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Preliminary Study Report for Grant Aid Project

Date 2010/04/13 1. Title of the Cooperation Project and Name of the Project Proponent 1.1 Title of the Cooperation Project

The Project for Replacement of the Bridges on Trunk Road (Modjo, Awash and Gogecha Bridges) in the Federal Republic of Ethiopia 2. Categorization and its reason 2.1 Categorization: Category B 2.2 Reason (1) The possible adverse impacts are expected due to the project.. Among them, ”serious adverse

impact” (rating A according to JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations) is not expected and “some adverse impact” (rating B) are expected for the items in social environment (involuntary resettlement, land use and utilization of local resources, etc.), in natural environment (soil erosion, flora/fauna and biodiversity, etc.), and environmental pollution (air pollution, water pollution, etc.). However, those impacts can be avoided or minimized/mitigated by examination of the project plan including environmental management plan at the Outline Design Study stage and proper implementation of mitigation measures and monitoring.

(2) Proposed projects for relocation of three bridges correspond to upgrading/rehabilitation of existing bridges, which may cause some adverse impacts but not likely to warrant a full EIA study. Thus the projects are categorized into those requiring an IEE according to both EIA guidelines of Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) and Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA). 3. Outline of the Location (Maps, Environmental and Social Condition, Problems and so on) 3.1 The Project areas Gogecha, Modjo and Awash Bridges are located at 35km, at 69 km and 225km respectively from

Addis Ababa on t he A-1 trunk road from Addis Ababa to Djibouti Port. Location of three bridges and relevant project sites are shown in Map 1 and 2.

Administrative Region/Zone/Woreda which three bridges belong to are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Administrative Region/Zone/Woreda of three bridges

Region Zone Woreda

Gogecha bridge Oromiya Region East Shewa Zone Akaki Woreda

Modjo bridge Oromiya Region East Shewa Zone Lome Woreda

Awash bridge Afar Region Administrative Zone 3 Awash Fentale Woreda

3.1.1 Social environment (1) Population - Population (2007) of administrative Region/Zone/Woreda where three bridge sites are situated are shown in Table 2.

Table 2 Population of relevant Region, Zone and Woreda relevant to three bridges Region/Zone/Woreda Area Population Urban/Rural Population Note

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(km2) Urban % Rural %

Ethiopia 1,127,1

27 73,918,505 11,956,170 16.1 61,953,185 83.9

(1) Oromiya Region 353,632 27,158,471 3,370,040 12.2 237,884,431 87.8

1) East Shewa Zone ― 1,357,522 340,267 25.1 1,017,255 74.9

a) Akaki Woreda ― 77,829 6,669 8.6 71,160 91.4 Gogecha

Bridge

b) Rome Woreda ― 73,182 4,163 5.7 69,019 94.3 Modjo

Bridge

(2) Afar Region 96,717 1,411,092 188,973 13.4 1,222,119 86.6

1) Administrative Zone 3 198,628 58,267 29.3 140,361 70.7

a) Awash Fentale

Woreda ― 29,775 16,844 56.6 12,931 43.4

Awash

Bridge

(2) Ethnicity and religion In regional, level ethnic groups Oromo is predominant in Oromiya Region, while Afar is predominant in Afar Region. Regarding religion, Orhtodox Christians are major and others are Muslim, Protestants and traditional religions in Oromiya Region,, while Muslim is predominant in Afar Region. (3) Land use Land use of the three project areas are predominantly farmland for crop cultivation with some patches of grazing areas mainly at the hilltop and steep slopes. However, in Gogecha and Modjo Bridge sites some factories and other buildings are distributed near the bridges. 3.1.2 Natural environment (1) Topography and relief In the Gogecha Bridge site, the road from Addis Ababa shows a gradual drop down to reach the bridge, then the topography generally flat at the spot. In the Modjo Bridge site, the road to the bridge generally traverses along a rolling terrain where it shows a slight drop at the spot of the bridge until it reaches a flat topography on the way to close to Modjo Town. In the Awash Bridge site, the road traverses rather flat plains and gradually drop down to the bridge. In addition, topography near the bridge is characterized by rock outcrops and cobblestones steep slope of Awash River gorge. (2) Climate Although Ethiopia is located in the tropics, temperatures vary with altitude and large climate variation, from hot arid to cool temperate, exist in the country. Based on climate classification of Ethiopia, the Gogecha and Modjo Bridge sites are can be grouped under warm temperate climate, which means mean annual temperature of 15℃ to 20℃ and mean annual rainfall 600mm to 2,000mm. On the other hand, Awash Bridge site has a tropical semi-arid climate with mean monthly maximum temperature of 32℃ to 42℃ to minimum temperature 9.6℃ to 22℃ and with rainfall pattern of biannual type giving a mean annual rainfall of about 600 mm.

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(3) River and hydrological situation Gogecha, Modjo and Awash Bridges on the A-1 trunk road cross over Gogecha River, Modjo River and Awash River respectively. Catchment areas corresponding to three bridges are 37.6 km2 for Gogecha River, 1,103km2 for Modjo River and 19,100 km2 for Awash River. Gogecha River is a non-perennial river that conveys surface runoff from the vicinity catchment during rainy season. Modjo River is one of the major perennial tributary that drains to Awash river. Awash River is one of the major rivers in Ethiopia. It rises at an elevation of about 3000m in the Central Ethiopian Highlands and flows northeastwards along the Rift Valley into the Afar triangle where it terminates in Lake Abbe at an elevation of 250m. The main river length is about 1,250km. Awash and Modjo River are forms gorge with deep and steep slope structures. (4) Plants, animals and ecosystem There are no environmentally sensitive areas and no precious plants and animal species in three bridge sites. However, Awash National Park is located about 10 km westward from Awash Bridge and the A-1 trunk road passes through the Park. The Park was established in 1966 and covers at least 756km2 of Acacia woodland and savanna grassland with its southern boundary along Awash River. Wildlife in the Park include about 80 species of mammals as well as over 450 bird species.

3.1.3 Environmental problems (1) Air and noise pollution Black smoke of exhaust emissions and noise generation are observed whenever heavy vehicles with mal functioned and overloaded run through the road and bridge, although there is no existing data on air quality and noise. (2) Water pollution During dry season water quality of river is deteriorated due to decrease in river flow except Awash River. (3) Others Land mine and UXOs (unexploded ordinance) are buried on the slope of Awash River gorge at the Awash bridge. 4. Legal framework of Environmental and Social Considerations 4.1 Environmental Framework Legislations 4.1.1 Environmental Management and Conservation - The Constitution of Ethiopia - Proclamation on Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (No. 295/2002) - Proclamation on Environmental Impact Asessment (No. 299/2002) - Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control (No. 300/2002) - Proclamation on Expropriation of Landholding and Payment of Compensation (N0. 455/2005) - Proclamation on Rural Land Administration and Land Use (No. 456/2005) - Proclamation on Research and Conservation of Cultural Heritage (No. 209/2000) - Proclamation on Forest Development, Conservation and Utilization (No. 542/2007) - Proclamation on Ethiopian Water Resources Management (No. 197/2000)

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4.1.2 Environmental Regulation and Standards No environmental standards have yet been established. 4.1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment (1) Laws and regulations

- Proclamation on Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (No. 295/2002) - Proclamation on Environmental Impact Asessment (No. 299/2002) - Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control (No. 300/2002) - The Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA) Establishment Proclamation (No. 80/1997) (2) Guidlines and manuals -1 (Ethiopian Environment Protection Authority, EPA) - Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline Document (2000.5) - Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure Guideline (2003) - Draft Guideline for Environmental Management Plan (2004) - Directive issued to Determine Projects subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (2008) (3) Guidelines and manuals-2 (Ethiopian Roads Authority, ERA) - ERA Environmental Procedures Manual (2001) - ERA Environmental and Social Management manual (2008) (4) Involuntary resettlement and Land Acquisition

- The Constitution of Ethiopia - Proclamation on Expropriation of Landholding and Payment of Compensation (N0. 455/2005) - Proclamation on Rural Land Administration and Land Use (No. 456/2005) - Council of Ministers Regulation on the Payment of Compensation for Property Situated on Landholdings Expropriated for Public Purposes (No. 135/2007) - The Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA) Establishment Proclamation (No. 80/1997)

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4.2 Procedures and requirements for Environmental Assessment Procedure of EIA approval by ERA is shown in Figure 1.

（Respond to comments）

(No) (Yes)

(No) (Yes)

Conduct full EIA study

Making full EIA report

Respond to commnets Review full EIA study

Review and commnet from EPA

EIA approval

Public Consultation

Making TOR

Review of TORReview and comment

from EPA

Review and comment from EPA

TOR accepted

No further EIA required

Conduct IEIA study

Public Consultation

Making IEIA Report

Review of IEIA Study

Require full EIA study No further EIA study required

Scoping session for TOR

Require full EIA Require IEIA

Project identification

Initial Environmental Examinaiton

Review/Categorization

Source: Hearing and referring to ERA Environmental Procedure Manual (2001)

Figure 1 Procedure of EIA Approval by ERA 4.3 Projects subject to EIA Based on EPA EIA Guideline Documents (2000.5) and ERA Environmental Manual 2001,

categorization of projects subject to EIA are as follows: (1) Category 1 Projects: Require full EIA - Projects which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts may require full EIA. - For the road sub-sector, these include “major urban roads, rural road programs and

trans-regional and international highways.” - All projects in environmentally sensitive areas irrespective of the nature of the project.

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(2) Category 2 Projects: Require an IEIA (Initial Environmental Impact Assessment)* in order to determine whether full EIA is necessary or not. * IEIA is similar to IEE (Initial Environmental Examination) of JICA Guidelines

- Projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have the potential to cause some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a full EIA.

- For the road sub-sector, these include “upgrading/rehabilitation of major rural roads.” (3) Category 3 Projects: Projects which would have no impact and does not require EIA. - For the road sub-sector, these may include “capacity building and institutional improvement of

road related organizations.”

According to the above categorization, the cooperation projects for relocation of three bridges are categorized into category 2 projects and are required an IEIA. Thus IEIA study on the cooperation project is going on by ERA.

4.4 Competent Agency

In Ethiopia EPA is designated to competent agency to evaluate, review the Project Report and the EIA Study Report and issue EIA approval by Proclamation on Establishment of Environmental Protection Organs (No. 295/2002). Organization chart of EPA is shown in Figure 2. However, at present EPA can not fulfill sufficiently its function as a competent agency because regulations regarding implementation of the Proclamation have not been approved by Environmental Protection Council and the means of execution such as budget and human resources are not enough. In the mean time of this process, the implementing agencies have the authority to endorse and issue the EIA instead of EPA. Thus, with respective to road development, rehabilitation and operation and maintenance activities, the competent agency is ERA as authorized by The Ethiopian Road Authority (ERA) Establishment Proclamation (No. 80/1997). In the ERA Environmental Management Branch of Planning Division is in charge of EIA issues. Thus ERA is a proponent and also plays a role of the competent agency to review and make

approval of the EIA for road projects.

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(Environmental Protection Authority)

Environmentaleconomicsand social

affairs Dept.

EnvironmentalInformation Center

Environmental policy andlaw Dept. Gender affairs Dept.

Manpower, resources andorganization and

management Dept.

Ecosystem Dept. Regional affairs service Environmental Laboratory

Environmental pollutioncontrol Dept. Finance Dept. Environmental education

Dept.

Prime Minister's Office

Environmentalprotection Council**

Director General

Impact AssessmentService*

Planning andprogramming service

Audit service

Deputy Director General

Note: * in chareg of EIA issues, ** supervising and legislative organ to EPA Source: Hearing an EPA officer and EPA document Figure 2 Organization chart of Ethiopian Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) 4-5 Information Disclosure and Public Participation

According to the ERA, the public consultation is a pre-requisite to all the projects to provide different stakeholders with an opportunity to raise their concerns from the project scoping stage to the approval of EIA Licence. Provision of intense public participation and consultation has been made mandatory for EIA through public consulting during scoping and public hearing after draft report preparation. Such participation of the related stakeholders should take place through entire period of preparation and reviewing of both the Project Report and EIA Study Report 5. Outline of the Relevant Agency and Institution which implement Project, EIA so on. 5.1 Name of the Project Proponent -The responsible agency is the Ministry of Works and Urban Development -The implementing organization is the Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA). In ERA Environmental Monitoring & Safety Branch of Engineering & Regulatory Department is in charge of EIA issues.

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- The organization chart of ERA with respect to EIA issues is shown in Figure 3.

ERA Board

Director General

Network ManagementDivision

Construction, ContractImplementation

Division

Human Resources &Finance Department

Engineering service,Procurement, Design& Technical Support

Division

EnvironmentalMonitoring Branch*

Operation Department

District EngineeringDivision

Engineering &RegulatoryDepartment

Planning andProgramming Division

Note: * Organization in charge of EIA implementation (Categorization, review and approval)

Source: ERA

Figure 3 Organization Chart of Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) 6. Outline of the Project and Analysis of Alternatives 6.1 Outline of the Project The objective of the proposed project is to improve the smoothness and safety of transport on the A1 Trunk Road through the replacement of Modjo, Awash and Gogecha Bridges. 6.2 Analysis of Alternatives Analysis of alternatives was examined for following two cases. (1) Zero Option (without project)

Zero Option means existing bridges are left in severely damaged and unsafe conditions and/or lacks bearing capacity resulting in collapse easily by bridge failure. If the bridge failure occurs, the consequences for the traffic corridor will be crucial, and it will take long time to re-establish a temporary bridge. In addition, existing alternative roads are through mountainous areas, which are significantly difficult to pass for heavy transports.

(2) Replacement of the existing bridges

Three bridges are inevitable to maintain both international and domestic road transportation for goods resulting to ensure proper delivery in time and amount of import and export goods and products.

Comparison of alternatives for each bridge was tentatively examined from environmental and social considerations and finalizing alignment is subject to further examination of Outline Design Study.

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7. Adverse Environmental and Social Impacts 7.1 Envisioned adverse environmental and social impacts (Environmental Scoping) Envisioned adverse environmental and social impacts due to the project are identified, predicted

and evaluated with rating for 32 items of social environment, natural environment and environmental pollution according to the scoping procedure of JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations, and summarized in Table 2.

Table 2 Results of Environmental Scoping and Countermeasures for adverse impacts

Environment item

*, **

Rating ***

Scoping (Identified impacts and

reasons)

Measures for adverse impacts

Gog

echa

brid

ge

Mod

jo b

ridge

Aw

ash

brid

ge

Further necessary

baseline study

Mitigation measures and

monitoring

(1) Social Environment

Involuntary

Resettlement

B B B

(P) Land acquisition is expected to

secure land for ROW (Right-of-way) of

new bridge and approach road based on

the proposed relocation plan. However,

resettlement of house or people is not

expected.

(P) 1) Finalizing the

alignment of new

bridge and approach

road. 2) sites for

construction office

and camps, storage

and construction

materials and waste.

3) Survey on

ownership, usage

and usufruct right of

the sites. 4) Identify

eligible PAPs and

affected property for

compensation. 5)

Formulation of RAP.

6) Examine the

consistency of

compensation policy

by ERA with those

required by JICA

Guidelines.

(P, C, O) 1) Re-examine the

project plan to avoid and/or

minimize the occurrence of

involuntary resettlement and land

acquisition. 2) If it is

unavoidable, from early stage of

the plan, provide adequate

information to PAPs and consult

with stakeholders including PAPs

to make agreement or thorough

understanding of the issues as

much as possible. 3) Conduct

necessary procedures for

compensation such as

identification of PAPs, survey on

land and property, and estimation

compensation payment by

Evaluation Committee. 4) Consult

with PAPs and stakeholders to

make agreement on

compensation. 5) Monitor and

evaluate result of compensation

after project implementation.

B B B

Secure ROW (30m width) for new

bridge and approach road

(permanently).

(P) 1) Compensate for PAPs who

have usufruct right to the

acquired land. 2) Compensate for

crop loss from the occupied land,

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if any.

B B B Secure ROW (30m width) for new

bridge and approach road (temporary).

(P) 1) Compensation for PAPs

who have usufruct right to

temporary occupied land. 2)

Compensate for crop loss from

the temporary occupied land, if

any. 3) Rehabilitate the land used

temporary at the end of

construction stage.

B B B

Secure land for construction related

facilities (office, worker's camp,

material storage, waste disposal.

Local economy

such as

employment and

livelihood etc. D D D

(C) Beneficial impacts such as creation

of employment opportunity for public

works. (O) Function of important

transport corridor will be secured and

resulting in enhancing local economy

as well as national economy.

(C) Give local residents

preference to have a chance to

construction work.

Land use and

utilization of local

resources B B B

(P, C) Water for construction work

including worker's camp may compete

with existing water resources.

(P) Survey on

existing land &

water resources

(surface water and

groundwater) use

and regulation.

(P, C) Consult with people,

community and local

governments to make consensus

of water use.

B B B

(P, C) Quarries, borrow pits will be

used for procurement of construction

materials.

(P) Survey on

quarries and borrow

pits around the site.

(P, C) Consult with owners and

local governments for

procurement and pay proper

compensation, if necessary.

Social institutions

such as social

infrastructure and

local

decision-making

institutions

B B B

(P, C, O) If information disclosure of

the project plan, and procedure and

public participation are not properly

conducted, anxieties and complaints

may spread over the people and

communities resulting in difficulties for

obtaining thorough understanding of

the project and consensus with them.

(P) Survey on

community

structures, procedure

of decision-making,

and opinion leaders

in the project area.

(P, C, O) Information disclosure

and public participation should be

fully considered for all the

stakeholders from early stage of

planning for obtaining thorough

understanding and consensus of

the people and communities.

Existing social

infrastructures

and services B B B

(C) Construction works may obstruct

non-motorized delivery means such as

ass and horse and by walk.

(P) Survey on

non-motorized

transport in the

project area.

(P) Ensure to keep space for

non-motorized transport and

sidewalk on ROW, if necessary.

B B B

(C) Water use for construction work

may compete with community water

supply.

(P) Survey on

existing water use

and resources

(P) Ensure means of water supply

through consultation with

community, water supplier and

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local government.

B B B

(C) There are connection lines of

utilities such as high voltage electric

lines, water pipes, telephone line on

and/or underneath the bridge and road.

(P) Survey on set up

place of utilities at

the site.

(C) Remove and re-install utility

lines at proper place of relocated

bridge and road, if necessary.

The poor,

indigenous of

ethnic people

B B B

(C) Water use for construction works

may give rise some impedance to the

poor and vulnerable groups who have

difficulties in access to water.

(P) Survey on

fetching means and

usage of water of

vulnerable social

groups such as the

poor, women and

children and

indigenous ethnic

people.

(P) Ensure means of water supply

and water right through

consultation with people

including vulnerable groups,

community, water supplier and

local government.

B B B

(C, O ) The poor and other vulnerable

groups who mostly utilize

non-motorized transport will be

somewhat suffered from inconvenience

for getting around during construction

and operation stage.

(P) Survey on usage

of non-motorized

transport.

(C) Set sidewalk space on the

bridge or secure proper detour

near the site.

B B B

(C) There is some possibility that

relocation space in Awash and Modjo

Bridge sites are partly farmland and

grazing land.

(P) Survey on land

use, and ownership

and usufruct right of

the land in the

project area.

(P, C, O) If the poor and

indigenous of ethnic people are

expected to become PAPs, their

rights in relation to land and

resources must be respected and

efforts should be made to obtain

the consent of them with fully

considerations to compensate

properly or support to restore the

present living condition.

Misdistribution of

benefit and

damage

B B B

(P, C, O) There is some possibility of

misdistribution of benefit and damage,

if the project plan, procedures of the

implementation and involuntary

resettlement/land acquisition matters

are not properly disseminated and

consulted with residents and

community and other stakeholders.

(P) Survey on past

experiences and

causes which may

give rise to the

misdistribution of

benefit and damage

in the communities.

Consultation with stakeholders

including PAPs and community

organizations, should be planned

from early stage to obtain

understanding and consent among

the stakeholders in order to share

equal benefit and damage.

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Local conflict of

interests

B B B

(P, C, O) There is some possibility of

local conflict of interests, if the project

plan, procedures of the implementation

and involuntary resettlement/land

acquisition matters are not properly

disseminated and consulted with

residents and community and other

stakeholders.

(P) Survey on the

causes and solutions

of local conflicts of

interests in the

project area.

Consultation with stakeholders

including PAPs and community

organizations, should be planned

from early stage to obtain

understanding and consent among

the stakeholders in order to avoid

or minimize local conflict of

interests.

Cultural property

and heritage

B B B

(C) There are no cultural property and

heritage sites.

(C) If any cultural property and

heritage are found, consult with

Ministry of Youth, Sports and

Culture and local government for

treatment and preservation of

them.

Water usage or

Water rights and

Rights of

Common

B B B

(P) Water rights, fishery right and

rights of common are not known in the

project area.

(P) Survey on water

rights, fishing

rights and rights of

common in the

project area.

(P) Promote participation of those

who have the rights and making

consent in the course of the

stakeholder meeting.

Public health and

Sanitation

B B B

(C, O) Air pollution due to increase of

traffic volume may cause some adverse

effect to health conditions of residents,

especially to respiratory organs.

(P, C, O) Survey on

public health

including prevalence

and cause of

diseases, and

sanitary condition in

the project area.

(P, C, O) Monitoring health and

sanitary conditions of residents in

the project area.

Infectious

diseases such as

HIV/AIDS

B B B

(C) Road construction workers, and

truck drivers are considered as having

high potential for the spread of sexually

transmitted diseases (STDs) and

HIV/AIDS virus due to their mobility.

It was reported infection with

HIV/AIDS and venereal disease at

worker's camp during road construction

stage in Ethiopia and other African

countries.

(P) Survey on

existing cases and

cause of HIV/AIDS

in the project area.

(P, C)1) Monitoring cases of

HIV/AIDS before and after the

construction phase, 2)

Enlightenment and campaign of

prevention and cure of

HIV/AIDS.

Hazards (cyclone,

drought, etc.) and

risk D D C

(C) No additional risk of disasters are

not expected due to the project.

However, Awash bridge site is located

in depression of African Rift Valley

where unstable ground condition, some

awareness of land slide and erosion.

(P) Survey on cases

of natural disasters

such as flooding,

drought, landslide.

2) Stability of

ground in Awash

(P, C) 1) Avoid the area of

unstable ground conditions. 2)

Measures for prevention of

collapse and landslide at the

construction site

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bridge site.

Accidents

B B B

(C, O) Stability and performance of the

bridge will be upgraded due to

relocation of existing bridge. However,

there is awareness of increasing in

traffic accidents during construction

and operation stage, if proper traffic

management measures including traffic

manners of both drivers and pedestrians

are not arranged.

(P) Collect and

analyze accidents

data due to

construction work

and existing vehicle

transport.

(C) 1) Proper management to

prevent and minimize accidents

due to construction work and

vehicle transport after operation.

2) Enlightenment and education

of traffic manner to drivers and

residents.

Security

C C B

(P) There are buried landmines and

UXOs (unexploded ordnance), which

have been left untreated since civil

wars near Awash bridge site.

(P) Investigate spots

of buried landmines

and UXOs at Awash

bridge site.

(P) Clear all the landmine and

UXOs around the site with

certificate from EMAO before the

arrival of the Outline Study Team

(Awash bridge site).

(2) Natural Environment

Topography and

Geology

B B B

(C) No large-scale land cutting and

filling are expected. However, if

improper cutting and filling likely to

cause collapse and landslide in rainy

season, especially in Awash bridge site

located in the range of depression of

the African Rift Valley.

(P) 1) Detailed

geological survey. 2)

Detailed survey on

ground conditions

(stability, strength,

etc.) of sites.

(P, C) 1) Avoid the area of

unstable ground conditions. 2)

Measures for prevention of

collapse and landslide at the

construction site.

Soil erosion

B B B

(C) No large-scale land cutting and

filling are expected. However, if

improper cutting and filling likely to

cause soil erosion in rainy season.

(P) Survey on the

area of susceptible to

soil erosion

(P, C) 1) Avoid the site of

susceptible to soil erosion. 2)

Measures for prevention of soil

erosion at construction site.

Groundwater

C C C

(C) There is some possibility of

pumping up of groundwater, if water

for construction works is not available.

(P) Survey on

groundwater

(capacity, quality,

aquifer materials

etc.)

(C ) Proper measures to prevent

penetration of polluted water to

underground.

Hydrological

situation/Drainage

pattern

B B B

(C) Excavation and dredging works of

bottom and sides of the river for

construction of the bridge may result in

changes of hydro-geological situation

of the river.

（P) Survey on

hydrological features

of rivers crossing the

relocated bridge

(flow rate, water

level, water quality,

flood etc.).

(C, P) 1) Proper measures for

prevention of spill over soil, sand

and rocks due to construction

works. 2) Construct proper water

drainage facilities along the

bridge and road. 3) Monitoring

flow and water quality of river.

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B B B

(C, O) There is some awareness of river

scouring at the bridge site. Scour action

will be especially strong during flood.

(C) 1) Proper measures to prevent

river scouring. 2) Periodical

monitoring by bridge site

examination.

Coastal zone

D D D

(P) The Project area is not located in

coastal zone.

Fauna, Flora and

Biodiversity

C C C

(P, C, O) 1) The natural vegetation

around three bridge sites has been

mostly transformed into cultivated

lands, grazing lands and settlement

areas. Only some scattered trees are

remained in the cultivated lands. In

grazing lands livestock such as cows,

sheep and goats are pastured. 2) No

endangered or endemic plant and

animal species (terrestrial and aquatic)

were observed during the site visit.

However, there is little information

about precious plant and animal species

at present.

(P) 1) Survey on

protected and/or

precious plant and

animal species

(terrestrial and

aquatic) in the

project area.

(P, C) 1) To avoid ecologically

sensitive/fragile sites and habitats

of precious plant and animal

species in alignment selection. 2)

Even common trees like

Eucaliptus and Acacia species, to

avoid cutting down as much as

possible. If it is unavoidable,

proper measures such as

relocation and/or re-planting of

similar trees should be

implemented. 3) Plant trees and

shrubs along approach road.

D D B

(P, C, O) There are no sensitive area or

protected area in the three bridge sites.

However, Awash bridge site is located

about 10 km east of Awash National

Park and A-1 trunk road passes through

the Park for about 15km. Thus it is

necessary to pay attention to wildlife

conservation in the Park during

construction and operation stage.

(P) 1) Survey on

habitat and

movement of

precious animal

species in the Park.

2) Survey on cases

and causes of injured

animals by traffic

accidents

(C, P) 1) Post appropriate signs of

crossing animals along A-1 trunk

road in the Park area. 2) Instruct

construction workers and drivers

awareness of wildlife

conservation in Awash National

Park area. 3) Particular attention

to animals for safe crossing the

road in the night.

Sensitive Area

(Protected Area) D D D

(P) There are no sensitive area or

protected area in the three bridge sites.

D D B

(P) Awash bridge site is located about

10 km east of Awash National park and

A-1 trunk road passes through the Park

for about 15km..

(P) 1) Survey on

valuable animal

species in Awash

National Park. 2)

Tourist activities. 3)

Wildlife

management for

protection of

wildlife.

(C) Enlighten construction

workers and drivers on

importance of National Park

conservation.

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Landscape

C C C

(C) There is a possibility to cause an

adverse impact on landscape depending

on alignment and design of new bridge

and approach road.

(P) Survey on

important landscape

in the project sites.

(C) To make bridge design

harmonizing with surroundings.

Meteorology D D D

(C) No large-scale topographical

alteration are expected.

Global Warming

D D D

(C, O) Increase in greenhouse gases

such as CO2 is expected to be

negligible amount due to increase of

traffic volume.

(3) Environmental Pollution

Air pollution

B B B

(C) Emission of air pollutants from

vehicles and machines for construction

work are expected. (O) Poor emission

control of many vehicles due to

insufficient maintenance and inspection

may accelerate to spew out air

pollutants (exhaust particulate, NOx,

etc.) long the road.

(P) 1) Inventory

survey on major air

pollution sources, 2)

Collect data of

complaint about air

pollution.

(C) Control of emission of air

pollutants (dust, NOx , etc.) from

construction machines and

vehicles due to construction

work. (O) Proper management for

control of vehicle exhaust

emission and establish

inspection system of exhaust gas

emission

Water pollution

B B B

(C) 1) Water pollution due to spilling

over soil and sand from construction

work (cutting, filling, excavation and

dredging, etc.) and wastewater from

worker' camps is somewhat expected.

2) Toxic materials such as asphalt

emulsifiers may spill over to rivers. 3)

Water pollution load may increase due

to addition of drainage water especially

in rainy seasons.

(P) 1) Inventory

survey on major

water pollution

sources, 2) Survey

on water quality of

rivers and streams in

both dry and rainy

season.

(C, O) 1) Proper treatment of

water pollutants generated from

construction work to comply with

water quality regulation, 2) Water

quality monitoring of rivers.

Soil

contamination

B B B

(C) Toxic materials such as asphalt

emulsifiers utilized for bridge and road

construction may give rise to soil

contamination.

(P) Survey on

present situation of

soil contamination in

the project area.

(C) 1) Prevent to accumulate of

toxic materials in soil during

construction and operation phase.

2) Monitoring of soil

contamination around the sites of

earth moving and construction

work sites.

Bottom sediment

B B B

(C) Sedimentation and accumulation of

water pollutants including toxic

materials in the river and may result in

pollution of bottom sediments.

(P) Survey on

present situation of

bottom sediment

pollution in the

project area.

(C, O) 1) Monitoring of bottom

sediment pollution in the river.

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Waste

B B B

(C) Generation of soil, sand and

construction waste is expected at

quarry, borrow pits, site of bridge and

road construction work and worker's

camp, etc.

(P) 1) Survey on

present situation and

institutional

structures of waste

management system

in the Project area,

2) Establish proper

management system

of waste during

construction stage.

(C) Proper planning and

management for construction

work to minimize waste

generation.

Noise and

Vibration

B B B

(C) Generation of noise and vibration

from construction machines and

vehicles is expected. (O) Increase of

noise and vibration due to increase in

traffic volume is expected.

(C, O) 1) Inventory

survey on generation

source of noise and

vibration. 2) Collect

data of complaint

about noise and

vibration.

(C, P ) 1) Use low-noise and

vibration equipments. 2) Examine

construction schedule and avoid

working in night time. 3)

Installation of soundproof walls

and buffer zones, if necessary.

(O) Countermeasures to minimize

noise and vibration from running

vehicles.

Ground

Subsidence C C C

(C) No major reclamation nor pumping

up of groundwater in a large quantity is

expected. However, stability of ground

is unknown at present.

(C, O) Survey on

ground conditions

strength of

foundation

(C, P ) Monitoring of ground

subsidence.

Offensive odor

D D D

(C, O) There is some possibility of bad

smell spreading over along the road due

to poor emission control of

construction machines and vehicles.

However, impact is expected to be

negligible because houses and public

facilities are scarcely and found around

the site.

Note 1： * Environmental items in the scoping are prepared based on the JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations (2004) with some modifications as referred to the

Environmental Guidelines for Infrastructures Projects (1992). Note 2: ** Regarding the impacts on "Gender" and "Children's Right" might be related to all criterion (items) of Social Environment.

Note 3: Rating; *** In general, both beneficial and adverse impacts are expected due to the project

activities. However, adverse impacts only are the subject of considerations according to the JICA Guidelines. A-Serious impact is expected, B- Some impact is expected, C - Extent of impact is unknown

or not clear (Further examination is needed. It should be taken into consideration that impacts may

become clear as study progresses.) , D - Negligible or No impact is expected. IEE/EIA is not necessary.

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Note 4: **** P) Planning Stage, C) Construction Stage, O) Operation stage

As shown in Table 2, no item of “serious impact” (rating A) is expected. However, “some impact” (rating B) are expected for most of the items of Social and Natural Environment, and Environmental Pollution. Therefore, the project is classified as category B according to categorization of the JICA

Guidelines.

8. Envisioned mitigation measures and monitoring 8-1 Mitigation measures and monitoring The above mentioned adverse impacts should be fully taken into considerations to conduct further necessary baseline survey and examine the countermeasures including avoidance, minimization and mitigation and monitoring as much as possible as shown also in Table 2. Baseline survey will be done to make further understanding of existing environment and the

effects expected to be caused by the project activities. Countermeasures will avoid, minimize or mitigate the adverse impact to an acceptable level

through the planning, construction and operation phases. Monitoring is required to ensure that the specified mitigation measures are properly carried out through construction and operation stages. 9. Consultation 9-1 Results of joint meeting on environmental and social considerations with Ethiopian side In the joint meeting with ERA, the Ethiopian side agreed with followings: -To take JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations fully into consideration when they would conduct EIA study of the Project and get EIA approval from responsible authorities according to the relevant laws and regulations of the Ethiopian Government. - To get the budget allocation for land acquisition, resettlement and compensation for the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) as soon as possible, and to take necessary measures for PAPs and secure land three months before the commencement of the construction. -To hold the stakeholder meetings for each site by April, 2010 by the attendance of the project related authorities and people to explain the outline of the project, to obtain basic agreement for the project and to submit the minutes of the meetings to JICA Ethiopia office. - To put the cut-off-date for eligible criteria for land acquisition, resettlement and compensation in consultation with the Outline Design Study team. 9-2 Joint meeting with ERA environment officers

The joint meeting with ERA officers in charge of EIA and land acquisition was held to identify expected adverse impacts due to the projects and corresponding mitigation measures in view of both ERA’s EIA Guideline and JICA Environmental and Social Considerations in the course of Preparatory Survey. 9-3 Public consultation and participation by ERA ERA was independently conducting EIA study on the rehabilitation and construction project for

18

Gogecha and Modjo Bridges, although the scope of the project is somewhat different from the cooperation project. In the study, public consultations were carried out with concerned stakeholders including representatives of the local communities and administrations. According to the study report (draft), the majorities of the community were aware of the project and highly appreciate the project due to possible social and economic benefit. However, most people were worried about matters concerned with land acquisition such as minimizing land acquisition, receiving fair compensation and ensuring adequate land allocation and livelihood restoration. 10. Social Acceptability in case of Involuntary Resettlement and Land Acquisition To make agreement and obtain consensus with PAPs and stakeholders for involuntary resettlement

and land acquisition, proper information disclosure and public consultation are inevitable. Thus ERA should endeavor to do following matters as much as possible: (i) To re-examine measures for avoidance or minimizing occurrence of involuntary

resettlement and land acquisition in the project plan, (ii) Information dissemination of the project about the possibility of involuntary resettlement

and land acquisition through public meeting and other means, if they are unavoidable, (iii) Public consultation with PAPs and their representatives, and other stakeholders including

local leaders, Representatives of Community, NGO etc. should be held from early stage of the project plan and whenever necessary including field observations, inspections and valuations In addition, PAPs and stakeholders shall be encouraged to participate in all the process of consultations.

(iv) To formulate RAP complying with both Ethiopian laws and JICA Guidelines. (v) To facilitate implementation of RAP and monitor result of compensation, restoring living

conditions and livelihood after implementation. 11. Important Notice on Outline Design Study (1) To confirm each item of agreements in joint meeting with ERA as mentioned above (9-1). (2) To review the result of EIA study by ERA and to decide whether a full EIA study and/or

additional study is further required or not. (3) To revise the result of IEE prepared in the Preparatory Study (4) To fill in Environmental Checklist for road sector and monitoring form according to JICA

Guidelines. (5)To arrange another consultant in charge of Environmental and Social Considerations to Outline

Design Study Team 12. Other relevant Information 12.1 References - Grontmij/Carl Bro (2009.6) Detailed Engineering Design and Rehabilitation Measures and Construction Supervision of the existing Awash River Bridge and Adaitu River Bridge and Detailed Engineering Design and Construction Supervision for new Alternative Bridges of the two Bridges “Detailed Engineering Design Final Preliminary Hydrology/Hydraulics assessment Report” - Transport construction Design Share Company (2009.10) Consultancy Service for Detail

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Engineering Design, Tender Document preparation and Construction Supervision of Modjo & Gogecha Rivers bridges “Preliminary Hydrology/Hydraulics Report – Modjo & Gogecha bridges” - ERA (2009.10): Consultancy Services for Detail Engineering Design, Tender Document Preparation and Construction Supervision of Modjo & Gogecha Rivers Bridges - Draft Environmental impact Assessment Report (by Transport Construction Design Share Company)

(End)

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Map 1 Location of three bridges (1) Gogecha Bridge site

Gogecha

Modjo

Awash

A1 trunk road

21

(2) Modjo Bridge site

(3) Awash Bridge site

Map 2 Project sites for rehabilitation of the three bridges