P R E F A C E

Oceanographic Literature Review is a monthly selection of references from recent literature in oceanography and related disciplines. Most are accompanied by a short annotation or abstract, and, when obtainable, by the first author's address. Subject and author indices are published for the first three quarters of the year, and a cumulative index is published annually. Journal abbreviations are con- structed by the rules of the World List of Scientific Periodicals (1963, Butterworths, London).

References are primarily gathered from the approximately 3,000 journals and other serial publications received by the library of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massa- chusetts, and the Woods Hole Oceanographic In- stitution. Approximately 5,000 citations are included annually.

The publication's emphasis is on basic rather than applied science, thereby providing a good overview for the interdisciplinary oceanographer and student. Papers of regional or general interest are more likely to be cited than local or highly specialized papers--exceptions being studies of local areas that are little known, and specialized studies in fields that receive wide attention, e.g., pollution. Papers or reviews in other scientific fields are occasionally cited if they are thought to be useful. References are also noted in marine policy, law and economics.

To avoid repetition, references previously cited are not repeated when translations are published. However, a translation is sometimes cited in lieu of an original paper when access to the original is not feasible.

A subject outline groups the citations under six general categories which divide oceanography into its major disciplines. As there are no constraints on the disciplines that might be employed to study a given region, the classification of an individual reference can occasionally seem arbitrary. However, the citations are not cross-referenced as the bibliography is intentionally limited enough to allow a thorough perusal, and the reader is urged to skim the entire bibliography for sub-headings of interest. The section Chemical Oceanography, in particular, will be useful to specialists in all fields, as are certain categories in

F. General, where multi-disciplinary references can appear.

In general, references are classified as specifically as possible by discipline. For example, while there is a sub-heading for bibliographies in section F. General, a bibliography would not appear there unless it were interdisciplinary: instead, it would appear under the sub-heading most closely related to its subject matter. Interdisciplinary area studies can be placed according to their major emphasis, or where they are thought to reach the largest number of interested readers. For example, it is thought that marine ecologists might be expected to skim A. Physical Oceanography, and an interdisciplinary study on upwelling would come to their attention in A, but would not necessarily come to the attention of physical oceanographers if placed in E. Biological Oceanography. Occasionally, inter- disciplinary studies from a particular symposium are spread throughout the bibliography to assure the symposium's exposure to various specialists, or simply classified under F. General.

The scope and emphasis of the six main categories are outlined below. Sub-headings are not listed because they are occasionally modified to reflect current references, changing interests, and newly emergent or convergent sub-fields.

A. Physical Oceanography covers the hydrography and circulation of the oceans, physical properties of sea water and ice, underwater acoustics, waves and tides, and general geophysical fluid dynamics. Aspects of these problems also covered elsewhere in- clude: chemical studies in B; bathymetry, paleo- oceanography, and sediment acoustics in C; air-sea interactions in D; and engineering in F.

B. Chemical Oceanography covers the composition and chemistry of the oceans, pollution, desalination, corrosion, and broad geochemical and biogeo- chemical studies. Aspects of these problems also covered elsewhere include: hydrography in A; sediment and rock geochemistry, geochronology and paleo-oceanography in C; biochemistry in E; pol- lution and waste disposal in E arid F; and engineering inF.

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C. Submarine Geology and Geophysics covers bathy- metry, marine geological and geophysical events and processes, and global tectonics. References to con- tinental or island geology are sometimes included if the role of ocean-floor processes and events is em- phasized. References to more general terrestrial phenomena (mantle and core, earth tides, etc.) are included if they are thought to be useful to the marine geologist and geophysicist. Studies in historical geology, including geochronology, paleontology, paleo-oceanography, paleoclimatology, paleoecology, etc., are usually cited here. Studies of continental marine formations and paleontology are not em- phasized. Aspects of these problems also covered elsewhere include: general geophysical fluid dynamics in A; general geochemistry and biogeochemistry in B; climatology and the atmospheric transport of dust and ash in D; biology and ecology (including the taxonomy of some fossil organisms) in E; and en- gineering and resource management in F.

D. Marine Meteorology covers marine meteoro- logical phenomena (e.g., storms and precipitation), the physics and chemistry of the marine atmosphere, circulation, weather and climatology, and air-sea interactions. Papers in global weather and clima- tology are cited if the role of the oceans is the primary subject of the study. Aspects of these problems also covered elsewhere include: wave studies, hydrography and general fluid dynamics in A: and paleoclimatology and geophysics in C.

E. Biological Oceanography emphasizes marine biological processes and ecology, biological effects of pollution, biological resources and invertebrate mariculture. References to the taxonomy and distribution of some marine organisms are included: however, fields where more specialized abstracts exist, or which have an extensive specialized litera- ture (e.g., fisheries, malacology, and phycology),

are not referenced unless the study includes hydro- graphic data, concerns a remote or little known region, reports an unusual find, or is of especially broad interest or applicability. References to marine mammals, birds, fish and reptiles are included but not emphasized. Papers on the detailed anatomy, physiology and chemistry of marine organisms are excluded unless the studies purposely relate such findings to oceanography. Aspects of these problems also covered elsewhere include: broad interdisciplin- ary regional studies in A: geochemistry and bio- geochemistry in B: pollution and waste disposal in B and F; paleontology, paleoecology and sedimen- tology in C; and resource management and medicine inF.

F. General covers interdisciplinary approaches and methods (e.g., remote sensing and data processing), broader papers and reviews thought to be of use to all oceanographers, reference books and other material of a general nature, and popular literature useful in education. Reports and news items on human activi- ties as they pertain to the sea, including diving and medicine, public health, international politics and law, resource management, and economics are also included. References to scientific meetings, institu- tional services, biographies, the history and contem- porary development of oceanography or other sciences, and the problems of scientific communica- tion are usually placed here. Papers in ocean en- gineering, waste disposal, applied oceanography: and ships, navigation and cartograph) (none of which receive heavy emphasis), are included here, as are miscellaneous papers not classifiable under one of the other main headings.

Correspondence and suggestions should be addressed to F. C. Shephard, Editor, Oceanographic Literature Review, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. 02543, U.S.A.

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