prelims economics geography - ias score
TRANSCRIPT
AN INTRODUCTION1. TO ......................01 ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
Branches of Economic Geography ..............01
New Economic Geography .........................01
WATER RESOURCES2. ...................... 02-20Introduction ...........................................02
World Water Resources ............................02
Extent of Water Resources ........................05
Utilisation and Related Problems ...............06
India’s Water Resources ...........................08
Inter-state River Water Disputes in India .....09
National Water Policy (2012) .....................10
Jal Shakti Abhiyan ...................................11
Multipurpose River-Valley Projects in .........12India
Ganga-Cauvery River Link .........................17
National Water Grid .................................19
FOREST RESOURCES3. .................... 21-28What is Forest .........................................21
Extent of Forest Cover ..............................21
Types of Forestry Practices ......................22
Forest Resources in India .........................24
BIOTIC RESOURCES4. ...................... 29-47Introduction ...........................................29
Livestock ...............................................29
Livestock Products ..................................45
MINERAL RESOURCES5. .................. 48-74Introduction ...........................................48
Ores ......................................................48
Origin of Mineral Deposits ........................48
Extraction of Minerals ..............................49
Mineralised Regions ................................51
Metallic Minerals ....................................52
Mineral Resources: India ..........................58
Metallic Minerals ....................................59
Non-Metallic Minerals ..............................68
ENERGY RESOURCES6. .................. 75-106Introduction ...........................................75
Types of Energy Resources .......................75
Petroleum ..............................................77
Natural Gas ............................................79
Coal ......................................................80
Energy Resources: India ...........................82
Non-Conventional Energy Sources ...........104
Miscellaneous ......................................106
India joined IEA Bioenergy TCP .............105
Dikshi Small Hydro Power Project .........106
MARINE RESOURCES7. ................ 107-118Maritime Zones .....................................107
Resources: Extent, Distribution and ..........108Utilisation
Types of Marine Resources .....................108
Marine Deposits ....................................109
Marine Energy Resources .......................111
Marine Food Resources ..........................112
State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture (Sofi a) ...............................113
Marine Resource of India ........................114
Blue Revolution .....................................115
CONTENTS
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
Chief routes of entry of marine ................118pollutants
WORLD AGRICULTURE8. ..................... 119Introduction .........................................119
World Agriculture Types .........................119
Classifi cation .......................................120
Nomadic Herding ..................................120
Shifting cultivation/Simple .....................121 Subsistence Farming
Rudimentary Sedentary Tillage ................123
Intensive Subsistence Tillage ..................124(dominated by wet paddy)
Intensive Subsistence Tillage ..................124(without paddy dominance)
Subsistence Crop and Livestock Farming ..124
Mediterranean Agriculture ......................125
Livestock Ranching ...............................126
Livestock Ranching and Nomadic .............126Herding
Extensive Commercial Grain Farming ........127
Commercial Livestock and Crop ..............128 Farming (Mixed Farming)
Commercial Dairy Farming ......................129
Specialized Horticulture and ..................129 Floriculture (Flower Culture)
Plantation Agriculture ............................130
INDIA: LAND RESOURCES &9. ....... 131-153 AGRICULTURE
Important Facts about Indian ...................131Agriculture
Land Utilization .....................................132
Land-use Changes in India ......................133
Salient Features of Indian Agriculture .......133
Types of Farming ..................................134
Cropping Pattern ...................................134
First Advance Estimates of Production .....137of major Kharif crops for 2020-21
Three largest producing States of ............138major Crops during 2018-19
Determinants of Agriculture ....................138
Land Reforms .......................................138
Agricultural Productivity ........................144
Agricultural Intensity or Intensity of .........144Cropping
Agro-Climatic Regions ...........................144
Dry Farming ..........................................145
Problems of Indian Agriculture ................146
Miscellaneous ......................................147
Cultivation of GM Crops .......................147
Krishi Megh .........................................148
Lakshadweep declared 100% Organic ...148
Kerala, the fi rst state in the country .......148to fi x MSP for vegetables
Direct Seeding of Rice ..........................149
Rashtriya Kamdhenu Aayog ..................149
Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada .........149Yojana
UN World Food Programme ..................150
National Year of Millets ........................150
Millet Village Scheme ...........................151
Water Productivity Mapping of Major Indian Crops...............................151
India’s First Aqua Mega Food Park ........152
INDUSTRIAL10. REGIONS OF ......... 154-182 THE WORLD
North American Region ..........................154
European Region ...................................157
CIS: Commonwealth of Independent .........162States
Asian Region ........................................163
Indian Industrial Regions ........................167
Industries in India .................................170
Textile Industries .................................170
Metallurgical Industries .........................174
Engineering Industries ...........................177
Cement Industry ...................................180
Sugar Industry ......................................180
Cottage Industries .................................180
Information Technology .........................181
Fertilizers ............................................181
Public Sector Undertakings ....................182
TRADE PATTERN11. ...................... 183-201Introduction .........................................183
World Trade Pattern ...............................183
Major Trading Blocks .............................195
Trends in India’s Foreign Trade ................196
Foreign Trade .......................................196
Composition of Export-Trade of India .......197
Composition of Import-Trade of India .......199
Direction of India’s Foreign Trade .............201
TRANSPORT12. ............................ 202-244Importance and Development of ..............202Transport
Transport Costs and Economic Distance ...202
Transport Patterns in the World ...............202
Inland Waterways ..................................206
Railways ..............................................208
Air Transport ........................................213
Pipeline Transport .................................214
Transport and Trade in the Modern Era .....215
India: Transport ....................................216
Railways ..............................................216
Roadways ............................................223
Air Transport ........................................227
Water Transport ....................................228
Shipping ..............................................231
Miscellaneous ......................................235
Atal Tunnel ..........................................235
Char Dham Pariyojana ..........................235
Zoji La tunnel project ...........................235
Sela pass tunnel ..................................236
India’s largest dry dock at Cochin .........236Shipyard
India’s longest elevated road ................237
Eastern Peripheral Expressway .............237
Banihal-Qazigund tunnel .......................238
Water aerodrome in Chilika Lake ...........238
Bogibeel Bridge: India’s longest river .....239bridge
City Gas Distribution (CGD) Projects .....239
Noney Bridge: World’s Tallest ...............240Railway Bridge
“The Future of Rail” Report ...................240
Gas Trading Hub ..................................242
Byorung Bridge: India’s longest .............242300-metre single lane steel cable............... suspension bridge
Ganga Expressway ...............................243
Kerala to get country’s 2nd ...................243longest rail tunnel for Vizhinjam Port Connectivity
Purvanchal Expressway ........................244
1
CHAPTER
1 AN INTRODUCTION TOECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
Economic geography has been defi ned by the geographers as the study of human’s economic activities under varying sets of conditions which is associated with production, location, distribution, consumption, exchange of resources, and spatial organization of economic activities across the world. It represents a traditional subfi eld of the discipline of geography. However, many economists have also approached the fi eld in ways more typical of the discipline of economics.
Economic geography has taken a variety of approaches to many different subject matters, including the location of industries, economies of agglomeration (also known as “linkages”), transportation, international trade, development, real estate, gentrifi cation, ethnic economies, gendered economies, core-periphery theory, the economics of urban form, the relationship between the environment and the economy (tying into a long history of geographers studying culture-environment interaction), and globalization.
Branches of Economic Geography
Thematically, economic geography can be divided into these sub disciplines:
Geography of resources
Geography of agriculture: It is traditionally considered the branch of economic geography that investigates those parts of the Earth’s surface that are transformed by humans through primary sector activities. It thus focuses on structures of agricultural landscapes and asks for the processes that lead to these spatial patterns.
Geography of industry
Geography of international trade
Geography of transport and communication
Geography of fi nance
New Economic Geography
With the rise of the New Economy, economic inequalities are increasing spatially. The New Economy, generally characterized by globalization, increasing use of information and communications technology, the growth of knowledge goods, and feminization, has enabled economic geographers to study social and spatial divisions caused by the rising New Economy, including the emerging digital divide.
The new economic geographies consist of primarily service-based sectors of the economy that use innovative technology, such as industries where people rely on computers and the internet. Within these is a switch from manufacturing-based economies to the digital economy. In these sectors, competition makes technological changes robust. These high technology sectors rely heavily on interpersonal relationships and trust, as developing things like software is very different from other kinds of industrial manufacturing—it requires intense levels of cooperation between many different people, as well as the use of tacit knowledge. As a result of cooperation becoming a necessity, there is a clustering in the high-tech new economy of many fi rms.
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