U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey

Open-File Report 2013–1141

Prepared in cooperation with Broward County, Florida

Preliminary Stratigraphic and Hydrogeologic Cross Sections and Seismic Profile of the Floridan Aquifer System of Broward County, Florida

800

900

1,000

1,100

1,200

1,300

backup curvescale of 270 to 170µsec/ft

G-2984 (W-19318; test corehole; site 18) LANDMSL: 13 feet

Preliminary Stratigraphic and Hydrogeologic Cross Sections and Seismic Profile of the Floridan Aquifer System of Broward County, Florida

By Ronald S. Reese and Kevin J. Cunningham

Prepared in cooperation with Broward County, Florida

Open-File Report 2013–1141

U.S. Department of the InteriorU.S. Geological Survey

U.S. Department of the InteriorSALLY JEWELL, Secretary

U.S. Geological SurveySuzette M. Kimball, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2013

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Suggested citation:Reese, R.S., and Cunningham, K.J., 2013, Preliminary stratigraphic and hydrogeologic cross sections and seismic profile of the Floridan aquifer system of Broward County, Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2013–1141, 10 p., http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141.

iii

Contents

Abstract ...........................................................................................................................................................1Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1

Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................1Hydrogeologic Setting .........................................................................................................................3

Sources of Data..............................................................................................................................................4Well and Corehole Data .......................................................................................................................4Marine Seismic Data ............................................................................................................................4

Preliminary Stratigraphic and Hydrogeologic Cross Sections and Seismic Profile of the Floridan Aquifer System in Eastern Broward County ..........................................................7

Selected References ....................................................................................................................................7

Figures 1. Map showing location of the study area in southeastern Florida, wells

used in the study, and location of hydrogeologic sections and seismic-reflection profile ............................................................................................................2

2. Chart showing stratigraphic units in the study area, generalized lithology, and correlation to hydrogeologic units .....................................................................................3

3. Uninterpreted seismic-reflection profile along Hillsboro Canal ...........................................5 4. Preliminary interpreted seismic-reflection profile along Hillsboro Canal ..........................6

Plates 1. Hydrogeologic Section A–A’ ............................................http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141 2. Hydrogeologic Section C–C’.............................................http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141 3. Hydrogeologic Section Z–Z’ .............................................http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141

Tables 1. Well identifiers, locations, and construction

information for all wells used in the study ......................http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141 2. References for well data compiled for this study ..........http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141 3. Stratigraphic boundaries identified from well

data in the study area .........................................................http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141 4. Hydrogeologic boundaries identified from

well data in the study area.................................................http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1141

iv

Conversion FactorsInch/Pound to SI

Multiply By To obtainLength

inch (in.) 2.54 centimeter (cm)inch (in.) 25.4 millimeter (mm)foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer (km)

AbbreviationsABI acoustic borehole image (log)APPZ Avon Park permeable zoneASR aquifer storage and recoverybls below land surfaceFAS Floridan aquifer systemGR gamma-rayGWSI Groundwater Site Inventory (database)LF1 uppermost major permeable zone of the Lower Floridan aquiferLFA Lower Floridan aquiferMC1 middle semiconfining unit 1MC2 middle semiconfining unit 2OBI optical borehole image (log)Ω•m ohm-meterRO reverse osmosisSFWMD South Florida Water Management DistrictΔt sonic borehole geophysical log interval transit time, in microseconds per footUFA Upper Floridan aquiferUSGS U.S. Geological Survey

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F=(1.8×°C)+32

Temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degrees Celsius (°C) as follows:

°C=(°F-32)/1.8

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 (NGVD 29).

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) or North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83).

Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.

*Transmissivity: The standard unit for transmissivity is cubic foot per day per square foot times foot of aquifer thickness [(ft3/d)/ft2]ft. In this report, the mathematically reduced form, foot squared per day (ft2/d), is used for convenience.

Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (µS/cm at 25 °C).

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (µg/L)

AbstractTo help water-resource managers evaluate the Floridan aquifer system (FAS) as an alternative water supply, the U.S.

Geological Survey initiated a study, in cooperation with the Broward County Environmental Protection and Growth Manage-ment Department, to refine the hydrogeologic framework of the FAS in the eastern part of Broward County. This report presents three preliminary cross sections illustrating stratigraphy and hydrogeology in eastern Broward County as well as an interpreted seismic profile along one of the cross sections. Marker horizons were identified using borehole geophysical data and were initially used to perform well-to-well correlation. Core sample data were integrated with the borehole geophysical data to support stratigraphic and hydrogeologic interpretations of marker horizons. Stratigraphic and hydrogeologic units were correlated across the county using borehole geophysical data from multiple wells. Seismic-reflection data were collected along the Hillsboro Canal. Borehole geophysical data were used to identify and correlate hydrogeologic units in the seismic-reflection profile. Faults and collapse structures that intersect hydrogeologic units were also identified in the seismic profile. The information provided in the cross sections and the seismic profile is preliminary and subject to revision.

IntroductionThe Biscayne aquifer of southeastern Florida is shallow and prolific, and has provided most of the water supply in eastern

Broward County during the last century. Concerns about water-level declines and saltwater intrusion in the Biscayne aquifer have limited the increase in municipal withdrawals and restricted the issuance of new water-supply well-field permits. Therefore, Broward County is considering the potential use of the brackish Floridan aquifer system (FAS) as an alternative water supply, either by direct withdrawal from supply wells or by aquifer storage and recovery (ASR, Reese and Alvarez-Zarikian, 2007), reverse osmosis (RO), or blending with freshwater from the Biscayne aquifer. The ability to select new well locations based on aquifer properties conducive to these alternative water-supply technologies requires an improved definition of the stratigraphic and hydrogeologic frameworks. In general, a stratigraphic framework describes the 3-dimensional distribution of stratigraphic units and their boundaries as identified by distinct and pervasive vertical and lateral changes in lithologic characteristics and depositional sequences. Likewise, a hydrogeologic framework describes the 3-dimensional distribution of hydrogeologic units and their boundaries as identified by distinct and pervasive vertical and lateral changes in hydrologic characteristics. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in cooperation with Broward County, initiated a study in 2008 to refine the stratigraphic and hydrogeologic frameworks of the FAS in eastern Broward County to address this need.

Purpose and Scope

The purpose of this report is to present three preliminary stratigraphic and hydrogeologic cross sections and an interpreted seismic profile of the FAS in eastern Broward County (fig. 1) to help water-resource managers evaluate the FAS as an alterna-tive water supply. The cross sections and profile provide a basis for refinement of the existing stratigraphic and hydrogeologic frameworks of the FAS in Broward County (fig. 2) described in Reese and Richardson (2008), including the introduction of subdivisions within the Arcadia and Avon Park Formations. As part of this study, a 1,308-foot-deep test corehole (G-2984) was drilled in northeastern Broward County along Hillsboro Canal (fig. 1). Data collected from G-2984 were interpreted using both a traditional lithostratigraphic approach and a sequence-stratigraphic methodology, and correlated with existing data across the

Preliminary Stratigraphic and Hydrogeologic Cross Sections and Seismic Profile of the Floridan Aquifer System of Broward County, Florida

By Ronald S. Reese and Kevin J. Cunningham

2 Preliminary Stratigraphic and Hydrogeologic Cross Sections and Seismic Profile of the Floridan Aquifer System

PALM BEACHBROWARD

MIAMI–DADEBROWARD

North NewRiver Canal

Hillsboro Canal

C-13 Canal

C-12 Canal

C-11 Canal

C-10 Canal

C-9 Canal

C-14 Canal

ATL

AN

TIC

OC

EA

N

SAWGRASS EXPRESSWAY

FLORID

A’S

TURNPIK

E

Base from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:24,000, datum NAD83Albers Equal Area Conic Projection, Standard parallels 29˚30’” and 45˚30’central meridian -83˚00’

EXPLANATION

G-2989G-2916

2

Hillsboro Canal marine seismic profile tract

Hydrogeologic section line–For this study

Hydrogeologic section line (or part thereof)–From Reese and Richardson, 2008

Well location and–Site number Well numberWell number for well on section

Studyarea

F l o r i d a

Z

Zʹ

Aʹ

AʹA

Cʹ

A

CD

Dʹ

E

Eʹ

Y

Yʹ

YʹY

80°10'80°20'

26°20'

26°10'

26°00'

0 2.5

0 2.5

5 KILOMETERS

5 MILES

17 16

18

8

9

2

28

215

33

610

2730

31

32

25

26 14 13

7

12

11

19

29

20

15

23

2422

4

1

3

G-2970

G-2978G-2979

G-2982G-2983

G-2942G-2943

D-365

G-2887G-2968G-2969

S-567

CS-I1CS-I2CS-M2

SUN-I3SUN-M1SUN-M1ASUN-M2SUN-M3

G-2980PLT-I1PLT-I2PLT-M1

PBP-I1PBP-I2PBP-M1

G-2944G-2945

G-2946G-2989

G-2961G-2962G-2975

G-2917G-2918G-2914

G-2292MAR-I2MAR-M2

G-2889G-2916

FTL-I1FTL-I3FTL-I4FTL-M1FTL-M2

G-2938G-2939G-2940

BCN-I1BCN-I2BCN-I3BCN-I4BCN-I5BCN-I6BCN-M2BCN-M3BCN-M4

PB-1775PB-1776

PB-1765PB-1766PB-1841

G-2981

G-2988HOL-RO1

G-2966G-2967

PLT-ROI1PLT-ROM1

G-2971G-2972

G-2984

G-2987

G-2986

G-2985G-2991

G-2963G-2964G-2976

G-2973G-2974HAL-RO1

75

95

595

1

441

Figure 1. Location of the study area in southeastern Florida, wells used in the study, and location of hydrogeologic sections and seismic-reflection profile. Site numbers and well information are provided in table 1.

Introduction 3

Figure 2. Stratigraphic units in the study area, generalized lithology, and correlation to hydrogeologic units. Subdivisions of the Arcadia and Avon Park Formations defined in this study are informal.

county. Seismic-reflection data acquired along the Hillsboro Canal were used mainly to define hydrogeologic units in profile, and to identify structural features that vertically intersect hydrogeologic units and provide potential pathways for the vertical transport of groundwater in the FAS. Water-quality data obtained from other studies were used to delineate the base of the brackish-water zone within the FAS in the three cross sections. The information provided in the cross sections and the seismic profile will be used to refine the stratigraphic and hydrogeologic frameworks in Broward County. This information should be considered preliminary and subject to revision.

Hydrogeologic Setting

The FAS is the deepest of three principal hydrogeologic units present in the study area and is overlain by the intermediate confining unit and shallow surficial aquifer system (fig. 2). The intermediate confining unit separates the FAS from the surficial aquifer system (fig. 2). The Biscayne aquifer, which is the primary source of freshwater in Broward County, is included within the surficial aquifer system (fig. 2). The FAS in southeastern Florida comprises a thick sequence of highly perme-able carbonate strata of Paleocene to Miocene age and is part of the broad carbonate Florida Platform that extends beneath

Series Geologic formation orlithostratigraphic unit Hydrogeologic unitLithology Approximate

thickness, in feet

Holocene to

Pliocene

Holocene-age undifferentiated and

Pleistocene-age formations1

Quartz sand; silt; clay; shell; limestone; sandy shelly limestone

Surfi

cial

aq

uife

r sys

tem

Biscayne aquifer

200–450 Confining beds

Gray limestone aquifer

Confining unit

Inte

rmed

iate

con

finin

g un

it 35–210

Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA)

40–350

700–

1,20

0

Lower Floridan aquifer (includes permeable zones and confining units)

BoulderZone 400–650

1,700–2,000

Miocene to

possibly Late

Oligocene

Eocene

Mid

dle

PaleoceneCedar Keys Formation

Dolomite and dolomitic limestone

Massive anhydrite beds Sub-Floridan confining unit

Tamiami Formation2

Stock Island Formation3

Silt; sandy clay; sandy, shellylimestone; calcareous sand-stone; and quartz sand/ plankticforaminiferal limestone

Haw

thor

n Gr

oup

PeaceRiver

Formation

Interbedded sand, silt,gravel, clay, carbonate,and phosphatic sand

Arca

dia

Form

atio

n Carbonate mudstone to grainstone; claystone; shell beds; dolomite; phosphatic and quartz sand; silt; and clay

Sandy, molluscan limestone; phosphatic quartz sand, sandstone, and limestone

Flo

ridan

aq

uife

r s

yste

m

Avon

Par

k Fo

rmat

ion

Fossiliferous, lime mudstoneto packstone and grainstone; dolomitic limestone; anddolomite; abundant cone-shaped benthic foraminifera

Oldsmar Formation

500–830

1,200?

Avon Park permeable zone

Early

Middle semiconfining unit 2 (MC2)

Upper

Lower

Upper

35–310LF1

Middle semiconfining

unit 1 (MC1)

Lower

Lower

Focu

s of

this

stu

dy

Upper

Mid

dle

Micritic limestone, dolomitic limestone, and dolomite

344–670

150–500

EXPLANATIONUppermost major permeable zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer

LF1

? ? ?

1 Pleistocene-age formations in southeastern Florida (Pamlico Sand, Miami Limestone, Anastasia Formation, Fort Thompson Format2 Tamiami Formation (Pinecrest Sand Member, Ochopee Limestone Member).3 Stock Island Formation, after Cunningham and others, 1998.

4 Preliminary Stratigraphic and Hydrogeologic Cross Sections and Seismic Profile of the Floridan Aquifer System4

peninsular Florida. In descending order, the FAS has generally been divided into the Upper Floridan aquifer (UFA), the middle confining unit or middle semiconfining units (MC1 and MC2), and the Lower Floridan aquifer (LFA) (Miller, 1986). Reese and Richardson (2008) identified a permeable unit within the middle semiconfining unit, specifically, the Avon Park permeable zone (APPZ, fig. 2). Permeable units of the Lower Floridan aquifer include the uppermost major permeable zone of the Lower Floridan aquifer (LF1) and the Boulder Zone (fig. 2).

Sources of DataWell data acquired for this study and existing well data (fig. 1) were used to delineate hydrogeologic units in the upper

part of the FAS. Lithostratigraphic and sequence-stratigraphic units were identified in the sections and form the foundation of the stratigraphic framework. Seismic-reflection data were recorded along Hillsboro Canal (fig. 1), interpreted, and used for delineation of hydrogeologic, lithostratigraphic, and sequence stratigraphic units.

Well and Corehole Data

Information from 84 wells at 33 sites (fig. 1; table 1) was used to construct cross sections and maps of stratigraphic and hydrogeologic units. This information includes data obtained from previously drilled wells and from test corehole G-2984, drilled by the Florida Geological Survey for this study. Well identification, location, and construction information were compiled from a series of well construction reports (table 2). The data are stored in the USGS Groundwater Site Inventory (GWSI) database and can be accessed using the USGS local well identifiers (table 1).

Test corehole G-2984 (site 18) was continuously cored from the surface into the UFA to a depth of 1,308 feet (ft) below land surface. Stratigraphic markers were identified using core samples from G-2984 and correlated with optical and acoustic borehole images (OBIs and ABIs, respectively). Standard borehole geophysical data also collected from G-2984 include natural gamma-ray (GR) activity, caliper, induction resistivity, spontaneous potential, single point resistance, borehole-fluid conduc-tivity and temperature, and sonic-interval transit time (sonic Δt) (plate 1). Logs of these types of geophysical data were used to indicate vertical changes in the rock, fluid properties, or both, within G-2984, and to correlate identified markers and units with those in other wells. Recognizable patterns in the borehole geophysical logs were used to correlate stratigraphic or hydrogeo-logic units between wells (plates 1, 2, and 3). Sonic Δt data collected in G-2984 provide information about relative porosity of the hydrogeologic units and spinner flowmeter data were used to locate flow zones.

Borehole geophysical data were also acquired in three additional FAS wells for this investigation, (G-2916 at site 2 and G-2939 and G-2940 at site 6; fig. 1, table 1) and include OBI, caliper, spinner flowmeter, borehole fluid properties, and induc-tion resistivity data. Borehole geophysical data from other previously drilled wells were compiled and include GR, caliper, spontaneous potential, dual-induction and shallow resistivity, sonic Δt, borehole fluid properties, and spinner flowmeter data. In addition, existing borehole image data collected by commercial logging companies, including acoustic televiewer and formation microresistivity images, were used in this investigation.

Lithology and depositional sequences were described for cores from test corehole G-2984 and well PB-1766, and for cuttings from well G-2968 (plate 1). A total of 255 ft of FAS core material was recovered in the 355-ft interval in well G-2984; a total of 43 ft was recovered in the 248-ft intervals in well PB-1766. Additional lithologic data from wells in the study area were compiled from (1) the Florida Geological Survey online lithologic database (http://www.dep.state.fl.us/geology/gisdata-maps/litholog-temp.htm), (2) South Florida Water Management District (SFWMD) well-construction reports available at the DBHYDRO website (http://www.sfwmd.gov/portal/page/portal/xweb%20environmental%20monitoring/dbhydro%20applica-tion), and (3) SFWMD technical reports (table 2). Because lithologic descriptions provided by well-construction reports are generally based on cuttings, lithologic information from these sources was only used to support stratigraphic and hydrogeologic interpretations based on borehole geophysical data.

Marine Seismic Data

Digital, high-resolution, multichannel, water-based seismic-reflection data were acquired by the Walker Marine Geophysical Company along approximately 14 miles of the Hillsboro Canal as part of another USGS study with Broward County. These data were correlated with borehole geophysical data, OBI data, and lithologic descriptions from test corehole G-2984 and wells PB-1766 and PB-1775 (figs. 1, 3 and 4). Stratigraphic units, including some depositional sequences, and hydrogeologic units identified in the three wells were correlated with seismic reflections displayed on the 2-dimensional seismic profile (figs. 3 and 4). A sequence boundary that has been mapped regionally coincides with the top of the Arcadia Formation (Cunningham and others, 1998).

Sources of Data 5

Figu

re 3

. Un

inte

rpre

ted

seis

mic

-ref

lect

ion

prof

ile a

long

Hill

sbor

o Ca

nal (

fig. 1

).

WES

TEA

STPB

-176

6PB

-177

5G-

2984

0

200

Depth below canal water level, in feet

Depth below canal water level, in feet

400

600

800

1,00

0

1,20

0

1,40

0

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1,60

0

1,80

0

2,00

0

2,20

0

2,40

0

2,60

0

2,80

0

3,00

0

0 200

400

600

800

1,00

0

1,20

0

1,40

0

1,60

0

1,80

0

2,00

0

2,20

0

2,40

0

2,60

0

2,80

0

Two-way traveltime, in milliseconds0 10

0

200

300

400

500

600

700

Two-way traveltime, in milliseconds

AIV=5,569 ft/s AIV=7,899 ft/s AIV=10,030 feet per second (ft/s)

AIV=6,159 ft/s AIV=6,508 ft/s AIV=10,030 feet per second (ft/s)

Shot

poi

nt

41,100

41,000

40,900

40,800

20,400

20,300

20,200

20,100

20,000

500

400

300

200

0

100

30,800

30,700

30,600

30,500

30,400

30,300

30,200

30,100

10,30010,20010,10010,000

30,00020,500

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6 Preliminary Stratigraphic and Hydrogeologic Cross Sections and Seismic Profile of the Floridan Aquifer System

No data

EAST

Depth below canal water level, in feet

0 200

400

600

800

1,00

0

1,20

0

1,40

0

1,60

0

1,80

0

2,00

0

2,20

0

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TPB

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60

200

Depth below canal water level, in feet

400

600

800

1,00

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

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1,80

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2,00

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0

2,80

0

3,00

0

Two-way traveltime, in milliseconds0 10

0

200

300

400

500

600

700

Two-way traveltime, in milliseconds

AIV=5,569 ft/s AIV=7,899 ft/s AIV=10,030 feet per second (ft/s)

AIV = 6,159 ft/s AIV = 6,508 ft/s AIV = 10,030 ft/s

Top

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40,800

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100

30,800

30,700

30,600

30,500

30,400

30,300

30,200

30,100

10,30010,20010,10010,000

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CS-6

CS-7

CS-5

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Selected References 7

Preliminary Stratigraphic and Hydrogeologic Cross Sections and Seismic Profile of the Floridan Aquifer System in Eastern Broward County

The cross sections and interpreted seismic profile presented herein are part of a study to refine the stratigraphic and hydrogeologic framework of the FAS in Broward County. Most of the stratigraphic and hydrogeologic units in eastern Broward County delineated here are based on Reese and Richardson (2008). The cross sections presented here provide greater vertical and lateral resolution of the distribution of hydraulic characteristics deemed important to consider in planning alternative water-supply practices. In addition, subdivisions within the Avon Park and Arcadia Formations are introduced, including the upper, upper-middle, lower middle and lower Avon Park Formation, and the upper and lower Arcadia Formation (fig. 2). Sequence stratigraphic units are also introduced, including AP1, AP2, AR1, AR2, AR3, and AR4 (plates 1, 2, and 3). Stratigraphic and hydrogeologic units were identified based on geophysical, lithologic, and hydraulic characteristics, and in the case of deposi-tional sequences, the character of bounding surfaces. Stratigraphic boundaries in the upper part of the FAS were identified by distinct vertical changes in lithology observed in core samples from test corehole G-2984 and correlated with marker horizons identified in borehole geophysical logs (table 3). Where lithologic changes could not be identified or lithologic data were unavailable, characteristic patterns in borehole geophysical data, such as gamma-ray logs, sonic Δt logs, or both, were used to identify distinct and pervasive geophysical marker horizons that reflect changes in lithology.

In the study area, boundaries between hydrogeologic units in the FAS were determined using borehole-flowmeter and fluid-property data, borehole geophysical data, hydraulic test data (such as from aquifer and packer tests), well-to-well correla-tive relations, and drilling characteristics (table 4). Hydrogeologic units may be composed of one or more flow zones that were typically identified by abrupt and substantial changes in vertical borehole flow or borehole fluid properties (temperature, conductivity, or both). Where hydraulic test data or borehole flowmeter and fluid properties data were not available, hydrologic unit boundaries were based on correlation of other data between wells, including lithologic descriptions and borehole geophys-ical data. The geophysical data included formation resistivity, sonic Δt, natural gamma ray, borehole diameter, and spontaneous potential.

West-to-east cross sections A–A’ and C–C’ (plates 1 and 2), and south-to-north cross section Z–Z’ (plate 3) show the correlation of stratigraphic and hydrogeologic units between wells in the study area. Borehole flowmeter analyses were used to indicate discrete flow zones within the intervals tested. Observed lithologic characteristics are shown for cored intervals in test corehole G-2984 and well PB-1766 as well as for well cuttings in well G-2968. Other lithologic information shown is based on well-cutting descriptions compiled from sources listed in table 2. Depositional sequences and the base of the brackish-water zone in the FAS are shown on these cross sections.

Selected References

AECOM, 2010, Engineering report on the construction and testing of test production well TPW–1 for the Town of Davie: Prepared for the Town of Davie, p. 1–1 to 5–2, plus apps.

Bennett, M.W., Linton, P.F., and Rectenwald, E.E., 2001, Completion report for the exploratory well EXW-1, western Hillsboro basin site, Palm Beach County: South Florida Water Management District hydrogeologic investigation of the Floridan aquifer system, 34 p., 7 app.

Black, Crow, and Eidsness Inc., 1974, Results of drilling and testing of monitoring and deep disposal wells at Margate, Florida: Engineering report prepared for the City of Margate Utilities Authority and LAH Associates, Limited, Fla., 31 p.

Camp, Dresser, and McKee, Inc., 1987, City of Plantation deep injection well—number 1: Final well completion report, p. 1–1 to 5–1, plus apps.

Camp, Dresser, and McKee, Inc., 1991a, City of Plantation Central District Water Treatment Facility R.O. reject disposal well - no. 1: Well completion report v. 1.

Camp, Dresser, and McKee, Inc., 1991b, City of Plantation Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant effluent injection well - no. 2: Well completion report v. 1, p. 1–0 to 6–1.

Camp, Dresser, and McKee, Inc., 1993a, Floridan aquifer test/production well and monitor well: Completion report prepared for the City of Deerfield Beach, Florida, and South Florida Water Management District, 29 p.

8 Preliminary Stratigraphic and Hydrogeologic Cross Sections and Seismic Profile of the Floridan Aquifer System

Camp, Dresser, and McKee, Inc., 1993b, Wastewater Treatment Plant III well completion report dual zone monitor well 1A: Engineering report prepared for City of Sunrise, Fla., p. 1–0 to 5–2, plus apps.

Camp, Dresser, and McKee, Inc., 1993c, Wastewater Treatment Plant III well completion report dual zone monitor well 2: Engineering report prepared for City of Sunrise, Fla., p. 1–0 to 5–2, plus apps.

Camp, Dresser, and McKee, Inc., 1996, Engineering report supporting operational testing of IW-3 at Sunrise, Florida: Engineer-ing report prepared for City of Sunrise, Fla., v. 1, p. 1–1 to 8–3, plus apps.

Camp, Dresser, and McKee, Inc., 2008, City of Deerfield Beach West Water Treatment Plant concentrate injection well system: Well completion report, v. 1, p. 1–1 to 7–1, plus apps.

Camp, Dresser, and McKee, Inc., 2010, City of Deerfield Beach West Water Treatment Plant Floridan aquifer well no. 2 final completion depth proposal: Memorandum to the South Floridan Water Management District, 6 p.

CH2M HILL, 1984, Engineering report on drilling and testing of the deep injection and monitoring wells at the City of Margate Wastewater Treatment Plant: Prepared for the City of Margate Department of Utilities Margate, Florida, p. 1–1 to 4–4, plus apps.

CH2M HILL, 1985, Engineering report on the drilling and testing of the City of Sunrise injection and monitoring wells: Prepared for the City of Sunrise, Broward County, Florida, p. 1–1 to 5–1, plus apps.

CH2M HILL, 1994, Report on the modification to monitor well MW-2: Prepared for the City of Margate Department of Envi-ronmental and Engineering Services, 7 p.1–1 to 1–9, attachments.

CH2M HILL, 1995, Rehabilitation of monitor well MW-1 and construction and testing of monitor well MW-2 and regional monitor well RMW-1 at the G.T. Lohmeyer Wastewater Treatment Plant: Engineering report prepared for the City of Fort Lauderdale, Broward County, Fla., p. 1–1 to 6–2, plus apps.

CH2M HILL, 1996, Construction and testing of monitor well MW-3 at the G.T. Lohmeyer Wastewater Treatment Plant: Engi-neering report prepared for the City of Fort Lauderdale, Broward County, Fla., p. 1–1 to 6–1, plus apps.

CH2M HILL, 1997, Construction and testing of the aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) system at the BCOES 2A Water Treat-ment Plant: Engineering report prepared for the Broward County Office of Environmental Services and Montgomery Watson, p. 1–1 to 6–3, 13 apps.

CH2M HILL, 1999, Construction and testing of injection well IW-4 at the City of Fort Lauderdale G.T. Lohmeyer Wastewater Treatment Plant: Engineering report prepared for the City of Fort Lauderdale, v. I, p. 1–1 to 6–1, plus apps.

CH2M HILL, 2000, Injection well system injection zone redefinition at the Margate Wastewater Treatment Plant: Engineering report prepared for the City of Margate, Broward County, Florida, p. 1–1 to 1–7, plus attachments.

Cunningham, K.J., McNeill, D.F., Guertin, L.A., Ciesielski, P.F., Scott, T.M., and deVerteuil, Laurent, 1998, New tertiary stratig-raphy for the Florida Keys and southern peninsula of Florida: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 110, no. 2, p. 231–158.

Florida Geological Survey, 2012, Lithologic database: Accessed December 11, 2012, at http://publicfiles.dep.state.fl.us/FGS/WEB/lithologic/.

Geraghty and Miller, Inc., 1984, Construction and testing of disposal wells 1, 2 and 3 at the George T. Lohmeyer Plant Fort Lauderdale, Florida: Report prepared for Broward County, v. I, 39 p., plus app.

Geraghty and Miller, Inc., 1986, Construction and testing of an injection well at the Coral Springs Improvement District: Report prepared for Broward County, Fla., 30 p., plus apps.

Geraghty and Miller, Inc., 1990a, Construction and testing of injection wells #1 and #2 with associated deep monitor well #1, Broward County North District Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant: Report prepared for James M. Montgomery, Consult-ing Engineers, Inc. in association with Hazen and Sawyer, P.C, Engineers, 30 p., plus apps.

Geraghty and Miller, Inc., 1990b, Construction and testing of injection well system #2 at the Coral Springs Improvement District Wastewater Treatment Plant: Report prepared for the City of Coral Springs, Fla., 31 p., plus apps.

Selected References 9

Geraghty and Miller, Inc., 1991, Construction and testing of injection wells #3 and #4 with associated deep monitor well #2, Broward County North District Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant: Report prepared for James M. Montgomery, Consulting Engineers, Inc. in association with Hazen and Sawyer, P.C, Engineers, 32 p., plus apps.

Geraghty and Miller, Inc., 1995, Construction and testing of injection well #2 at the Pembroke Pines Wastewater Treatment Plant: Report prepared for the City of Pembroke Pines, Fla., 23 p., plus apps.

Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., 1989, Completion report for the City of Hallandale Floridan aquifer test well: City of Hallandale, Fla.

Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., 1996, City of Miramar, Florida Utilities Department Wastewater Reclamation Facility injection well construction: Well construction report prepared for the technical advisory committee members, p. 1–1 to 4–4, plus apps.

Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., 1999, North Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant monitor well 4 construction completion report: Prepared for Broward County Office of Environmental Services, p. 1–1 to 4–1, plus apps.

Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., 2000, Injection wells 5 and 6 construction completion report, North Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant: Prepared for Broward County Office of Environmental Services, p. 1–1 to 5–4, plus apps.

Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., 2001, Injection well no. 1 construction completion report—Water/Wastewater Treatment Plant: Prepared for Cooper City Utility Department, p. 1–1 to 5–5, plus apps.

Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., 2002a, Engineering well completion report concentrate disposal system: Prepared for the City of Pompano Beach in association with Water Technology Associates, Inc., p. 1–1 to 5–5, plus apps.

Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., 2002b, Underground Injection Control application, aquifer storage and recovery Class V injection well system at the Broward County 2A Water Treatment Plant Site: 4 p., plus apps.

Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., 2003, Engineering well completion report, Hollywood Southern Regional WWTP injection well effluent disposal system: Prepared for the City of Hollywood in association with Water Technologies Associates, Inc., p. 1–1 to 5–5, plus apps.

Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., 2006, Engineering well completion report—Peele-Dixie Water Treatment Plant concentrate disposal well: Prepared for City of Fort Lauderdale, p. 1–1 to 5–5, plus apps.

Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., 2007, Engineering well completion report Hallandale Beach WTP concentrate disposal well: Prepared for the City of Hallandale Beach, p. 1–1 to 5–5, plus apps.

Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., 2008, City of Plantation Regional Wastewater Treatment Plant engineering well completion report for dual zone monitoring well: Prepared for City of Plantation, p. 1–1 to 4–3, plus apps.

Hazen and Sawyer, P.C., and Geraghty and Miller, Inc., 1981, Construction and testing of the test injection well, City of Fort Lauderdale, Florida: Final report prepared for EPA project C-120474-220 city project 7089, 61 p., plus apps.

Lukasiewicz, John, 2003, Floridan aquifer system test well program, C-13 Canal, Oakland Park, Florida: South Florida Water Management District Technical Publication WS-16, 49 p., plus apps.

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., 1990, City of Hollywood Water Treatment Plant Floridan aquifer test well: p. 1–1 to 7–1, plus apps.

Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., 2009, Technical memorandum detailing installation of test production wells F1 and F2: City of Miramar, Fla., p. 1–1 to 5–1, plus apps.

Metcalf and Eddy, Inc., and Missimer International, Inc., 2000, City of Plantation East Water Treatment Plant concentrate injection well no. 1 completion report, v. 1: Prepared for City of Plantation Utilities, Plantation, Fla., 81 p., plus apps.

Miller, J.A., 1986, Hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system in Florida and in parts of Georgia, Alabama, and South Carolina: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1403–B, 91 p.

Missimer and Assoc., Inc., 1992, Technical memorandum on the construction and testing of well F-2, City of Hollywood, Florida: Prepared for Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., 32 p., plus apps.

Montgomery Watson, 1996, City of Miramar Western Water Treatment Plant Injection Well System, Injection Wells IW-1 and IW-2 and Monitor Well DZMW-1: Prepared for the City of Miramar, Florida, 2 reports and plus apps.

10 Preliminary Stratigraphic and Hydrogeologic Cross Sections and Seismic Profile of the Floridan Aquifer System

Montgomery Watson, 1997, Modification of monitor well MW-1A at the Sawgrass Wastewater Treatment Plant: Report prepared for the City of Sunrise, Fla., plus apps.

Montgomery Watson, 1998a, Springtree Water Treatment Plant aquifer storage and recovery system well construction report: Prepared for the City of Sunrise, Florida, p. 1–1 to 5–1, 13 apps.

Montgomery Watson, 1998b, Fiveash Water Treatment Plant aquifer storage and recovery system well construction report: Prepared for the City of Fort Lauderdale, Florida, p. 1–1 to 6–1, 14 apps.

Montgomery Watson Americas, Inc., 1999, Sawgrass Water Treatment Plant concentrate disposal system report and appendix I: Prepared for City of Sunrise, Florida, p. E-2 to 6–14, plus apps.

Montgomery Watson Americas, Inc., 2007, Sawgrass Water Treatment Plant Floridan Blending Test Well: Sunrise Project no. 06–005 final report, 24 p., plus apps.

Palm Beach County Water Utilities Department, 2003, Eastern Hillsboro Canal Water Treatment Plant #9 aquifer storage and recovery well: Well construction report and operational testing request, p. 1–1 to 4–1, 16 apps.

Post, Buckley, Schuh and Jernigan, Inc., 1987, Engineering report for deep test/injection well and deep monitor well: Prepared for the City of Pembroke Pines, Broward County, Fla., p. 1–1 to 11–4, plus apps.

Reese, R.S., and Alvarez-Zarikian, C.A., 2007, Hydrogeology and aquifer storage and recovery performance in the Upper Flori-dan aquifer, southern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2006–5239, 110 p., plus apps. (on CD).

Reese, R.S. and Richardson, Emily, 2008, Synthesis of the hydrogeologic framework of the Floridan aquifer system and delinea-tion of a major Avon Park permeable zone in central and southern Florida: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report 2007–5207, 60 p., plus apps. and pls. (on CD).

Manuscript approved June 24, 2013

Prepared by the Raleigh Publishing Service Center Mike Deacon, Editor Ron Spencer, Illustrations Kim Swidarski, LayoutFor more information about this publication, contact: Ronald S. Reese USGS Florida Water Science Center 7500 SW 36th St Davie, Florida 33314 (954) 377-5900

Or visit the USGS home page at:http://fl.water.usgs.gov/

Reese and Cunningham—

Preliminary Stratigraphic and H

ydrogeologic Cross Sections and Seismic Profile of the Floridan A

quifer System—

OFR 2013-1141