preliminaryproposaltoencodesiddhaminiso/iec10646 ·...

ISOIEC JTC1SC2WG2 N4185L212-0112012-02-08

Preliminary Proposal to Encode Siddham in ISOIEC 10646

Anshuman PandeyDepartment of HistoryUniversity of Michigan

Ann Arbor Michigan USApandeyumichedu

February 8 2012

1 Introduction

This is a preliminary proposal to encode the Siddham script in the Universal Character Set (ISOIEC 10646)It is a collaborative effort between the Script Encoding Initiative (SEI) at the University of California Berke-ley and the Shingon Buddhist International Institute

The purpose of this document is to present a character-encoding standard for Siddham It provides briefbackground on the script describes the proposed character set and technical aspects of the writing systemand offers examples of usage Issues requiring additional research are identified in Section 5

Siddham is a Brahmi-based writing system that originated in India but whose usage is centered primarily inEast Asia At present it is associated with esoteric Buddhist traditions in Japan Nevertheless Siddham isstructurally an Indic script and the encoding proposed for it adheres to the UCS encoding model for Brahmi-based writing systems such as Devanagari and similarly structured scripts The technical description andimplementation of Siddham given in this document may differ from the traditional analysis and philosophicalinterpretations of the script and its constituent characters and glyphs An attempt has been made to encodeall distinct characters attested in Siddham records although more characters may be uncovered throughadditional research The characters that are proposed for encoding have been analyzed in accordance with thecharacter-glyphmodel of theUCSAs a result the proposed character set for Siddhammay contain charactersthat are not part of traditional character repertoires It may also exclude characters that are traditionallyregarded as independent letters eg conjuncts such characters are to be represented in the manner specifiedby the UCS encoding model

The Siddham lsquoTenchijirsquo font used here was designed by the Shingon Buddhist International Institute withassistance from Lee Collins and Peter Lofting The present author has added new glyphs and made somemodifications to existing glyphs

A formal proposal is being developed in collaboration with Siddham experts and other scholars Feedbackis requested from experts and users of the script Comments may be submitted to the author at the emailaddress given above

1

Preliminary Proposal to Encode Siddham in ISOIEC 10646 Anshuman Pandey

2 Background

The Siddham script ( 710857108871102 siddham 710857108871102 siddhām Sans िस siddham Chi 悉曇文字 xītaacuten weacutenzigrave Jap悉曇 shittan Kor 실담 siltam) is a Brahmi-based script historically used for writing Sanskrit in ChinaJapan and Korea It is also known in Japan as bonji (梵字 Chi fagravenzigrave ldquoBrahmā lettersrdquo lt Sans ाbrahmā) At present Siddham is used predominantly in Japan where it is associated with the Shingon(真言) and Tendai (天台) schools of Japanese esoteric Buddhism (密教 mikkyō) Siddham was used forwriting Buddhist manuscripts but it is now mainly used for ceremonial and ritualistic purposes such asthe copying of sūtra-s and the writing of mantra-s and bījāksara-s ldquoseed syllablesrdquo associated with esotericBuddhist practices It was also used for writing inscriptions on statuary amulets and other artefacts

Tradition states that the esoteric philosopy of Siddham was introduced in Japan in 806 by the Buddhistmonk Kūkai (空海) (774ndash835) who learned the script in China from Prajntildeā (Sans ा Chi 般若三藏 BōrěSāncaacuteng) (734ndashc810) a monk from Kashmir who served the Buddhist community of Changrsquoan (modern西安 Xirsquoan) as an expert of Sanskrit and translator of Buddhist texts (van Gulik 1980 114 Abe 1999117ndash119) Known better by his posthumous title Kōbō-Daishi (弘法大師) Kūkai was the founder of theShingon (ldquoTrue Wordrdquo) school Another proponent of Siddham in Japan was Saichō (最澄) (767ndash822) alsocalled Dengyō-Daishi (伝教大師) who was the founder of the Tendai school

There are several regional forms of Siddham The Japanese form is described here and it is presented as thenormative form for the encoding In Japan Siddham calligraphy is classified as lsquoformalrsquo or lsquoinformalrsquo basedupon the implement used for writing The lsquoformalrsquo script is written using a wooden stylus called bokuhitsu(木筆 Chi mugrave-bĭ ) while the lsquoinformalrsquo or lsquobrushrsquo style is written using the common hair-tipped fude (筆Chi 毛筆 maacuteo-bĭ ) The lsquoformalrsquo and lsquoinformalrsquo styles of letters are shown in figures 12ndash17 The Siddhamused in China and Korea (see figures 21ndash26) differ from that of Japan mainly in terms of letterforms Giventhe close relationships between the various regional forms and their identities as lsquoSiddhamrsquo it is practical tounify regional variants of Siddham with the script block that is proposed here for encoding

Siddham is most closely related to Sharada (see tables 1 and 2) a Brahmi-based script that originated inKashmir and that was used throughout northwestern India for producing manuscripts and inscriptions (seePandey 2009) Use of Sharada spread from India into Central Asia and travelled from there to China withBuddhist monks An example of Central Asian Siddham is found on the palm-leaf manuscripts of the Hōryū-ji (法隆寺) temple in Nara Japan (see figure 6) which were brought there from China in 609 A detailedpalaeographical description of the Siddham of these manuscripts was presented by Georg Buumlhler (1884)

Additional background information will be provided in the formal proposal

3 Proposal Details

A total of 82 characters is required to encode a basic character set for Siddham 14 vowel letters 14 dependentvowel and related signs 33 consonant letters 1 1 invocation sign 4 punctuation marks 3 repetitionmarks and 12 section marks Other characters used in Siddham texts have been identified but are not yetproposed for encoding because additional information regarding their usage is required (see Section 5)

Siddham is allocated to the SupplementaryMultilingual Plane (SMP) at the rangeU+11580U+115FF Char-acter names follow the UCS convention for Brahmi-based scripts The proposed code chart and names listare shown in figures 1 and 2 The code chart draws upon a document prepared by Michael Everson (1999)but offers some revisions and new additions

2


4 Writing System

41 Structure

The general structure (phonetic order mātrā reordering use of virāma etc) of Siddham is similar to thatof Devanagari Consonant clusters are represented as conjuncts Some consonants and vowel signs havedifferent shapes when they occur in certain environments

42 Directionality

Siddham is written hozitonally left-to-right but it is also written vertically top-to-bottom with lines proceed-ing from right-to-left See figure 4 for an example of Siddham written left-to-right and figure 5 for textwritten top-to-bottom

43 Virāma

The Siddham 71100 is identical to the corresponding character in Devanagari It is used for silencing theinherent vowel of a consonant and for producing consonant conjuncts The default rendering of isas a visible sign The is known in Sanskrit as हल त halanta and in Japanese as怛達点 tatatsu-ten

44 Vowel Letters

There are 14 vowel letters proposed for encoding

71040

71041

71042

71043

71044

71045

71046

71047

71048

71049

71050

71051

71052

71053

Graphical variants Variant forms of vowel letters are attested eg 71041 is also written as (see figure12) These are glyphic variants that are to be managed through fonts Different forms of vowel letters areused in Korean Siddham (see figure 21)

45 Vowel and Related Signs

There are 14 dependent vowel and related signs (Jap 摩多mata lt Sans मा ाmātrā) proposed for encoding

71087

71088

71089

71090

71091

71096

71097

71092

71093

71094

71095

71102

71101

71103

3


Unattested vowel signs Dependent forms of 71052 and 71053 are as of yet unattested Space has been reserved in the code chart in the event that additional researchuncovers such characters

Graphical variants There are glyphic variants of vowel signs (see figures 12 and 19) which are to bemanaged through fonts

Alternate forms There is an alternate form for Normally this sign is written as 71097 The two-part form is also attested it is a combination of 71096 and 71087 in which the latter sign acts as a vowel-length mark

Nasalization The signs 71102 and 71101 are used for indicating nasalization

Visarga The sign 71103 represents post-vocalic aspiration (h) In Sanskrit phonology it indicatesan allophone of71085 or 71080 in word-final position

Ordering of multiple signs In certain cases such as when writing lsquoseed syllablesrsquo a base letter that iscombined with or may also be combined with eg 710417110171103 or 7110171103 āmh Insuch cases the should be written last lt71040 71101 71103 gt Rendering enginesshould recognize such sequences of combining marks as valid

46 Consonants

There are 33 consonant letters proposed for encoding

71054

71055

71056

71057

71058

71059

71060

71061

71062

71063

71064

71065

71066

71067

71068

71069

71070

71071

71072

71073

71074

71075

71076

71077

71078

71079

71080

71081

71082

71083

71084

71085

71086

Each consonant bears the inherent vowel a represented by71040 which is silenced using 71100 Variantforms of consonants are attested (see figures 13ndash17) these are to be managed at the font level

47 Consonant Conjuncts

Consonant clusters are written as conjuncts They are not encoded as independent characters Conjunctsare represented using which is written after each consonant in a cluster Siddham conjuncts arewritten vertically horizontally and as independent ligatures Additional details will be provided in theformal proposal

4


There are traditional Chinese and Japanese tabulations for Siddham conjuncts One such classification sys-tem was described in the manual Xītaacuten Zigravejigrave (悉曇字記) by the Chinese monk Zhigrave-guǎng (智廣) (d 806)who organized the various possible cluster combinations of Siddham consonants into eighteen categories(see figure 42) Examples of several conjuncts are shown in figures 43ndash58

Shaping The shape of some consonants change when they occur in conjunct-initial position (eg 71054 rarr 71080 rarr repha) some are written using post-base forms when they are non-initial (eg 71079 rarr )These ligating forms are illustrated in figures 13ndash17 (column labeled ldquoin combinationrdquo) and figures 19ndash20

Depth Siddham conjuncts may represent clusters with large numbers of consonants For example a con-junct of six consonants is rksvrya which is produced using the sequence lt71080 71100 71054 71100 71084 71100 71082 71100 71080 71100 71079 gt

Special Conjuncts The glyphs ksa and llam are often shown as independent letters in Siddham chartsThe kṣa represents conjuncts of different consonant letters and llam represents conjuncts of geminate con-sonants Based upon the UCS encoding model they are not independent letters but conjuncts They are tobe represented using the following sequences = lt71054 71100 71084 gt (compare Devanagari ksa= ltक ष gt) = lt71081 71100 71081 71102 gt It may be practical to definethese conjuncts as named character sequences (see Section 5)

Default Representation It is expected that a basic Siddham font will contain the necessary glyphs forproperly representing conjuncts A consonant cluster is depicted with the appropriate conjunct glyph only ifsuch a glyph is available in the font If the conjunct glyph is unavailable the bare consonants in the clusterare depicted using their full forms combined with a visible While these depictions of conjuncts maynot be used in Siddham orthography they are necessary for the representation of the script in plain text Inorder to render Siddham text appropriately in the absence of distinct glyphs for any possible conjunct it isrecommended that a set of condensed forms of letters in conjunct-initial and non-initial positions be availableso that arbitrary conjuncts may be rendered in the vertical orientation used in Siddham orthography

48 Consonant-Vowel Combinations

Vowel signs combine with consonant letters and conjuncts as in Devanagari Some consonant shapes aremodified when they are written with vowels (eg 71054 rarr when combining with 71090 ku)Some vowel signs are written as contextual forms when they occur with certain consonants For example 71090 rarr and 71091 rarr when combining with71058 71061 71064 71065 71067 71073 71074 71082 When written with 71080 these signs have an additional contextual form ru and rū Additional details will be provided in the formal proposal

49 Invocations

The following characters are used as invocations

1 71104 This sign is written at the beginning of a text (see figures 6 and 37) It has a vertically-oriented glyphic variant (see figure 32) The sign is traditionally analyzed as being formed fromthe lower portion of 71042 Palaeographically71104 corresponds to characters used in other Indic scriptswhere it represents the Sanskrit invocation वि त svasti ldquomay it be auspiciousrdquo

5


2 om The sacred syllable om is represented using the sequence lt71048 71101 gt rarr 7104871101 Adistinct om character is not attested for Siddham

410 Punctuation

The following punctuation characters are proposed for encoding

1 71105 and 71106 The is used for marking the end of sentences and othershort text sections while is used at the end of paragraphs and larger text blocks (seefigures 31 39 40) The and are written as and in lsquoinformalrsquo Japanesewriting these are to be treated as glyphic variants and managed through fonts The Siddham dandā-sare graphically distinct from those of Devanagari and are therefore proposed for separate encoding

2 71107 and 71108 These signs are used for marking boundariesbetween words Usage of is shown in figure 37 The isshown in figures 39 40 41 where it is used alongside 71105 and 71106

3 Middle dot Word and phrase separation is also indicated using a middot middle dot (see figure 38) Thischaracter is to be written using the already encoded middot +00B7

Other punctuation marks are attested but more information about their usage is required (see Section 5)

411 Section Marks

Several characters are used for marking the end of text sections Twelve such characters are proposed forencoding 71112 71113 71114 71115 71116 71117 71118 71119 71120 71121 71122 71123

Of these the first ten are attested in various Siddham manuscripts (see figures 31 32 34) The last two areattested in a manuscript (see figure 38) The71121 is often used to indicate the completionof an entire text while the others are used at the ends of paragraphs Several other similar characters maybe attested (see Section 5)

412 Repetition Marks

The 71109 71110 and 71111 are used forindicating the repetition of text They are written after the text that is to be repeated Questions regardingthe usage of repetition marks are stated in Section 5

The 71109 has the glyphic variants and (see figures 31 32 34) Based uponits graphical shape and function it is likely that is derived from an Indic digit lsquo2rsquo(compare Devanagari २) A common practice in manuscript traditions of northern India is to indicate therepetition of words using digits The digit used indicates the number of repetitions eg lsquo2rsquo for twice lsquo3rsquofor thrice As there are no attested digits for Siddham it appears that the original link between and a numeric value was forgotten and the original digit for lsquo2rsquo was preserved as a symbol Thisexplains the serialized usage of in the text excerpt in figure 35 for indicating a triplereading ie Devanagari ldquo २ २rdquo instead of ldquo ३rdquo for hūm hūm hūm)

6


The 71110 is used in the vertical version of the Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra shown infigure 5 An excerpt of the Sūtra with the repetition marks highlighted is shown in figure 36 Here the markappears after71079 ya (3rd character) another ya (7th character) and 71080 ra (10th character) The mark promptsthe reader to parse the text as ldquojaya jaya vijaya vijaya smara smarardquo It is possible that is used only in a vertical environment This is supported by the accompanying Japanese annotationwhich glosses71110 using〱 +3031

The71111 is shown in several Siddham manuals It is proposed for encoding becauseit is a graphically-distinct character

413 Digits

Siddham does not have a traditional set of digits (see Section 5)

414 Editorial Marks

Siddham manuscripts contain editorial marks such as those used for indicating the insertion or deletion oftext The characters and are used for marking deletions (see figure 34) Another character is a caret-like insertion mark that is written below the baseline to indicate the insertion of text These editorial marksare not unique to Siddham and are used in various Indic manuscript traditions These characters should berepresented using already-encoded characters with similar functions (see Section 5)

415 Pedagogical Characters

There are several pedagogical characters used for describing Siddham letters in script manuals Some ofthese are discussed below These characters may be candidates for encoding but additional research isrequired regarding their usage and suitability for encoding as per the UCS encoding model (see Section 5)

Character Strokes Siddham manuals describe elemental character strokes that are used for writing letters(see figure 62) Some of these are described below

1 myō-ten The stroke is the initial mark made when a brush is pressed upon a surface for writingany Siddham letter (see the stroke order in figures 63 and 64) It is known in Japanese as命点 myō-ten ldquolife markrdquo The myō-ten corresponds to the Chinese simple stroke (點 diǎn ldquodotrdquo) which isencoded in the UCS as+31D4

2 a-ten The stroke is shown in some historical and modern Siddham handbooks as a dependentvowel sign of 71040 (see figures 19 60 61) or as a lsquovariationrsquo of the letter (see figure 12) For thisreason it is called ア点 a-ten ldquoa markrdquo in Japanese It is a horizontally elongated form of myō-tenThe a-ten is not a true lsquovowel signrsquo but a portion of the top-stroke or mātrā (Sans मा ा) inherent ineach consonant letter

3 gyōgatsu-ten The stroke is known in Japanese as 仰月点 gyōgatsu-ten ldquomoon-viewing markrdquoand in Sanskrit as अधच ardhacandra ldquohalf-moonrdquo It is the foundational stroke of the sign 71101 - which is produced by writing 71102 with gyōgatsu-ten The stroke is considered荘厳 shougon (Sans अलकार alamkāra) ldquoadornmentrdquo or ldquodecorationrdquo in that it does not change thephonological value of The use of gyōgatsu-ten is shown in figure 65 where it appears asan independent graphical element

7


4 u-ten The stroke is known asウ点 u-ten ldquoumarkrdquo in Japanese It is used for forming characterslike71042 71044 and71045

5 en-ten The stroke is known as 円点 en-ten ldquocircle markrdquo in Japanese It is used for formingcharacters like 71102 and 71065

lsquoHeadlessrsquo Letters Some Japanese treatises on Siddham offer explanations about the phonological prop-erties of Siddham consonants by using lsquoheadlessrsquo letters which are the regular consonants written with-out the top-stroke (myō-ten Sans mātrā) One such work the Shittan Bunsho (悉曇聞書) of Jiun Sonja(慈雲尊者) (1718ndash1804) expounds upon the alphasyllabic and alphabetic natures of Siddham consonantsby using lsquoheadlessrsquo letters Jiun explains that removing the top-stroke of 71054 produces the lsquoheadlessrsquo form in which the inherent vowel is absent ka rarr k According to this view the inherent vowel a iscontained in the top-stroke and eliminating it produces an alphabetic form of a letter Secondly when thislsquoheadlessrsquo ka is combined with a 71100 as 71100 the remaining consonantal value is removed k rarr Oslash Inthis case the essentially eradicates the entire letter A table of lsquoheadlessrsquo letters is given by Jōgon(淨嚴) (1639ndash1702) in his Shittan Sanmitsushō ( 710857108871102三密鈔) which is presented here in figure 59

While lsquoheadlessrsquo forms of Siddham consonants would be required for accurately representing Jiunrsquos ShittanBunsho they are to be considered as glyphic variants of regular letters and are to be managed through fonts

416 Word Ligatures

A bījāksara or bīja ldquoseed syllablerdquo may be written such that the constituent characters are joined to forma highly-stylized ligature (see figures 67 68 69 70) For example the word 710757106471100 phat (lt71075 71064 71100 gt) may be written as phat A more complex example is a bīja of Acala (Sans अचल Chi不動明王 Buacutedograveng Miacutengwaacuteng Jap Fudō Myōō) which is a ligature formed by joining71101 hām and71101 māmthe last two syllables of his mantra into a monogram written as or or hāmmām

These types of ligatures cannot be represented in plain text using characters proposed for encoding Theyare to be considered calligraphic innovations and managed at the presentation level through the applicationof font features or text attributes

417 Collation

The primary collating order for Siddham is as follows

71040 lt 71041 lt 71042 lt 71043 lt 71044 lt 71045 lt 71046 lt 71047 lt 71048 lt 71049 lt

71050 lt 71051 lt 71052 lt 71053 lt 71054 lt 71055 lt

71056 lt 71057 lt 71058 lt 71059 lt 71060 lt 71061 lt 71062 lt 71063 lt


71072 lt 71073 lt 71074 lt 71075 lt 71076 lt 71077 lt 71078 lt 71079 lt 71080 lt


71089 lt 71090 lt 71091 lt 71092 lt 71093 lt 71094 lt

71095 lt 71096 lt 71097 lt 71100

The following characters have secondary weights 71101 71102 71103

8


5 Questions

Below are some questions regarding the encoding of additional Siddham characters

1 Named character sequences The glyphs ksa and llam are conjuncts that have symbolic sig-nificance Should named character sequences be defined for these glyphs as was done for The sequences may be defined as follows

SIDDHAM LETTER KSHA1158E 115BC 115ABSIDDHAM LETTER LLAM115A9 115BC 115A9 115BC

2 Digits There is no traditional set of Siddham digits However figure 18 shows ldquoBonji numeralsrdquo thatare similar to Devanagari digits Are these ldquonumeralsrdquo modern innovations Should they be encoded

3 and These punctuation marks are used in the palm-leaf manuscript of the PrajntildeāpāramitāHṛdaya Sūtra from the Hōryū-ji temple Are they distinct characters The glyph appears to be aglyphic variant of 71106 is it The glyph may be analyzed as two characters surrounding a 71103 is it

4 Avagraha Devanagari versions of the Prajntildeāpāramitā Hṛdaya Sūtra and other texts show the use ofऽ +093D The avagraha is used for marking the elision of word-initialअ a in Sanskrit as a result of sandhi when the preceding word ends with the vowels ए e or ओ o egśuddho rsquoham is written in Devanagari as श ो ऽहम (from श ः śuddhah + अहम aham) Is this characterattested in any Siddham manuscripts of these texts

5 Repetition marks Additional research is required in order to determine if the three repetition markshave distinctive functions or if their usage is specific to certain environments or certain regional Sid-dham traditions For instance 71109 appears in Chinese sources which are pre-sented as left-to-right text while71110 appears in Japanese sources and in verticaltext Is usage of these repetition marks restricted to certain regional traditions Also are there textsthat show the use of 71111 Is there any information about this character

6 Section marks In addition to the section marks that are proposed for encoding there may be othersimilar characters attested in Siddham records If such characters are found should they be encodedseparately or unified with proposed section marks that are graphically similar Also there are differentforms of 71119 that having varying numbers of arcs compare the form with twoarcs in figure 33) with the three-arc form in figure 34 and the four-arc form in figure 32 Shouldthese forms with plusmn1 arc be treated as distinct characters The 71120 is proposed forencoding because it is distinct from in the number of arcs that it possesses

7 71121 The 71121 is presently classified as a lsquosection markrsquo However based uponits graphical structure it is less lsquoornamentalrsquo than other section marks It may also be functionallydistinct from the section marks Should this character be encoded as a form of punctuation instead ofas a section mark Is it related to the character described in item 3 above

8 Pedagogical characters The pedagogical characters described in Section 415 are used in Siddhammanuals and are required by users who produce such materials There is a precedent in the UCSfor encoding character strokes and other such pedagogical characters eg the CJK radicals and thecharacters of the lsquoCJK Strokesrsquo block (U+31C0U+31EF)

9 Figure 13 (row 11) shows the below-base character listed along with 71101 and 71102 What is this character Is this the gyōgatsu-ten

9


10 Michael Eversonrsquos chart for Siddham shows a character named ldquo -rdquo It is not a vowel sign but the pedagogical character gyōgatsu-ten described in Section 415 Ifthe gyōgatsu-ten is to be encoded should it be defined as a combining sign

6 Character Data

61 Character Properties

Character properties given in the data format of UnicodeDatatxt

11580SIDDHAM LETTER ALo0LN11581SIDDHAM LETTER AALo0LN11582SIDDHAM LETTER ILo0LN11583SIDDHAM LETTER IILo0LN11584SIDDHAM LETTER ULo0LN11585SIDDHAM LETTER UULo0LN11586SIDDHAM LETTER ELo0LN11587SIDDHAM LETTER AILo0LN11588SIDDHAM LETTER OLo0LN11589SIDDHAM LETTER AULo0LN1158ASIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC RLo0LN1158BSIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC RRLo0LN1158CSIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC LLo0LN1158DSIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC LLLo0LN1158ESIDDHAM LETTER KALo0LN1158FSIDDHAM LETTER KHALo0LN11590SIDDHAM LETTER GALo0LN11591SIDDHAM LETTER GHALo0LN11592SIDDHAM LETTER NGALo0LN11593SIDDHAM LETTER CALo0LN11594SIDDHAM LETTER CHALo0LN11595SIDDHAM LETTER JALo0LN11596SIDDHAM LETTER JHALo0LN11597SIDDHAM LETTER NYALo0LN11598SIDDHAM LETTER TTALo0LN11599SIDDHAM LETTER TTHALo0LN1159ASIDDHAM LETTER DDALo0LN1159BSIDDHAM LETTER DDHALo0LN1159CSIDDHAM LETTER NNALo0LN1159DSIDDHAM LETTER TALo0LN1159ESIDDHAM LETTER THALo0LN1159FSIDDHAM LETTER DALo0LN115A0SIDDHAM LETTER DHALo0LN115A1SIDDHAM LETTER NALo0LN115A2SIDDHAM LETTER PALo0LN115A3SIDDHAM LETTER PHALo0LN115A4SIDDHAM LETTER BALo0LN115A5SIDDHAM LETTER BHALo0LN115A6SIDDHAM LETTER MALo0LN115A7SIDDHAM LETTER YALo0LN115A8SIDDHAM LETTER RALo0LN115A9SIDDHAM LETTER LALo0LN115AASIDDHAM LETTER VALo0LN115ABSIDDHAM LETTER SHALo0LN115ACSIDDHAM LETTER SSALo0LN115ADSIDDHAM LETTER SALo0LN115AESIDDHAM LETTER HALo0LN115AFSIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN AAMc0LN

10


115B0SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN IMc0LN115B1SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN IIMc0LN115B2SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN UMn0NSMN115B3SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN UUMn0NSMN115B4SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN EMc0LN115B5SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN AIMn0NSMN115B6SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN OMc0L115B8 115AFN115B7SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN AUMc0LN115B8SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RMn0NSMN115B9SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RRMn0NSMN115BAltreservedgt115BBltreservedgt115BCSIDDHAM SIGN VIRAMAMn9NSMN115BDSIDDHAM SIGN CANDRABINDUMn0NSMN115BESIDDHAM SIGN ANUSVARAMn0NSMN115BFSIDDHAM SIGN VISARGAMc0LN115C0SIDDHAM SVASTISo0LN115C1SIDDHAM DANDAPo0LN115C2SIDDHAM DOUBLE DANDAPo0LN115C3SIDDHAM WORD SEPARATOR ONEPo0LN115C4SIDDHAM WORD SEPARATOR TWOPo0LN115C5SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK ONEPo0LN115C6SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK TWOPo0LN115C7SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK THREEPo0LN115C8SIDDHAM SECTION MARK ONESo0LN115C9SIDDHAM SECTION MARK TWOSo0LN115CASIDDHAM SECTION MARK THREESo0LN115CBSIDDHAM SECTION MARK FOURSo0LN115CCSIDDHAM SECTION MARK FIVESo0LN115CDSIDDHAM SECTION MARK SIXSo0LN115CESIDDHAM SECTION MARK SEVENSo0LN115CFSIDDHAM SECTION MARK EIGHTSo0LN115D0SIDDHAM SECTION MARK NINESo0LN115D1SIDDHAM SECTION MARK TENSo0LN115D2SIDDHAM SECTION MARK ELEVENSo0LN115D3SIDDHAM SECTION MARK TWELVESo0LN

62 Linebreaking

Linebreaking properties given in the format of LineBreaktxt

11580115AE AL LETTER A LETTER HA115AF115BF CM SIGN AA SIGN VISARGA115C0 BA SVASTI115C1115C4 BA DANDA WORD SEPARATOR TWO115C5115C7 AL REPETITION MARK ONE REPETITION MARK THREE115C8115D3 BA SECTION MARK ONE SECTION MARK TWELVE

63 Syllabic Categories

Syllabic categories given in the format of IndicSyllabicCategorytxt

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Bindu115BD115BE Bindu Mn [2] SIGN CANDRABINDU SIGN ANUSVARA

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Visarga115BF Visarga Mc SIGN VISARGA

11


Indic_Syllabic_Category=Virama115BC Virama Mn SIGN VIRAMA

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Vowel_Independent115801158D Vowel_Independent Lo [14] LETTER A LETTER VOCALIC LL

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Vowel_Dependent115AF115B1 Vowel_Dependent Mc [3] VOWEL SIGN AA VOWEL SIGN II115B2115B3 Vowel_Dependent Mn [2] VOWEL SIGN U VOWEL SIGN UU115B4 Vowel_Dependent Mc VOWEL SIGN E115B5 Vowel_Dependent Mn VOWEL SIGN AI115B6115B8 Vowel_Dependent Mc [2] VOWEL SIGN O VOWEL SIGN AU1158711589 Vowel_Dependent Mn [2] VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR

Indic_Syllabic_Category=Consonant1158E115AE Consonant Lo [33] LETTER KA LETTER HA

64 Matra Categories

Matra categories given in the format of IndicMatraCategorytxt

Indic_Matra_Category=Right115AF Right Mc VOWEL SIGN AA115B1 Right Mc VOWEL SIGN II

Indic_Matra_Category=Left115B0 Left Mc VOWEL SIGN I115B4 Left Mc VOWEL SIGN E

Indic_Matra_Category=Left_And_Right115B6 Left_And_Right Mc VOWEL SIGN O

Indic_Matra_Category=Top115B5 Top Mn VOWEL SIGN AI

Indic_Matra_Category=Top_And_Left_And_Right115B7 Top_And_Left_And_Right Mc VOWEL SIGN AU

Indic_Matra_Category=Bottom115B2115B3 Bottom Mn [2] VOWEL SIGN U VOWEL SIGN UU115B8115B9 Bottom Mn [2] VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR115BC Bottom Mn SIGN VIRAMA

7 References

Abe Ryūichi 1999 The Weaving of Mantra Kūkai and the Construction of Esoteric Buddhist DiscourseNew York Columbia University Press

梵字貴重資料刊行会 [Bonji Kichō Shiryō Kankōkai] 1980 [昭和 Shōwa 55] 梵字貴重資料集成 [Bonjikichō shiryō shūsei] 初版 [Shohan] 東京東京美術 [Tōkyō Tōkyō Bijutsu]

Buumlhler Georg 1884 ldquoPalaeographical Remarks on the Horiuzi Palm-Leaf MSSrdquo In The Ancient Palm-Leaves edited by Friedrich Max Muumlller and Bunyiu Nanjio Anecdota Oxoniensia Aryan Series VolI Pt III pp 61ndash95 Oxford Clarendon Press

12


Chaudhuri Saroj Kumar 1998 ldquoSiddham in China and Japanrdquo Sino-Platonic Papers no 88 December1998 Philadelphia Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies University of Pennsylvania

Everson Michael 1999 Siddham code chart httpwwwevertypecomstandardsiso10646pdf

siddhampdf

淨嚴 [Jōgon] 1682 710857108871102三密鈔 [Shittan Sanmitsushō] In Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō (大正新脩大藏經)vol 84 no 2710 715ndash810 Accessed electronically at the SAT Daizōkyō Text Database http

21dzklu-tokyoacjpSATddb-sat3phps=ampmode=detailampuseid=2710_84

児玉義隆 [Kodama Giryū] 1991 梵字必携書写と解読 [Bonji hikkei shosha to kaidoku] 初版[Shohan] 大阪朱鷺書房 [Ōsaka Toki Shobō]

mdashmdashmdash 2005 [平成 Heisei 17] 梵字の書法真言密敎ほとけの文字 [Bonji no shohō Shingon Mikkyōhotoke no moji 東京大法輪閣 [Tōkyō Daihōrinkaku]

林東熙 [Lim Tonghuy] (ed) 2005 真言集 (전언집) [Cenrsquoen-cip = ldquoCollection of Mantrasrdquo] 서울시寶蓮閣 [Sŏul-si Bolyenkak]

Lokesh Chandra Sō-gen 1965 Sanskrit Bījas and Mantras in Japan Śata-Piṭaka Series v 39 New DelhiInternational Academy of Indian Culture

mdashmdashmdash Jiun Sonja 1972 Sanskrit Manuscripts from Japan Vols 1 amp 2 Śata-Piṭaka Series v 93 amp 94New Delhi

mdashmdashmdash 1988 The Thousand-Armed Avalokiteśvara Foreword by Kapila Vatsyayan New Delhi AbhinavPublications Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts

Muumlller Friedrich Max and Bunyiu Nanjio [eds] 1884 The Ancient Palm-Leaves Containing the Pragntildeacirc-pacircramitacirc-hridaya-sucirctra and the Ushnicircsha-vigaya-dhacircranicirc Anecdota Oxoniensia Texts documents andextracts chiefly from manuscripts in the Bodleian and other Oxford libraries Aryan Series Vol I PtIII With an appendix by Georg Buumlhler Oxford Clarendon Press

中村瑞隆 [Nakamura Zuiryū] 1977 [昭和 Shōwa 52] 梵字事典 [Bonji jiten] 東京雄山閣 [Tōkyō Yūzankaku]

Pandey Anshuman 2009 ldquoProposal to Encode the Sharada Script in ISOIEC 10646rdquo ISOIEC JTC1SC2WG2 N3595 L209-074R2 August 5 2009 httpstddkuugdkjtc1sc2wg2docsn3595pdf

शा यवश हमराज [Shakyavansha Hemraj] 2042 [1985] नपाल िलिप स ह [Nepāla Lipi Saṃgraha] ndashNepalese Alphabet 7th ed of original printed byMānadāsa Sugatadāsa 1953 Kathmandu VasantarājaTulādhara

信範 [Shinpan] 悉曇祕傳記 [Shittan Hidenki] In Taishō Shinshū Daizōkyō (大正新脩大藏經) vol 84no 2708 643ndash653 Accessed electronically at the SAT Daizōkyō Text Database http21dzkl

u-tokyoacjpSATddb-sat3phps=ampmode=detailampuseid=2708_84

Stevens John 1981 Sacred Calligraphy of the East Boulder Colorado Shambala

徳山暉純 [Tokuzan Kijun] 1974 図說梵字 ndash 密敎の壁悉曇参究 [Zusetsu Bonji ndash mikkyō no kabe shittan sankyū] 東京木耳社 [Tōkyō Mokujisha]

mdashmdashmdash 1976 [昭和 Shōwa 51] 梵字手帖 [Bonji techō] 東京木耳社 [Tōkyō Mokujisha]

13


van Gulik Robert Hans 1980 Siddham An Essay on the History of Sanskrit Studies in China and JapanŚata-Piṭaka series Indo-Asian literatures v 247 Reprint Originally published Nagpur InternationalAcademy of Indian Culture 1956 (Sarasvati Vihara Series v 36) New Delhi Sharada Rani

Yamamoto Chikyo 1990 Mahāvairocana-sūtra Translated into English from Ta-prsquoi lu che na chrsquoeng-foshen-pien chia-chrsquoih ching the Chinese version of Śubhākarasiṁha and I-hsing AD 725 Preface byLokesh Chandra Tripiṭaka Sūtrapiṭaka Mahāvairocanasūtra New Delhi International Academy ofIndian Culture and Aditya Prakashan

8 Acknowledgments

I am thankful to Lee Collins (Apple Computer Inc) for reviewing drafts of this proposal for offeringbackground and usage information on Siddham and for providing samples of Korean Siddham as well asthe lsquoTenchijirsquo font used here I also thank Shriramana Sharma for reviewing the document and for offeringcorrections on technical matters regarding the representation of and alternate forms of vowel signsI am especially indebted to Micah Auerback (Asian Languages and Cultures University of Michigan AnnArbor) andWang Xiyue (王夕越) for patiently answering my questions about Japanese and Chinese sourcesrespectively and for providing insight into texts through their own expert translations

This project was made possible in part by a grant from the United States National Endowment for the Human-ities which funded the Universal Scripts Project (part of the Script Encoding Initiative at the University ofCalifornia Berkeley) Any views findings conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publicationdo not necessarily reflect those of the National Endowment for the Humanities

14


Printed using UniBooktrade(httpwwwunicodeorgunibook)

Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

Figure 1 Proposed code chart for Siddham

15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580

Virama115BC $ 71100 SIDDHAM SIGN VIRAMA

Various signs115BD $ 71101 SIDDHAM SIGN CANDRABINDU115BE $ 71102 SIDDHAM SIGN ANUSVARA115BF $71103 SIDDHAM SIGN VISARGA

Invocation115C0 71104 SIDDHAM SVASTI

Punctuation115C1 71105 SIDDHAM DANDA115C2 71106 SIDDHAM DOUBLE DANDA115C3 71107 SIDDHAM WORD SEPARATOR ONE115C4 71108 SIDDHAM WORD SEPARATOR TWO

Repetition signs115C5 71109 SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK ONE115C6 71110 SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK TWO115C7 71111 SIDDHAM REPETITION MARK THREE

Section marksThese characters are used for indicating the end of text115C8 71112 SIDDHAM SECTION MARK ONE115C9 71113 SIDDHAM SECTION MARK TWO115CA 71114 SIDDHAM SECTION MARK THREE115CB 71115 SIDDHAM SECTION MARK FOUR115CC 71116 SIDDHAM SECTION MARK FIVE115CD 71117 SIDDHAM SECTION MARK SIX115CE 71118 SIDDHAM SECTION MARK SEVEN115CF 71119 SIDDHAM SECTION MARK EIGHT115D0 71120 SIDDHAM SECTION MARK NINE115D1 71121 SIDDHAM SECTION MARK TEN115D2 71122 SIDDHAM SECTION MARK ELEVEN115D3 71123 SIDDHAM SECTION MARK TWELVE

Independent vowels11580 71040 SIDDHAM LETTER A11581 71041 SIDDHAM LETTER AA11582 71042 SIDDHAM LETTER I11583 71043 SIDDHAM LETTER II11584 71044 SIDDHAM LETTER U11585 71045 SIDDHAM LETTER UU11586 71046 SIDDHAM LETTER E11587 71047 SIDDHAM LETTER AI11588 71048 SIDDHAM LETTER O11589 71049 SIDDHAM LETTER AU

Additional independent vowels1158A 71050 SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC R1158B 71051 SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC RR1158C 71052 SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC L1158D 71053 SIDDHAM LETTER VOCALIC LL

Consonants1158E 71054 SIDDHAM LETTER KA1158F 71055 SIDDHAM LETTER KHA11590 71056 SIDDHAM LETTER GA11591 71057 SIDDHAM LETTER GHA11592 71058 SIDDHAM LETTER NGA11593 71059 SIDDHAM LETTER CA11594 71060 SIDDHAM LETTER CHA11595 71061 SIDDHAM LETTER JA11596 71062 SIDDHAM LETTER JHA11597 71063 SIDDHAM LETTER NYA11598 71064 SIDDHAM LETTER TTA11599 71065 SIDDHAM LETTER TTHA1159A 71066 SIDDHAM LETTER DDA1159B 71067 SIDDHAM LETTER DDHA1159C 71068 SIDDHAM LETTER NNA1159D 71069 SIDDHAM LETTER TA1159E 71070 SIDDHAM LETTER THA1159F 71071 SIDDHAM LETTER DA115A0 71072 SIDDHAM LETTER DHA115A1 71073 SIDDHAM LETTER NA115A2 71074 SIDDHAM LETTER PA115A3 71075 SIDDHAM LETTER PHA115A4 71076 SIDDHAM LETTER BA115A5 71077 SIDDHAM LETTER BHA115A6 71078 SIDDHAM LETTER MA115A7 71079 SIDDHAM LETTER YA115A8 71080 SIDDHAM LETTER RA115A9 71081 SIDDHAM LETTER LA115AA 71082 SIDDHAM LETTER VA115AB 71083 SIDDHAM LETTER SHA115AC 71084 SIDDHAM LETTER SSA115AD 71085 SIDDHAM LETTER SA115AE 71086 SIDDHAM LETTER HA

Dependent vowel signs115AF $71087 SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN AA115B0 $ 71088 SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN I115B1 $71089 SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN II115B2 $ 71090 SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN U115B3 $ 71091 SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN UU115B4 $ 71092 SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN E115B5 $ 71093 SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN AI115B6 $71094 SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN O115B7 $71095 SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN AU

Additional vowel signs115B8 $ 71096 SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC R115B9 $ 71097 SIDDHAM VOWEL SIGN VOCALIC RR115BA ltreservedgt115BB ltreservedgt

Figure 2 Proposed names list for Siddham16


Siddham Sharada Nagari

71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ

Table 1 Comparison of vowel letters and signs of Siddham Sharada and Devanagari

17



71054 70033 क 71055 70034 ख 71056 70035 ग 71057 70036 घ 71058 70037 ङ 71059 70038 च 71060 70039 छ 71061 70040 ज 71062 70041 झ 71063 70042 ञ 71064 70043 ट 71065 70044 ठ 71066 70045 ड 71067 70046 ढ 71068 70047 ण 71069 70048 त 71070 70049 थ


71071 70050 द 71072 70051 ध 71073 70052 न 71074 70053 प 71075 70054 फ 71076 70055 ब 71077 70056 भ 71078 70057 म 71079 70058 य 71080 70059 र 71081 70060 ल mdash 70061 ळ 71082 70062 व 71083 70063 श 71084 70064 ष 71085 70065 स 71086 70066 ह

Table 2 Comparison of consonant letters of Siddham Sharada and Devanagari

18


Figure 3 Seed-syllables for the thirteen Buddhas (from Tokuzan 1974 27)

19


Figure 4 TheUṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra known in Japanese as佛頂尊勝陀羅尼 Buccho SonshoDarani Kyo (Source httpdharanipitakanet2008download) A versionwith vertical textis given in figure 5

20


Figure5TheUṣṇīṣaVijaya

Dhā

raṇī

Sūtrawrittentop-to-bottomright-to-left(fromKodam

a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6

AmanuscriptcontainingthePr

ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū

tra(fromMuumlllerand

Nanjio

1884PlateII)Thismanuscriptw

asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly

7thcenturyandwasstored

attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem

pleinIkarugaNaraPrefecture

22


Figure 7 Folio fragments from a Siddham manuscript written by Prajntildeātāra (Sans ातार Chi般若多羅 Bōrě Duōluoacute) in the 9th century (from Lokesh Chandra 1965 fascicle 1 section 7) Thefolios are facsimiles traced by the Japanese monk Sōgen (宗源) and published using wooden-blockprinting in his Ashara-jō (1837)

23


Figure 8 Siddham inscriptions (from Nakamura 1977 Plate 21)

24



25


Figure 10 The Siddham varnapātha written by Kūkai (from van Gulik 1980 Plate XI)

26


Figure 11 A mandala inscribed by Saichō (from van Gulik 1980 Plate X)

27


Figure 12 Description of Siddham letters and dependent signs for the vowels (from Stevens1981 34)

28


Figure 13 Description of Siddham letters (from Stevens 1981 35)

29



30



31



32



Figure 18 A set of lsquoBonjirsquo digits (Source httpwwwmandalarcomDisplayJBonji

index6_Ehtml) These closely resemble Devanagari forms

33


Figure19C

hartofSiddham(fromKodam

a199165ndash66)Notethevariantform

of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea

(fromLim2005)Courtesy

ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39


Figure 25 Siddham used in a Korean version of the Nīlakaṇṭha Dhāranī (नीलक ठ धारनी Chi大悲咒 Dagravebēi Zhograveu) of Avalokiteśvara (from Lokesh Chandra 1988 164)

40


Figure 26 Siddham letters used in Korea (from Stevens 1981 8)

41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA

sia(fromShakyavansha

198538ndash39)Thisform

ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji

palm-leafmanuscripts

42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source

httpwwwsiddham-sanskritcoms-sanskrit2

learn-siddhamsid-ran-tib-hanGIF)

43


Figure29D

escriptionofthebasicvowels

and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)Notetheseveralglyphic

variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D

escriptionofvowelsignsand

thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31

Punctuationandornaments

used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from

Tokuzan1974227)Manyof

theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby

Stevens(figure31)and

Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere

theverticalvariantof71104

46


Figure 33 Description of an invocation sign punctuation marks section marks a variant form of a deletion mark and repetition marks in the Shittan Sanmitsushō (from Jōgon 1682 724)Note the separate listing of 71119 and 71120 which are conflatedinto a single character in other sources

47


Figure 34 Punctuation and ornaments used in Siddham (from Kodama 1991 222) Column (1)forms of (2) the sign (3) the lsquoinformalrsquo (4) the lsquoinformalrsquo (5) the three repetition marks (6) deletion marks (7) ornaments used at the end of a text section(8) a sign used at the end of text

48


Figure 35 Chinese Siddham showing usage of 71109 (source unknown) Notethe serialized use of 71109 after the syllable hūm which indicates that the word is to be read thrice

49


Figure 36 Excerpt from the Uṣṇīṣa Vijaya Dhāraṇī Sūtra in figure 5 showing usage of 71110 - in vertical text (from Kodama 2005 123))

50


Figure 37 Use of 71107 (from Lokesh Chandra 1965 fascicle 1 section 12)Note also the use of the invocation sign71104 at the beginning of the text

Figure 38 Use of a middle dot as a word separator (from Lokesh Chandra 1972 410) Note alsothe use of71122 and71123

51


Figure 39 Text showing use of 71105 71106 and 71108 (fromLokesh Chandra 1972 15) Note the writing of and beneath -

Figure 40 Text showing use of 71108 71105 and 71106 (fromLokesh Chandra 1972 33) Here is written independently

52


Figure41T

extshowinguseof71108

and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham

characterset(adapted

from

Stevens198140ndash41)Thisappearstobe

basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham

ligatures(fromvanGulik1980P

lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62


Figure 59 Chart showing lsquoheadlessrsquo consonants combined with (from Jōgon 1682 779)These are pedagogical forms of regular consonants letters (see Section 415)

63


Figure 60 Chart showing Siddham dependent vowel signs and their combinations with71054 (fromShinpan 644) Note the presence of the vowel sign for71040 which is derived from the top-strokeof the letter See Section 415 for more details

Figure 61 The myō-ten shown as the dependent form of 71040 (from Tokuzan1974 226)

64


Figure 62 Elemental Siddham strokes (from Bonji Kichō Shiryō Kankōkai 1980 114)

65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040

usingasoftbrush(from

Stevens198144)Theinitialstrokemyō-te

nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te

nintheseed-syllablesforthe

five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

(fromTokuzan1974180)

66


Figure65A

conceptualizationofthesyllable7108271101 va

masas

tūpa

(from

Tokuzan197643)Theelem

entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T

heseed-syllablesforthe

fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp

a(fromTokuzan197628)

67


Figure 67 Different forms of hāmmām the bīja of Fudō Myōō (Acala) (from Tokuzan 1974 227)

Figure 68 The seed syllables of不動明王 Fudō Myōō and his attendants制吒迦童子 Seitaka-dōji(Cetaka) and矜羯羅童子 Kongara-dōji (Kimkara) (from Kodama 2005 97)

68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天

Bishamon-ten(Vaiśravaṇa)

(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


2 Background

The Siddham script ( 710857108871102 siddham 710857108871102 siddhām Sans िस siddham Chi 悉曇文字 xītaacuten weacutenzigrave Jap悉曇 shittan Kor 실담 siltam) is a Brahmi-based script historically used for writing Sanskrit in ChinaJapan and Korea It is also known in Japan as bonji (梵字 Chi fagravenzigrave ldquoBrahmā lettersrdquo lt Sans ाbrahmā) At present Siddham is used predominantly in Japan where it is associated with the Shingon(真言) and Tendai (天台) schools of Japanese esoteric Buddhism (密教 mikkyō) Siddham was used forwriting Buddhist manuscripts but it is now mainly used for ceremonial and ritualistic purposes such asthe copying of sūtra-s and the writing of mantra-s and bījāksara-s ldquoseed syllablesrdquo associated with esotericBuddhist practices It was also used for writing inscriptions on statuary amulets and other artefacts

Tradition states that the esoteric philosopy of Siddham was introduced in Japan in 806 by the Buddhistmonk Kūkai (空海) (774ndash835) who learned the script in China from Prajntildeā (Sans ा Chi 般若三藏 BōrěSāncaacuteng) (734ndashc810) a monk from Kashmir who served the Buddhist community of Changrsquoan (modern西安 Xirsquoan) as an expert of Sanskrit and translator of Buddhist texts (van Gulik 1980 114 Abe 1999117ndash119) Known better by his posthumous title Kōbō-Daishi (弘法大師) Kūkai was the founder of theShingon (ldquoTrue Wordrdquo) school Another proponent of Siddham in Japan was Saichō (最澄) (767ndash822) alsocalled Dengyō-Daishi (伝教大師) who was the founder of the Tendai school

There are several regional forms of Siddham The Japanese form is described here and it is presented as thenormative form for the encoding In Japan Siddham calligraphy is classified as lsquoformalrsquo or lsquoinformalrsquo basedupon the implement used for writing The lsquoformalrsquo script is written using a wooden stylus called bokuhitsu(木筆 Chi mugrave-bĭ ) while the lsquoinformalrsquo or lsquobrushrsquo style is written using the common hair-tipped fude (筆Chi 毛筆 maacuteo-bĭ ) The lsquoformalrsquo and lsquoinformalrsquo styles of letters are shown in figures 12ndash17 The Siddhamused in China and Korea (see figures 21ndash26) differ from that of Japan mainly in terms of letterforms Giventhe close relationships between the various regional forms and their identities as lsquoSiddhamrsquo it is practical tounify regional variants of Siddham with the script block that is proposed here for encoding

Siddham is most closely related to Sharada (see tables 1 and 2) a Brahmi-based script that originated inKashmir and that was used throughout northwestern India for producing manuscripts and inscriptions (seePandey 2009) Use of Sharada spread from India into Central Asia and travelled from there to China withBuddhist monks An example of Central Asian Siddham is found on the palm-leaf manuscripts of the Hōryū-ji (法隆寺) temple in Nara Japan (see figure 6) which were brought there from China in 609 A detailedpalaeographical description of the Siddham of these manuscripts was presented by Georg Buumlhler (1884)

Additional background information will be provided in the formal proposal

3 Proposal Details

A total of 82 characters is required to encode a basic character set for Siddham 14 vowel letters 14 dependentvowel and related signs 33 consonant letters 1 1 invocation sign 4 punctuation marks 3 repetitionmarks and 12 section marks Other characters used in Siddham texts have been identified but are not yetproposed for encoding because additional information regarding their usage is required (see Section 5)

Siddham is allocated to the SupplementaryMultilingual Plane (SMP) at the rangeU+11580U+115FF Char-acter names follow the UCS convention for Brahmi-based scripts The proposed code chart and names listare shown in figures 1 and 2 The code chart draws upon a document prepared by Michael Everson (1999)but offers some revisions and new additions

2


4 Writing System

41 Structure


42 Directionality


43 Virāma


44 Vowel Letters


71040

71041

71042

71043

71044

71045

71046

71047

71048

71049

71050

71051

71052

71053




71087

71088

71089

71090

71091

71096

71097

71092

71093

71094

71095

71102

71101

71103

3








46 Consonants


71054

71055

71056

71057

71058

71059

71060

71061

71062

71063

71064

71065

71066

71067

71068

71069

71070

71071

71072

71073

71074

71075

71076

71077

71078

71079

71080

71081

71082

71083

71084

71085

71086




4









49 Invocations



5



410 Punctuation






411 Section Marks






6




413 Digits


414 Editorial Marks








7






416 Word Ligatures



417 Collation



71050 lt 71051 lt 71052 lt 71053 lt 71054 lt 71055 lt





71089 lt 71090 lt 71091 lt 71092 lt 71093 lt 71094 lt

71095 lt 71096 lt 71097 lt 71100


8


5 Questions












9



6 Character Data




10



62 Linebreaking







11






64 Matra Categories








7 References




12




siddhampdf


















13




8 Acknowledgments



14



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


4 Writing System

41 Structure


42 Directionality


43 Virāma


44 Vowel Letters


71040

71041

71042

71043

71044

71045

71046

71047

71048

71049

71050

71051

71052

71053




71087

71088

71089

71090

71091

71096

71097

71092

71093

71094

71095

71102

71101

71103

3








46 Consonants


71054

71055

71056

71057

71058

71059

71060

71061

71062

71063

71064

71065

71066

71067

71068

71069

71070

71071

71072

71073

71074

71075

71076

71077

71078

71079

71080

71081

71082

71083

71084

71085

71086




4









49 Invocations



5



410 Punctuation






411 Section Marks






6




413 Digits


414 Editorial Marks








7






416 Word Ligatures



417 Collation



71050 lt 71051 lt 71052 lt 71053 lt 71054 lt 71055 lt





71089 lt 71090 lt 71091 lt 71092 lt 71093 lt 71094 lt

71095 lt 71096 lt 71097 lt 71100


8


5 Questions












9



6 Character Data




10



62 Linebreaking







11






64 Matra Categories








7 References




12




siddhampdf


















13




8 Acknowledgments



14



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69








46 Consonants


71054

71055

71056

71057

71058

71059

71060

71061

71062

71063

71064

71065

71066

71067

71068

71069

71070

71071

71072

71073

71074

71075

71076

71077

71078

71079

71080

71081

71082

71083

71084

71085

71086




4









49 Invocations



5



410 Punctuation






411 Section Marks






6




413 Digits


414 Editorial Marks








7






416 Word Ligatures



417 Collation



71050 lt 71051 lt 71052 lt 71053 lt 71054 lt 71055 lt





71089 lt 71090 lt 71091 lt 71092 lt 71093 lt 71094 lt

71095 lt 71096 lt 71097 lt 71100


8


5 Questions












9



6 Character Data




10



62 Linebreaking







11






64 Matra Categories








7 References




12




siddhampdf


















13




8 Acknowledgments



14



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69









49 Invocations



5



410 Punctuation






411 Section Marks






6




413 Digits


414 Editorial Marks








7






416 Word Ligatures



417 Collation



71050 lt 71051 lt 71052 lt 71053 lt 71054 lt 71055 lt





71089 lt 71090 lt 71091 lt 71092 lt 71093 lt 71094 lt

71095 lt 71096 lt 71097 lt 71100


8


5 Questions












9



6 Character Data




10



62 Linebreaking







11






64 Matra Categories








7 References




12




siddhampdf


















13




8 Acknowledgments



14



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



410 Punctuation






411 Section Marks






6




413 Digits


414 Editorial Marks








7






416 Word Ligatures



417 Collation



71050 lt 71051 lt 71052 lt 71053 lt 71054 lt 71055 lt





71089 lt 71090 lt 71091 lt 71092 lt 71093 lt 71094 lt

71095 lt 71096 lt 71097 lt 71100


8


5 Questions












9



6 Character Data




10



62 Linebreaking







11






64 Matra Categories








7 References




12




siddhampdf


















13




8 Acknowledgments



14



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69




413 Digits


414 Editorial Marks








7






416 Word Ligatures



417 Collation



71050 lt 71051 lt 71052 lt 71053 lt 71054 lt 71055 lt





71089 lt 71090 lt 71091 lt 71092 lt 71093 lt 71094 lt

71095 lt 71096 lt 71097 lt 71100


8


5 Questions












9



6 Character Data




10



62 Linebreaking







11






64 Matra Categories








7 References




12




siddhampdf


















13




8 Acknowledgments



14



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69






416 Word Ligatures



417 Collation



71050 lt 71051 lt 71052 lt 71053 lt 71054 lt 71055 lt





71089 lt 71090 lt 71091 lt 71092 lt 71093 lt 71094 lt

71095 lt 71096 lt 71097 lt 71100


8


5 Questions












9



6 Character Data




10



62 Linebreaking







11






64 Matra Categories








7 References




12




siddhampdf


















13




8 Acknowledgments



14



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


5 Questions












9



6 Character Data




10



62 Linebreaking







11






64 Matra Categories








7 References




12




siddhampdf


















13




8 Acknowledgments



14



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



6 Character Data




10



62 Linebreaking







11






64 Matra Categories








7 References




12




siddhampdf


















13




8 Acknowledgments



14



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



62 Linebreaking







11






64 Matra Categories








7 References




12




siddhampdf


















13




8 Acknowledgments



14



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69






64 Matra Categories








7 References




12




siddhampdf


















13




8 Acknowledgments



14



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69




siddhampdf


















13




8 Acknowledgments



14



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69




8 Acknowledgments



14



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



Date 08-Feb-2012 1

115EFSiddham11580

1158 1159 115A 115B 115C 115D 115E

71040710417104271043710447104571046710477104871049710507105171052710537105471055

71056710577105871059710607106171062710637106471065710667106771068710697107071071

710727107371074710757107671077710787107971080710817108271083710847108571086$71087

$ 71088$71089$ 71090$ 71091$ 71092$ 71093$71094$71095$ 71096$ 71097

$ 71100$ 71101$ 71102$71103

71104711057110671107711087110971110711117111271113711147111571116711177111871119

71120711217112271123

11580

11581

11582

11583

11584

11585

11586

11587

11588

11589

1158A

1158B

1158C

1158D

1158E

1158F

11590

11591

11592

11593

11594

11595

11596

11597

11598

11599

1159A

1159B

1159C

1159D

1159E

1159F

115A0

115A1

115A2

115A3

115A4

115A5

115A6

115A7

115A8

115A9

115AA

115AB

115AC

115AD

115AE

115AF

115B0

115B1

115B2

115B3

115B4

115B5

115B6

115B7

115B8

115B9

115BC

115BD

115BE

115BF

115C0

115C1

115C2

115C3

115C4

115C5

115C6

115C7

115C8

115C9

115CA

115CB

115CC

115CD

115CE

115CF

115D0

115D1

115D2

115D3

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F


15



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



Date 08-Feb-2012 2

115D3Siddham11580















71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



71040 70019 अ 71041 70020 आ 71042 70021 इ 71043 70022 ई 71044 70023 उ 71045 70024 ऊ 71046 70025 ऋ 71047 70026 ॠ 71048 70027 ऌ 71049 70028 ॡ 71050 70029 ए 71051 70030 ऐ 71052 70031 ओ 71053 70032 औ


- mdash mdash mdash

- 71087 70067 ा

- 71088 70068 ि

- 71089 70069 ी

- 71090 70070

- 71091 70071

- 71092 70072

- 71093 70073

- mdash 70074

- mdash 70075

- 71096 70076

- 71097 70077

- 70078 ो

- 70079 ौ


17







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69







18



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



19



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



20



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



Dhā

raṇī


a2005122ndash124)

21


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure6


ajntildeā

pāramitā

HṛdayaSū


Nanjio


asapparently

broughtfromChina

toJapanintheearly


attheHōryū-ji

(法隆寺)tem


22



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



23



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



24



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



25



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



26



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



27



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



28



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



29



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



30



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



31



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



32





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69





33


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure19C



of71097

34


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure20C


a199167ndash68)

35


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure21S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

36


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure22S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

37


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure23S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

38


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure24S

iddham

lettersused

inKorea


ofLeeCollins

39



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



40



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



41


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure27Chartshow

ingthevarietyof

Siddhamused

inNepalandCentralA



ofSiddhamis

apparentlythatused

ontheHōryū-ji


42


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure

28Com

parison

ofSiddhamTibetan

RanjanaandChinese

scripts(Source



43


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure29D


and

intheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō


variantsg

iven

foreachvowel

44


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure30D


thevocalic

lettersintheSh

ittan

Sanm

itsushō

(fromJōgon1682722)

45


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure

31


used

inSiddham

(from

Stevens1

98141)

Figure

32


used

inSiddham

(from


theseareidenticalto

thoseshow

nby


Kodam

a(figure34)How

evernotehere


46



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



47



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



48



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



49



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



50




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69




51




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69




52


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure41T


and71106

(fromYam

amoto19906162)

53


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure42Grid

show

ingtraditionalS

iddham


from


basedupon

theanalysisof

Siddhamconjunctsb

yZhigrave-guǎng

(see

Section47)

54


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure43S

iddham


lateVIIa)

Figure44S

iddham


lateVIIb)

55


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure45S

iddham


lateVIIc)

Figure46S

iddham


lateVIId)

56


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure47S

iddham


lateVIIe)

Figure48S

iddham


lateVIIf)

57


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure49S

iddham


lateVIIg)

Figure50S

iddham


lateVIIh)

58


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure51S

iddham


lateVIIi)

Figure52S

iddham


lateVIIj)

59


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure53S

iddham


lateVIIk)

Figure54S

iddham


lateVIIl)

60


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure55S

iddham


lateVIIm)

Figure56S

iddham


lateVIIn)

61


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure57S

iddham


lateVIIo)

Figure58S

iddham


lateVIIp)

62



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



63




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69




64



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69



65


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure63S

troke

sequence

forw

riting71040



nishighlightedSee

Section415

fordetailson

Siddhamstroke

characters

Figure64T

hepositionofmyō-te


five

elem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086


66


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure65A


masas

tūpa

(from


entsfrom

topare71102

the

gyōg

atsu-te

nand71082

Figure66T


fiveelem

ents71040

7108271080

71055

71086

conceptualized

asastūp


67




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69




68


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69


Figure

69Seed

syllables

of梵天

Bon-ten(Brahm

ā)摩利支天

Marishi-ten(M

arici)

and毘沙門天


(fromKodam

a200599)

Figure70Tw

ovariations

oftheseed

syllabledh

ihmam

(fromKo-

dama2005101)

69

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