pregnancy, birth, and the newborn chapter 5 unit 2 jonathan squyres

Pregnancy, Birth, andPregnancy, Birth, andthe Newbornthe Newborn

Chapter 5 Chapter 5Unit 2Unit 2

Jonathan Squyres

Nice job on the discussion board last week! Keep up the good work!

Don’t forget to review the seminar transcript if you missed our seminar last week.

This week you will be reading about pregnancy.

Why do you think it is important for HSPs (human services professionals) to be aware of and understand the dynamics of pregnancy?

Here are a few things for you to think about as we go through the seminar and you read the chapter:

How does preparing for childbirth benefit the process of labor and delivery?

What are the potential consequences when a pregnant woman suffers physical abuse?

How might poverty affect the developing infant?

How does the mother’s emotional state during pregnancy affect her infant?

What are the concerns surrounding multiple gestations (twins, triplets, etc.)?

What are the consequences of substance abuse during pregnancy?

Why do we need to asses Why do we need to asses expectant parents?expectant parents?

What should we assess?What should we assess?

Attachments and commitmentsAttachments and commitments

How they are mentally representing the How they are mentally representing the fetal infant? fetal infant?

Is the father involved? What is his role?Is the father involved? What is his role?

Past history of social and professional Past history of social and professional supportsupport

History of lossHistory of loss

Sense of securitySense of security

Biophysical DevelopmentBiophysical Development

What are some of the milestones of fetal What are some of the milestones of fetal development?development?

Here is a month by month overview…Here is a month by month overview…

Biophysical Development – 1 monthThe amniotic sac is a water-tight sac that forms around the fertilized The amniotic sac is a water-tight sac that forms around the fertilized

egg. It helps cushion the growing embryo throughout pregnancy.egg. It helps cushion the growing embryo throughout pregnancy.

The placenta also develops during the 1The placenta also develops during the 1stst trimester. The placenta is a trimester. The placenta is a round, flat organ that transfers nutrients from the mother to the round, flat organ that transfers nutrients from the mother to the baby, and transfers waste from the baby.baby, and transfers waste from the baby.

A primitive face takes form with large dark circles for eyes. The mouth, A primitive face takes form with large dark circles for eyes. The mouth, lower jaw, and throat are developing. lower jaw, and throat are developing.

Blood cells are taking shape, and circulation will begin.Blood cells are taking shape, and circulation will begin.

By the end of the first month, the embryo is about By the end of the first month, the embryo is about 1/10 of an inch 1/10 of an inch longlong. The heart, which is no larger than a . The heart, which is no larger than a poppy seedpoppy seed, has begun , has begun beating.beating.

First month of developmentFirst month of development

http://www.uen.org/Lessonplan/preview.cgi?LPid=4016http://www.uen.org/Lessonplan/preview.cgi?LPid=4016

Biophysical Development – 2 monthsBiophysical Development – 2 months

The third through eighth weeks of growth are called the The third through eighth weeks of growth are called the embryonic stage, during which the embryo develops most embryonic stage, during which the embryo develops most major body organs. major body organs.

During this process, the embryo is especially vulnerable to During this process, the embryo is especially vulnerable to damaging substances, such as alcohol, and infectious damaging substances, such as alcohol, and infectious diseases. diseases.

By the end of the 8By the end of the 8thth week the embryo is about week the embryo is about 1 inch long1 inch long and has distinct, slightly webbed fingers. and has distinct, slightly webbed fingers.

VeinsVeins are clearly visible. The are clearly visible. The heartheart has divided into right has divided into right and left chambers.and left chambers.

8 weeks:8 weeks:


Biophysical Development – 3 Biophysical Development – 3 monthsmonthsBy the end of the third month of pregnancy, the baby is fully By the end of the third month of pregnancy, the baby is fully

formed. formed.

The baby has arms, hands, fingers, feet, and toes and can The baby has arms, hands, fingers, feet, and toes and can open and close its fists and mouth. open and close its fists and mouth.

Fingernails and toenails are beginning to develop and the Fingernails and toenails are beginning to develop and the external ears are formed. external ears are formed.

The beginnings of teeth are forming. The beginnings of teeth are forming.

The baby's reproductive organs also develop, but the baby's The baby's reproductive organs also develop, but the baby's gender is difficult to distinguish on ultrasound. gender is difficult to distinguish on ultrasound.

The circulatory and urinary systems are working and the liver The circulatory and urinary systems are working and the liver produces bile.produces bile.

Biophysical Development – 4 Biophysical Development – 4 monthsmonthsThe baby's fingers and toes are well-defined; eyelids, The baby's fingers and toes are well-defined; eyelids,

eyebrows, eyelashes, nails, and hair are formed.eyebrows, eyelashes, nails, and hair are formed.

Teeth and bones become denser in the 2Teeth and bones become denser in the 2ndnd trimester. trimester.

The baby can even suck his or her thumb, yawn, stretch, The baby can even suck his or her thumb, yawn, stretch, and make faces.and make faces.

The nervous system is starting to function at this point in The nervous system is starting to function at this point in pregnancy. pregnancy.

The reproductive organs and genitalia are now fully The reproductive organs and genitalia are now fully developed and an ultrasound may reveal the baby’s sexdeveloped and an ultrasound may reveal the baby’s sex

By the end of the fourth month, the baby is about 6 inches By the end of the fourth month, the baby is about 6 inches long and weighs about 4 ounces.long and weighs about 4 ounces.

Biophysical Development – 5 Biophysical Development – 5 monthsmonths

The fetus measures about 5.6 to 6.4 inches from The fetus measures about 5.6 to 6.4 inches from crown to rump and weighs about 9 ounces. crown to rump and weighs about 9 ounces.

The baby can hear sounds by now – the mom’s The baby can hear sounds by now – the mom’s voice, heart and stomach growling, as well as voice, heart and stomach growling, as well as sounds outside the body. sounds outside the body.

It will cover its ears with its hands if a loud sound is It will cover its ears with its hands if a loud sound is made near you, and it may even become startled made near you, and it may even become startled and "jump." and "jump."

The baby is moving often, too -- twisting, turning, The baby is moving often, too -- twisting, turning, wiggling, punching and kicking.wiggling, punching and kicking.

5 months5 months


Biophysical Development – 6 monthsBiophysical Development – 6 monthsBy the end of the sixth month, the baby is about 12 inches long andBy the end of the sixth month, the baby is about 12 inches long and

weighs about 2 pounds. weighs about 2 pounds.

Lanugo, a soft fine hair, covers his or her shoulders, back, and temples.Lanugo, a soft fine hair, covers his or her shoulders, back, and temples.

This hair protects the baby and is usually shed at the end of the baby'sThis hair protects the baby and is usually shed at the end of the baby's

first week of life.first week of life.

His or her skin is reddish in color, wrinkled, and veins are visible His or her skin is reddish in color, wrinkled, and veins are visible throughthrough

the baby's translucent skin. Baby's finger and toe prints are visible. the baby's translucent skin. Baby's finger and toe prints are visible.

The eyelids begin to part and the eyes open.The eyelids begin to part and the eyes open.

If born prematurely, the baby may survive after the 23If born prematurely, the baby may survive after the 23rdrd week of week of

pregnancy with intensive care.pregnancy with intensive care.


At the end of the seventh month of pregnancy, fat begins to be At the end of the seventh month of pregnancy, fat begins to be deposited on the baby. deposited on the baby.

The baby is about 14 inches long and weighs from about 2 – 4 The baby is about 14 inches long and weighs from about 2 – 4 pounds. pounds.

The baby's hearing is fully developed and he or she changes The baby's hearing is fully developed and he or she changes position frequently and responds to stimuli, including sound, position frequently and responds to stimuli, including sound, pain, and light.pain, and light.

If born prematurely, the baby would probably survive after the If born prematurely, the baby would probably survive after the seventh month of pregnancy.seventh month of pregnancy.

Biophysical Development – 8 Biophysical Development – 8 monthsmonthsThe baby, who is now about 18 inches long and weighs as much as aboutThe baby, who is now about 18 inches long and weighs as much as about

5 pounds, will continue to mature and develop reserves of body fat. 5 pounds, will continue to mature and develop reserves of body fat.

Moms may notice that the baby is kicking more. Moms may notice that the baby is kicking more.

Baby's brain is developing rapidly at this time, and he or she can see andBaby's brain is developing rapidly at this time, and he or she can see and

hear. hear.

Most internal systems are well developed, but the lungs may still beMost internal systems are well developed, but the lungs may still be

immature.immature.

He has probably turned head-down in preparation for birth.He has probably turned head-down in preparation for birth.

8 – 9 months8 – 9 months



Towards the end of the third trimester, the baby continues to grow and Towards the end of the third trimester, the baby continues to grow and mature: the lungs are nearly fully developed. mature: the lungs are nearly fully developed.

The baby's reflexes are coordinated so he or she can blink, close the The baby's reflexes are coordinated so he or she can blink, close the eyes, turn the head, grasp firmly, and respond to sounds, light, and eyes, turn the head, grasp firmly, and respond to sounds, light, and touch.touch.

The baby's position changes to prepare itself for labor and delivery. The The baby's position changes to prepare itself for labor and delivery. The baby drops down in your pelvis, and usually his or her head is facing baby drops down in your pelvis, and usually his or her head is facing down toward the birth canal.down toward the birth canal.

By the end of this month of pregnancy, the baby is about 18 to 20 inches By the end of this month of pregnancy, the baby is about 18 to 20 inches long and weighs about 7 pounds.long and weighs about 7 pounds.

LaborLabor

The opening of the cervix – or dilation, The opening of the cervix – or dilation, about twelve to fourteen hoursabout twelve to fourteen hours

At full dilation, the second stage beginsAt full dilation, the second stage begins

The second stage is when the baby is The second stage is when the baby is born – takes from ten minutes to three born – takes from ten minutes to three hours or morehours or more

The third stage involves the delivery of The third stage involves the delivery of the placentathe placenta

Normal NewbornsNormal Newborns

Weigh between 5 ½ and 9 ½ poundsWeigh between 5 ½ and 9 ½ pounds

APGAR score between 7 and 10APGAR score between 7 and 10

APGAR given at 1 and 5 minutesAPGAR given at 1 and 5 minutes

APGAR looks at the newborn’s APGAR looks at the newborn’s adaptation to life outside the wombadaptation to life outside the womb

Test evaluates the baby’s skin color, Test evaluates the baby’s skin color, heart rate, response to stimulation, heart rate, response to stimulation, muscle tone, and breathing effortmuscle tone, and breathing effort

Complications of PregnancyComplications of Pregnancy

Frequent vomiting or Frequent vomiting or hyperemesis hyperemesis gravidarumgravidarumVaginal bleeding – can lead to Vaginal bleeding – can lead to spontaneous abortion in early pregnancyspontaneous abortion in early pregnancyVaginal bleeding in later pregnancy – e.g., Vaginal bleeding in later pregnancy – e.g., placenta previaplacenta previa when the placenta when the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus. separates from the wall of the uterus. ToxemiaToxemia – due to protein in the urine – due to protein in the urineEclampsiaEclampsia

Other Abnormalities of PregnancyOther Abnormalities of Pregnancy

Gestational diabetesGestational diabetes

PolyhydramniosPolyhydramnios

Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR)

Maternal Risk FactorsMaternal Risk Factors

Maternal ageMaternal ageMaternal nutritionMaternal nutritionMaternal illnessMaternal illnessMaternal drug useMaternal drug use– AspirinAspirin: bleeding problems in mother or infant: bleeding problems in mother or infant– CaffeineCaffeine: low birth weight, IUGR, premature birth: low birth weight, IUGR, premature birth– AlcoholAlcohol: prenatal/postnatal growth retardation, : prenatal/postnatal growth retardation,

developmental delays, etc.developmental delays, etc.– TobaccoTobacco: IURG, premature birth, stillbirth, low birth : IURG, premature birth, stillbirth, low birth

weight, SIDS, etc.weight, SIDS, etc.

Prenatal TestingPrenatal Testing

Ultrasound or sonogramUltrasound or sonogram

Alpha-fetoprotein blood screeningAlpha-fetoprotein blood screening

AmniocentesisAmniocentesis

Chorionic villus sample (CVS)Chorionic villus sample (CVS)

Timing and safety of administration of Timing and safety of administration of these different types of teststhese different types of tests

Ethical dilemmas – terminating Ethical dilemmas – terminating pregnancy if fetus has major birth defectpregnancy if fetus has major birth defect

Birth ComplicationsBirth Complications

Anoxia and potential causesAnoxia and potential causes

Meconium aspiration and potential Meconium aspiration and potential respiratory complicationsrespiratory complications

MalpresentationMalpresentation

Perinatal difficulties such as cord raped Perinatal difficulties such as cord raped around the neckaround the neck

Prolonged laborProlonged labor

Consequences of Premature Birth Consequences of Premature Birth

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

Treatment for RDS must be provided with Treatment for RDS must be provided with caution to avoid complicationscaution to avoid complications

Retinopathy caused by high oxygen levelsRetinopathy caused by high oxygen levels

RDS children often placed on ventilatorsRDS children often placed on ventilators

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) – a Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) – a complication seen in children placed on complication seen in children placed on ventilatorsventilators

Teen pregnancyTeen pregnancy

What are the characteristics of What are the characteristics of adolescent mothers who learn to care for adolescent mothers who learn to care for their infants?their infants?

What are some of the challenges teen What are some of the challenges teen parents face?parents face?

Infant MortalityInfant Mortality Rates of infant mortality in U.S. are higher than Rates of infant mortality in U.S. are higher than most developed nationsmost developed nations

Mortality rates were 6.1% for white infants, Mortality rates were 6.1% for white infants, 14.1% for African American infants (1996); 14.1% for African American infants (1996); Hispanic infant mortality is similar to whites’Hispanic infant mortality is similar to whites’

The primary reason for death among white The primary reason for death among white infants was congenital abnormalities and for infants was congenital abnormalities and for African American infants was low birth weightAfrican American infants was low birth weight

What contributes to these differences?What contributes to these differences?

Social Hazards to Prenatal and Perinatal Social Hazards to Prenatal and Perinatal Development Development

PovertyPoverty– High levels of environmental stressHigh levels of environmental stress

Drug useDrug use– Mother’s low self-esteem, need for affectionMother’s low self-esteem, need for affection

Alcohol useAlcohol use– Few economic resources, little emotional Few economic resources, little emotional

supportsupport

Domestic violenceDomestic violence– Social isolation, poor health habitsSocial isolation, poor health habits

Family ViolenceFamily Violence

1 in 4 women are physically abused at 1 in 4 women are physically abused at some point during pregnancysome point during pregnancy

This abuse increases the risks of:This abuse increases the risks of:Preterm laborPreterm labor

Low birth weightLow birth weight

MiscarriageMiscarriage

That was a lot of information!That was a lot of information!

Any questions?Any questions?

pregnancy, birth, and the newborn chapter 5 unit 2 jonathan squyres

Documents

month of pregnancy

dynamics of pregnancy

month of developmenthttp

growing embryo

fetal infant

developing infant

seminar transcript

babys reproductive organs