dk;Z lapkyu

gsrq ,oa jkT;ksa ds ra= ij vkfJr gS tks fd ,d deh dh vksj bafxr djrk gSA

/ku] cy ls vf/kd ckgqcy fuokZpu O;oLFkk dks iznwf’kr fd;k gSA ernku LFkyksa

ij dCtk vkSj xSj dkuwuh ernku yksdra= ds flj ij dyad gSA ljdkjh

e”khujh dk pquko ds le; nq:I;ksx ,d vke f”kdk;r jgh gSA blds lkFk gh

lkFk fuokZfpr mEehnokjksa }kjk fu’Bk cnydj cycny djuk lEiw.kZ pquko

izfØ;k ds lkFk etkd gSA ;|fi bls jksdus gsrq nycny fujks/kh vf/kfu;e


cuk;k x;k gS fd ysfdu blesa vUrfuZfgr detksfj;ksa dh otg ls ;g

fu%izHkkfor jgk gSA

60 ds n”kd ls gh ns”k esa fuokZpu lq/kkj dh vko”;drk ij tksj fn;k

tk jgk FkkA Lora=rk ds ckn ls lEiw.kZ fuokZpu izfØ;k dks ,d ny }kjk

fuokZ) :Ik ls izHkkfor fd;k tkuk ,oa vU; nyksa dh uke ek= dh mifLFkfr

Hkkjr esa izfrfu/;kRed yksdra= ds fgr esa ugha jgk ftlls fd cgqer dks

izfrfuf/kRo fn;k tk ldsA2

Pkquko lq/kkj gsrq cgqr lkjs iz;kl gksrs jgs gSaA igyh ckj pquko dkuwu esa

la”kks/ku ,oa pquko lq/kkj ds lHkh {ks=ksa ls tqM+s iz”uksa dk ijh{k.k gsrq ,d la;qDr

lalnh; lfefr dk xBu 1970 esa fd;k x;k fdUrq fnlEcj 1970 esa yksdlHkk

ds fo?kVu ds lkFk gh bl lfefr dk vUr gks x;kA 1971 esa tc ubZ yksd

lHkk vkSj ubZ ljdkj vfLrRo esa vk;h rks tqykbZ 1971 esa Jh txUukFk jko dh

v/;{krk esa ,d 21 lnL;h; lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;kA rRi”pkr~ bl lfefr

us pquko lq/kkj ds eqn~ns ij dbZ o’kksZa ds vFkd iz;kl ds Ik”pkr~ laln dks

viuh fjiksVZ izLrqr fd;kA nks izfr;ksa esa izLrqr lq>ko esa cgqr cgqewY; lq>ko

FksA3

1974 esa t; izdk”k ukjk;.k us ^flfVtUl QkWj MseksØslh^ uked laxBu

dh vksj ls pquko lq/kkj ij v/;;u gsrq egkjk’Vª mPp U;k;ky; ds HkwriwoZ

U;k;k/kh”k vkSj izfl) jsfMdy g~;wefu’V Jh oh0,e0 rkjdq.Ms dh v/;{krk esa

,d N% lnL;h; lfefr dk xBu fd;kA bl lfefr ds lnL; bl izdkj Fks

& oh0,e0rkjdq.Ms] ,e0vkj0e;kuh] ih0th0 ekoyadj] ,0ts0iqjkuh] vkj0lh0

nslkbZ vkSj ,0ih0 MCY;w MsDlV Fks A lfefr us viuh vuq”kalk 9 Qjojh 1975

dks izLrqr fd;k tks eq[;r% bl izdkj gSa %&

1- Ekrkf/kdkj 21 o’kZ ds ctk; 18 o’kZ dh vk;q esa gh ns fn;k tk,A

2- vk; ds Jksrksa dk mYys[k rFkk vke O;; dk iwjk fglkc fy[kuk leLr

jktuhfr nyksa ds fy, vfuok;Z dj fn;k tk, vkSj fuokZpu vk;ksx

bldh tkWp djk;sA mEehnokjksa ds pquko [kpZ ds fglkc dh tkWp djk;h

tk,A jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk mEehnokjksa ij fd;k tkus okyk [kpZ

mEehnokjksa ds fglkc esa tksM+k tk; rFkk pquko [kpZ dh orZeku lhek dks

nqxquk dj fn;k tk;sA

3- tekur dh jde yksdlHkk ds mEehnokjksa ds fy, 500 lkS ls c<+kdj

2000 :Ik;s vkSj fo/kkulHkkvksa ds mEehnokjksa ds fy, 200 ls c<+kdj

1000 :I;s dj nh tk,A


1977 ds vke pquko ds Ik”pkr~ turk ikVhZ lRrk esa vk;h vkSj igyh ckj

jk’Vªh; vkSj jkT; Lrj dh nyksa dks nwjn”kZu vkSj vkdk’kok.kh ij pquko lUns”k

izlkj.k djus dk volj jkT; fo/kku lHkkvksa ds pquko esa feykA vkikrdky ds

nkSjku gq, lRrk dk nq:I;ksx dks lekir djus gsrq 54osa lafo/kku la”kks/ku

fo/ks;d yk;k x;kA blds lkFk gh lkFk turk ikVhZ ljdkj us pquko izpkj

lq/kkj gsrq ,d eaf=e.My lfefr dk xBu fd;k x;k A ml ea=he.My lfefr

dk v/;{k rRdkyhu x`gea=h pkS/kjh pj.k flag Fks A rRdkyhu eq[; fuokZpu

vk;qDr Jh ,l0,y0 “kd/kkj us c<+rs pquko [kpZ ,oa ernku dsUnzksa ij dCtk

ls lEcfU/kr eqn~nksa ij egRoiw.kZ lq>ko izLrqr fd;kA4

Tkurk ikVhZ dh ljdkj vHkh pquko lq/kkj gsrq igy djus gh okyh Fkh

fd blds iwoZ gh og lRrkfoghu gks xbZA 1980 esa tc Jherh bfUnjk xkW/kh dh

ljdkj lRrk:<+ gqbZ rks Jh ,l0,y0 “kd/kj vkSj Jh vkj0ds0 f=osnh us

foi{kh nyksa ds lkFk fopkj foe”kZ djds pquko lq/kkj gsrq reke vuq”kalkvksa dks

izLrqr fd;kA5

Tc 1984 esa Jh jktho xkW/kh dh ljdkj lRrk esa vk;h rks iqu% pquko

lq/kkj dk iz”u mBk;k x;k A bl fn”kk esa lcls fu.kkZ;d dne tuojh 1985

esa ljdkj }kjk ny&cny vf/kfu;e dk ikfjr fd;k tkuk FkkA

Pkquko lq/kkj ds lUnHkZ esa 1990 esa lHkh jktuhfrd nykas ds izfrfuf/k;ksa

ls fopkj foe”kZ ds Ik”pkr~ la;qDr ekspkZ okyh Jh fo”oukFk izrki flag dh

ljdkj us ,d vU; lfefr dk xBu fd;kA laln lnL; vkSj fo”ks’kKksa dh

cgqyrk okyh bl lfefr ds v/;{k rRdkyhu dkuwuea=h Jh fnus”k xksLokeh FksA

lfefr us 1990 esa vius vFkd iz;kl vkSj Rofjr dk;Z ls lq/kkj gsrq vuq”kalk

fd;k ftls fnus”k xksLokeh lfefr ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA budk izeq[k

lq>ko fuEufyf[kr gS %&

1- pquko lq/kkj rhu lnL;h fudk; gksuk pkfg,A

2- eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr vkSj vU; fuokZpu vk;qDrksa dk dk;Zdky 5 o’kZ ;k

65 o’kZ dh vk;q rd tks Hkh ckn esa gks] gksuk pkfg,A vkSj fdlh Hkh

gkyr esa 65 o’kZ dh vk;q ;k 10 o’kZ ls vf/kd lek;kof/k rd mUgsa in

ij ugha cus jguk pkfg;sA

3- eq[; fuokZp;u vk;qDr dh fu;qfDr Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh”k vkSj foi{k

ds usrk ds lkFk fopkj foe”kZ djds dh tkuh pkfg,A

4- eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr vkSj vU; fuokZpu vk;qDrksa dks u dsoy ljdkj

ds vUrxZr bls fu;qfDr cfYd jkT;iky ds in lfgr bls fdlh vU;

in ds fy, vk;ksX; ?kksf’kr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A


5- o’kZ 1981 dh tux.kuk ds vk/kkj ij u;k ifjlheu djukA vuqlwfpr

tkfr;ksa ds fy, vkjf{kr lhVksa esa ØekorZu djukA

6- cgqmn~ns”kh; QksVks igpku i= iznku djukA

7- fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks nks ls vf/kd fuokZpu {ks=ksa ij pquko yM+us dh

vuqefr u nsukA

8- vxEHkhj mEehnokjksa dks grksRlkfgr djukA Lora= mEehnokjksa dks

tekur jkf”k dks c<+k;k tk,A

bu lq>ko dks dk;Z :I nsus gsrq laln esa pkj fo/ks;d izLrqr fd;s x, rkfd 7

ebZ 1990 dks la;qDr ekspkZ ljdkj ds R;kx i= nsus ls igys ikl fd;k tk;sA

pquko lq/kkj ds lUnHkZ esa ujflag jko dh ljdkj us Hkh dqN egRoiw.kZ

iz;kl fd;sA mUgksus 83okW lafo/kku la”kks/ku fo/ks;d 1994 rFkk tuizfrfuf/kRo

vf/kfu;e ¼f}rh; la”kks/ku½ 1994 ,d vfrfjDr l= cqykdj ikl fd;kA

la;qDr ekspkZ dh ljdkj Jh ujflag jko ds ckn lRrk esa vk;h vkSj

pquko lq/kkj ds lUnHkZ esa dqN laf{kIr iz;kl fd;sA tuizfrfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e

¼f}rh; la”kks/ku½ 26 tqykbZ 1996 dks ikfjr fd;k x;k A bl fo/ks;d ds dqN

egRoiw.kZ izko/kku bl izdkj gSa %&

1- ,d gh le; fdlh Hkh mEehnokj dks nks ls vf/kd fuokZpu {ks=ksa ls

pquko ugha yM+us fn;k tk,A

2- mEehnokj tekur jkf”k 10 xquk c<+kdj 300 lkS ls 5000 gtkj dj

fn;k x;k ftlls laln rFkk fo/kku lHkkvksa ds pqukoksa esa vxEHkhj

mEehnokjksa dks jksdk tk ldsA

3- fdlh mEehn~okj ds e`R;q dh n”kk esa ;fn fdlh iathd`r jktuhfrd ny

dk mEehnokj dh e`R;q gksrh gS rks lEcfU/kr ikVhZ dks vf/kdkj gksxk f

dog lkr fnu ds Hkhrj ml LFkku ij u;s mEehnokj dk p;u djsA

,slk dksbZ LFkkukiUu funZyh; mEehnokjksa ds fy, ugha gksxkA

4- pquko izpkj ds fnuksa dh la[;k 21 fnu ls ?kVkdj 14 fnu dj fn;k

x;kA

5- ernku i= esa mEehnokjksa dk uke bl Øe ls fd;k tk; fd iathd`r

ny ds mEehnokjksa dk uke ojh;rk esa vk,A bl izdkj dk vuqØe

{ks=h; ,oa vU; iathd`r ikfVZ;ksa ds fy, ykxw gksA vfUre dksfV esa

funZyh; mEehnokjksa dks “kkfey fd;k tk,xkA

6- yksd lHkk ds lhVksa dk u;k ifjlheu 1991 ds tux.kuk ds vk/kkj ij

gksxkA


7- pquko ds nkSjku vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk drZO; dh ykijokgh djus ij nf.Mr

fd;k tk,xkA6

rRdkyhu eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr Jh Vh0,u0”ks’ku us pquko lq/kkj gsrq dqN

fu.kkZ;d ,oa cgqpfpZr lkFk gh lkFk fooknkLin dne mBk,A mlesa lcls

egRoiw.kZ QksVks igpku i= dh vfuok;Zrk ij cy fn;kA fuokZpu vk;ksx us

la?k ,oa jkT; eaf=;ksa ds pquko +{ks=ksa esa pquko ds nkSjku vf/kdkf/kd nkSjs ij

izfrcU/k yxk fn;kA fuokZpu vk;ksx us eaf=;ksa dks ;g Hkh funsZ”k fn;k fd

pquko izfØ;k ds ?kks’k.kk ds Ik”pkr~ lEcfU/kr fuokZpu {ks=ksa esa vf/kdkfj;ksa dh

lHkk u cqyk, ;k dk;kZy;ksa ;k vfrfFkxgksa dk nq:Ik;ksx u djsaA fuokZpu

vk;ksx us mEehnokjksa dks ;g fn”kk funsZ”k fn;k fd os fnu izfrfnu ds [kpZ dk

ys[kk rS;kj djsaA vk;ksx us mEehnokjksa ds pquko [kpZ dh ,d lhek Hkh fu/kkZfjr

fd;k ftlls fd pquko [kpZ dks de fd;k tk ldsA

;g lR; gS fd ,d fo”kky ,oa fofo/krkvksa ls ;qDr jkT; gksus ds ukrs

Hkkjr dh viuh dqN vPNkbZ;kW gSa rks dqN dfBukbZ;kW HkhA Lora=rk ds ckn nks

n”kdksa rd Hkkjr esa pquko fod`fr;kW mruh ugha Fkha ijUrq mlds ckn ds o’kksZa esa

pquko lEcU/kh reke fod`fr;ksa us viuk izHkko fn[kkuk “kq: dj fn;kA gky ds

o’kksZa esa Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dk cM+s iSekus ij vijk/khdj.k gqvk gSA 1993 esa xfBr

cksgjk lfefe dh fjiksVZ bl ckr ds xokg gSa fd jktuhfr esa vijk/k txr ds

fj”rs fdrus izxk<+ gks pqds gSaA iwoZ eq[; pquko vk;qDr th0oh0th0 d`’.kewfrZ us

1996 ds yksdlHkk ds pquko dk ,d uewuk mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij 1997 esa tkjh

fd;k tks jktuhfr ds vijk/khdj.k dks n”kkZrk gSA mUgksus ik;k fd yksdlHkk ds

13]952 mEehnokjksa esa ls 1500 mEehnokjksa dh vkijkf/kd i`’BHkwfe jgh gSA

mudh vijk/kh xfrfof/k;ksa esa gR;k] MdSrh] cykRdkj] xcu rFkk tcju olwyh

ds ekeys lfEefyr FksA mUgksus ;g Hkh n”kkZ;k fd ,sls de ls de pkyhl

mEehnokjksa us pquko thr Hkh fy;kA ftyk iz”kklu ls izkIr lwpukvksa ds vk/kkj

ij d`’.kewfrZ esa ;g nkok fd;k fd ns”k ds 25 jkT;ksa vkSj nks dsUnz “kkflr

izns”kksa esa fo/kkf;dk ds 4]072 lnL;ksa esa ls 700 lnL;ksa ij vusd izdkj ds

vijkf/kd ekeys ntZ gSa ftudh lquok;h tkjh FkhA

17 tuojh 2001 dks fuokZpu vk;ksx ds Lo.kZ t;fUr ds volj ij

jk’Vªifr ds0vkj0 ukjk;.ku us fuokZpu vk;ksx ds gokys ls dgk fd 500 ls

800 pqus x, izfrfuf/k;ksa dk vijkf/kd bfrgkl gSA

Hkkjr esa fu’i{k pquko ds fy, fuokZpu vk;ksx] laln rFkk dsUnz ljdkj

}kjk le;≤ ij iz;kl fd;s x;sA Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh v/;k; 9 ds

/kkjk 171> rd esa pquko lEcU/kh vijk/kksa ls lEcfU/kr dbZ izko/kku igys ls


ekStwn gSaA bls vfrfjDr yksd izfrfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e 1950 rFkk 1951 esa pquko

lEcfU/kr dfri; fu;eksa dk mYys[k gSA 1996 esa yksd izfrfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e esa

vko”;d la”kks/ku Hkh fd;s x;sA

loksZPp U;k;ky; us ,d tufgr ;kfpdk ij fu.kZ; ysrs gq, ;g O;oLFkk

dh Fkh fd yksdlHkk] jkT; fo/kku lHkk] fo/kku ifj’kn dk pquko yM+us okys

izR;sd mEehnokj viuh vijkf/kd i`’BHkwfe viuh rFkk viuh iRuh ds uke dk

lEifRr vkSj vk; ds Jksrksa vkSj “kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk dk C;kSjk fjVfuZax vf/kdkjh

dks nsaA bl O;oLFkk ls jktuhfrKksa esa [kycyh ep x;h vkSj 20 ebZ 2002 dks

pquko lq/kkj dkuwu cukdj ek= ;g O;oLFkk dh x;h fd %&

1- mEehnokj dsoy mUgha ekeyksa dh tkudkjh nsaxs ftUgsa U;k;ky; us

laKku esa ys fy;k gSA

2- dsoy fot;h mEehnokjksa dks gh viuh vfLr;ksa rFkk nsunkfj;ksa dk

fooj.k nsuk gksxkA

3- fdlh mEehnokj ds fy, viuh “kSf{kd ;ksX;rk dk fooj.k nsuk vko”;d

ugha gksxkA

ljdkj ds fu.kZ; ds fo:) ^^I;wfiYl ;wfu;j QkWj flfoy fyoVhZt] yksdlHkk

rFkk ,lksfl,”ku vkSj MseksØsfVo fjQkElZ us u, fljs ls loksZPp U;k;ky; esa

pqukSrh nhA bl tufgr ;kfpdk ij loksZPp U;k;ky; ds rhu lnL;h;

[k.MihB ds U;k;ewfrZ ,e0oh0 “kkg] U;k;ewfrZ ih0oh0 jsM~Mh rFkk U;k;ewfrZ

Mh0,e0 /kekZf/kdkjh us tuizfrfuf/kRo dkuwu esa fd, x, la”kks/ku dks

vlaoS/kkfud djk ns fn;k A U;k;k/kh”kksa us dgk fd dsUnz ljdkj }kjk tkjh

pquko lq/kkj v/;kns”k fo/kkf;dk ds fy, mfpr mEehnokj pquus ds fy,

ernkrkvksa ds lwpuk ikus dk vf/kdkjksa ¼vuq0 18 ds rgr ekSfyd vf/kdkj gSa½

esa dVkSrh djrk gSA vr% ;g vlaoS/kkfud gSA

loksZPp U;k;ky; us tuizfrfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e ds la”kks/ku dks [kkfjt djrs gq,

u;s fljs ls pquko vk;ksx dks funsZ”k fn;s fd vf/klwpuk tkjh djsaA

o`gLifrokj 13 ekpZ 2003 dks fn;s x, fu.kZ; ls vc izR;sd mEehnokj ds fy,

;g vfuok;Z gks x;k gS fd ukekadu izi= nkf[ky djrs le; ,d “kiFk i= ds

:Ik esa fuEufyf[kr lwpuk,a Hkh nkf[ky djsaA

1- D;k mEehnokj dk fdlh vkijkf/kd ekeyksa esa nks’kh ik;k x;k@nks’keqDr

dj fn;k x;k@fMLpktZ fd;k x;k gS] ;fn gkW rks D;k ltk lqukbZ x;h

;k D;k n.M yxk;k x;k\

2- Ukekadu i= nkf[ky djus ls 6 ekg iwoZ rd mEehnokj fdlh ,sls ekeys

esa vfHk;qDr FkkA


3- mEehnokj mldh iRuh rFkk mlds vkfJrksa ds uke ls lHkh izdkj dh

py] vpy lEifRr;ksa ,oa cSadksa esa tek /kujkf”k;ksa dk fooj.kA

4- mEehnokj ds Åij cdk;k lHkh izdkj ds nsunkfj;ksa ftlesa ljdkj rFkk

lkoZtfud foRrh; laLFkku ds cdk;k _.k Hkh “kkfey gSaA

5- mEehnokj dh “kS{kf.kr ;ksX;rkA7

pquko lq/kkj esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dh mi;qZDr igy fuf”pr rkSj ij Lokxr

;ksX; gS fdUrq blesa ;g vk”k djuk jsr esa ikuh [kkstus tSlk gksxk fd

vijkf/kd i`’BHkwfe ;k voS/k dkjksckj ls vftZr dh x;h lEifRr dk Lokeh

pquko ugha thr ldsxkA Hkkjr dh U;k;ikfydk vkSj U;k; izfØ;k esa ftl

izdkj dh [kkfe;kW gSa ftlds pyrs fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; dks ykxw djuk vklku ugha

gS fdUrq fQj Hkh ^^va/ksjs dks dkslus ls vPNk gS fd ,d nhi tyk;k tk,A^^ bl

;qfDr ij pyrs gq, Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa pquko iz.kkyh dks mRrjksRrj

lq/kkj dh vksj ys tkus dk ekxZ rks iz”kLr gksrk gh gSA

pquko lq/kkj esa loksZPp U;k;ky; dh mi;qZDr igy fuf”pr rkSj ij Lokxr

;ksX; gS fdUrq blesa ;g vk”k djuk jsr esa ikuh [kkstus tSlk gksxk fd

vijkf/kd i`’BHkwfe ;k voS/k dkjksckj ls vftZr dh x;h lEifRr dk Lokeh

pquko ugha thr ldsxkA Hkkjr dh U;k;ikfydk vkSj U;k; izfØ;k esa ftl

izdkj dh [kkfe;kW gSa ftlds pyrs fdlh Hkh fu.kZ; dks ykxw djuk vklku ugha

gS fdUrq fQj Hkh ^^va/ksjs dks dkslus ls vPNk gS fd ,d nhi tyk;k tk,A^^ bl

;qfDr ij pyrs gq, Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa pquko iz.kkyh dks mRrjksRrj

lq/kkj dh vksj ys tkus dk ekxZ rks iz”kLr gksrk gh gSA

05 tqykbZ 2004 dks pquko vk;ksx us ns”k dh yksdrkfU=d izfØ;k esa /ku&cy

,oa ckgqcy ds c<+rs opZLo us pquko lq/kkjksa ds fy, vius ,d u, lq>ko

^izikstYl vkWu bysDVksjy fjQkElZ^ “kh’kZd ls iz/kkuea=h MkW0 eueksgu flag dks

eq[; pquko vk;qDr Vh0,l0d`’.kewfrZ }kjk izsf’kr fd, x, FksA jktuhfr ds

vijk/khdj.k ij vadq”k yxkus ds mn~ns”; ls izsf’kr bl nLrkost esa ,sls lq>ko

izLrqr fd, x, gSa] ftuls 14oha yksdlHkk pqukoksa ds vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij

tuizfrfuf/kRo vf/kfu;e esa la”kks/ku gsrq vijkf/k;ksa ds pqukoksa esa Hkkx ysus ls

jksd yxkbZ tk ldsA

ekpZ 2017 esa lEiuu gq, mRrj izns”k lfgr ikWp jkT;ksa ds fo/kkulHkk pquko

dk ifj.kke jkspd jgkA mRrj izns”k esa Hkktik ds peRdkjh thr ls nq[kh clik

lqizheksa ek;korh lfgr dbZ jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk mBk;s x, bZ0oh0,e0 ij

loky pquko lq/kkj ds lUnHkZ esa ,d ckj iqu% pquko vk;ksx ds fu’i{krk ij


iz”u fpUg yxkus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k] ysfdu pquko vk;ksx ijh{k.k dj bl

cscqfu;knh vkjksi dks [kkfjr dj vius LoPN ,oa fu’i{k Nfo dks dk;e j[kkA

bl izdkj fdlh izdkj ls bZ0oh0,e0 esa NsM+NkM+ dk izek.k u nsdj jktuhfrd

ny [kqn gh bl izdj.k ls vius dks ihNs dj fy,A

mijksDr foospu ds vk/kkj ij dgk tk ldrk gS fd iwoZ ds pqukoksa dh rqyuk

esa vc pquko vk;ksx O;kid pquko lq/kkj djds yxHkx cgqr lh folaxfr;ksa dk

fujkdj.k dj fn;kA foxr o’kksZa esa budh nkf;Roiw.kZ fu’Ik{krk ,oa lfØ;rk

pquko lq/kkj ds lUnHkZ esa ljkguh; gSA

lUnHkZ %&

1- xksiky d`’.k % ^^bysDVªksy ikVhZf”kis”ku ,.M iksfyfVdy bfUVxzs”ku^^ jtuh

dksBkjh dkUVsDl vkWQ bysD”ku psat bu bf.M;k] 196] ubZ fnYyh

,dsMfed cqd] 1969] i`0 67-

2- jfo jk;] bysDVªky fjQkElZ] uhM vkWQ nh vkoj iksfyfVDl bf.M;k]

ok0AAA] 4 vDVwcj 1998] i`0 7-

3- MkW0 jsM~Mh ,.M lqUnj jke] ^^MseksØslh ,.M bf.M;u bysDVªksy flLVe] uhM

QkWj fjQkZEl] mIiy ifCydsf”kax gkml] ubZ fnYyh-

4- ,l0,y0 “kd/kj % ^^bysDVªksy fjQkElZ] tkSey vkWQ daLVªhP;wuy ,.M

ikfyZ;kesUVªh LVMht] ok0 1&2 tuojh&twu 1984] i`0 1&11] 1992] i`0

15&16-

5- ,l0,y0 “kd/kj % ^^bysDVªky fjQkElZ tksuy vkWQ dkWLVhP;wuy ,.M

ikfyZ;kesUVh LVMht] tuojh&twu] 1984] 93-

6- Lqk’kek ;kno] bysD”ku dkes”ku ,.M bysDVªky izkslsl] egsUnz izrki flag

,.M fgeka”kq jko] bf.M;u iksfyfVdy flLVe] LVªSDpj iksfylh MosyiesUV

ubZ fnYyh] KuUnk izdk”ku] 1998] i`0 519-

7- ^^bysDVªy fjQkElZ % “ks’kUl Øqlsn^^ flfoy lfoZlst Økfudy] 9 ekpZ 1995]

i`0 9-


READING TECHNOLOGICAL DEVICES FOR STUDENTS WITH VISUAL

IMPAIRMENT IN INCLUSIVE SCHOOLS OF NORTH-EASTZONE OF

DELHI

Mr. Brijesh Kumar Rai1

Abstract

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the status of availability of

reading technological devices for students with visual impairment in North-East

Zone of Delhi’s inclusive schools. The study included three educational districts

namely East, North- East and North, which are covered under North-East Zone of

Delhi. The sample of this study included 15 schools fromabove mentioned three

educational districts(five from each district.Sample was selected through purposive

sampling.Mixed method approach was used in this study. Researcher developed

checklist cum questionnaire to collect the quantitative and qualitative data.

Percentage was used for quantitative data analysis. Result of the study shows that

schools have low-tech technological devices such as highlighter/ marker, tape

recorder, tactile map etc. but modern devices such as DAISY, CCTV, and Braille

Refreshable were not found in any schoolsof this zone. The main reason for non-

availability of these devices in schools was lack of funds.

Keywords: Reading technological devices, Visual impairment, Inclusive school

INTRODUCTION

Many researches (Judge, Floyd, &Jeffs, 2008; Matzen et al., 2010) have

proved that technological devices played a major role in removing many barriers to

education and employment for visually impaired individuals. Students with visual

impairments can complete homework, do research work, take examination, and read

books, magazine along with their sighted peers, due to advancement of technology

in the field of special education. Students with visual impairments can continue to

work and pursue a great range of careers with the use of technological devices.

These devices make them to work independently. Like other persons with

1. Assistant Professor, Department of Visual Impairment,Faculty of Special

Education, Dr. ShakuntalaMisra National Rehabilitation University, Lucknow


disabilities, the individual with visual impairment also face many difficulties due to

their limitations but main issues include independent living, access to information

and meaningful experiences, although they are entitled to independence and

efficiency afforded by technology, including assistive technology (Kelly & Smith,

2011). Many studies (Peck &Scarpati, 2006; Allen, Bowden & James, 2009)

emphasize on the use of technological devices in teaching- learning process for

students with and without disabilities because technological devices enables teachers

to teach those concepts which seems to be difficult or impossible to teach students

with disabilities. As Bryant & Bryant (2012) say, ―For people without disability,

technology makes things easier; for people with disability technology makes things

possible‖, this statement shows the importance of technology for students with

disabilities. If schools‘ aimisthe inclusion of students with visual impairment, then

they must provide opportunity to those students to take benefits of technological

devices. To achieve the aim of inclusionfor students with visual impairment, schools

must ensure the availability of technological devices for those students. What is the

status of availability of technological devices in schools? That‘s the rationale behind

selection of this topic.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate the status of reading technological

devices for students with visual impairment in North-East Zone of Delhi‘s inclusive

schools.

OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF THE KEY TERMS

Reading technological devices: In the context of present study reading

technological devices referred to any item, piece of equipment, or product

system, whether acquired commercially, modified, or customized, that is

used by students with visual impairment for reading texts. Students with visual impairment: In the context of present study students

with visual impairment referred to those low vision and totally blind

studentswho were enrolled in inclusive schools of Delhi.

Inclusive schools of Delhi: In the context of present study inclusive schools

of Delhi referred to the Delhi Govt.‘s schools i.e. Directorate of Education‘s

(DoE) schools under jurisdiction of North-East Zone where both types of

students i.e. students with visual impairment and sighted students were

studying together.

North-East zone of Delhi:In the context of present study North-East zone of

Delhi referred to three educational districts of Delhi i.e. East, North-East, and

North.


METHOD & PROCEDURE A mixed methodapproach was used in this study. The samples consisted of

15 inclusive schools of three educational districtsof North-East zone of Delhi i.e.

East, North-East, and North. There are total 114 schools in district East, 128 schools

in district North-East, and 63 schools in district North. In district East, out of 114

schools students with visual impairment were enrolled in 106 school. In district

North-East, out of 128 schools students with visual impairment were enrolled in 120

schools; while out of 63 schools of district North, 51 schools have enrollment of

these students. Researcher used purposive sampling to select the five schools from

each district (total 15 schools).The sample was selected according to the three

criteria: (i) Educational districts of North-East zone only.(ii) Five schools from each

educational district (ii) Schools where maximum number of students with visual

impairment (low vision & totally blind) were enrolled.

A checklist cum questionnaire was developed by researchers with the help of

various experts from the field of visual impairment in India. This tool was developed

to collect the quantitative and qualitative data.This tool is divided into two parts,

Part-A (quantitative data) contained 14 types of reading technological devices for

students with visual impairment, while part-B (qualitative data) contained two open

ended questions regarding reason for non-availability of reading devices.Fourteen

reading technological devices included in this tool are Highlighter/ Marker, Typo-

scope, Stand Magnifier, Hand Held Magnifier, Large Print Book, Tactile Image/

Map,Tape recorder, CD player, Recording devices, Talking/ Audio books, DAISY,

Refresher Braille Display, Computer with Screen Reading Software, and CCTV.

The respondent (IE-SSA &IEDSS teacher in-charge) were asked to put the mark ()

in the column either ‗Yes‘ or ‗No‘ against each reading technological device for

students with visual impairment on the account of availability and non-availability

of these devices in theirschools, further they were asked to write the reason for not

availability of device (if any device is not available).

DATA ANALYSIS After collection of data from selected 15 schools of above mentioned

threeeducational districts, quantitative and qualitative data was analyzed. Researcher

calculated the availability of 14 reading technological devices for students with

visual impairment in terms of percentage for each educational district separately.

FINDINGS OF THE STUDY Findings of the study are divided into three parts, first part discussed the status of

reading technological devices for students with visual impairment in educational

district East, second part discussed the status in district North-East, while third part

explored the status of reading technological devices in district North.


1. Availability of reading technological devices for students with visual

impairment in inclusive schools of district “East” of Delhi’s North-East

Zone

Researcher visited the five inclusive schools of district East of Delhito get

the status of availability of reading technological devices for students with visual

impairment, and found that out of 14 reading technological devices three reading

devise i.e. Highlighter/Marker,Large Print Books, and Recording deviceswere

available in all five schools, means availability of these devices is 100%. Another

two reading devices namely Tape Recorder & Cassette, and Computer with Screen

Reading Softwarewere found in four schools, means these devices were available in

80% schools. Three reading devices i.e. Typo-scope, Hand Held Magnifier, and

Tactile Image/ Map were found in three schools, means these three devices were

available in 60% schools. One reading device i.e. Talking/ Audio Books was found in

one school, means overall availability of this device is in 20% school. None of the

schools of the district East had five useful modern reading technological

devicesnamely Stand Magnifier, CD player, Digital Access Information System

(DAISY), Refreshable Braille Display, and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV).The

following bar diagram showing the status of availability of different types of reading

devices for students with visual impairment in the five schools of district East.

0

1

2

3

4

5

No

. of

Sch

oo

ls

Reading devices for students with visual imapairment

Availability of reading devices for students with visual impairment in Distt. "East" of Delhi

East



impairment in inclusive schools of district “North-East” of Delhi’s

North-East Zone

Survey was conducted in the five inclusive schools of educational district

North-East of Delhi, and it was found that one reading devices i.e. Highlighter/

Markerwas available in all schools, means its availability was 100%. Another two

reading devices namely Recording Devices,and Tape Recorder & Cassette were

found in four schools, means these two reading devices were available in 80%

schools. Three reading devices i.e. Typo-scope, Hand Held Magnifier,and Tactile

Image/Map were found in three schools, means these devices were available in 60%

schools. Talking/Audio Books was found in two schools, means 40% schools; while

Stand Magnifier, and Computer with Screen Reading Software was available in only

one school, means overall availability of these two devices was in 20% schools.

None of the schoolsof the district hadfive reading technological devicesnamelyLarge

Print Books, CD Player, Digital Access Information System (DAISY), Refreshable

Braille Display, and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV). The following bar diagram

showing the status of availability of different types of reading technological devices

for students with visual impairment in district North-East.

0

1

2

3

4

5

No

. of

Sch

oo

l


Availability of reading devices for students with visual impairment in Distt. "North-East" of Delhi

North East



impairment in inclusive schools of district “North” of Delhi’s North-East

Zone

Researcher visited the five inclusive schools of district North of Delhi to get the

status of availability of reading technological devices for students with visual

impairment, and found that out of 14 reading technological devices

onlyHighlighter/Marker was found in all schools, means availability of this devices

was 100%. Hand Held Magnifierwas found in two schools, means this reading

device was available in 40% schools. Three reading devices namely Tape Recorder

& Cassette,Recording devices, and Talking/ Audio Bookswere found in only one

schools, means overall availability of these three devices were in 20% schools. Out

of 14 reading technological devices nine useful devices namely Typo-scope,Stand

Magnifier,Large Print Books, Tactile Image/ Map, CD player, Digital Access

Information System (DAISY), Refreshable Braille Display,Computer with Screen

Reading Software and Closed Circuit Television (CCTV),were not found in a single

school of district North. The following bar diagram showing the status of availability

of different types of reading technological devices for students with visual

impairment in the five schools of district North.

0

1

2

3

4

5

No

. of

Sch

oo

l


Availability of reading devices for students with visual impairment in Distt. "North" of Delhi

North


DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION Technological devices are the key to making educational environments

inclusive for students with visual impairment. Various types of technological

devices are considered a powerful tool for inclusion. This statement is supported by

Rocklage, Gillett, Peschong, andDelhorey (1995), who state ―Technology in the area

of assistive technology is critical and can facilitate the support and full participation

of an individual in daily tasks and activities‖. The primary aim should be to allow

children with disabilities access to technological devices which meets their needs

and provides for maximum participation in social and educational environments

(Wilds, 1989). Despite all these considerations schools under jurisdiction of three

districts of Delhi‘s North-East Zone,did nothave any modern technological device

for students with visual impairment. Analysis of qualitative data disclosed four main

reasons for non-availability of technological devices for students with visual

impairment in inclusive schools of North-East zonei.e. (i) Govt. has not allotted

budget to school to procure technological devices for student with disability, (ii)

unawareness among teachers and staff aboutreading devices(iii) unavailability of

trained teachers/ special education teachers, and (iv) unawareness of importance of

these devices.Further it was found that the schools where special education teachers

were working had more reading technological devices for students with visual

impairmentas compare to those schools where they were not working or

posted.Since special education teachers are aware about various reading

technological devices and their importance for these students hence they manage

anyhow to availability of these devices for students with visual impairment. But

schools where special education teachers were not working status of those schools in

terms of availability of reading technological devices were not up to the mark. This

finding is also supported by Fischer, Pumpian& Sax (1995) who say, ―Although

many educators are utilizing a range of ‗supplementary aids and services‘ necessary

to educate students with disabilities with their non-disabled peers, many are not

sufficiently familiar with assistive technology to use it effectively.‖ They further

report that many professionals have limited experience with the use of assistive

technology.

REFERENCES

Allen, C. L. B. V. & James, W. (2009). Assistive Technology: What Every School

Leader Should Know (3rd

ed.). Education, 129, p.556

Bryant, D. P. & Bryant B.R. (2012). Assistive Technology for People with

Disabilities (2nd

Ed.)N.J. (USA): Pearson.

Fischer, D., Pumpian, I., & Sax, C. (1995).Assistive Technology and

Inclusion.Retrieved from http://www.asri.edu/CFSP/brochure.asstech:htm Judge, S. Floyd, K., &Jeffs, T. (2008).Using an assistive technology toolkit to

promote inclusion, Early Childhood Education Journal, 36, 121 -126.

http://www.asri.edu/CFSP/brochure.asstech:htm


Kelly, S. M., & Smith, D. W. (2011). The impact of assistive technology on the

educational performance of students with visual impairments: A synthesis of the

research. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, vol.105, p.73-83.

Matzen, K., Ryndak, D. & Nakao, T. (2010). Middle school teams increasing access

to general education for students with significant disabilities: Issues

encountered and activities observed across context. Remedial and Special

Education, 31,287-34.

Peck, A. F. &Scarpati, S. (2006). Using high and low technology to help our

students.Teaching Exceptional Children, 6, (9), p.562.

Rocklage, L., Gillett, A., Peschong, L., &Delohery, B. (1995). Good Junk +

Technology + Creativity = Positive Inclusion Experiences.Retrieved from

http://www.csun.edu/~hfdss006/conf/2002/proceedings/16.htm

http://www.csun.edu/~hfdss006/conf/2002/proceedings/16.htm


Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things: A Study in Cultural

Ethics

Dr. Siddhartha Sharma1

Arundhati Roy is one of the few writers intensely interested in the socio-

political issues. Her novel, The God of Small Things captures many social values of

Indian society. The novel is set in a small town Ayemenem near Kottayam in Kerala,

and describes clearly the culture of Indian society and it is a story of caste

exploitation at the centre of which we find the forbidden love between Ammu and

the untouchable Velutha.

One of the major themes of this novel is based on caste as the protagonist is

suppressed as he is from a low caste and is referred to as an untouchable. They are

considered untouchables and to be shunned. Velutha is the figure that stands out as

the representative of the untouchables in the novel. ‗Velutha‘ which signifies

‗whiteness‘ in Malayalam, is represented as one with black completion.Many among

the untouchables are talented and brilliant. They can do all works as good as the

touchable do. But because the identity of ‗untouchable‘ labeled them, they can nor

develop or actualize their selves. Similarly, here Velutha works like a little

magician. He could do wonderful things like making tiny windmills and minute

jewel boxes out of dried palm reeds. VellayaPaapan, Velutha‘s father a toddy tapper

by profession was a paravan. Velutha, the untouchable boy had been in the habit of

going to Ayemenam House with his father for work.

Mammachiwas the first one to noticeVelutha‘s remarkable ability as a

carpenter. Despite his untouchability and poor background, Velutha is a great

support to Ammu‘s family. Among Velutha‘s contribution to Ammu‘s family are,

he is the best operator of machine in their factory besides he also has great carpentry

skills. But, like Mammachi said, if Velutha hasn‘t been a Paravan, he might have

become an engineer. Unlike the scholarly Oxford-trainedChacko, it is Velutha who

maintains the new canning machine and the automatic pineapple slicer. Veluthaalso

oils the water pump and the small diesel generator, and so on. So, it is clearly

prominent that the whole family of Mammachi depends more and more on Velutha.

But, Velutha‘s identity as the untouchable has made Mamachi‘s family cannot

appreciate him properly.

1. Associate Professor of English ,MGCGV, Chitrakoot, Satna(MP)


VellayaPaapan had his own fears when Velutha grew into a young man. One day

Vellutha disappeared, and for the next four years nobody has any idea about his

whereabouts. Later he reappeared in Ayemenam but still nobody had idea where he

had been during this period. After his arrival Mammachi put him in charge of the

general maintenance of the factory. This caused antipathyand resentmentamong

other factory workers who were not untouchable. His father was fully aware of his

son being a rebel and had great fear for him. But soon terror holds of him when ―he

saw what his untouchable son had touched. More than touched‖ (254). The only

thing he could do was to rush to Ayemenam House and report the matter to

Mammachi.

The caste system does not permit love between Ammu and Velutha, and is

totally unacceptable by the society. Nevertheless they love each other, Ammu as the

touchable who will never be allowed to have any ‗special relationship‘ with Velutha,

the untouchable. Baby Kochamma rushed to the police station to explain the

circumstances that had led to the abrupt dismissal of Velutha. It was Sophie Mol‘s

death which comes as the last nail in Velutha‘s coffin. He was falsely implicated

though everyone knew that it was an accidental death. The police brutally

manhandled Velutha that led to his death. Velutha‘s body was dumped in the

Pauper‘s pit where the police routinely dumped their dead. That marked the end of

the life of an untouchable, a trade unionist, a rebel, a carpenter and to cap it all, a

lover. His desire to ‗relive‘ as a touchable triggered the tragedy.

The gender bias plays a vital role in our society. The status and condition of

man and woman in society is influenced very much by the culture. In Arundhati

Roy‘s The God of Small Things, there are three generations of women who each of

them was born and raised under different circumstances. Starting from the oldest

generation, there are Mammachi, then the generation of Ammu, and the youngest

generation is Rahel. Mammachi, Ammu‘s mother lives under the control of men.

She got married in puberty with seventeen-year-old man who has substantial control

over her life. In the beginning years of their marriage, when Mammachi had been a

promising violinist player, she left her career because Papachi asked her to leave it.

It was during those few months which they spenttogether in Vienna that

Mammachi took her first lessons on the violin. But the lessons were discontinued

when Mammachi‘s teacher Launsky-Tieffenthaltold Pappachi that his wife was

exceptionally talented. But this is not the only incident that shows us the domination

of man on a woman as his wife. The other case is the fact that there were some

domestic violence occurred in Mammachi‘s family. Papachi, in his life time often

beat Mammachi with a brass flower vase. In addition, Papachi insulted Mammachi

as she was never allowed to sit in his Plymouth, until after his death.

The other man who has control over Mammachi‘s life is Chacko, her

privileged and Oxford educated son. When he returned home after his divorce from

Margaret, he takes over Mammachi‘s pickle factory and referring to the factory as―. .


. my factory, my pineapples, my pickles‖ (57) without regarding Mammachi who

has started and developed the factory before Chacko returned home. Facing these

facts, Mammachi has done nothing except accepting what has done on her.

Whatever her husband has done, as a virtuous woman, she accepts it because it is the

obligation of being woman as the culture has ruled her to be.

Ammu, belonged to the second generation of women in the novel is the one

who was mostly restricted by social circumstances. She is ruthlessly oppressed when

she tries to emerge as an individual in her own right. As the matter of fact, her

parents gave more affection to his brother for being a man than her as a woman. She

had no other choice but to live in her parents‘ house and to wait for marriage

proposal.Allthat time she dreamed of escaping from Ayemenem and from the

clutches of her ill-tempered father and long suffering mother.

Ammu went to Calcutta to spend her summer in a distant aunt‘s home. There

Ammu met her future husband. He was working as an assistant manager in a tea

estate in Assam. There she discovers that her husband was an alcoholic and a liar.

She then divorced him when he decided to sell her to his owner and returned to

Ayemenem to her parents. The society believed that a good woman should live with

her husband and accept whatever is done to her by her husband. Neglected and

ignored at Ayemenem, Ammu became extremely possessive of her vulnerable

twins–Rahel and Estha. Velutha was a very good friend to the twins and he was

ready to go to any extend to entertain them.

Ammu‘s love forVeluthais also a forbidden love as it is contradictory to the

cultural values of that time. As explained, the touchable people or the people who

have certain caste will never be allowed to have any relationship with the

untouchables. That‘s why Ammu‘s love forVeluthais not acceptable for both people

in Ammu‘s caste like Mamachi and Baby Kochama, and also for people in Velutha‘s

caste like his father who revealed their secret love to Ammu‘s family.

Ammutries to rebel against the cultural values and patriarchal system in

Indian society. Unlike her mother, she cannot accept the unjust attitudes and actions

of her husband and prefers divorce to keeping her marriage. Ammuis an example of

a member of society who breaks the communal laws of India.

Rahel, Ammu‘s daughter is the woman who has no place in her family and

society as well. Living in her grandparent‘s house, she is unable to lead the life of a

normal child. She lives as the witness of injustice of her mother‘s life. As Rahel is

growing up, she never experiences the real cultural tradition because no one regards

her presence, so that, Rahel becomes a free woman who unlike her mother, is not

restricted by the mental conditioning of the cultural tradition. That is why, on her

return to Ayemenem, she answers an old man who asked about her marital status by

―We‘re divorced‖ (130), without worrying about how the old man willtake her

answer. Despite thetrials and tribulations she had to undergo, Rahel emerged as a

strong individual. The author through this novel presents before us the constant


struggle of the woman against their incessant exploitation, torture and struggle

which they undergo because of the male dominated conservative social structure.

Works Cited

Allot, Miriam. Novelists on the Novel. London: Routledge, 1957. Print.

Balvannanadhan, Aida. Arundhati Roy’s The God of Small Things: A Study in the

Multiple

Narratives. New Delhi: Prestige Books, 2007. Print.

Batra, Shakti. Arundhati Roy: The God of Small Things. Delhi: Surjeet Publications,

2009. Print.

Bharat, Urbashi. History Community and Forbidden Relationships in The God of

Small Things:

Arundhati Roy the Novelist extraordinary. New Delhi: Prestige Books, 1999.

Print.

Bhatt, Indira and Nityanandam Indira.Explorations: Arundhati Roy’s The God of

Small Things.

New Delhi: Creative Books, 1999. Print.

Dhawan, R.K. Arundhati Roy. New Delhi: Prestige Books, 1999. Print.

Ganguly, Debjani. Caste, Colonialism and Counter-Modernity. New York:

Routledge

Publications, 2005. Print.

Nazari, Fahimeh. ―Revisiting the Colonial Legacy in Arundhati Roy‘s The God of

Small Things.‖

Journal of Education and Social Research.Vol. 3.Issue 1. Jan. 2013. Print.

Rao, Ranga. The Shape of the Beast Conversations with Arundhati Roy, New Delhi:

Penguin

books, 2009. Print.

Singh, N.P. Women in The God of Small Things: Arundhati Roy the Novelist

extraordinary.

London: Penguin Publications, 1984. Print.

Sonia. ―Social Consciousness in Arundhati Roy‘s The God of Small

Things.‖Language in India,

Vol 13.Issue 5. May 2013. Print.


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ns”keq[k ds vuqlkj lk;.k dh O;k[;k _pkvksa ds vk/kkj ij vuqi;qDr gSA

lEHkor% lk;.k vkSj ;kLd nksuksa gh bl rF; ls voxr ugha Fks fd oSfnd vk;ksZ

ds “k=q fyaxiwtd FksA lk;.k ds vuqlkj f”k”unsok% dk vFkZ fyax ls dzhM+k

djus okyk gSA mudk ;g vFkZ _pk ds lUnHkZ esa lafnX/k gS D;ksafd os bls

vczãp;Z ls O;Dr djr s gSaA blds foijhr fyax esa vO;Dr “kfDr dh egRrk u

gh v”yhy gS vkSj u gh ve;kZfnrA _pk esa ;s ckrsa rks vkxzgiwoZd dgh x;h


gSaA _pk esa nks lEiznk; ds yksxksa dh rqyuk gS fdUrq xq.kksa dk foospu ugha gSA

blfy;s xq.kksa dh vuqfpr rqyuk vizklafxd gSA

f}rh;& lokta ;krkonq’ink ;URLo’kkZrk ifjlnRlfu’;u~A

vuokZ vPNrnqjL; osnks n`uafN”unsoka vfHkoiZlk Hkwr~AA 9

vFkkZr& *bUnz ;q) esa vfopy dneksa ls tkrk gSA og bl dkeuk ls vfHkHkwr

gksrs gq, tk jgk gS fd og ml iqj dh lkjh lEifRr ,oa oSHko izkIr djsxk

ftle sa lkS }kj gSa rFkk f”k”uiwtdksa dks cy ls ekj nsxkAÞ bl _pk esa oSfnd

vk;ksZ ds ;q) ds mn~ns”; Li’V gksrs gSaA bl _pk ls ;g Hkh Li’V gS fd

fuf”pr gh bUnz us iqj ¼uxj½ cukus okys rFkk f”k”uiwtd “k=qvksa dks ekjk vkSj

mudh lEifRr vig`r dj yhA _Xosn esa ftl lkSj }kj okys uxj dk o.kZu

izkIr gS og flU/kq dk gh uxj gSA iqu% ;g _pk Li’V ladsr nsrh gS fd bl

izdkj ds tulagkj ls oSfnd vk;ksZ us f”k”uiwtd flU/kqokfl;ksa dks ;q) esa

ijkHkwr fd;k] muds iqj ¼uxj½ u’V fd;s rFkk lEifRr dk vigj.k dj fy;kA

bl izdkj ;g rF; vlafnX/k gks x;k fd ;s iqjoklh lSU/ko f”k”uiwtd gh FksA

_Xosn esa bu f”k”uiwtdksa dks vR;Ur ?k`.kk dh n`f’V ls ns[kk x;k gSA 10

bl izdkj _Xosn ds le; esa f”k”uiwtdksa dks fufUnr crkrs gq, mUgsa voSfnd

dgk x;k gS bldk ewy dkj.k ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd oSfnd vk;kZ izkd`frd

“kfDr;ksa dh iwtk djrs FksA os tuusfnz; iwtk dh /kkj.kk ls nwj Fks D;ksafd buesa

tuusfUnz; iwtk dkvHkh fodkl ugha gks ik;k FkkA blds foijhr voSfnd vk;ksZ

esa tuusfnz; iwtk dk izpyu FkkA oSfnd vk;Z lkezkT;okn ds iks’kd Fks tSlk fd

mijksDr _pk ls Li’V gSA bUgksusa ijkftr yksxksa dks nkl] nL;q dh mikf/k

iznku dj voSfnd /kkjk ls tksM+ fn;k vkSj f”ko ;k muds fyax iwtk dks voSfnd iwtk dgkA

ijUrq bruk rks Li’V gS fd _XoSfnd dky esa Hkh fyax iwtk dk izpyu

Fkk] Hkys gh oSfndksa }kjk bls Lohdj u fd;k x;k gksA bu nksuksa tkfr;ksa ds

la?k’kksZ dk ifj.kke gqvk& *vk;ksZ dh fot;* vkSj /khjs&/khjs vU; ns”kksa dh rjg

;gka Hkh ijkftr vius fotsrkvksa ds lkFk ?kqy&fey x;s vkSj mudk i`Fkd

O;fDrRo yqIr gks x;kA ijUrq ;g lfEeJ.k dh izfdz;k nksuksa tkfr;ksa ij viuk

izHkko NksM+us esa lQy jghA bldk Li’V izek.k gesa vFkoZosn ds czkR; dk.M esa

fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA 11 ;gka ij oSfnd ,oa voSfnd /kkjk dk lek;kstu fn[kkbZ nsrk

gS rFkk osnksa esa f”ko dk fooj.k ,oa fyax iwtk dk izek.k feyus yxrk gSA vc

;g ckr ;gka ij tjk fofp= lh yxrh gS fd vk;ksZ us ftl izFkk dks xfgZr

le>k Fkk mlh dks mUgksusa vius ,d nsork dh mikluk dk vax cu tkus

fn;kA bldk dkj.k ;g Fkk fd fyaxksikluk ,d cM+h izkphu izFkk Fkh vkSj

nwj&nwj rd bldk izpkj FkkA bldh ijEijk bruh izcy Fkh vkSj ftu yksxksa esa


bldk izpkj Fkk mudh la[;k bruh vf/kd Fkh fd vk;Z lEHkor% bldk iw.kZ:i

ls neu ugha dj ldsA blds lkFk Lo;a vk;ksZ dh moZjrk lEcU/kh fof/k;ka Fkha

vkSj :nz Hkh moZjrk ds nsork FksA vr% vk;ksZ ds dqN ,sls oxkZs us] fo”ks’kr% mu

oxksZ us ftuesa ,slh moZjrk lEcU/kh fof/k;ksa dk lokZf/kd izpkj Fkk vkSj ftudk

flU/kq ?kkVh ds yksxksa ls lcls vf/kd lEidZ gqvk] bl izFkk dks Lohdkj djus esa

dksbZ vkifRr ugh le>hA vkf[kj bl izFkk dk ,d ,slh tkfr esa lEeku Fkk tks

oSfnd vk;ksZ ls de lH; ugha Fkh] vkSj fQj moZjrk lEcU/kh gksus ds ukrs og

oSfnd vk;ksZ ds tu&lk/kkj.k ds

/kkfeZd vkpkj&fopkj ds loZFkk izfrdwy ugha FkhA bl izdkj fyaxksikluk dk

oSfnd vk;ksZ esa izpkj gqvkA 12

vk;ksZ us bl izdkj fyaxksikluk dks Lohdkj rks dj fy;k ijUrq “kh?kz gh

mUgksaus blds ewy Lo:i dks fcYdqy iyV fn;kA viuh ewy /kkfeZd fopkj/kkjk

dh i`’BHkwfe esa u jgus ds dkj.k vkSj vk;Z /keZ ds izxfr”khu fopkjksa ds izHkko esa

vkdj fyaxksikluk esa dqN u dqN ifjorZu rks vkuk gh FkkA ;|fi iqjkrurk ds

vknj ls vk;ksZ us mlds ckgjh vkdkj dks rks cuk;s j[kk] rFkkfi /khjs&/khjs

mlds lkjs Lo:i dks cny MkykA tuusfnz; lEcU/kh iqjkus fo”okl vkSj vkpkj

feVrs x;s] fyax ewfrZ;ksa dk vkdkj Hkh ;gka rd :f<+xr gks x;k fd mudk ewy

:i igpkuk ugha tk ldrk Fkk vkSj vUr esa Hkxoku f”ko dk fyax :i ,d

izrhd ek= gksdj jg x;k&^mlds fuxqZ.k Lo:i dk dsoy ,d ladsr^A

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph&

1- M�0 ;nqoa”kh& “kSoer] fcgkj jk’VªHkk’kk ifj’kn iVuk f}0la0 1988 i`0 30

2- iqoksZDr i`0 30

3- mnkgj.kkFkZ _Xosn & ,Q0 eSDlewyj] ¼lEiknd½ yUnu] oSfnd la”kks/ku

e.My iwuk] 1863] & 2 & 14 n` 6

4- ;Fkk fo[;kr n”kjkK ;q) esaA

5- M�0 ;nqoa”kh & iqoksZDr i`0 30

6- _Xosn & iqoksZDr 7- 21 -5

7- ns”keq[k ih0 & b.Ml flfoykbts”ku] _Xosn ,.M fgUnw dYpj] ljkst

izdk”ku ukxiqj] 1992 i`0 306

8- iqoksZDr & i`0 306

9- _Xosn & iqoksZDr 10- 19- 3

10- eSDMkusy & fgLVhª vkQ laLdr fyV~jspj] oSfnd ekbFkkyth] okjk.klh] 1963 i0 155

11- ns[ksa& vFkoZosn] lR;ukjk;.k izsl cEcbZ] 1884] v/;k; 15 ¼czkR; dk.M½

12- M�0 ;nqoa”kh & iqoksZDr i`0 32


Jh jkepfjr ekul esa of.kZr f'k{kk dh orZeku lUnHkZ esa

mikns;rk

ftrsUnz ukFk feJ1

oS'ohdj.k ds bl ;qx esa ^u dsoy ekuo us oSKkfud mUufr dj eaxy

rd igq¡p dj viuk ijpe Qgjk;k gS oju~ gkbMªkstu ce tSlh foLQksVd

lkexzh dks cukdj ekuork dks u"V djus dk Hkh leLr miØe cuk j[kk gSA

bl HkkSfrdoknh ;qx esa euq"; ldkjkRed Li/kkZ ls ysdj udkjkRed Li/kkZ rd

dh lksp vius eu esa ltksa, cSBk gSA vkt euq"; bruk egRokdka{kh gks x;k gS

fd og lcdks ihNs NksM+dj lcdk mRihM+u o neu djds lcls vkxs jgus dh

lksp j[krk gSA vkt euq"; dk flQZ bruk lkspuk gS fd og viuh egRokdka{kh

lksp dh iwfrZ f'k[kj ij dSls igqaps\ blds fy, og fj'rs&ukrs rFkk lekt o

ekuork lc dks vuns[kk dj jgk gSA mlds LokFkhZiu us mldk nk;jk lhfer

dj j[kk gSA vkt og vkRedsfUnzr gksdj Lo;a rd lhfer gksdj jg x;k gSA

orZeku okrkoj.k us gekjh izkphu lH;rk] laLd`fr] ewY; ,oa ekU;rkvksa

dks u dsoy usLrukcwWan dj j[kk gS oju~ lc dqN myV&iyV dj j[k fn;k

gSA orZeku f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk ikB~;Øe Hkh ekuoh; laosnukvksa dks tkxr djus esa

iw.kZ l{ke ugha gSA vkt dh f'k{kk oSKkfud ;qx dh f'k{kk gS ftlesa dsoy

iz;kstukFkZ gh f'k{kk iznku dj ikB~;p;kZ dks lekIr dj fn;k tkrk gS ;|fi

f'k{kk izfd`;k ds d{kh; o ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa }kjk Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa uSfrd]

pkfjf=d] lkaLd`frd] lkekftd] /kkfeZd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] yksdrkaf=d vkfn

ewY; ijd f'k{kkvksa dk lekosl fd;k x;k gS rFkkfi u rks v/;kid vkSj u gh

fo|kFkhZx.k budks cgqr vf/kd egRo nsrs gSa] ftlds dkj.k Ldwy] lekt rFkk

jk"Vª dk okrkoj.k fujUrj nwf"kr gksrk tk jgk gS rFkk ekuoh; laosnuk lekIr

gksrh tk jgh gSA

1- 'kks/k Nk= ¼vuqla/kku v/;srk½] f'k{kk ladk;] t0jk0fo0fo0 fp=dwV m0iz0


,sls okrkoj.k esa ;g vko';d gh ugha oju~ vifjgk;Z gks tkrk gS fd

f'k{kk dks ge viuh izkphu laLd`frd /kjksgj ls tksM+sa rFkk okrkoj.k dks [kq'k o

ekuoh; cuk;saA ekuoh; laosnukvksa dk iqu% tkxj.k gks blds fy, gesa vko';d

igy djuh iMsxhA gekjh ewY; ijd f'k{kk,¡ gh gekjh lcls cM+h lkaLd`frd

/kjksgj gSA bl lkaLd`frd /kjksgj dks thfor j[kuk izR;sd ns'koklh dk uSfrd

drZO; gSA

Hkkjrh; lakLd`frd /kjksgjksa ds iz.ksrk ds :i esa vusd izkP;xzUFk gekjs

le{k miyC/k gSa ftUgksaus gekjh lkaLd`frd /kjksgjksa dh i`"BHkwfe rS;kj dj ,d

vkn'kZ thou ikou ds fy, ekxZ iz'kLr fd;kA bu izkP; xzUFkksa dh egRrk o

blesa of.kZr vusd f'k{kk,¡ izR;sd ;qx esa euq"; dk ekxZn'kZu djrh jgh gSa rFkk

lkaLd`fr dks lEiks"k.k rFkk lEc/kZu iznku djrh jgh gSA

fgUnh lkfgR; ds Lo.kZ ;qx ¼HkfDr dky½ esa lUr egkdfo rqylhnkl d`r

lukru laLd`fr ds vejxzUFk ^Jh jkepfjr ekul* esa vkn'kZ thou ,oa yksd

dY;k.k dh vusd ,slh f'k{kk,¡ gS tks vkt ds orZeku lUnHkZ esa u dsoy

izklafxd gSa oju~ vR;Ur mikns; gS rFkk lkaLd`frd /kjksgj dks iq"V djus esa iw.kZ

l{ke gSA

bl egkxzUFk esa egkdfo rqylhnkl th us 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] uSfrd]

pkfjf=d] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] vkfFkZd] jktuhfrd] vk/;kfRed] leUo; ,oa

yksdrkaf=d tSlh vusd ewY; ijd f'k{kkvksa dk n'kZu izLrqr dj ge lHkh dk

ekxZn'kZu fd;k gSA ge bl egkxzUFk ls bu f'k{kkvksa dks xzg.k dj orZeku dh

Hk;kog fLFkfr ds ladV dks nwj djus esa l{ke gks ldrs gSaA

vkt ns'k ftu fodV ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls xqtj jgk gS mu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ij

fu;U=.k dj lc dqN Bhd&Bkd ,oa lqpk: :i ls pykus ds fy, bl xzUFk

esa of.kZr f'k{kkvksa dh laHkkoukvksa dks udkjk ugha tk ldrkA

jk"Vªfirk egkRek xk¡/kh th us Lo;a ftl yksd dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dk

liuk ns[kk Fkk mldh dYiuk Hkh mUgksaus Jh jkepfjr ekul esa vafdr jke

jkT; dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds vk/kkj ij dh FkhA jktk n'kjFk tks fd Lo;a vo/k ds

pØorhZ lezkV gSa vkSj lEiw.kZ 'kfDr;ka muesa fufgr gSa ijUrq Jh jke us

jkT;kfHk"ksd ds fy, og efU=ifj"kn dh jk; ysuk mfpr le>rs gSaA

^^tkS iapfg er ykxsa uhdk] djgq¡ gj"k fg; jkefga VhdkAA**

bls yksdrkaf=d 'kfDr dh fou;'khyrk gh dgk tk;sxkA D;k ,slh

fou;'khyrk vktds yksdraf=d lezkV ds O;fDrRo esa fn[kkbZ nsrh gS\

^^bZ'oj va'k tho vfouk'kh] psru] vey] lgt lq[k jk'kh]**


vk/;kfRed f'k{kk dk blls cM+k dksbZ nwljk mnkgj.k ugha gks ldrkA

ftl egkxzUFk us izR;sd izk.kh dks vkRek/kkjh rFkk bZ'oj dk va'k ekuk gS lkFk

gh vkRek dks psruk;qDr LoPN rFkk lgt :i ls lq[k dh jkf'k ekuk gS og

vusdrk es ,drk dk Li"V lUns'k ns jgk gSA Li"V gS fd tc ge lHkh ,d gh

bZ'oj dh lUrkus gSa rc /keZ] tkfr] Å¡p&uhp dk >xM+k D;ksa\ lkekftd

lejlrk ykus ,oa HkkbZpkjs dh f'k{kk iznku djus esa vkt Jh jkepfjr ekul

dh f'k{kk,¡ vrqyuh; ;ksxnku nsus esa l{ke gSaA

Hkkjr ds orZeku iz/kkuea=h Jh ujsUnz eksnh th us Hkz"Vkpkj eqDr ftl

'kklu dh ckr dgh gS rFkk muds }kjk fy, x;s ns'kfgr esa vusd QSlyksa ij

Jh jkepfjr ekul dh f'k{kkvksa dh Li"V >yd fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA Jh jkepfjr

ekul dh vkfFkZd f'k{kkvksa rFkk Hkz"Vkpkj eqDr 'kklu rFkk Jh ujsUnzeksnh th

dk uksVcUnh dk QSlyk dk rqyukRed v/;k;u djus ij Lor% Li"V gks tkrk

gS fd og lekt esa vkfFkZd lejLrk ds i{k/kj gSaA

vkt ns'k vkradckn dh ftl foHkhf"kdk dks >sy jgk gS ,slh gh

foHkkf"kdk Jh jke ds ;qx esa yadkifr jko.k }kjk vkrad QSyk dj dh x;h FkhA

ml le; Jh jko.k ds vkrad dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, Jh jkepUnz us ckuj]

Hkkyw] jhN] ekuo vkfn dks laxfBr fd;k rFkk laxfBr gksdj jko.k ds vkrad

dks u"V fd;kA Bhd oSlh gh fLFkfr orZeku esa gSA vkt ns'k ds iz/kkuea=h Jh

ujsUnz eksnh th vkrad dh tuuh jk"Vª ikfdLrku }kjk iksf"kr vkradokfn;ksa vkSj

mudh xfrfof/k;ksa dks lewy u"V djus ds fy, fo'o eap ij vkradokn fojks/kh

leLr jk"Vªksa dks laxfBr dj jgs gSa rFkk gesa vk'kk gS fd ftl izdkj laxfBr

gks dj ml le; jko.k ds vkrad dks u"V fd;k x;k Bhd oSls gh Jh eksnh

th dh vkradokn ds fo:) laxfBr 'kfDr ,d fnu lexz vkradokn dks u"V

djus esa l{ke gksxhA vkradokn ds fo:) yM+dj mls u"V djus dh tks uhfr

Jh eksnh th py jgs gSa mlesa Jh jkepfjr ekul dh vkrad fojks/kh uhfr;ksa dh

Li"V >yd ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA

Jh jkepfjr ekul esa ,slh vusd f'k{kk,¡ gSa tks orZeku fofHkUu

leL;kvksa ds lek/kku esa gekjk ekxZn'kZu dj ldrh gSaA

Jh jkepfjr ekul esa of.kZr fofHkUu f'k{kkvksa dh laHkkoukvksa dks uohu

n`f"Vdks.k ls ns[kuk] lkspuk iMs+xk rHkh izR;sd laHkkouk dks lkdkj :i fn;k

tk ldsxkA

f'k{kk'kkL= o fgUnh ds 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks Jh jkepfjr ekul esa of.kZr

f'k{kkvksa rFkk orZeku esa gksus okys muds ykHkksa dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, 'kks/k gsrq

izo`Rr gksuk pkfg,A


orZeku dh yxHkx leLr leL;kvksa ds lek/kku dh [kkst rFkk

laHkkoukvksa dh ryk'k ds fy, Jh jkepfjr ekul dh f'k{kkvksa dh foLrr

Qyd ij ppkZ dj 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks bl iquhr dk;Z esa viuk ;ksxnku nsuk

pkfg,A

orZeku esa 'kks/kkfFkZ;ksa dks Jh jkepfjr ekul esa of.kZr f'k{kkvksa dh vksj

viuk /;ku vkdf"kZr djuk pkfg, vkSj f'k{kkvksa esa fufgr lEHkkoukvksa dks

mtkxj dj euh"kh fo}kuksa ds le{k izLrqr djuk pkfg, rkfd mudh mikns;rk

dks lkFkZdrk fey ldsaA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- jke fcgkjh yky] 'kSf{kd fpUru ,oa iz;ksx

2- MkW- jke'kdy ik.Ms;] f'k{kk orZeku lUnHkZ esa

3- jktifr nhf{kr] rqylhnkl vkSj mudk ;qx

4- jkeukFk lqeu] rqylhnkl vkSj mudh nsu

5- lhrkjke diwj] ekul ds ,sfrgkfld Jksr

6- jtuhdkUr 'kkL=h] ekul ehekalk

preeminence - usri.inusri.in/cobinedv6n1.pdf · sh. s.k. agnihotri sh. amar singh dr. arya...

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