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ROLE OF DIFFERENT PHARMACEUTICAL INGREDIENTS

Category Description Example

Acidulant/

Acidifying agent

Used in liquid preparations to

provide acidic medium for

product stability

Ammonium Chloride

Hydrochloric Acid

Phosphoric Acid

Sulfuric Acid

Acetic acid

Hydrochloric acid

Nitric acid

Fumaric Acid Cis -trans

Tartaric Acid Isomers

Malic AcidHydroxy –

Dicarboxylic acid[4 C]

Citric acid Tricarboxylic acid

Alkalinizing agent Used in liquid preparations to

provide alkaline medium for

product stability

Ammonia solution

Ammonium carbonate

Diethanolamine

Monoethanolamine

Potassium hydroxide

Sodium bicarbonate

Sodium hydroxide

Sodium borate

Sodium carbonate

Trolamine

Adsorbant

An agent capable of holding other

molecules onto its surface by

physical or chemical

(chemisorption) means

Aluminum Hydroxide Adjuvant

Aluminum Oxide

Aluminum Phosphate Adjuvant

Attapulgite

Colloidal Silicon Dioxide

Hydrophobic Colloidal Silica

Magnesium Oxide

Powdered cellulose

Activated charcoal Strong

adsorbant

Aerosol propellant

Agent responsible for developing

the pressure withinaerosol

container and expelling the

product when the valve is

opened.

Carbon dioxide

Dichlorodifluoromethane

Dichlorotetrafluoroethane

Trichloromonofluoromethane

Chlorodifluoroethane (HCFC)

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC)

Difluoroethane (HFC)

Dimethyl Ether

Heptafluoropropane (HFC)

Hydrocarbons (HC)

Nitrous Oxide


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Tetrafluoroethane (HFC)

Air displacement

Agent employed to displace air in

a hermetically sealed container to

enhance product stability

Nitrogen

Carbon dioxide

Antifoaming

Agent/ defoamer

Defoamer is an antifoaming agent

that inhibits the formation of

foam on the surface of liquids by

reducing the surface tension.

Dimethicone and Simethicone

Antifungal

preservative

Used in liquid and semisolid

preparations to prevent growth

of fungi. Effectiveness of

parabens is usually enhanced by

use in combination.

Methyl and propyl paraben in

ratio of 10: 1 effective

antimicrobial.GPAT 2018

Butylparaben

Ethylparaben

Methylparaben

Propylparaben

Benzoic acid

Sodium benzoate

Sodium propionate

Antimicrobial

preservative

Used in liquid and semisolid

preparations to prevent

growth of microorganisms

Benzalkonium chloride

Antioxidant

Used to prevent deterioration of

preparations by Oxidation

Alpha Tocopherol

Ascorbic Acid

Ascorbyl Palmitate

Butylated Hydroxy anisole (BHA)

ButylatedHydroxy toluene (BHT)

Butylparaben

Monothioglycerol

Potassium Metabisulfite

Propyl Gallate

Sodium Ascorbate

Sodium Formaldehyde

Sulfoxylate

Sodium Metabisulfite

Sodium Sulfite

Sodium Thiosulfate

Sulfur Dioxide

Astringent

Astringent, any of a group of

substances that cause the

contraction or shrinkage of

tissues and that dry up

secretions. Astringents are

usually classified into three

groups according to their mode of

action:

(1) Those that decrease the blood

supply by narrowing the small

Potassium Alum and Sodium

Borate


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blood vessels (e.g., epinephrine

and cocaine)

(2) Those that abstract water

from the tissue (e.g. glycerol and

alcohol)

(3) Those that coagulate the

superficial tissue layers into a

crust (e.g., metallic astringents,

such as calamine or alum)Bihar DI

98

Bittering Agent

A bittering agent is a flavoring

agent added to a food or beverage

to impart a bitter taste, possibly

in addition to other effects.

Denatonium Benzoate and

Sucrose Octaacetate

Buffering Agent

Used to resist change in pH upon

dilution or addition of acid or

alkali.

Acetic Acid, Glacial

Adipic Acid

Ammonia Solution

Calcium Hydroxide

Citric Acid Monohydrate

Lactic Acid

Maleic Acid

Meglumine

Monoethanolamine

Potassium Citrate

Potassium Hydroxide

Sodium Carbonate

Sodium Citrate Dihydrate

Sodium Lactate

Sodium Phosphate, Dibasic

Sodium Phosphate, Monobasic

Boric Acid

Diethanolamine

Chelating Agent

Substance that forms stable

water-soluble complexes

(chelates) with metals; used in

some liquid pharmaceuticals as

stabilizers to complex heavy

metals that might promote

instability. In such use, they are

also called sequestering agents

Disodium Edetate

Edetic Acid

Pentetic Acid

Colorant

Used to impart color to liquid and

solid (e.g., tablets and capsules)

preparations

FD&C Red No. 3

FD&C Red No. 20

FD&C Yellow No. 6

FD&C Blue No. 2

D&C Green No. 5


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D&C Orange No. 5

D&C Red No. 8

Caramel

Ferric oxide, (red, yellow and black)

Clarifying agent

Used as a filtering aid for its

adsorbent qualities

Bentonite

Coating Agent Shellac and Zein

Desiccant A desiccant is a hygroscopic

substance that induces or

sustains a state of dryness

(desiccation) in its vicinity; It is

the opposite of a humectant.

Calcium Chloride

Disinfectants Disinfectants are antimicrobial

agents that are applied to the

surface of non-living objects to

destroy microorganisms that are

living on the objects

Chloroxylenol Present in Dettol

Chlorhexidine

Effervescent Base Potassium Bicarbonate

Sodium Bicarbonate

Emollient Smoothing to the skin or mucous

membrane.

An agent that softens the skin or

soothes irritation in the skin or

mucous membrane.

Isopropyl Myristate

Isopropyl Palmitate

Mineral Oil

Mineral Oil, Light

Emulsifier/

Emulsifying Agent

Used to promote and maintain

dispersion of finely subdivided

particles of liquid in a vehicle in

which it is immiscible. End

product may be a liquid emulsion

or semisolid emulsion (e.g., a

cream)

Lecithin (Naturally occurring

Amphoteric surfactant )

Cholesterol

Mineral Oil

Lanolin Alcohols

Octyldodecanol

Polyoxylglycerides

Triethanolamine

Vitamin E Polyethylene Glycol

Succinate

Wax, Anionic Emulsifying

Wax, Nonionic Emulsifying

Emulsion

Stabilizer

An emulsifier (also known as an

"emulgent") is a substance that

stabilizes an emulsion by

increasing its kinetic stability

Ethylene Glycol Stearates

Glyceryl Behenate

Glyceryl Monooleate

Glyceryl Monostearate

Glyceryl Palmitostearate

Encapsulating

agent

Used to form thin shells to

enclose a drug for ease of

administration

Gelatin

Flavoring Agent Used to impart a pleasant flavor Ethyl Maltol


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and often odor to a preparation. Ethyl Vanillin

Isomalt

Leucine

Maltol

Menthol

Methionine

Monosodium Glutamate

(Synthetic)

Vanillin

Hydrocolloid Colloid system wherein the

colloid particles are hydrophilic

polymers dispersed in water.

Acacia

Alginic Acid

Ammonium Alginate

Calcium Alginate

Carrageenan

Chitosan

Guar Gum

Pectin

Potassium Alginate

Sodium Acetate

Sodium Alginate

Tragacanth

Xanthan Gum

Humectant Used to prevent drying of

preparations, particularly

ointments and creams

Glycerin

Propylene glycol

Sorbitol

Ion exchange

Resin

An ion-exchange resin or ion-

exchange polymer is a resin or

polymer that acts as a medium

for ion exchange. It is an insoluble

matrix (or support structure)

normally in the form of small

(0.25–0.5 mm radius)

microbeads, usually white or

yellowish, fabricated from an

organic polymer substrate.

Polacrilin Potassium

Levigating agent

Liquid used as an intervening

agent to reduce the particle size of

a powder by grinding, usually in a

mortar.

Mineral oil

Glycerin

Propylene glycol

Oily Vehicle

Used as vehicle in parentrals Almond Oil

Canola Oil

Castor Oil

Coconut Oil

Corn Oil

Cottonseed Oil


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Ethyl Oleate

Medium chain Triglycerides

Oleyl Alcohol

Olive Oil

Palmitic Acid

Peanut Oil

Safflower Oil

Sesame Oil

Soybean Oil

Sunflower Oil

Ointment Base

Semisolid vehicle for medicated

ointments

Castor Oil, Hydrogenated

Ceresin

Cetostearyl Alcohol

Cetyl Alcohol

Lanolin

Lanolin Alcohols

Lanolin, Hydrous

Paraffin

Petrolatum

Petrolatum and Lanolin Alcohols

Opacifying agent

Substance added to reduce their

clear or transparent appearance

of product. Some opacifying

agents provide the pearly

appearance desired in certain

products. Other opacifying agents

are used for covering purposes

and to hide blemishes.

Iron Oxides and Titanium Dioxide

Plasticizer Component of film-coating

solutions to make film more

pliable, enhance spread of coat

over tablets, beads, and granules

and provide plasticity to the film.

Acetyltributyl Citrate

Acetyltriethyl Citrate

Dibutyl Phthalate

Dibutyl Sebacate

Diethyl Phthalate

Dimethyl Phthalate

Triacetin

Tributyl Citrate

Triethyl Citrate

Polishing Agent Used to impart an attractive

sheen to coated tablets

Wax, Carnauba

Wax, White

Wax, Yellow

Solvent Used to dissolve another

substance in preparation of a

solution; may be aqueous or not

(e.g., oleaginous). Cosolvents,

such as water and alcohol

Acetone Alcohol

Butylene Glycol

Cyclomethicone

Dimethyl Sulfoxide

Dimethylacetamide


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(hydroalcoholic) and water and

glycerin, may be used when

needed. Sterile solvents are used

in certainpreparations (e.g.,

injections).

Ethyl Acetate

Ethyl Lactate

Glycerin

Glycofurol

Isopropyl Alcohol

Propylene Carbonate

Propylene Glycol

Pyrrolidone

Triolein

Stiffening agent

Used to increase thickness or

hardness of a preparation, usually

an ointment

Yellow wax

Cetyl alcohol

Cetyl esters wax

Microcrystalline wax

Paraffin

Stearyl alcohol

White wax

Stabilizer

Albumin

Calcium Acetate

Glycine

Raffinose

Trehalose

Zinc Acetate

Suppository Base

Vehicle for suppositories Cocoa butter

Polyethylene glycols (mixtures)

PEG 3350

Hard Fat

Surfactant Substances that adsorb to

surfaces or interfaces to reduce

surface or interfacial tension. May

be used as wetting agents,

detergents, or emulsifying agents

Benzalkonium chloride

Polysorbate 80

Sodium lauryl sulfate

Sorbitan monopalmitate

Docusate Sodium

Macrogol 15 Hydroxystearate

Polyoxyethylene Alkyl Ethers

Polyoxyethylene Castor Oil

Derivatives

Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Fatty

Acid Esters

Polyoxyethylene Stearates

Sodium Lauryl Sulfate

Sorbitan Esters (Sorbitan Fatty

Acid Esters)

Suspending Agent

Viscosity-increasing agent used to

reduce sedimentation rate of

particles in a vehicle in which

they are not soluble; suspension

Agar

Bentonite (Aluminium silicate)

Calcium Silicate


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may be formulated for oral,

parenteral, ophthalmic, topical, or

other route.

Carbomer

Carboxymethylcellulose sodium

(CMC sodium)

Ceratonia

Hectorite (Magnesium silicate)

Hydroxyethyl cellulose(HEC)

Hydroxypropyl cellulose(HPC)

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

(HPMC)

Kaolin

Magnesium Aluminum Silicate

Methylcellulose(MC)

Propylene Glycol Alginate

Saponite

Sodium Hyaluronate

Tragacanth

Veegum (Magnesium Aluminium

silicate)

Sweetening Agent

Used to impart sweetness to a

preparation

Aspartame

Acesulfame Potassium

Alitame

Dextrose

Fructose

GlucoseLiquid

Lactitol

Maltitol

Maltitol Solution

Maltose

Mannitol

Neohesperidin Dihydrochalcone

Neotame

Saccharin Saccharin

Sodium Sodium Cyclamate

Sorbitol

Sucralose

Sucrose

Stevia (Natural sweetening agent

used in sugar free)

Tagatose

Thaumatin

Xylitol

Tablet binders Substances used to cause

adhesion of powder particles in

tablet granulations

Acacia

Alginic acid

Carboxymethylcellulose sodium

Compressible sugar (e.g.Nu-Tab)


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Ethylcellulose

Gelatin

Liquid glucose

Methylcellulose

Povidone

Pregelatinized starch

Tablet and capsule

Diluents

Inert filler to create desired bulk,

flow properties, and compression

characteristics of tablets and

capsules

Calcium Carbonate

Calcium Lactate

Calcium Phosphate,

Dibasic Anhydrous Calcium

Phosphate,

Dibasic Dihydrate Calcium

Phosphate,

Tribasic Calcium Sulfate

Cellulose Microcrystalline

Cellulose Powdered

Cellulose Silicified

Microcrystalline

Starch

Starch Pregelatinized

Corn Starch and Pregelatinized

Starch

Dextrates

Erythritol

Inulin

Lactose,

Anhydrous Lactose,

Monohydrate Lactose,

SprayDried Lactose

Magnesium Carbonate

Maltodextrin

Tablet Super

disintegrants

Sodium Starch Glycolate

Croscarmellose Sodium

Crospovidone

Tablet

Disintegrant

Used in solid forms to promote

disruption of the massinto

smaller particles more readily

dispersed or

dissolved

Alginic acid

Polacrilin potassium (e.g.,

Amberlite)

Sodium alginate

Sodium starch glycolate

Starch

Tablet

antiadherents

Prevent tablet ingredients from

sticking to punches and

diesduring production

Magnesium stearate

Tablet Glidant Used in tablet and capsule

formulations to improve flow

Magnesium Silicate

Magnesium Trisilicate


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properties of the powder mixture Talc

Colloidal silica

Corn starch

Tablet Lubricant Used in tablet formulations to

reduce friction during

tablet compression

Calcium Stearate

Starch, Sterilizable Maize

Sodium Stearyl Fumarate

Stearic Acid

Vegetable Oil, Hydrogenated

Zinc Stearate

Magnesium Stearate

Tonicity

Contributor

Used to render solution similar in

osmotic-dextrose characteristics

to physiologic fluids, e.g., in

ophthalmic, parenteral and

irrigation fluids.

Potassium Chloride and Sodium

Chloride

Transdermal

Penetration

Enhancer

Lauric Acid

Linoleic Acid

Myristic Acid

Myristyl Alcohol

Oleic Acid

Tricaprylin

Dimethyl sulphoxide

Vehicle Carrying agent used in

formulating a variety of liquids

for oral and parenteral

administration.

Generally, oral liquids are

aqueous (e.g. syrups) or

Hydroalcoholic (e.g. elixirs).

Solutions for intravenous use are

aqueous, whereas intramuscular

injections may be aqueous or

oleaginous.

Flavored, sweetened

Acacia syrup

Aromatic syrup

Aromatic elixir

Cherry syrup

Cocoa syrup

Orange syrup

Syrup

Oleaginous Corn oil

Mineral oil

Peanut oil

Sesame oil

Sterile

Bacteriostatic sodium

chloride injection

Classification of dosage form based on route of administration:

Route of administration Dosage forms


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Oral Powders, tablets, capsules, solutions, emulsions, syrups,

elixirs, magmas, gels, cachets, pills.

Parenteral Solutions, suspensions, emulsions.

Transdermal Ointments, creams, powders, pastes, lotions, plaster

Rectal Suppositories, tablets, ointments, creams, douches,

foams.

Urethral Suppositories

Sublingual Lozenges, tablets

Intranasal Solutions, sprays, inhalations.

Conjunctival Ointments

Intra-ocular Solutions

Intra-respiratory Aerosols

DOSAGE FORM APPARATUS (USP)

Solid dosage form (IR,MR Products) Type 1-basket

Type 2-paddle

Bead type MR dosage form Type3-Reciprocating

cylinder

MR release dosage form that contain active ingredients with

limited solubility

Type4-flow through cell

apparatus

Soft gelatin capsules, suppositories, poorly soluble drugs Type 3 & 4

Transdermal dosage form Type5-Paddle over disk

Type6-cylinder

Non disintegrating oral modified dosage form as well as

traditional dosage form

Type7-reciprocating holder

Hydrophilic–Lipophilic Balance (HLB)

HLB Value Range Surfactant Application

0–3 Antifoaming agents

4–6 Water-in-oil emulsifying agents

7–9 Wetting agents

8–18 Oil-in-water emulsifying agents

13–15 Detergents

10–18 Solubilizing agent

Pragati Khare (17th AIR in NIPER JEE 2015)

PPA provides great opportunities for everyone to explore his/her talent. It not only help

me in time management during study but also provide better guidance, such that what

to learn and how to learn for the exams. Now I am interested in research for betterment

of the mankind.


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14


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Important Areas in the Pharmacy

Minimum area required for tablet preparation: 30sq.m

Minimum area required for hard gelatin capsules: 20 sq.m

Minimum area required for parenteral preparations: 60sq.m

Minimum area required for wholesale drug store: 200 sq.m

Minimum area required for retail drug store: 150 sq.m

Synthetic sweeteners

Saccharin sodium: 200 – 300 times sweeter than sucrose.

Cyclamate: 30 times sweeter than sucrose. causes cancer

Aspartame: 200 times sweeter than sucrose.

Glycerol: It is glycogenic in nature, hence not used for diabetic patients.

Xylitol: Used in diabetic patients.

Hardness Limits for tablet

Tablet Hardness limit

1. Soft 2 kg

2. Sustained release 8 kg

3. General 4 kg

4. Hard 6 kg

5. Effervescent 1.3 kg


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PHARMACOLOGIC SUFFIXES for different classes of drugs

Suffix Class Clinical Use Example -afil Phosphodiesterase 5

inhibitors Erectile dysfunction, Sildenafil

-ane Inhaled anesthetics General Anesthesia Halothane -artan Angiotensin receptor

blockers Hypertension Losartan

-azepam, -zolam Benzodiazepines Anxiety, convulsion Diazepam -azine Phenothiazines Antipsychotic Chlorpromazine -azole Azole antifungals Antifungal Ketoconazole -barbital Barbituates Anxiety, hypnotic Phenobarbital

-caine Local anesthetics Anesthesia Lidocaine

-cillin Penicillin antibiotics Antibiotic Ticarcillin

-cycline Tetracyclines Antibiotic Doxycycline

-etine SSRI Depression Fluoxetine

-feb, -fene SERM Osteoporosis Tamoxifen, clomifene

-floxacin Fluoroquinolones Antibiotic Levofloxacin -fungin Echinocandins Antifungal Caspofungin

-grastim, Granulocyte CSF Blood dyscrasias Filgrastim

-ide Loop diuretics Hypertension Furosemide

-ipine Dihydropyridine CCB Hypertension Nifedipine

-ipramine Tricyclic antidepressants Depression Desipramine

-ium, -uronium Nondepolarizing paralytics Anesthesia Vercuronium,

-lukast LTD4 receptor antagonist Asthma Montelukast

-navir Protease inhibitor Antiviral Saquinavir

-olol Beta blocker Hypertension Propranolol

-oxin Cardiac glycoside Arrhythmias Digoxin

-phylline Methylxanthine Bronchodilator Theophylline

-pril ACE inhibitor Hypertension Lisinopril

-quine Quinolone derivatives Antimalarial Chloroquine

-statin HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors

Hyperlipidemia Simvastatin

-tecan Topoisomerase I inhibitor Chemotherapy Topotecan

-terol β2 agonist Bronchodilator Albuterol

-tidine H2 receptor blocker Peptic ulcer Cimetidine -fine Allylamine antifungals Antifungal Terbinafine -toposide Topoisomerase II inhibitor Chemotherapy Etoposide

-triptan 5-HT1B/1D agonist Migraines Sumatriptan

-tropin Pituitary hormone Hormone deficiency Somatotropin

-vaptan Vasopressin receptor antagonist

Hypertension Tolvaptan

-zosin α1 antagonist Hypertension, BPH Terazosin


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COMMON ORGANIC SOLVENTS WITH THEIR PROPERTIES

Solvent Formula MW BP(°C) MP

(°C)

density

(g/mL

)

solubility

in water

(g/100g)

Dielectric

Constant

Acetic acid C2H4O2 60.05 118 16.6 1.044 Miscible 6.20

Acetone C3H6O 58.07 56.05 -94.7 0.784 Miscible 21.01

Acetonitrile C2H3N 41.05 81.65 -43.8 0.785 Miscible 36.64

Benzene C6H6 78.11 80.1 5.5 0.876 0.18 2.28

1-butanol C4H10O 74.12 117.7 -88.6 0.809 6.3 17.8

2-butanol C4H10O 74.12 99.5 -88.5 0.806 15 17.26

2-butanone C4H8O 72.11 79.6 -86.6 0.799 25.6 18.6

T-butyl alcohol C4H10O 74.12 82.4 25.7 0.788 Miscible 12.5

Carbon

tetrachloride

CCl4 153.8 76.8 -22.6 1.594 0.08 2.24

Chlorobenzene C6H5Cl 112.5 131.7 -45.3 1.105 0.05 5.69

Chloroform CHCl3 119.3 61.2 -63.4 1.478 0.795 4.81

Cyclohexane C6H12 84.16 80.7 6.6 0.773 <0.1 2.02

1,2-

dichloroethane

C2H4Cl2 98.96 83.5 -35.7 1.245 0.861 10.42

Diethylene glycol C4H10O3 106.1 246 -10 1.119 10 31.8

Diethyl ether C4H10O 74.12 34.5 -116.2 0.713 7.5 4.267

Diglyme

(diethylene glycol

dimethyl ether)

C6H14O3 134.1 162 -68 0.943 Miscible 7.23

1,2-dimethoxy-

ethane (glyme,

DME)

C4H10O2 90.12 84.5 -69.2 0.8637 Miscible 7.3

Dimethyl-

formamide (DMF)

C3H7NO 73.09 153 -60.48 0.944 Miscible 38.25

Dimethyl sulfoxide

(DMSO)

C2H6OS 78.13 189 18.4 1.092 25.3 47

1,4-dioxane C4H8O2 88.11 101.1 11.8 1.033 Miscible 2.21(25)

Ethanol C2H6O 46.07 78.5 -114.1 0.789 Miscible 24.6[GPAT

2017]

Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 88.11 77 -83.6 0.895 8.7 6(25)

Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 62.07 195 -13 1.115 Miscible 37.7

Glycerin C3H8O3 92.09 290 17.8 1.261 Miscible 42.5

Heptane C7H16 100.2 98 -90.6 0.684 0.01 1.92

Hexamethyl

Phosphoramide

(HMPA)

C6H18N3OP 179.20 232.5 7.2 1.03 Miscible 31.3

Hexamethylphosp

horous triamide

(HMPT)

C6H18N3P 163.2 150 -44 0.898 Miscible -

Hexane C6H14 86.18 69 -95 0.659 0.014 1.89


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Methanol CH4O 32.04 64.6 -98 0.791 Miscible 32.6(25)

Methyl t-butyl

ether (MTBE)

C5H12O 88.15 55.2 -109 0.741 5.1

Methylene

chloride

CH2Cl2 84.93 39.8 -96.7 1.326 1.32 9.08

N-methyl-2-

pyrrolidinone

(NMP)

CH5H9NO 99.13 202 -24 1.033 10 32

Nitromethane CH3NO2 61.04 101.2 -29 1.382 9.50 35.9

Pentane C5H12 72.15 36.1 -129.7 0.626 0.04 1.84

Petroleum ether

(ligroine)

-- -- 30-60 -40 0.656 -- --

1-propanol C3H8O 88.15 97 -126 0.803 Miscible 20.1(25)

2-propanol C3H8O 88.15 82.4 -88.5 0.785 Miscible 18.3(25)

Pyridine C5H5N 79.10 115.2 -41.6 0.982 Miscible 12.3(25)

Tetrahydrofuran

(THF)

C4H8O 72.106 65 -108.4 0.8833 30 7.52

Toluene C7H8 92.14 110.6 -93 0.867 0.05 2.38(25)

Triethyl amine C6H15N 101.19 88.9 -114.7 0.728 0.02 2.4

Water H2O 18.02 100.0 0.00 0.998 -- 78.54

Water, heavy D2O 20.03 101.3 4 1.107 Miscible ??

o-xylene C8H10 106.1 144 -25.2 0.897 Insoluble 2.57

m-xylene C8H10 106.1 139.1 -47.8 0.868 Insoluble 2.37

p-xylene C8H10 106.1 138.4 13.3 0.861 Insoluble 2.27

Viscosities of some fluids of pharmaceutical interest

Fluid Dynamic viscosity at 20°C (mPa s) Chloroform 0.58 Water 1.002 Ethanol 1.20 Glyceryl trinitrate 36.0 Olive oil 84.0 Castor oil 986.0 Glycerol 1490 The contact angles of some pharmaceutical solids against their saturated aqueous solutions

Material Contact angle (°) Acetylsalicylic acid 74 Amylobarbitone 102 Diazepam 83 Lactose 30 Magnesium stearate 121 Paracetamol 59 Digoxin 49 Ampicillin 35 Indomethacin 90 Sulphanilamide 64


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Drug action


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Sharad Jain [NIPER JEE 2010-86th

GPAT 2010-86th] Drugs Inspector in Food and Drugs

Administration Department MP

Vinay S Dubey [NIPER JEE-2010-14th

GPAT 2010-333rd] PV Analyst, QSI, Chandigarh at PV Scientist, Quantum Solution India,

Chandigarh

Mradul Shrivastava[NIPERJEE 2010-215th

GPAT 2010-341st ]

Dr. Varun Jain [NIPER JEE 2010-154th

GPAT 2010-253rd] Research assistants brigham young

university, provo, utah, USA

2010

27


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Varun Jain (Post doctorate fellowship USA)

Sir thanks a lot for your help and invaluable guidance. .

Sharad Kumar Jain (88th rank in GPAT and 88th rank in NIPER JEE; Drug Inspector MP

Govt.)

Thanks to all PPA faculty cum seniors/friends for providing moral and academic

support and to provide a plate form, from where I stood up in this profession.

GPAT achievers From PPA (Pioneer Pharma academy) Achievers AIR in GPAT 2010 Achievers AIR IN GPAT In 2011 1. Sharad Jain 88 1. Roopal Jain 15 2. Varun Jain 235 2. Mahendra S. Rajpoot 25 3. Vinay S. Dubey 333 3. Pragyanshu Khare 37 4. Mradul

Shrivastava 341 4. Anjali Jain 46

5. Anupria Jain 541 5. Neha Patel 73 6. Rajkumar Sharma 643 6. Bhawna Kabirpanthi 105 7. Richa Gupta 800 7. Lokendra Bhadoria 114 8. Aakansha Saini 1002 8. Narendra Sahu 117 9. Sikha Pandey 3000 9. Varun Kushwaha 126 10. Ruchi gupta 3500 10. Priyanka Mangal 140 2010 was Foundation Year of Pioneer Pharma Academy (PPA)

11. Prateek Gupta 145 12. Abhshak Pandey 156 13. Priyanka Saraf 172 14. Dheraj Patidar 207 15. Sapna Chaurasia 238 16. Sandeep Sharma 261 17. Deepali Jain 274 18. Isha Saraf 277 19. Surbhi Soni 293 20. Neha Shrivastav 297 21. Shailja Tripathi 321 22. Mayank Agrawal 349 23. Yogesh Bhargav 385 24. Bheshm Pratap 423 25. Sourabh Jain 464 26. Dheeraj Agrawal 585 27. Ravendra Prajapati 579 28. Naveen Shivavedi 760 29. Pankaj Kurmi 657 30. Preeti Singh 865 31. Gopal Patel 1212 32. Mahendra Ahirwar 33. Vinay Sharma ****10 students selected in B. Pharm. 3rd year 1. Shailja Tripathi 2. Shweta Mishra 3. Swapnil Jain 4. Adarsh Sahu 5. Dheeraj Patel

6. Santosh Rai 7. Poorva Jain 8. Priyanka Jain 9. Ruchi Gupta 10. Raghvendra

Kaurav


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Deepali Pathak (AIR 17 in NIPERJEE 2016 and AIR 292in GPAT 2015)

I am Deepali Pathak. I have secured 17th AIR (Gen) in NIPER-2016 .During my journey to GPAT

and NIPER, Pioneer Pharma Academy helped me a lot through it. I have joined PPA whose

papers give me a level similar to main exam whether it is GPAT or NIPER. The question standard

is good and especially the competition is so huge and massive in numbers that it gives me feel of

main exam and removes its fear. It prepares you so nicely that you can face any exam without

fear. One main thing which helps me in cracking my exams is that I focus on concepts, basics and

approach of a topic. PPA teachers are very helpful, having best faculty team and hardworking.

They improved my knowledge and helped me at all steps. Thank You PPA family

CHEMICAL NUCLEUS AND DRUGS

GENERAL ANAESTHETICS

1. Etomidate Imidazole

2. Propofol 2,6-diisobutylphenol(given in emulsion form)

3. Alphaxalolne Pregneane

4. Ketamine Cyclohexanone

5. Thiopental Barbitone (pyrimidine dione)

LOCAL ANAESTHETICS

1. Bupivacaine,mepivacaine Piperidine

2. Ropivacaine Pyridine

3. Dibucaine Quinolone(benzpyridine)

4. Dimethisoquine Isoquinoline

5. Fomocaine,pramoxine Morpholine

6. Euprocin Rubane

OPIOIDS ANALGESICS

1. Pholcodine Morpholine

2. Racemoramide Morpholine,pyrrolidine

3. Methadone Diphenylacetonitrile+1-dimethy lamino-2-propylchloride

NSAIDS

1. Salicylic acid Acetyl Group

2. Piroxicam Pyridine,1,2-benzothiazine

3. Phenylbutazone Pyrazole

4. Sulfinpyrazole Pyrazole

5. Indomethacin Indole

6. Sulindac Indene

7. Tolmetin Pyrrole

SEDATIVEHYPNOTIC/SOPORIFIC/ANXIOLYTICS

1. Flumazenil BDZ fused with imidazole

2. Alprazolam,triazolam BDZ fused with triazole

3. Midazolam BDZ fused with imidazole

4. Zolpidem Pyridine fused with imidazole

5. Zalphelon Pyrimidine fused with pyrazole

6. Glutethimide Piperidinedione

7. Paraldehyde Trioxane


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ANTI-PSYCHOTICS

1. Thioridazine, Mesoridazine ,Piperidine

2. Prochlorperazine Perphenazine,fluphenazinePiperazine

3. Loxepine Dibenzooxazepine + piperazine

4. Thiothixene Thioxanthene + piperazine

5. Clozapine Dibenzodiazepine + piperazine

6. Droperidole Indolinone + pyridine(partially saturated)

7. Risperidone Benzoisoxazole,pyrimidine fused with pipridine

8. Pimozide Benzimidazolidone

9. Molindone Morpholine,pyrrole

10. Sulprideremoxipride Pyrrolidine

Swati Jain (1st rank in NIPER JEE and 5th rank in GPAT)

My expectation: The NIPER-JEE is a fiercely competitive examination. And fairly so, as NIPER is

a great place to be at – fun and exciting – for learning science. No, it wasn't a Herculean task, I

don't say I am the most intelligent in the country, I am not the most hard working girl nor am I

the luckiest, perhaps, I am the best combination of all and that clicked for me. I never worried

about what I can't do, I just had my plans fine-tuned and that used to be my consistent motive.

Planning in my mind helped me.

The joy of Success: Obviously, I was ecstatic and overjoyed at my success. I didn't have any

words; this was the best state I had ever felt. I kept short term goals. I only wanted a good rank,

being first was an add-on. I was aiming to be among top 50, but I was not expecting being the

topper.

My pillars of success:

I would want to devote the entire credit and my reverence to my college, my parents, the

coaching institute which provided me with some of the most hardworking and professional

guides or to put it in a better way my teachers and the all-powerful Almighty. It was the support

of everybody put together that worked for me. I am highly obliged to all of them for their love

and encouragement.

Just some tips:

I am no big a person to advice my loving next generation but would really want to suggest them

that always remember that you are the only one responsible for your future. Formulate your

plan, convey it to your teachers and seek support from them. Follow your heart and keep

patience. If you are worthy of something, it will definitely come to you. As a very popular saying

goes:“ The future belong to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams.” Believe in your

dreams and your perseverance, success will come to you sooner or later.

Pankaj Kurmi (66th rank in NIPER JEE)

Whatever today I am, lot of credit goes to only for PPA and respected Amit sir and Shrikant sir

Ram Sharma (Biocon Limited Bangalore, India)

It is really good plate form for pharmacy and student surely achieve success in various

examinations with the guidance of Amit sir and Shrikant sir. Wherever you want you can

get here...so hurry up friends. It is really best coaching for PHARMACY.

Swapnil Singh (4th rank in GPAT and 3rd rank in NIPER JEE; Ex. Scientist in Dr. Reddy

Laboratories, Currently MP drug inspector.)


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Pioneer pharma academy is the ultimate institute for pharma exams, it had helped me a

lot to brush-up my preparation, test series looks like a real simulation of the "main

exam", guidance provided by the teachers was very helpful; and finally the result of

academy is self-explanatory which tells everything.....best wishes...


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Roopal Jain [NIPER JEE 2011-9th

GPAT 2011-12th]Dr. Reddy's Laboratories

Ltd.Hyderabad

Dr. Varun sing Kushwah[NIPER JEE 2011-98th

GPAT 2011-126th]

Pankaj Kurmi[NIPER JEE 2011-66th]

Assistant Manager at Mylan Pharmaceuticals

Mahendra S rajpoot[GPAT 2011-25th

NIPER JEE 2011-58th]

Dr. Anjali Jain [GPAT 2011-46th


Prgyanshu Khare[GPAT 2011-37th

NIPER JEE 2011-42nd]

2011

44


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Devesh Kumar Jain(8th rank in NIPER JEE and 31st rank in GPAT; Scientist in Dr. Reddy

Lab.

I think it is best coaching institute in India for Pharmacy exams like GPAT & NIPER,

because it place highest no. of students under top 100 ranking in both the exams..

NIPER-JEE achievers From PPA (Pioneer Pharma academy) Achievers AIR in NIPER-JEE

2010 Achievers AIR IN NIPER-JEE

In 2011 11. Vinay S. Dubey 14 1. Roopal Jain 12 12. Sharad Jain 88 2. Pragyanshu Khare 42 13. Varun Jain 154 3. Mahendra S. Rajpoot 58 14. Mradul

Shrivastava 215 4. Anjali Jain 65

15. Richa Gupta 494 5. Pankaj Kurmi 66 16. Anupria Jain 6. Varun Kushwaha 98 17. Rajkumar Sharma 7. Mayank Agrawal 144 18. Aakansha Saini 8. Yogesh Bhargav 160 19. Sikha Pandey 9. Neha Patel 213 20. Ruchi gupta 10. Prateek Gupta 258 2010 was Foundation Year of Pioneer Pharma Academy (PPA)

11. Bhawna Kabirpanthi 260 12. Gopal Patel 299 13. Sourabh Jain 344 14. Neha Shrivastav 346 15. Priyanka Mangal 347 16. Isha Saraf 393 17. Lokendra Bhadoria 415 18. Bheshm Pratap 19. Abhshak Pandey 20. Sandeep Sharma 21. Surbhi Soni 22. Dheeraj Agrawal 23. Narendra Sahu 24. Priyanka Saraf 25. Dheraj Patidar 26. Sapna Chrasia 27. Deepali Jain 28. Shailja Tripathi 29. Ravendra Prajapati 30. Naveen Shivavedi 31. Preeti Singh

Deepika Daksh (32nd rank in GPAT 2016)

“Success is built by many hands. No one achieves success without acknowledging the

contribution made by others.”

I would like to extend hearty thank you to the PIONEER PHARMA ACADEMY for providing me

the platform to evaluate my preparation and performance. Most of all to Shrikant Thakur Sir and

Amit Verma Sir for their consistent teaching, guidance and support throughout two years and

taking so much pain to help me prepare for the exam in time. With sincere regards and hope to

continue to receive your blessings and support.


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PRECLINICAL STUDIES AND CLINICAL TRIALS IN DRUG DEVELOPEMENT

Phases Control&

Blinding

status

Characteristics and

Objective

Time Target group

Preclinical - Determine the drug

safety, toxicity and

Therapeutic effect via In

vitro & Animal Testing

1-5 Years In vitro &

Animal Testing

Phase 0 trials - Human microdosing

studies[GPAT 2017]speed up

the development of

promising drugs or

imaging agent on small

number of subjects (10 to

15)

Determine best

pharmacokinetic

parameters in humans,

study gives no data on

safety or efficacy,

- Healthy

volunteers

(small number)

Phase I

Human

Pharmacology

and safety

OPEN

LABEL

(No

blinding)

Determine Safety, Toxicity

, maximum tolerable dose

(MTD) and tolerability

Major normal

physiological parameters

[ECG, HR, BP and Organ

toxicity]

Single ascending dose

(Phase Ia), Multiple

ascending dose (Phase Ib)

2-10 Years Healthy

volunteers

(20 – 100)GPAT

2018

Phase II

Therapeutic

Exploratory

Single blind

Controlled

Determine therapeutic

efficacy, Therapeutic

Dose ranging and ceiling

effect, [Safety and

Toxicity also considered]

Up to 100-150

Patients of

homogenous

Population

[conduct in

several centers]

Phase

IIITherapeutic

confirmatory

Double blind

Randomized

Controlled

Verify efficacy [confirm

therapeutic efficacy] in

larger patients (300-

3000), Therapeutic

evaluatary phase

After phase III drug

marketed in India.

Upto 1000

patients of

heterogeneous

population

[conduct in

multicenters


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Phase IV

Post

marketing

surveillance

- Postmarketing

surveillance, safety

surveillance

(Pharmacovegillence)

ADR studies of marketed

product

The minimum

time period for

Phase IV clinical

trials is 2 year of

marketeddrug

Clinically

applied drug

response on

many patients

Phase V Comparative

effectiveness research

and community-based

research

PRODRUG CLASSIFICATIONS

Type Bioactiva

tion site

Sub

Type

Tissue location

of Bioactivation

Examples

Type I Intracell

ular

Type IA Therapeutic

target

tissues/cells

Aciclovir, fluorouracil, cyclophosphami

de, diethylstilbestrol diphosphate, L-

DOPA, mercaptopurine, mitomycin,

Zidovudine

Type IB Metabolic

tissues (liver, GI

mucosal cell,

lung etc.)

Carbamazepine, captopril, carisoprodol

, heroin, molsidomine, leflunomide, pali

peridone,phenacetin, primidone, psiloc

ybin, sulindac, fursultiamine, Codeine

Type II Extracell

ular

Type IIA GI fluids Loperamide

oxide, oxyphenisatin, sulfasalazine

Type IIB Systemic

circulation and

other

extracellular

fluid

compartments

Acetylsalicylate, bacampicillin, bambut

erol, chloramphenicolsuccinate,

dipivefrin, fosphenytoin,lisdexamfetam

ine, Pralidoxime

Type IIC Therapeutic

target

tissues/cells

Nicotinic receptor subtype

Comparison Point N1 N2

Synonyms Nm Nn

Receptor type ICR/TYPE-I ICR/TYPE-I

Structure Pentameric structures (2α β γ and δ) α unit ligand binding unit

Effector Ion channel directly no linker Ion channel directly no linker

Mechanism Activation of Na+ & K+ channels Activation of Na+, K+ & Ca2+

channels


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Pharmacological action

Present at skeletal muscle endplate (Neuromuscular junction)- Mediate skeletal muscle contractions by depolarization

Ganglionic cells- depolarization Adrenal medulla- Epi releases Spinal cord and certain areas of brain- site specific excitation or inhibition

Nonselective agonist

Ach, Nicotine Ach, Nicotine

Selective agonist PTMA DMPP

Selective antagonist

Tubocurarine,

α-Bungarotoxin

Hexamethonium, Trimethaphan

Anjali Jain (46th rank in GPAT and 65th rank in NIPER JEE; S NIPER Hyderabad Telangana)

Pioneer institute gives a real competitive environment to students which help them to

get prepared mentally, theoretically as well as practically. I wish a great future for this

institute.

Roopal Jain (12th rank in GPAT and 15th rank in NIPER JEE; Scientist in Dr. Reddy Lab.)

The guidance and support of PPA faculties made me reach to the position where I am

today. It was their moral support which could help me to fight with the competition and

reach to my goal. PPA is a nice platform for all students who aim for their bright future

in pharma field. All the best for future and success story will keep repeating!!

Shailja Tripathi (12th rank in NIPER and 12th rank in GPAT; Scientist Torrent Ahmedabad)

I am Shailja Tripathi; I’m feeling very proud to say that m a product of Pioneer Pharma

Academy. I am great thankful to my mentors for their valuable supports and guidance,

the place where m resides by virtue of them. I have remember each and every day when

I was a student of pioneer academy, sometimes I had done mistake or feel depressed

but their support, love and most Imp their blindly believe in me gives tremendous of

energy and courage to achieved my goal. I have learned many things apart from the

academics, which helps me in every stage of my life. Once again, I would like to thanks

to my all guide and wish that the Institute would achieve their own height and a distinct

place in pharmaceutical field.

Swapnil Jain(Pharma MBA)

I strongly believe that pioneer pharmacy academy is reason for my success and good

rank in GPAT , NIPER & GATE. As far as I experience say expert faculty guidance with

expert faculty like Amit sir and Shrikant sir with supportive environment 24*7 ,

motivation and exam oriented refined study material with test series this all is mantra

of success @PPA .It turns stone into diamond

Payal Kesharwani (10th Rank in GPAT)

PPA is best coaching for the GPAT...thank to all faculty members for their support...

Ashish Rajput(8th rank in GPAT)

PPA is doing best job to prepare yourself for various competitive exams because

syllabus of pharmacy is very comprehensive so it is very hard to sum up and get

prepare for always. But straight forward notes and continuous evaluation of your

performance in test al keep you updated to give your best. Good luck to all juniors &

special thanks to Amit sirand Shrikant sir.


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Yugvijay Singh (22nd Rank in GPAT and First rank in Manipal)

Our teachers are highly qualified and have vast knowledge of each and every subject of

pharmacy and they provide us perfectly designed and precise study material that makes

us competent for all exams we face.

Properties of drug substances important in dosage form design and potential stresses occurring

during processes, with range of manufacturing procedures

Properties Processing stresses Manufacturing procedures Particle size, surface area Solubility Dissolution Partition coefficient lonization constant Crystal properties, polymorphism Stability Organoleptic (Other properties)

Pressure Mechanical Radiation Exposure to liquids Exposure to gases and liquid vapours

Temperature Precipitation Filtration Emulsification Milling Mixing Granulation Drying Compression Autoclaving Crystallization Handling Storage Transport

Emulsifying waxes

Product Oil-soluble

component

Water-soluble component

Emulsifying wax(anionic) Cetostearyl

alcohol

Sodium lauryl (dodecyl) sulphate

Cetrimide emulsifying

wax(cationic)

Cetostearyl

alcohol

Cetrimide (hexadecyl trimethyl

ammonium bromide)

Cetomacrogol emulsifying

wax(non-ionic)

Cetostearyl

alcohol

Cetomacrogol (polyoxyethylene

monohexadecyl ether)

Analytical preformulation

Attribute Test

Identity Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)

Infra red spectroscopy (IR)

Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV)

Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

Optical rotation, where applicable

Purity Moisture (water and solvents)

Inorganic elements

Heavy metals

Organic impurities

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)

Assay Titration

Ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV)

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)


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Quality Appearance

Odour

Solution colour

pH of slurry (saturated solution)

Melting point

Some of the models available for predicting or measuring drug absorption

Model type Model Description

Computational cLogP Commercial software that calculates octanol/water

partition coefficient based on fragment analysis, known

as the Leo-Hansch method

mLogP Method of calculating log P, known as the Moriguchi

method

Physicochemical Partition

coefficient

Measure of lipophilicity of drug, usually measured

between octanol and aqueous buffer via a shake-flask

method

Immobilized

artificial

membrane

Measures partition into more sophisticated lipidic phase

on an HPLC column

Cell culture Caco-2

monolayer

Measures transport across monolayers of differentiated

human colon adenocarcinoma cells

HT-29 Measures transport across polarized cell monolayer with

mucin-producing cells

Excised tissues Cells Measures uptake into cell suspensions, e.g. erythrocytes

Freshly

isolated cells

Measures uptake into enterocytes; however, the cells are

difficult to prepare and are short-lived

Membrane

vesicles

Measures uptake into brush border membrane vesicles

prepared from intestinal scrapings or isolated

enterocytes

Everted sacs Measures uptake into intestinal segments/sacs

Everted

intestinal rings

Studies the kinetics of uptake into the intestinal mucosa

Isolated sheets Measures the transport across sheets of intestine

In situ studies In-situ

perfusion

Measures drug disappearance from either closed or open

loop perfusate of segments of intestine of anaesthetized

animals

Vascularly

perfused

intestine

Measures drug disappearance from perfusate and its

appearance in blood

In vivo studies Intestinal loop Measures drug disappearance from perfusate of loop of

intestine in awake animal

Human data Loc-l-Gut Measures drug disappearance from perfusate of human

intestine

High-frequency

capsule

Non-invasive method; measures drug in systemic

circulation

InteliSite Non-invasive method; measures drug in systemic


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capsule circulation.

Bioavailability Deconvolution of pharmacokinetic data

GPAT achievers From PPA (Pioneer Pharma academy) Achievers AIR in GPAT 2012 Achievers AIR IN GPAT In 2013 1. Swati Jain 5 1. Swapnil singh 4 2. ShailjaTripathi 12 2. Surbhi Soni 13 3. Ruchi Gupta 45 3. Yugvijay Singh 22 4. Rahul Soni 55 4. Devesh Jain 31 5. Chetna Pandey 94 5. Ramsevak Sharma 50 6. Neeraj Pandey 101 6. Dilip Sharma 83 7. Deeraj Singh Patel 119 7. Mayank Malaiya 126 8. Priyanka Jain 132 8. Pavan Thapak 170 9. Varun Yadav 160 9. Pawan Baghel 186 10. Pallavi

Vishwakarma 167 10. Kavita Yadav 215

11. Swapnil Jain 267 11. Anupriya Jain 223 12. Shailendra Dhakad 365 12. Poornima Agrawal 228 13. Anuja Jain 377 13. Shreya Thakkar 237 14. Sweta Mishra 549 14. Shreya Thakkar 237 15. Rajkishor Pandey 594 15. Anamika Jain 250 16. Poorva Jain 664 16. Ankita Jain 297 17. Kamal Kishor 786 17. Deepanshu Shilpi 452 18. Sonal Dubey 850 18. Ravi Pratap 620 19. Manisha 1254 19. Priyanka

Chaurasiya 728

20. Preeti Thakur 1330 20. Niharika Dubey 773 21. Ashutosh Modi 1351 21. Swati Sahu 1036 22. Roli Jain 1600 22. Reshma Koshta 1100 23. Adarsha Sahu 23. Monika Nema 1140 24. Megha Saraf 24. Minaj Khan 1295 25. Sarita Mehra 25. Ayushi Paliwal 1425 26. Neeraj Gupta 26. Navneet Jain 1425 27. Prajeet bansood 27. Ritu Shrivastav 1425 28. Anoop Maurya 28. Keerti Bala Dubey 2700 29. Sweta Rai 29. Rajul Jain 2934 30. Ankit Rawat 31. Arvind Kedia 3036

32. Krutika Nawathye 3385 33. Bhoopendra Singh 4000

Kriti Jain (AIR 184 in NIPERJEE 2016 and AIR 229 in GPAT 2016)

Pioneer is not only coaching but guidance for GPAT and NIPER. Hard work have no

alternative But smart work is needed. Pioneer makes us learn how to do hard work as

well as smart work. When we were in 3rd year, we people don’t have much idea. How to

prepare and what, Amit Verma Sir told me, how to prepare and importance of revision,

how revision and mugging up the things which are important. How the time should be

managed. A good teacher makes us to love the subjects. So my favourite subject is

Pharmaceutic


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Swati Jain [NIPER JEE 2012- 1st GPAT

2012- 5th] Senior Research Scientist at

Fresenius Kabi Oncology Ltd.

Dheeraj Patel [NIPER JEE 2012-21st

GPAT 2012-119th]

Neeraj Pandey [NIPER JEE 2012-9th

GPAT 2012-101st].

Shailja Tripathi[NIPERJEE-2012-12th

GPAT 2012-12th] Scientist at Torrent

pharmaceuticals Ltd

Ruchi gupta[NIPER JEE 2012-91st

GPAT 2012-45th ]

Swapnil Jain [NIPERJEE-2012-73rd

GPAT 2012-267th] Management trainee in

marketing at cipla

2012

52


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FDA DRUG CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMBY CHEMICAL TYPE

Type 1 New molecular entity; not marketed in United States

Type 2 New ester, new salt, or other derivative of an approved active moiety

Type 3 New formulation of a drug marketed in United States

Type 4 New combination of two or more compounds

Type 5 New manufacturer of a drug marketed in United States

Type 6 New therapeutic indication for an approved drug

Note: A drug may receive a single or multiple classifications, as 3 and 4.

BY THERAPEUTIC CLASSIFICATION

Type P Priority review; a therapeutic gain

Type S Standard review; similar to other approved drugs

ADDITIONAL CLASSIFICATIONS

Type AA For treatment of AIDS or HIV-related disease

Type E For life-threatening or severely debilitating disease

Type F Review deferred pending data validation

Type G Data validated; removal of F rating

Type N Nonprescription drug

Type V Drug having orphan drug status

Note: A drug may receive a single or multiple classifications, as P, AA, and V.

EXAMPLES OF TAMPER-EVIDENT PACKAGING

PACKAGE TYPE TAMPER PROTECTION

Film wrapper Sealed around product and/or product container; fi lm must be cut or

torn to remove product

Blister/strip pack Individually sealed dose units; removal requires tearing or breaking

individual compartment

Bubble pack Product and container sealed in plastic, usually mounted on display

card; plastic must be cut or broken open to remove product

Shrink seal, band Band or wrapper shrunk by heat or drying to conform to cap; must be

torn to open package

Foil, paper, plastic

pouch

Sealed individual packet; must be torn to reach product

Bottle seal Paper or foil sealed to mouth of container under cap; must be torn or

broken to reach product

Tape seal Paper or foil sealed over carton flap or bottle cap; must be torn or

broken to reach product

Breakable cap Plastic or metal tearaway cap over container; must be broken to remove

Sealed tube Seal over mouth of tube; must be punctured to reach product

Sealed carton Carton flaps sealed; carton cannot be opened without damage

Aerosol container Tamper-resistant by design

Priya Shrivastava (AIR 57 in NIPERJEE 2015 and AIR 247in GPAT 2015)

Pioneer pharma academy is a team of well experienced, dedicated, supportive and

result orienting faculties. Faculties of this hub possess advanced learning tool to tackle

the problems faced by the students. They make learning process more enjoyable for


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students. They also provide study materials. I was also one of the students from this

academy. I was used to study 2-3 hrs other than coaching hours during my GPAT and

NIPER preparation. The students can take benefit from the study material and regular

exams are also conducted by them to help students evaluate themselves.


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Degradation indication for different dosage form

Tablets Appearance (cracking, chipping, mottling), friability, hardness, color,

odor, moisture content, clumping, disintegration, and dissolution


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Capsules Moisture tackiness, color, appearance, shape, brittleness, and

dissolution

Oral solutions and

suspensions

Appearance, precipitation, pH, color, odor, redispersibility

(suspensions) and clarity (solutions).

Oral powders Appearance, color, odor, and moisture

Metered-dose

inhalation aerosols

Delivered dose per actuation, number of metered doses, color, particle

size distribution, loss of propellant, pressure, valve corrosion, spray

pattern, and absence of pathogenic microorganisms

Topical nonmetered

aerosols

Appearance, odor, pressure, weight loss, net weight dispensed, delivery

rate, and spray pattern.

Topical creams,

ointments, lotions,

solutions, and gels

Appearance, color, homogeneity, odor, pH, resuspendability (lotions),

consistency, particle-size distribution, strength, and weight loss.

Ophthalmic and

nasal and oral

inhalation

preparations

Appearance, color, consistency, pH, clarity (solutions), particle size and

resuspendability (suspensions, ointments), strength, and sterility

Small-volume

parenterals

Appearance, color, particulate matter, dispersibility (suspensions), pH,

sterility, pyrogenicity, and closure integrity.

Large-volume

parenterals

Appearance, color, clarity, particulate matter, pH, volume and

extractables (when plastic containers are used), sterility, pyrogenicity,

and closure integrity

Suppositories Softening range, appearance, and melting

Emulsions Appearance (such as phase separation), color, odor, pH, and viscosity.

Controlled-release

membrane drug

delivery systems

Seal strength of the drug reservoir, decomposition products, membrane

integrity, drug strength, and drug release rate.

Some Molecular Organic Complexes of Pharmaceutical Interest

Agent Compounds That Form Complexes with the Agent Listed in the

First Column

Polyethylene glycols m-Hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid,o-

phthalic acid, acetylsalicylic acid, resorcinol, catechol, phenol,

phenobarbital, iodine (in I2 · KI solutions), bromine (in presence

of HBr)

Povidone (polyvinyl-

pyrrolidone, PVP)

Benzoic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid,

salicylic acid, sodium salicylate,p-aminobenzoic acid, mandelic

acid, sulfathiazole, chloramphenicol, Phenobarbital

Sodium

carboxymethylcellulose

Quinine, benadryl, procaine, pyribenzamine

Oxytetracycline and

tetracycline

N-Methylpyrrolidone,N,N-dimethylacetamide, γ-valerolactone, γ-

butyrolactone, sodium p-aminobenzoate, sodium salicylate,

sodium p-hydroxybenzoate, sodium saccharin, caffeine

Driving Forces in Pharmaceutical Systems

Driving Force Example Description


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Concentration Passive diffusion Passive diffusion is a process of mass transfer of

individual molecules of a substrate brought about by

random molecular motion and associated with a

concentration gradient

Drug dissolution Drug “dissolution” occurs when a tablet is introduced into

a solution and is usually accompanied by disintegration

and deaggregation of the solid matrix followed by drug

diffusion from the remaining small particles

Pressure Osmotic drug

release

Osmotic drug release systems utilize osmotic pressure as

the driving force for controlled delivery of drugs; a simple

osmotic pump consists of an osmotic core (containing

drug with or without an osmotic agent) coated with a

semipermeable membrane; the semipermeable

membrane has an orifice for drug release from the pump;

the dosage form, after contacting with the aqueous fluids,

imbibes water at a rate determined by the fluid

permeability of the membrane and osmotic pressure of

core formulation; this osmotic imbibition of water results

in high hydrostatic pressure inside the pump, which

causes the flow of the drug solution through the delivery

orifice

Pressure-driven

jets for drug

delivery

Pressure-driven jets are used for drug delivery; a jet

injector produces a high-velocity jet (>100 m/sec) that

penetrates the skin and delivers drugs subcutaneously,

intradermally, or intramuscularly without the use of a

needle; the mechanism for the generation of high-velocity

jets includes either a compression spring or compressed

air

Temperature Lyophilization Lyophilization (freeze-drying) of a frozen aqueous

solution containing a drug and a inner-matrix building

substance involves the simultaneous change in receding

boundary with time, phase transition at the ice–vapor

interface governed by the Clausius–Clapeyron pressure–

temperature relationship, and water vapor diffusion

across the pore path length of the dry matrix under low

temperature and vacuum conditions

Microwave-

assisted

extraction

Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) is a process of

using microwave energy to heat solvents in contact with a

sample in order to partition analytes from the sample

matrix into the solvent; the ability to rapidly heat the

sample solvent mixture is inherent to MAE and is the

main advantage of this technique; by using closed vessels,

the extraction can be performed at elevated

temperatures, accelerating the mass transfer of target

compounds from the sample matrix

Electrical Iontophoretic Iontophoresis is used to enhance transdermal delivery of


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potential dermal drug

delivery

drugs by applying a small current through a reservoir

that contains ionized drugs; one electrode (positive

electrode to deliver positively charged ions and negative

electrode to deliver negatively charged ions) is placed

between the drug reservoir and the skin; the other

electrode with opposite charge is placed a short distance

away to complete the circuit, and the electrodes are

connected to a power supply; when the current flows,

charged ions are transported across the skin through a

pore

Electrophoresis Electrophoresis involves the movement of charged

particles through a liquid under the influence of an

applied potential difference; an electrophoresis cell fitted

with two electrodes contains dispersion; when a potential

is applied across the electrodes, the particles migrate to

the oppositely charged electrode; capillary

electrophoresis is widely used as an analytical tool in the

pharmaceutical sciences


2012 Achievers AIR IN NIPER-

JEE In 2013 1. Swati Jain 1 1. Swapnil Singh 3 2. Neeraj Pandey 9 2. Devesh K. Jain 8 3. ShailjaTripathi 12 3. Anamika Jain 17 4. Deeraj Singh Patel 21 4. Pawan K. Singh 21 5. Swapnil Jain 73 5. Ramsevak Sharma 32 6. Ruchi Gupta 91 6. Surbhi Soni 35 7. Neeraj soni 115 7. Shreya Thakkar 38 8. Rahul Soni 119 8. Pavan Thapak 44 9. Chetna Pandey 124 9. Kavita Yadav 56 10. Priyanka Jain 132 10. Dilip Sharma 69 11. Pallavi

Vishwakarma 179 11. Deepanshu Shilpi 155

12. Shailendra Dhakad 186 12. Navneet Jain 340 13. Sweta Mishra 211 13. Mayank Malaiya 373 14. Varun Yadav 331 14. Ravi Pratap S.

Bhadoriya 435

15. Adarsha Sahu 352 15. Reshma Koshta 585 16. Santosh Rai 355 16. Anupriya Jain 920 17. Anuja Jain 412 17. Ayushi Paliwal 1293 18. Prajeet bansood 426 18. Krutika Nawathye 1449 19. Poorva Jain 510 19. Rajul Jain 1527 20. Kamal Kishor 536 21. Anoop Maurya 500 22. Rajkishor Pandey 749 34. Amit Ghanghoria


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Diffusion Coefficients of Compounds in Various Media

Diffusant Partial Molar Volume

(cm3/mole)

D ×

106(cm2/sec)

Medium or Barrier

(Temperature, °C)

Ethanol 40.9 12.4 Water (25)

n-Pentanol 89.5 8.8 Water (25)

Formamide 26 17.2 Water (25)

Glycine 42.9 10.6 Water (25)

Sodium lauryl

sulfate

235 6.2 Water (25)

Glucose 116 6.8 Water (25)

Hexane 103 15.0 Chloroform (25)

Hexadecane 265 7.8 Chloroform (25)

Methanol 25 26.1 Chloroform (25)

Acetic acid dimer 64 14.2 Chloroform (25)

Methane 22.4 1.45 Natural rubber (40)

n-Pentane — 6.9 Silicone rubber (50)

Neopentane — 0.002 Ethycellulose (50)

Classification of Interfaces

Phase Interfacial Tension Types and Examples of Interfaces

Gas–Gas — No interface possible

Gas–liquid γLV Liquid surface, body of water exposed to atmosphere

Gas–solid γSV Solid surface, table top

Liquid–liquid γLL Liquid–liquid interface, emulsion

Liquid–solid γLS Liquid–solid interface, suspension

Solid–solid γSS Solid–solid interface, powder particles in contact

Initial Spreading Coefficient, S, at 20°C*

Substance S (dynes/cm)

Ethyl alcohol 50.4

Propionic acid 45.8

Ethyl ether 45.5

Acetic acid 45.2

Acetone 42.4

Undecylenic acid 32 (25°C)

Oleic acid 24.6

Chloroform 13

Benzene 8.9

Hexane 3.4

Octane 0.22

Ethylene dibromide -3.19

Liquid petrolatum -13.4

Bhoopendra Singh Kushwah (9th Rank in NIPER)

पायनियरफामााअकैडमीभारतकाएकमात्रऐसासंस्थािहैजोएकसामान्यस्तरसेभीिीचेकेनिद्याथीकोसफल

ताकेउच्चतमस्तरतकलेजािेमेंसक्षमहै .यहााँहरसबे्जक्टकागहराईसेअध्ययिकरायाजाताहै .


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हरछात्रकेऊपरध्यािनदयाजाताहै .

यहीकारणहैनकहरसालइससंस्थािसेअिेकछात्रअच्छीरैंककेसाथक्वालीफाईहोतेहै .

हरसप्ताहहोिेिालेटेस्टऔरउसकानडस्कशियहााँसेबेहतरकहीिंहीहंोसकता ..

यहााँकीपढाईकेनलएएकहीिाक्यसहीबैठताहै!PPAकेगागरमेंपूराफामााकासागरसमायाहुआहै!

Surya Keshri (AIR 107 in NIPERJEE 2016 and AIR 210 in GPAT 2016)

PPA and its teachers have always been the best support to me. They have always guided

and motivated me to aim high and practice hard in order to achieve the target.

Motivation is the biggest thing that a institute and teacher can give to a student and that

is the best part of PP and its teachers. They are always there when you need their help.

When you need the guidance the teachers keep on guiding and motivating me during

my lows and even told me to keep up my performance during my highs. When it

specifically comes to the teachers each and every teacher of PPA has an unique ability of

making the student understand the subjects. As like Amit sir has and great explanation

technique thus it makes us easy to understand pharmaceutics. His brief notes unable a

student to learn difficult topics easily. Shrikant sir has and ability of explaining tedious

pharmacological processes in a simple manner. The tricks taught Saket sir are the

ultimate solution to mug up lengthy pharmaconosy. Chemistry lessons given by

Nandkishor sir and Amit Patahk sir are helpful in understanding it well.

Samkit Jain (AIR 37 in NIPERJEE 2016 and AIR 654 in GPAT 2016)

PPA faculty members are very good in their respective field and provide all the

information about the particular topic or chapter and clear all types of doubts related to

competitive exams or college exams. PPA is only one of the places where you get the

complete knowledge with simple and easy way. PPA teacher Srikant sir has very good

hand in pharmacology while no one can beat Amit sir in pharmaceutical field. He has a

proper knowledge and proper way to transfer it and that is what makes the difference

from others. Also Nandkishor sir is there to clear all the doubts related to chemistry or

analysis.

Soumya Mishra (GPAT 2016 and NIPER JEE 2016 qualified)

My PPA journey involves all the ups and downs which i had during my preparatory

period. The most heart throbbing part was the test series. As sometimes it boosts up

the moral & confidence whereas at times it shattered everything. But what so ever the

case will be the unparalleled faculty always guided me and supported during depressing

times. I owe my success to PPA.


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Some Typical Emulsifying Agents

Name Class Type of Emulsion

Formed

Triethanolamine oleate Surface-active agent

(anionic)

o/w (HLB = 12)

N-cetyl N-ethyl morpholinium ethosulfate

(Atlas G-263)

Surface-active agent

(cationic)

o/w (HLB = 25)

Sorbitan monooleate (Atlas Span 80) Surface-active agent

(nonionic)

w/o (HLB = 4.3)

Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate (Atlas

Tween 80)

Surface-active agent

(nonionic)

o/w (HLB = 15)

Acacia (salts of d-glucuronic acid) Hydrophilic colloid o/w

Gelatin (polypeptides and amino acids) Hydrophilic colloid o/w

Bentonite (hydrated aluminum silicate) Solid particle o/w (and w/o)

Veegum (magnesium aluminum silicate) Solid particle o/w

Carbon black Solid particle w/o

*Key: o/w = oil in water; w/o = water in oil; HLB = hydrophilic–lipophilic balance value.

Particle Dimensions in Pharmaceutical Disperse Systems

Particle Size, Diameter Approximate

Sieve Size

Examples

Micrometers (µm) Millimeters

0.5–10 0.0005–0.010 – Suspensions, fine emulsions

10–50 0.010–0.050 – Upper limit of subsieve range, coarse

emulsion particles; flocculated

suspension particles

50–100 0.050–0.100 325–140 Lower limit of sieve range, fine

powder range

150–1000 0.150–1.000 100–18 Coarse powder range

1000–3360 1.000–3.360 18–6 Average granule size

True Density in g/cm3 of Solids Commonly Used in Pharmacy

Aluminum oxide 4.0 Mercuric chloride 5.44

Benzoic acid 1.3 Mercuric iodide 6.3

Bismuth subcarbonate 6.86 Mercuric oxide 11.1

Bismuth subnitrate 4.9 Mercurous chloride 7.15

Bromoform 2.9 Paraffin 0.90

Calcium carbonate (calcite) 2.72 Potassium bromide 2.75

Calcium oxide 3.3 Potassium carbonate 2.29

Chalk 1.8–2.6 Potassium chloride 1.98

Charcoal (air free) 2.1–2.3 Potassium iodide 3.13

Clay 1.8–2.6 Sand, fine dry 1.5

Cork 0.24 Silver iodide 5.67

Cotton 1.47 Silver nitrate 4.35

Gamboge 1.19 Sodium borate, borax 1.73

Gelatin 1.27 Sodium bromide 3.2

Glass beads 2.5 Sodium chloride 2.16

Graphite 2.3–2.7 Sucrose 1.6


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Kaolin 2.2–2.5 Sulfadiazine 1.50

Magnesium carbonate 3.04 Sulfur, precipitated 2.0

Magnesium oxide 3.65 Talc 2.6–2.8

Magnesium sulfate 1.68 Zinc oxide (hexagonal) 5.59

Vaishali Tiwari (NIPER JEE AIR 549 and GPAT 2016 AIR 1256)

Faculty of PPA is just like a elder person who hold our hand from first step of career

and give us a guidance in each and every step in our for future and i think it is a very

important part of our life. Life is full of ups and down but only one thing can give you the

power to stay focus on your goal i. e. your positive mind set and PPA guidance. PPA's

teachers always say never give up for something that you want it.

Absolute Viscosity of Some Newtonian Liquids at 20°C

Liquid

Viscosity (cp)

Castor oil 1000

Chloroform 0.563

Ethyl alcohol 1.19

Glycerin, 93% 400

Olive oil 100

Water 1.0019

Important Physical, Chemical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties for Oral Drug Delivery

Physical properties Chemical properties

Polymorphic form(s)

Crystallinity

Melting point

Particle size, shape, surface area

Density

Hygroscopicity

Aqueous solubility as a function of pH

Solubility in organic solvents

Ionization constant (pKa)

Solubility product (Ksp) of salt forms

Chemical stability in solution

Chemical stability in solid state

Photolytic stability

Oxidative stability

Incompatibility with formulation additives

Complexation with formulation additives

Solubility in presence of surfactants (e.g., bile acids)

Dissolution rate

Wettability

Partition coefficient (octanol–water)

Mechanical properties Biological properties

Elasticity

Plasticity (hardness)

Bonding

Brittleness

Viscoelasticity

Membrane permeability

Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

(ADME)

Metabolism: Gut, first pass, systemic


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DRUG AFFECTING ADRENERGIC TRANSMISSION

Biosynthesis inhibitors

Drug Mechanism Result

Metyrosine

(α methyl tyrosine)

Competitive Inhibitor of Tyrosine

Hydroxylase

(L-Tyrosine L-DOPA)

NE synthesis inhibitor

(Antiadrenergic) Responsible for

false NT synthesis

α methyl Dopa Competitive Inhibitor of

Dopadecarboxylase

L-DOPA Dopamine


(Antiadrenergic) Responsible for

false NT synthesis

Oxidopamine/

6hydroxydopamine (6-

OHDA)

Competitive Inhibitor of Dopamine β

Hydroxylase


(Antiadrenergic)

Neurotoxic synthetic organic

compound selectively destroy

dopaminergic and noradrenergic

neurons in the brain

Drug affecting NE releases and Stores


Amphetamine

Ephedrine

Tyramine

Increases NE release Adrenergic action

Gunethidine

Gunadrel

Bretylium

Inhibit NE release and ↑ NE depletion

by MAO enzyme in neuron

Antiadrenergic action

Neuronal blocking agent

Reserpine

Deserpidine

Rescinnamine

Vesicular uptake (MAT) inhibitor and

↑ NE depletion by MAO enzyme in

neuron

Decreases the NE stores

Antiadrenergic action

Drug inhibit transporters


Desipramine (TCA)

Cocaine,Nisoxetine

Uptake-I / NET inhibitors

Order for NET-

DA > NE > Epi

NE ↑ in synaptic cleft (Adrenergic)

Cocaine,

Imazindol

Dopamine reuptake/ DAT inhibitors

Order for DAT-

DA >> NE > Epi

Dopamine ↑ in synaptic cleft

Isocyanines,

Corticosterone

O-methyl-

Isoproterenol

(only inhibit OCT3)

Nonneuronal/ uptake-II (OCT 1, OCT2

& OCT3) uptake inhibitors

NE ↑ in synaptic cleft (Adrenergic)

Metabolism inhibitors



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MAOA Inhibitors

Moclobemide

Paragyline

Inhibition of MAOA enzyme NE ↑ in synaptic cleft (Adrenergic)

MAOB Inhibitors

Selegiline

Inhibition of MAOB enzyme DA ↑ in Brain

COMT Inhibitors

Tolcapone,Entacapone

Inhibition of COMTenzyme NE & DA ↑ in synaptic cleft and

Brain respectively


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Physical properties that differ among various solids

1. Packing properties a. Molar volume and density

b. Refractive index

c. Conductivity, electrical and thermal

d. Hygroscopicity

2.Thermodynamic properties a. Melting and sublimation temperatures

b. Internal energy (i.e., structural energy)

c. Enthalpy (i.e., heat content)

d. Heat capacity

e. Entropy

f. Free energy and chemical potential

g. Thermodynamic activity

h. Vapor pressure

i. Solubility

3. Spectroscopic properties a. Electronic transitions (i.e., ultraviolet—visible absorption

spectra)

b.Vibrational transitions (i.e., infrared absorption spectra and

Raman spectra)

c.Rotational transitions (i.e., far infrared or microwave

absorption spectra)

d. Nuclear spin transitions (i.e., nuclear resonance spectra)

4. Kinetic properties

a. Dissolution rate

b. Rates of solid-state reactions

c. Stability

5. Surface properties

a. Surface free energy

b. Interfacial tensions

c. Habit (i.e., shape)

6. Mechanical properties a. Hardness

b. Tensile strength

c. Compactibility, tableting

d. Handling, flow, and blending

Major types of phase transformations

Type Explanation of phase transformation

A Polymorphic transition: Transition between the polymorphs. The crystalline phases

include all types of crystalline solids. The composition of the solid

remains the same

B Hydration/dehydration Transition between anhydrates and hydrates or hydrates of

different stoichiometry. The compositions of the solids differ by

the number of water molecules

C Solvation/desolvation Transition between solvent-free crystal forms and solvates,

solvates of different stoichiometry or solvates of different nature

(i.e., different solvents are incorporated into the crystalline

lattice). The compositions of the solids differ by the nature and

number of solvent molecules


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D Salt/parent conversions

or salt/salt exchange

Transition between the salts (ionic adducts), and the parent

unionized compounds (free acids or free bases), between the salts

of different stoichiometry or between the different salts. The

compositions of the solids differ by the nature and number of

counterions

E Cocrystal/parent

conversions or

cocrystal/cocrystal

exchange

Transition between the cocrystals (molecular adducts), and the

parent compound (unionized compounds or salts), between the

cocrystals of different stoichiometry or between the different

cocrystals. The compositions of the solids differ by the nature and

number of cocrystal formers

F Amorphous

crystallization/vitrification

Transition between crystalline and amorphous phases. The

crystalline phases include all types of crystalline solids. Since the

compositions of the amorphous phases are usually less well-

defined, the compositions of the solids change in most cases

Material-sparing characterization methods

Method Measured parameters

Particle characterization

Light microscopy Size, shape, roughness, size range

Polarized light microscopy Crystallinity

Scanning electron microscopy Size, shape, roughness, size range

Sieving Size, size distribution

Light diffraction particle size Quantitative size, distribution, span

Powder characterization

Helium pycnometry True density

Bulk/tapped density Bulk and tapped density, compressibility index

Shear cell of internal friction Powder flow parameters, flow function coefficient,

unconfined yield strength, cohesion, effective angle

Compact characterization

Tablet compaction Compaction pressure, solid fraction

Indentation test Deformation pressure, elastic deformation

Tensile test Tensile strength, compromised tensile strength

Tablet characterization

Tabletability Tensile strength—solid fraction relationship

Compactibility Tensile strength—compression pressure relationship

Compressibility Solid fraction—compression pressure relationship

Manufacturability Tablet crushing force—compression force relationship

General Classification and Description of Gels

Class Description Examples Inorganic Usually are two phase systems Aluminum Hydroxide Gel

Bentonite Magma Organic Usually are single phase system Carbopol, Tragacanth


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Hydrogels Contain water Silica, bentonite, pectin, sodium

alginate, metylcellulose, alumina Organogels Hydrocarbon type Petrolatum, Mineral Oil/Polyethylene

gel (Plastibase) Animal/Vegetable fats Lard, Cocoa butter Soap base greases Aluminum stearate with heavy

mineral oil gel Hydrophilic Organogels

Polar/Nonionic Carbowax bases (PEG Ointment)

Hydrogels Organic Hydrogels Pectin paste, Tragacanth jelly Natural and synthetic gums Methylcellulose, sodium

carboxymethylcellulose, Pluronic Inorganic Hydrogels Bentonite gel (10-25%), Veegum


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Examples of Gelling Agents

1. Acacia 13. Cetostearyl Alcohol 2. Bentonite 14. Ethylcellulose 3. Carbocymethylcellulose sodium 15. Guar gum 4. Colloidal silicon dioxide 16. Hydroxypropryl cellulose 5. Gelatin 17. Magnesium aluminum silicate 6. Hydroxyethylcellulose 18. Methylcellulose 7. Hydroxypropryl methylcellulose 19. Povidone 8. Maltodextrin 20. Sodium alginate 9. Polyvinyl alcohol 21. Starch 10. Propylene carbonate 22. Xanthan gum 11. Sodium starch glycolate 23. Alginic acid 12. Tragacanth 24. Carbomer

Differences Between Volatile and Fixed Acids Fixed Oil Volatile Oil Source: Plant and animal Plants only Volatility: Non volatile Volatile Distillation Decompose Can be distilled Nature: Greasy and thick in consistency Thin and non greasy Solubility in water:

Completely soluble Slightly soluble

Action: Non irritant, soothing when applied to skin and mucosa

Mild irritant to skin and mucosa

Activeness: Not much active Quite active Rancidity: Get rancid with time Do not get rancid Nutritional value:

Have nutritional value No nutritive value

Examples: Castor oil, cod liver oil, olive oil ANISE, camphor, eugenol, methanol

Bioavailability from different routes of administration

Route Bioavailability Characteristics Intravenous 100% Most rapid Intramuscular 75≤100% Large volume may be injected but painful method Subcutaneous 75≤100% Smaller volume than IM, may be painful Oral 5≤100% Convenient, first pass metabolism occurs Rectal 30<100% Less first pass metabolism than oral route Inhalation 5<100% Rapid onset Transdermal 80≤100% Usually slow absorption, lack of first pass metabolism and

prolonged duration of action

Comparison of simple diffusion, Facilitated diffusion, Active transport

Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Down concentration gradient Down concentration gradient Against concentration

gradient No energy required No energy required Energy required No carrier protein involved Carrier proteins involved Carrier proteins involved Non-specific Specific Specific Non-saturable Saturable Saturable Lipid soluble drugs Non-diffusible drugs Lipid insoluble drugs


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Plasma half life of some drugs Drug Half Life Acetylcholine, GABA, catecholamines Milliseconds Adenosine 10 seconds Aspirin 15 minutes Propanolol 4 hours Digoxin 39 hours Digitoxin 168 hours Amiodarone more than 100 days

ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS

Comparison point Alpha receptors Types

α1-Receptor α2-Receptor

Receptor Type GPCR/Type-II/Metabotropic GPCR/TYPEII/ Metabotropic

Structure 7-transmembrane helix, N-Terminal drug binding extracellular site

and C-terminal intracellular site link to G-protein

G-protein Gq Gi

Effector PLC activation AC inhibition

Mechanism IP3/DAG↑ Pathway

↑Cytosolic Ca2+& PKc Activation

cAMP ↓ & PKa inactivation

Increasing efflux of K+

Inhibition of voltage-gated Ca2+

channels

Pharmacological action o Vascular smooth muscle

Contraction

o Liver- Glycogenolysis&

Gluconeogenesis

o Intestinal smooth muscle

Hyperpolarization and

relaxation

o Heart Increased contractile

force; arrhythmias

o Pancreatic islets ( β cells)

Decreased insulin secretion

o Platelets Aggregation

o Nerve terminals Decreased

release of NE

o Vascular smooth muscles

Contraction

Non selective agonist Epi ≥ NE >> Iso Epi ≥ NE >> Iso

Selective agonist Phenylephrine, Mephenterine

Metaraminol, Midodrine

Clonidine, Apraclonidine, Methyl

dopa, Gunafancine, Gunabenz

Non selective antagonist Ergotamine, Ergotoxine, Dihydroergotamine, Dihydroergotoxine

Imidazolines (Tolazoline, Phentolamine) Chlorpromazine

Selective antagonist Prazosin, Terazosin,

Doxazosin, Tamsulosin

Phenoxybenzamine (Irreversible

Selectivity α1 with some α 2)

Yohimbine

http://howmed.net/pharmacology/drug/


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Ankita Rai [GPAT 2014- 2nd

NIPER JEE 2014- 121st ]

Ashish Singh Rajpoot[GPAT 2014-8th]Research Associate atEvalueserve SEZ Pvt. Ltd

Bhoopendra S Kushwah[NIPER JEE 2014-9th]

Payal Kesharwani[GPAT 2014-10th rank

Satish lodhi[GPAT 2014-26th


Saurabh Nigam[NIPER JEE 2014-41st ]

Shantanu Gupta [GPAT 2014-29th

NIPER JEE 2014-263rd ]

2014

HOMEOSTATIC ROLES OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM

Point Angiotensinogen Angiotensin I Angiotensin II Angiotensin

III


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Chemistry Polypeptide

α2 Globulin

Glycoprotein

452 amino acids

Decapeptide Octapeptide Heptapetide

Synthesis Liver From

Angiotensinogen

by renin action

From A-I by ACE action

The principal site of its

action is vascular

epithelium.

Free carboxyl group

required for ACE action

From A-II by

amino

peptidase

action

Receptor - - AT1 (main) & AT2

AT1- Gq-protein and IP3

/DAG pathway.

-

Pharmacological

action

Inactive Inactive Active

Na+ & Water

reabsorption

Aldosterone Release

Vasoconstriction

Stimulates ADH

secretion

Stimulates thirst

↑ Catecholamine

release

↓ NE reuptake

↑ Adrenergic action

Active

Aldosterone

Release

Drug - Renin Inhibitors

Aliskiren

Remikiren

Enalkiren

ACE inhibitors

(pril suffix )

Angiotensin antagonist

(Sartan Suffix)

Aldosterone

antagonist

ACE INHIBITORS

Chemical group Drug (One COOH present in all members)

1.Sulfhydry&Carboxylat Captropril, Zofenopril

2. Dicarboxylate Enalapril, Ramipril, Quinapril (Accupril), Perindopril, Lisinopril ,

Benazepril Imidapril

3.Phosphonate&

Carboxylate

Fosinopril (Fositen/Monopril).

Active drug Prodrug → Active form

Captopril

Lisinopril

[active due to presence of

free COOH group for ACE

binding]

Benazepril → Benazeprilate

Enalpril → Enalprilate

Perindopril → Perindoprilate

Quinapril → Quinaprilate


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TYPES OF CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS

Cardiac arrhythmias Symptoms Diagnosis in ECG

Torsades de pointes

(twisting ofpoints)

Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia ↑ QT Interval

Extrasystoles Abnormal automaticity responsible for Premature

beats

↑ QRS

Atrial flutter Atria beat at a rate of 200– 350/min AV block

Atrial fibrillation Atrial fibres are activated asynchronously at a rate of

350–550/min

Irregular beats

Ventricular

tachycardia

Ventricular extrasystoles ↑QRS

Ventricular

fibrillation

Improper contraction of ventricles & loss pumping

action

Common cause of

sudden cardiac death

Atrio-ventricular

(A-V) block

Depression of impulse conduction through the A-V

node and bundle of His due to vagal influence or

ischaemia.

↑ PR Interval

Tachyarrthymias Rthym irregularity increases

Treatment- Antiarrthymic drugs

ECG waves change

Bradyarrthymias Rthym irregularity decreases

Treatment- Surgical approaches

ECG waves change

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES

Cardenolides from plant

Cardiac Glycosides sources Active constituents

Convallaria majalis (Lily of the Valley) Convallotoxin

Antiaristoxicaria (Upas tree) Antiarin

Strophanthuskombe (Strophanthus vine)

Strophanthusgratus – (seed)

G/K/E-Strophanthi,

Ouabain (Strophanthin-G)

Urginea (Scilla) maritima (bulb) Proscillaridin-A

Thevetianeriifolia (nut) Thevetin

Digitalis lanata (Leaf) Digoxin, Digitoxin, Gitoxin

Digitalis purpurea (Leaf) Digitoxin, Gitoxin, Gitalin

Nerium oleander (Oleander tree) Oleandrin

Asclepias sp. (Milkweed) Oleandrin

Adonis vernalis (Spring pheasant's eye) Adonitoxin

Bufadienolides producing organism

Cardiac Glycosides sources Active constituents

Leonurus cardiaca (Motherwort) Scillarenin

Drimiamaritima (Squill) Proscillaridine A


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Kalanchoedaigremontiana Daigremontianin

Bufomarinus (Cane toad) Various Bufadienolides

Bufo vulgaris (Toad-skin) Bufotoxin

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES HYDROLYSIS

Compound Aglycone Glycone

Purpurea Glycoside A

(Glucodigitoxin))

Digitoxigenin 3 Digitoxose + glucose

Purpurea glycoside B Gitoxigenin 3 Digitoxose + glucose

Lanatoside A

(derivatives Purpurea glycoside

A)

Digitoxigenin 2 Digitoxose + acetyl Digitoxose + D-

glucose

Lanatoside B

(derivatives Purpurea glycoside

A)

Gitoxigenin 2 Digitoxose + acetyl Digitoxose + D-

Glucose

Lanatoside C Digoxigenin 2 Digitoxose + acetyl Digitoxose + D-

Glucose

Lanatoside E Gitaloxigenin 2 Digitoxose + acetyl Digitoxose + D-

Glucose

CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIONS

Action Cardiac glycosides

Digitalis

Cardiac stimulant drug

Adrenergic drugs

Cardiac contractility ↑↑↑ (Positive inotropic) ↑↑ (Positive inotropic)

Myocardial O2 consumption Not ↑ O2 consumption ↑↑↑ O2 consumption

HR Not ↑ even ↓ HR

(Negative chronotropic)

↑↑ (Positive chronotropic)

Duration of action Long Short

CHF Used for treatment Not use due to ↑ HR

CLASSIFICATION OF VASODILATOR DRUGS

↓ Preload

(10Veiondialator)

↓ Afterload

(10Arteriolar dilators))

Mixed dilator

↓ Preload + ↓ Afterload

Glyceryltrinitrate

Isosorbidedinitrate

Other nitrates

Hydralazine

Minoxidil

Ca2+ channel blockers

(Nifedipine)

Pot. channel openers

(Nicorandil)

ACE Inhibitors

AT1 antagonists (ARBs)

Prazosin (α1 blocker)

Amrinone, Milrinone

Nitroprusside

Flosequinan

(quinolone Derivative)

GPAT achievers From PPA (Pioneer Pharma academy) Achievers AIR in GPAT Achievers AIR IN GPAT


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2014 In 2015 1. Ankita Rai 2 1. Shobhit Kumar Tiwari 44 2. Ashish Rajput 8 2. Chandan Agrawal 73 3. Payal Kesharwani 10 3. Priya Shrivastava 247 4. Richa Tripathy 22 4. Girraj Singh 385 5. Satish Lodhi 26 5. Ku. Sarjana Raikwar 580 6. Shantanu Gupta 29 6. Aakanksha Dubey 587 7. Mukul Tiwari 107 7. Raghav Goyal 587 8. Yogesh Singh 125 8. Aakanksha Shrivastava 650 9. Diamond Jain 161 9. Ashutosh Goswami 700 10. Anamika Jain 377 10. Geetika Tiwari 705 11. Rakhi Asathi 266 11. Ramkishun 911 12. Amit Pathak 315 12. Ku. Neha joshi 1044 13. Sourabh Nigam 342 13. Aesan Patel 1100 14. Anjali Dwivedi 409 14. Suneel Kushwah 1110 15. Amit Gupta 350 15. Pramila Vishwakarma 1190 16. Swati Jain 618 16. Pooja Bidla 1200 17. Romi Sharma 409 17. Romi Sharma 1300 18. Nitin Talreja 965 18. Ku. Pragati Khare 1632 19. Aehsaan Patel 1049 19. Deepa Viswas 1700 20. Bhoopendra Kuswaha 1141 20. Shalini Jain 1799 21. Ajmer Singh 797 21. Namita Badoniya 1934 22. Monika Awasthi 1268 22. Mukul Jain 2500 23. Ravinandan Soni 1700 23. Mayurika Jain 2500 24. Priyanka Arya 1889 25. Vikas Soni 1997 26. Satyanarayan Malviya 2600 27. Devendra Rajak 2833 28. Prakhar Gupta 3210 29. Abhijeet Desai 2304 30. Sikha Jain 2069 31. Benus Yadav 3603 32. Neha Rai 3377

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM PARTS AND FUNCTIONS

CNS Part Functions

Cerebral Cortex /

Cerebrum

Thought

Voluntary movement

Language

Reasoning

Perception

Memory

Speaking &hearing

Sensation &sight,

Largest section of the brain


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Cerebellum Movement

Balance

Posture

Brain stem[Mid

brain + medulla +

pons]

Breathing

Heart Rate

Blood Pressure

Pons • Responsible for: conducting messages to other parts of the

brain

• Reflex actions such as chewing, production of saliva

Medulla Oblongata • Lowest part of brain stem

• Connects to the spinal cord

• Responsible for- regulating heart beat, respirations,

swallowing, coughing

Hypothalamus Body Temperature

Emotions

Hunger

Thirst

Circadian Rhythms

Thalamus Sensory processing

Movement

Limbic System Emotions

Memory

Hippocampus Learning

Memory

Basal Ganglia Movement

Midbrain Vision

Audition

Eye Movement

Body Movement

Spinal Cord Goes down back of body from Medulla Oblongata

Surrounded and protected by vertebrae

Responsible for reflex actions

Carries sensory and motor messages


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Chandal agrawal[GPAT 2015-73rd rank]

Pragati Khare [NIPER JEE 2015-17th ]Shobhit Tiwari

[NIPER JEE 2015-5th

GPAT 2015-44th ]MP drug inspector

Priya Shrivastav [NIPER JEE 2015-57th ]

2015


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CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION AND STRUCTURES OF BENZODIAZEPINE

Benzodiazepine (5-phenyl-1,4-benzodiazepine-2-one)

Drug R1 R2 R3 R7 R2’

Diazepam —CH3 =O H Cl H

Oxazepam H =O OH Cl H

Nitrazepam H =O H NO2 H

Nordazepam H =O H Cl H

Clonazepam H (1,5

benzodiazepines)

=O H NO2 Cl

Clobazama -CH3 =O H Cl H

Demoxepam H =O H Cl H

Flurazepam -CH2CH2N(C2H5)2 =O H Cl F

Lorazepam H =O OH Cl Cl

Nordazepam H =O H Cl H

Quazepam CH2CF3 =O H Cl F

Temazepam CH3 =O OH Cl H

Alprazolam Fused triazole ring

Fused triazole ring

Fused triazole ring

Fused imadazole ring

Fused imidazole ring

H Cl H

Estazolam H Cl H

Triazolam H Cl Cl

Midazolam H Cl F

Flumazenil H F =O at C5

ADVANTAGES OF BZDS OVER BARBITURATES/ DIFFERENCES

Point BZDs Barbiturates

MOA ↑ frequency of Cl channel opening

Not have other mechanisms

Prolong Cl channel opening and act by

other mechanism also.

TI/Safety High Low

Drug

interaction

Minor interaction not induce the

metabolism of many drugs

Major drug interaction commonly induce

the metabolism of many drugs

Adverse effect Relatively safe Higher chances

Abuse

potential

Least High

Clinically

application

Commonly Rarely used


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Antidote Flumazenil No specific antidote


2014 Achievers AIR IN NIPER-JEE In

2015 1. Bhoopendra

Kuswaha 9 24. Shobhit Kumar

Tiwari 5

2. Sourabh Nigam 41 25. Pragati Khare 17 3. Satish Lodhi 49 26. Priya Shrivastava 57 4. Ravinandan Soni 120 27. Namita Badoniya 112 5. Ankita Rai 124 28. Sarjana Raikwar 118 6. Guru Datt Dubey 186 29. Neha joshi 129 7. Richa Tripathi 211 30. Raghav Goyal 133 8. Priyanka Arya 227 31. Pooja Bidla 191 9. Shantanu Gupta 263 32. Ramkishun 192 10. Vikas Soni 266 33. Shalini Jain 209 11. Anjali Dwivedi 286 34. Aakanksha Dubey 211 12. Swati Jain 288 35. Girraj Singh 228 13. Monika Awasthi 326 36. Aesan Patel 253 14. Neha Rai 336 37. Mukul Jain 289 15. Payal Kesharwani 456 38. Chandan Agrawal 320 16. Ashish Rajput 470 39. Pramila

Vishwakarma 350

17. Yogesh Singh 655 40. Ashutosh Goswami 384 18. Devendra Rajak 536 41. Aakanksha

Shrivastava 412

19. Diamond Jain 724 42. Mayurika Jain 430 20. Anamika Jain 1366 43. Romi Sharma 443 21. Rakhi Asathi 500 44. Suneel Kushwah 759 22. Amit Pathak 975 45. Geetika Tiwari 868 23. Amit Gupta 891 46. Deepa Viswas 888 24. Prakhar Gupta 870 25. Abhijeet Desai 1421 26. Sikha Jain 1011 27. Satyanarayan

Malviya

DRUG ACTING ON GABAACl CHANNEL COMPLEX

Drug Category Remarks

GABA Endogenous Orthosteric agonists Inhibitory neurotransmitter

Muscimol

Gaboxadol

Isoguvacine

Orthosteric agonists(agonist bind to active

site)

Bind to GABAa Site

Bicuculline

Gabazine

Orthosteric antagonists

(antagonist bind to active site )

Competitive antagonist at

GABAA receptor


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Picrotoxin

Cicutoxin, Oenanthotoxin,

PentylenetetrazolLindane

Non-competitive Antagonist Not bind to GABA site bind to

picrotoxin sensitive site

Flumazenil

Sarmazenil

Amentoflavone

Zinc

Competitive antagonist for BZD site Negative allosteric

modulators

Epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate Second-order modulators (Bind to an

allosteric site on the receptor complex and

modulate the effect of first order

modulators)

Note- First order allosteric

modulators: bind to allosteric

sites on the receptor complex

β Carboline Inverse agonist at BZD site Delay GABA action

Positive allosteric

modulators

Barbiturates

Benzodiazepines

Certain Carbamates

(Carisoprodol, Meprobamate, Lorbamate)

Ethanol (Alcohol),

Etomidate,

Glutethimide,

Meprobamate,

Quinazolinones

( Methaqualone, Etaqualone, Diproqualone)

Nonbenzodiazepines

(Zolpidem, Eszopiclone)

Propofol

Volatile/Inhaled Anesthetics,

First order positive allosteric

modulators

Drug ↑ GABA action but bind

to other than active site.

Barbiturate First order positive allosteric modulators ↑ Life time of Cl opening

↑ GABA action

(Facilitator + Mimetic )

BZDs First order positive allosteric modulators ↑ Frequency of Cl opening

↑ GABA action

(Only Facilitator)

AUTACOIDS

Amine autacoids Lipid autacoids Peptide autacoids Miscellaneous

Histamine

5 Hydroxytryptamine

(Serotonin)

Eicosanoids

Prostaglandins

Leukotrienes

Platelet activating

factor

Angiotensin

Kinnins

(Bradykinin, Kallidin)

Cytokines (interleukins,

TNFα) Gastrin

Somatostatin

Vasoactive intestinal

peptide.

PHYSIOLOGICAL ROLE of different mediators

Autacoids Role


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Histamine Mediates immediate allergic

Inflammatory responses

Gastric acid release

acting as a neurotransmitter

Vasodilator

Serotonin

(5-HT)

Responsible for maintaining mood balance, and that a deficit of serotonin

leads to depression

Constricting smooth muscles

transmitting impulses between nerve cells

Acting as a neurotransmitter

↓ Decreased 5-HT level associated with Depression

Affect mood and social behavior, appetite and digestion, sleep, memory and

sexual desire and function.

Prostaglandins Reproduction

Pain & Fever

Inflammation

Affect platelets functions

Immunological action

Vasoconstriction or Dilation

Function depend up on the subtype of PGs

Leukotrienes Regulate vasoconstrictions

Strong vasoconstriction

↑ Vessels permeability

Lipoxins Retard inflammation contrast to proinflamatory Eicosanoids(PG & LT)

Platelet activating

factor(PAF)

Vasoconstrictions

Bronchoconstriction

↑ Platelets aggregations

↑ Leukocyte adhesion and chemotaxsis

↑ Vascular permeability

Angiotensin Potent vasoconstrictor

↑ Na & Water reabsorptions

↑ Aldosterone

Bradykinin &

Kallidin

Vasodilator (10 time to histamine)

Act locally to produce pain

Smooth muscles constrictions-Bronchoconstriction

↑ PG synthesis

↑ Permeability

Stimulate histamine release


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Chemotherapy important terms

Blackwater Fever Syndrome of hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria, and renal failure associated

with massive parasitemia.

Cinchonism Poisoning syndrome associated with quinine, quinidine, and Cinchona;

symptoms include tinnitus, deafness, headache, blurry vision, and nausea.

Disulfiram Reaction Syndrome that occurs due to coingestion of alcohol and disulfiram; disulfiram

blocks aldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to accumulation of acetaldehyde;

symptoms include nausea, headache, flushing, and hypotension.

G6PD Deficiency Lack of enzyme important in the oxidation/reduction capabilities of the red

blood cell; deficiency leads to hydrogen peroxide accumulation, which causes

hemolysis. Hemolysis often associated with drugs that produce oxidative

stress (eg, sulfonamides).

Gray Baby

Syndrome

May be caused by deficiency of a hepatic enzyme required for the degradation

of chloramphenicol or impaired renal function; syndrome is characterized by

circulatory collapse, cyanosis (gray color), acidosis, abdominal distention,

coma, and death.

Lassa Fever A hemorrhage febrile illness associated with arenavirus infection.

Mazzotti Reaction Syndrome of fever, urticaria, tender lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, abdominal

pain, edema, hypotension, and tachycardia seen with treatment of

microfilariasis with Ivermectin, Praziquantel, and Albendazole.

Methemoglobinemia Accumulation of methemoglobin, which is a form of hemoglobin with a low

oxygen affinity. Methemoglobinemia results in pseudocyanosis, tissue hypoxia,

and death.

Stevens-Johnson

Syndrome

Immunologic reaction characterized by lesions of the skin and mucous

membranes; involves both the mouth and eyes.

Superinfection A novel infection in addition to a pre-existing one.

Trachoma Chronic inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

Pharmacology fact

Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme responsible for the degradation of Ach.

Adrenergic Neuronal Blockers Medications that prevent NE from exiting the nerve

terminal.

Anisocoria Unequal pupils.

Intrinsic Sympathomimetic Activity

(ISA)

Drugs with paradoxical partial β-agonist properties;

clinical significance unknown.

Lipid Solubility Accounts for the CNS side effects of a drug.

Malignant Hypertension Severely elevated blood pressure associated with CNS,

renal, or cardiac symptoms.

Membrane Stabilizing Activity (MSA) Imparts a local anesthetic quality to β-blockers; may

contribute to antiarrhythmic property.

Miosis Pupillary constriction.


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Myasthenia Gravis [GPAT 2018] Autoimmune disease characterized by increasing muscle

weakness with use due to the presence of antibodies to

the Ach receptor at the neuromuscular junction.

Mydriasis Pupillary dilation.

Nonselective α-Adrenergic Blockers Medications that block α1- and α2-adrenergic sites.

Nonselective β-Blockers Medications that block β1- and β2-adrenergic sites.

Pheochromocytoma Tumor of the adrenal glandthat secretes catecholamines.

Postural (orthostatic) Hypotension A 20 mm Hg drop in systolic blood pressure or 10 mm

Hg drop in diastolic blood pressure within 3 minutes of

standing due to a defect in the blood pressure control

system.

Raynaud's Disease Vascular disorder characterized by peripheral

vasoconstriction.

Selective α-Adrenergic Blockers Medications that block α1-adrenergic sites only.

Selective β1-Adrenergic Blockers Medications that block β1-adrenergic sites only.

Sjögren's Syndrome Syndrome of dry mouth and dry eyes due to lymphocytic

infiltration of the salivary and lacrimal glands; often

observed in patients with autoimmune disorders

including RA and SLE.

Tourette's Syndrome Syndrome characterized by motor and verbal tics

[repetitive, involuntary movement]

Xerostomia Dry mouth.

Acromegaly Syndrome associated with excessive levels of growth

hormone after puberty; symptoms include thickened

skin, vocal hoarseness, joint pain, insulin resistance,

hypertension, and cardiovascular disease.

Asthenia Debility or weakness.

Carcinoid Syndrome Symptoms associated with excessive levels of serotonin

secreted by carcinoid tumors; symptoms include facial

swelling, diarrhea, bronchial spasm, tachycardia,

hypotension, and right-sided valvular disease.

Central Precocious Puberty Early onset of puberty due to activation of the

gonadotropins leading to maturation of the gonads; this

early gonadal maturation leads to early secretion of sex

hormones and, therefore, early onset of secondary

sexual characteristics in adolescents.

Craniosynostosis Premature closure of the cranial sutures.

Cushing's Disease Disease associated with excessive glucocorticoid levels

most commonly caused by an adrenal cortical adenoma;


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symptoms include fat redistribution with a

characteristic buffalo hump, thin extremities,

hypertension, hirsutism, infertility, and amenorrhea.

Diabetes Insipidis Syndrome due to insufficient levels of ADH (central) or

decreased renal response to ADH (peripheral);

Symptoms resemble the excessive thirst and urination

associated with diabetes mellitus.

Endometriosis Growth of cells of the uterine lining outside of the

uterus; symptoms include pelvic pain and infertility.

Hyperprolactinemia Syndrome associated with excessive levels of prolactin;

symptoms include infertility, amenorrhea, galactorrhea,

and mastodynia [breast pain].

Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Inadequate function of the gonads due to insufficient

secretion of pituitary gonadotropins.

Kaposi's Sarcoma Rare skin malignancy characterized by soft blue-black

plaques and is typically seen in elderly and

immunosuppressed patients; it is caused by human

herpes virus 8.

Oligospermia Low sperm count.

SIADH Syndrome of inappropriate ADH; numerous causes

include trauma, tumors, endocrine disorders, and drugs;

excessive levels of ADH lead to hypernatremia.

Steatorrhea Large amounts of fat in the feces.

Uterine Fibroids Benign smooth muscle tumors; their growth is related to

estrogen.

Virilization Acquisition of adult male characteristics in women or

prepubescent males.

PREDOMINANT SYMPATHETIC OR PARASYMPATHETIC TONE

Anatomical Site Predominant Autonomic Tone Effect of Ganglionic Blockade

Arterioles Sympathetic-adrenergic vasodilatation; increased

peripheral blood flow; hypotension

Veins Sympathetic-adrenergic

dilatation; blood pooling;

decreased venous return;

decreased cardiac output

Heart Parasympathetic-cholinergic Tachycardia

Ciliary Muscle Parasympathetic-cholinergic cycloplegia (loss of

accommodation)

Gastrointestinal Tract Parasympathetic-cholinergic reduced tone and motility;

constipation; decreased secretions

Salivary Glands Parasympathetic-cholinergic Xerostomia (dry mouth)

Sweat Glands Sympathetic-cholinergic Anhidrosis (lack of sweating)


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Deepika Daksh [NIPER JEE 2016-40th

GPAT 2016-32nd ]

Dipali Pathak [NIPER JEE 2016-17th

GPAT 2016-292nd ]

Samkit jain[NIPER JEE 2016-37th

GPAT 2016-654th ]

Ajmer Singh[GPAT 2016-36th


Rahul Kumar [NIPER JEE 2017-73rd

GPAT 2016-99th ]

Surya Kesri[NIPER JEE 2016-107th

GPAT 2016-210th ]

Subham Prajapati[NIPER JEE 2016-91th

GPAT 2016-107th ]

2016


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MPORTANT CORTICOSTEROIDS STRUCTURES

+ OH at 11 — Corticosterone

+ OH at 11 + OH at 17 — Hydrocortisone

(if O at 11) + OH at 17 — Cortisone

+ OH at 11 + OH at 17 + Δ 1, 2 — Prednisolone

+ OH at 11 + OH at 17 + Δ 1, 2 + F at 9 + OH at 16

— Triamcinolone

+ OH at 11 + OH at 17 + Δ 1, 2 + F at 9 + CH3 α at

16 — Dexamethasone

+ OH at 11 + OH at 17 + Δ 1, 2 + F at 9 + CH3 β at

16 — Betamethasone

Hydrocortisone + F at 9 — Fludrocortisone

Corticosterone + CHO at 18 — Aldosterone

Cell Membrane

Ca

Ca

Ca -dependent protein kinase

SR

a

Phospholipase C

IP

DAG

Phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-diphosphate

Alpha -Agonist

Protein kinase C

Gq

IP3/DAG PATHWAY

91


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Cell Membrane

AC Gi

a

Alpha 2 Agonist

ATP cAMP

No biological effect

Enzyme-PO

AC= Adenylyl cyclase

Cell MembraneBeta receptor

Beta -Agonist

ACGs

ATP

cAMP

Biological effect

Enzyme-PO

AC= Adenylyl cyclase

↑ Camp/AC PATHWAY

GPAT achievers From PPA in Year 2016 GPAT achievers From PPA in Year 2017


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(Pioneer Pharma academy) (Pioneer Pharma academy) Achievers AIR in GPAT

2016 Achievers AIR in GPAT 2017

1. Deepika Daksh 32 1. Adity Sharma 46 2. Ajmer Singh 36 2. Kaushlendra Dangi 93 3. Amruta Pandey 99 3. Sarjana Raikwar 114 4. Rahul Chadar 99 4. Gunja Moolchandani 131 5. Poorvi Saraf 105 5. Neeraj Patel 146 6. Pradeep S. Thakur 178 6. Shefali Ahuja** 166 7. Anshul Jain 195 7. Meenakshi

Chaurasiya 366

8. Shubham Prajapati 195 8. Sanskar Jain 456 9. Surya Keshri 210 9. Amruta Pandey 484 10. Kriti Jain 229 10. Neelesh Kori 530 11. Krishna Lodhi 256 11. Vipul Shrivastava 577 12. Deepali Pathak 292 12. Bhagwati Bhardwaj 577 13. Abhilash Kesharwani 504 13. Neha Singh 598 14. Govinda Chourasia 504 14. Ashwani Kumar 685 15. Suchita Sahu 575 15. Shiva Sen 685 16. Shubham Mishra 625 16. Shruti jain 717 17. Manoj Prajapati 625 17. Pooja Tiwari ** 776 18. Samkit Jain 654 18. Devansh Sodhiya 777 19. Shiva Chourasia 702 19. Rahul Kumar 815 20. Sanket Tiwari 800 20. Samima Khatun 819 21. Sanskar Jain 804 21. Shubham Soni 819 22. Soumya Mishra 834 22. Ankit Soni** 819 23. Yashwant Raikwar 894 23. Ayushi jain 819 24. Manish Jain 1200 24. Deepak Khandawa 819 25. Vaishali Tiwari 1256 25. Nitin Gangil 965 26. Mansi Gupta 1423 26. Abhijit Sharma** 1057 27. Sourabh Soni 1456 27. Samiksha Jain** 1095 28. Subham Gupta 1565 28. Himanshi Gupta 1172 29. Ankit Namdev 1600 29. Devyani Rajput 1455 30. Poonam Sen 1804 30. Radhika Kesharwani 1554 31. Shivani

Vishwakarma 2050 31. Kumud Soni 1662

32. Sonal Singhal 1800 32. Manvi Bhatnagar 1798 33. Neelesh Kori ** 3300 33. Devendra

Dhanoriya 1892

34. Anju Rathore 1892 35. Diksha Jain 2032 36. Manish Jain 2032 37. Namita Badonia 2116 38. Palak Kaushal 2305 39. Ajay Viswakarma 2309 40. Rashmi Rawal 2457 41. Deepali Lariya 4507


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42. Gayatri Rohit 5369 43. Shivam Kori ** 6872

GPCR Pathway and Examples (VIMP Table)

Adenylyl cyclase: cAMP Phospholipase IP3-DAG(Gq)

↑

Channel regulation

Increase(Gs) Decrease(Gi) K+↑ Ca2+↑ Ca2+↓

Adrenergic-β

Dopamine-D1

Glucagon

FSH & LH

ACTH

Vasopressin (V2)

H2

Prostaglandin-EP2

Prostacyclin-IP

Adenosine-A2

Adrenergic-α2

Dopamine-D2

5-HT1

H3,H4

GABAΒ

Opioid-μ, δ

AT1& AT2

Prostaglandin-EP3

Somatostatin

Adenosine-A1

Adrenergic-α1

Muscarinic-M1, M3

5-HT2

H1

Vasopressin (V1&V3)

Oxytocin(OXTR)

Bradykinin-B2

AT1

Prostaglandin-FP, EP1, EP3

Thromboxane-TP

Leukotriene

Cholecystokinin-Gastrin

PAF

α2

D2

5-HT1

H3

GABAΒ

μ, δ

β1 D2 GABAΒ

A1

Opioid-k

somatostatin

Summary of important pharmacological receptors (VIMP Table)

Type I Type II Type III Type IV

Synonyms ligand-gated ion

channels or inotropic

GPCRs

Metabotropic

Kinase-linked

receptors

Nuclear

receptors

Location Membrane

(cell surface)

Membrane

(cell surface)

Membrane

(cell surface)

Intracellular

(nuclear

membrane)

Effectors Ion channel Channel or enzyme Protein kinases Gene

transcription

Coupling Direct G-protein Direct via DNA

Structure Oligomeric assembly

of pentameric

subunits surrounding

central pore

Monomeric

dimericor structure

comprising seven

transmembrane

helices

(heptahelical))

Single

transmembrane

helix linking

extracellular

receptor domain to

intracellular kinase

domain

Monomeric

structure with

separate

receptor- and

DNA-binding

domains

Ligand

binding

site

Extracellular

(N-terminal )

Extracellular

(N-terminal )

Extracellular

(N-terminal )

Extra nuclear or

intracellular

(C-terminal )

Effectors

binding

site

Transcellular

(C-terminal )

Intracellular

(C-terminal )

Intracellular

(C-terminal )

Intranuclear

(DNA binding)

Action time Milliseconds Seconds Hour Hours


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Cellular

effect

mechanism

Hyperpolarization

Depolarization

Secondary

messenger

(IP3/DAG and

Camp) and calcium

release

Protein

phosphorylation

Protein

phosphorylation

Gene transcription

Protein synthesis

Gene

transcription

Protein

synthesis

Examples Nicotinic receptor

GABA A receptor

Glycine (inhibitory)

Excitatory AA

(kainate, NMDA or N-

methyl- D-aspartate,

quisqualate) and 5-

HT3 receptors

Muscarinic

receptor,

adrenoceptors, etc

Most abundant in

body

Insulin, growth

factors, cytokine

receptors

Steroidal

receptors

Thyroxine

Vit D and Vit A

receptors

COMPITITIVE REVERSIBLE ENZYME INHIBITORS

Drug /inhibitor Substrate Enzyme Inhibition result

Physostigmine like Acetylcholine Acetylcholinisterase Increase action of Ach

Sulphonamide PABA Folate synthetase Decrease DHFA

synthesis

Moclobemide CATECHOLAMINES Mono amino oxidase Increase catecholamine

action

Captopril angiotensin 1 angiotensin converting

enzyme (ACE)

Decrease angiotensin

ii synthesis

Finasteride testosterone 5alpha-reductase Decrease testosterone

action

Letrozole androstenedione and

testosterone

aromatase enzyme Decreases the

synthesis of estrogen

Allopurinol

oxidized to alloxanthine

( non competitive

inhibitor).

hypoxanthine xanthine oxidase Decrease uric acid

synthesis

Carbidopa methyldopa levodopa dopa decarboxylase Decease pheripheral

synthesis of dopamine

COMPITITIVE IRREVERSIBLE ENZYME INHIBITORS

Drug /inhibitor Substrate Enzyme Inhibition result

Organophosphates

react covalently

Acetrylcholine Acetyl cholinesterase Increase action of Ach

Methotrexate (50,000

times higher affinity)

DHFA dihydrofolate

reductase

Decrese synthesis of

THFA


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Vipul Shrivastav[NIPER JEE 2017-49th

GPAT 2017-253 rank]

Aditya Sharma [GPAT 2017-46th rank]

Gunja Moolchandani[NIPER JEE 2017-170th

GPAT 2017-131st]Kaushalendra Dangi[NIPER JEE 2017-64th rank

GPAT 2017-93rd rank]

Devansh Jain[NIPER JEE 2017-112th rank

GPAT 2017-777th rank]

2017

Table 1: Woodward-Fieser Rule for Dienes

Group Increment

Extended conjugation +30

Each exo-cyclic C=C +5

Alkyl +5

-OCOCH3 +0


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-OR +6

-SR +30

-Cl, -Br +5

-NR2 +60

Table 2: Woodward-Fieser Rule for Benzoyl Derivatives

Group

C

O

R

R= alkyl or ring residue 246 nm

250 nm 230 nm

R= H R= OH or alkoxy Substituent Position Increment alkyl or ring residue O, m 3 P 10 -OH, OCH3 O,m 7 P 25 -O Ortho 11 Meta 20 Para 78 -Cl O, m 0 P 10 -Br O, m 2 P 15 -NH2 O, m 13 P 58 -NHCOCH3 O, m 20 P 45 Table 3: Woodward-Fieser Rule for Enones

Group Increment

6-membered ring or acyclic enone Base 215 nm

5-membered ring parent enone Base 202 nm

Acyclic dienone Base 245 nm

Substituent

Double bond extending conjugation 30

Alkyl group or ring residue α, β, γ and higher 10, 12, 18

-OH α, β, γ and higher 35, 30, 18

-OR α, β, γ , δ 35, 30, 17, 31

-O(C=O)R α, β, δ 6

-Cl α, β 15, 12

-Br α, β 25, 30

-NR2 Β 95

Exocyclic double bond 5

Homocyclic diene component 39


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NIPER JEE achievers From PPA in Year 2016 (Pioneer Pharma academy)

NIPER JEE achievers From PPA in Year 2017 (Pioneer Pharma academy)

Achievers AIR in NIPER JEE 2016

Achievers AIR in NIPER JEE 2017

1. Deepali Pathak 17 1. Pooja Tiwari(In third year)

38

2. Samkit Jain 37 2. Vipul Srivastava 49

3. Deepika Daksh 40 3. Shefali Ahuja (In third year )

62

4. Raghav Goyal 49 4. Kaushlendra S. Dangi 64

5. Shubham Prajapati 91 5. Rahul Kumar 73 6. Surya Keshri 107 6. Samima Khatun 109 1. Rahul Chadar 116 7. Devansh Sodhiya 112 2. Anshul Jain 119 8. Gunja Moolchandani 170 3. Pradeep S. Thakur 152 9. Ashwani Kumar 182

4. Govinda Chourasia 181 10. Ayushi Jain 233

5. Kriti Jain 184 And many more sections. 6. Ajmer Singh 216 7. Manoj Prajapati 223 8. Abhilash

Kesharwani 272

9. Amruta Pandey 282 10. Ankit Namdev 326 11. Shiva Chourasia 339 12. Sanket Tiwari 389 13. Krishna Lodhi 471 14. Yashwant Raikwar 521 15. Vaishali Tiwari 549 16. Subham Gupta 700 17. Mansi Gupta 748 18. Shubham Mishra 777 19. Sanskar Jain 778 20. Soumya Mishra 870 21. Manish Jain 883 Regions of the electromagnetic spectrum

Wavelength range Region Spectra

100–1 m Radiofrequency Nuclear

magnetic resonance

1–0.1 m Radiofrequency Electron spin resonance

100–1 mm Microwave Rotational

1–0.02 mm Far infrared Vibrational

20–2 mm Infrared (IR) Vibrational

2–0.8 mm Near infrared Vibrational

800–400 nm Visible Electronic

400–150 nm Ultraviolet (UV) Electronic

150–2 nm Vacuum UV Electronic


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2–0.1 nm X-ray Inner shell electronic

0.1–0.0001 nm Ƴ-ray Nuclear reaction

IR range:

S.no Region Wave number(Cm-1) Wavelength(u) 1. Near IR 12500-4000 0.8 to 2.5

2. Mid IR 4000-667 2.5 to 15

3. Far IR 667-50 15to 200

Bond Wave no. (cm-1) C-H alkane 3000-28000 = C-H alkene C=C alkene

3100-3000 1650-1600

C-H alkyne

C C

3300 2250-2150

C-C 1200-800 -C-H Cycloalkanes 3050-3000 =C-H Aromatic hydrocarbon * mono substituted * meta disubstituted *para disubstituted

3000-3050 690-700 750-800 800-840

-O-H alcohols -OH (H-bonded) C-O (alcohol) * 10 alcohol * 20 alcohol * 30 alcohol -OH (phenol)

3600-3500 3500-3300 1200-1000 1050 1100 1150 3200-3600(slight increase due to resonance)

C-O (ether) 1250-1000 Aldehyde and ketones C=O Aliphatic aldehydes C=O aromatic aldehyde C=O Ketones

1720-1740 1690- 1710 1720

Acid C=O -O-H

1700 3500-3300 (broad peak)

Ester C=O C-O

1760-1750 1100-1000

Amide C=O N-H

1640-1620 3500-3300

Amines Primary amine –N-H Secondary amine –N-H

3500- 3300 ( 2 peaks) 3600-3500 ( one peak)

Nitrile C N 2250-2150

Nitro –N=O 1375-1300


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NMR of Organic compounds

STRUCTURE OF ADRENERGIC DRUGS

Basic Structure

Drugs Aromatic

Substitution

β-Substitution α-Substitution N-Substitution

Phenylethylamine H H H H

Epinephrine 3-OH, 4-OH OH H CH3

Norepinephrine 3-OH, 4-OH OH H H

Compounds Chemical shift(PPM)

Alkanes (primary)

(secondary)

(tertiary)

0.9

1.3

1.5

Alkenes (olefinic proton) 4-6.5

Alkynes 1.5-3.5

Alkyl halide

H-C-F

H-C-Cl

H-C-Br

H-C-I

4-4.5

3.8-4

3-3.5

2.1-2.8

Alcohol

H-C-OH

H-C-OH

3.5-4

1-5 (broad peak)

Aldehyde

R-CHO

H-C-C=O

9-11

2.1-3

Benzene 6.5-8.5

Amine

H-CN

C-N-H

3.5-4.5

1-7

Carboxylic acids 10-14

Phenolic 10-13

Ether

H-C-OC

3.5-4

Enolic proton 16-18


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Dopamine 3-OH, 4-OH H H H

Dobutamine 3-OH, 4-OH H H

Colterol 3-OH, 4-OH OH H C(CH3)3

Albuterol 3-CH2OH,

4-OH

OH H C(CH3)3

Ethylnorepinephrine 3-OH, 4-OH OH CH2CH3 H

Isoproterenol 3-OH, 4-OH OH H CH(CH3)2

Isoetharine 3-OH, 4-OH OH CH2CH3 CH(CH3)2

Metaproterenol 3-OH, 5-OH OH H CH(CH3)2

Terbutaline 3-OH, 5-OH OH H C(CH3)3

Metaraminol 3-OH OH CH3 H

Phenylephrine 3-OH OH H CH3

Tyramine 4-OH H H H

Hydroxyamphetamine 4-OH H CH3 H

Amphetamine - H CH3 H

Methamphetamine - H CH3 CH3

Ephedrine - OH CH3 CH3

Phenylpropanolamine - OH CH3 H

Ritodrine 4-OH OH CH3

Methoxamine 2-OCH3

5-OCH3

OH CH3 H

Mnemonics or short tricks

S.No. Title Mnemonic Description

1 Bowel components

Dev Jiju Illi ko apne

kaan se rokenge

From proximal to distal:

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

Appendix

Colon

Sigmoid

Rectum

2 Atrioventricular valves "LAB RAT":

Left Atrium: Bicuspid

Right Atrium: Tricuspid

3 Axillary artery

branches

Screw The Lawyer

Save APatient

Superior thoracic

Thoracoacromiol

Lateral thoracic


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Subscapular

Anterior circumflex humeral

Posterior circumflex humeral

4 Sperm pathway

through male

reproductive tract

SEVEN UP Seminiferous tubules

Epididymis

Vas deferens

Ejaculatory duct

Nothing

Urethra

Penis

5 Tonsils: The three

types

PPL (people) have

tonsils

Pharyngeal

Palatine

Lingual

6 Carpal bones

Scap Lal Tera Par

Tum Tak Cap Ham

hai

Proximal row, lateral-to-medial:

Scaphoid

Lunate

Triquetrum

Pisiform

Distal row, lateral-to-medial:

Trapezium

Trapezoid

Capitate

Hamate

7 Cranial bones

PEST OF Franche Parietal

Ethmoid

Sphenoid

Temporal

Occipital

Frontal

8 Male erectile

dysfunction (MED):

biological causes

MED Medicines (propranalol,

methyldopa, SSRI, etc.)

Ethanol

Diabetes mellitus

9 B vitamin names

Theater se Ruby

Nikli Par Kab

Thiamine (B1)

Riboflavin (B2)

Niacin (B3)

Pyridoxine (B6)

Cobalamin (B12)

10 Essential amino acids

Ptv. Tim Hall

P- Phenylanine

T- Threonine

V- Valine

T- Tryptophan

I-Isoleucine

M- Methionine

H- Histidine

A-Arginine

L- Leucine

L- Lysine

11 Fasting state:

Branched-chain amino

acids used by skeletal

Muscles LIVe fast

Leucine

Isoleucine

Valine


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muscles

12 Folate deficiency:

causes

A FOLIC DROP Alcoholism

Folic acid antagonists

Oral contraceptives

Low dietary intake

Infection with Giardia

Celiac sprue

Dilatin

Relative folate deficiency

Old

Pregnant

13 Glycogen storage:

Anderson's (IV) vs.

Cori's (III) enzyme

defect

ABCD

Anderson's=Branching

enzyme.

Cori's=Debranching enzyme

14 Glycogen storage:

names of types I

through VI

Veer Poll Koi

Andhere Me Hai

Von Gierke's

Pompe's

Cori's

Anderson's

McArdle's

Her's

15 Glycolysis steps

Goodness Gracious,

Father Franklin Did

Go By Picking

Pumpkins (to)

Prepare Pies

Glucose

Glucose-6-P

Fructose-6-P

Fructose-1,6-diP

Dihydroxyacetone-P

Glyceraldehyde-P

1,3-Biphosphoglycerate

3-Phosphoglycerate

2-Phosphoglycerate (to)

Phosphoenolpyruvate [PEP]

Pyruvate

16 Hypervitaminosis A:

signs and symptoms

Increased Vitamin A

makes you HARD

Headache/ Hepatomegaly

Anorexia/ Alopecia

Really painful bones

Dry skin/ Drowsiness

17 Type 1 glycogen

storage disease

Type 1 = one (Von), Von Giereke's disease

18 Vitamin B3 (niacin,

nicotinic acid)

deficiency: pellagra

The 3 D's of pellagra Dermatitis

Diarrhea

Dementi

19 Vitamins: which are fat

soluble

KEDA:

Vitamin K

Vitamin A

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

20 Coagulation common

pathway: factors in

order

10 + 5 - 2 = 13 Coagulation common pathway:

Factor X to Factor V to Factor II

to Factor XIII


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21 Fabry's disease

FABRY'S

Foam cells found in

glomeruli and tubules/

Febrile episodes

Alpha galactosidase A

deficiency/ Angiokeratomas

Burning pain in extremities/

BUN increased in serum/

Boys

Renal failure

YX genotype (male, X linked

recessive)

Sphingolipidoses

22 Hemoglobin binding

curve: causes of shift

to right

CADET, face right CO2

Acid

2,3-DPG (aka 2,3 BPG)

Exercise

Temperature

23 Sickle cell disease

pathophysiology

SICKle cell disease is due to a Substitution of the

SICKsth amino acid of the B chain.

24 Vitamin K dependent

cofactors

Several Tend To

Nicely Stop Clots

Factor Seven, Ten, Two, Nine.

Protein S, Protein C

25 Adrenaline mechanism

ABC of Adrenaline Adrenaline--> activates Beta

receptors--> increases Cyclic

AMP

26 Insulin: function

INsulIN stimulates 2 things to go

IN 2 cells: Potassium and Glucose.

27 G6PD: oxidant drugs

inducing hemolytic

anemia

AAA Antibiotic (eg:

sufamethoxazole)

Antimalarial (eg: primaquine)

Antipyretics (eg: acetanilid,

but not aspirin or

acetaminophen)

28 Carbon monoxide:

electron transport

chain target

CO blocks CO Carbon monoxide (CO) blocks

Cytochrome Oxidase (CO)

29 Citric acid cycle

compounds

Cinha Aai Aalu ko

Sanche me Sukhaya

Fir Me Achha

Citrate

Isocitrate

alpha Ketogluterate

Succinyl CoA

Succinate

Fumerate

Malate

Oxaloacetate

30 DNA bond strength

(nucleotides)

Crazy Glue Strongest bonds are between

Cytosine and Guanine, strong

like Crazy Glue (3 H-bonds),

whereas the A=T only have 2 H-

bonds


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31 Enzyme kinetics: competitive vs. non-competitive inhibition

With Kompetitive inhibition: Km increases; no change in Vmax.

With Non-kompetitive inhibition: No change in Km; Vmax decreases.

32 Enzymes: classification Over The HILL Oxidoreductases

Transferases

Hydrolases

Isomerases

Ligases

Lyases

33 Enzymes: competitive

inhibitors

Competition is

hard because we

have to travel more

kilometers (Km)

with the same

velocity

With competitive inhibitors,

velocity remains same but Km

increases

34 Metabolism sites

Use both arms to

HUG

Heme synthesis

Urea cycle

Gluconeogenesis

These reactions occur in both

cytoplasm and mitochondria

35 Na/K pump:

concentrations of Na vs.

K on inside/outside of

cell, pump action,

number of molecules

moved

HIKIN There is a HIgh K concentration

INside the cell.

From this can deduce that the

Na/K pump pumps K into cell

and Na out of cell.

36 Na+/K+ pump:

movement of ions and

quantity

K+ and in each consist of 2 characters, so so 2 K+ are

pumped in.

Na+ and out each consist of 3 characters, so 3 Na+ are

pumped out

37 Phenylketonuria: which

enzyme is deficient

PHenylketonuria Phenylalanine

Hydroxylase

38 Pompe's disease: type

"Police = Po + lys":

Pompe's disease is a lysosomal

storage disease (alpha 1,4

glucosidase).

39 Pyruvate: products of

complete oxidation

4 Naye Phone 3

Card + 1 Grip

4 NADH

FADH2

3 CO2

1 GTP

40 Atrial fibrillation:

management

ABCD Anti-coagulate

Beta-block to control rate

Cardiovert

Digoxin

41 Betablockers:

cardioselective

betablockers

Betablockers

Acting Exclusively

At Myocardium

Betaxolol

Acebutelol

Esmolol

Atenolol

Metoprolol


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42 CHF: causes of

exacerbation

FAILURE Forgot medication

Arrhythmia/ Anaemia

Ischemia/ Infarction/

Infection

Lifestyle: taken too much salt

Upregulation of CO:

pregnancy, hyperthyroidism

Renal failure

Embolism: pulmonary

43 MI: basic management

BOOMAR Bed rest

Oxygen

Opiate

Monitor

Anticoagulate

Reduce clot size

44 MI: therapeutic

treatment

O BATMAN Oxygen

Beta blocker

ASA

Thrombolytics (eg heparin)

Morphine

Ace prn

Nitroglycerin

45 MI: treatment of acute

MI

COGA Cyclomorph

Oxygen

Glycerol trinitrate

Aspirin

46 Myocardial infarctions:

treatment

INFARCTIONS IV access

Narcotic analgesics (eg

morphine, pethidine)

Facilities for defibrillation (DF)

Aspirin/ Anticoagulant (heparin)

Rest

Converting enzyme inhibitor

Thrombolysis

IV beta blocker

Oxygen 60%

Nitrates

Stool Softeners

47 Benzene ring: order of

substituents

Benzene likes to

ROMP

From R group moving around

the ring:

R group

Ortho

Meta

Para

48 Cis/trans (geometric)

isomer nomenclature

Zame Zide.

Epposite

Z is the 2 functional groups on

the same side of double bond.

E is for opposite sides.

49 Cis/trans (geometric)

isomers: arrangement of

functional groups

Cis starts with a C and the functional groups form a

C.

Trans, therefore is the other one by default.


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50 Gibb's free energy

formula

Good Honey Tastes

Sweet

(delta)G = H - T(delta)S

51 Oxidation vs. reduction:

electrochemical cell and

electron gain/loss

AN OIL RIG CAT At the ANode, Oxidation Involves

Loss of electrons.

Reduction Involves Gaining

electrons at the CAThode.

52 Teratogenesis: when it

occurs

TEratogenesis is most likely during organogenesis--

between the:

Third and Eighth weeks of gestation

53 Placenta-crossing

substances

WANT My Hot Dog Wastes

Antibodies

Nutrients

Teratogens

Microorganisms

Hormones/ HIV

Drugs

54 Miosis: causes of pin-

point pupils

CPR ON SLIME Clonidine

Phenothiazines

Resting (deep sleep)

Opiates

Narcotics

Stroke (pontine hemorrhage)

Lomotil (diphenoxylate)

Insecticides

Mushrooms/ Muscarinic

(inocybe, clitocybe)

Eye drops

55 Bilirubin: common

causes for increased

levels

HOT Liver Hemolysis

Obstruction

Tumor

Liver disease

56 H. Pylori treatment

regimen (rough

guidelines)

Please Make

Tummy Better

Proton pump inhibitor

Metronidazole

Tetracycline

Bismuth

57 Cell cycle stages

Go Sally Go! Make

Chay!"

G1 phase (Growth phase 1)

S phase (DNA Synthesis)

G2 phase (Growth phase 2)

M phase (Mitosis)

C phase (Cytokinesis)

58 Codons: nonsense

mutation

"Stop talking nonsense!"

Nonsense mutation causes premature stop.

59 DNA: Z vs. B form: which

is inactive

ZZZZ is sleeping

(inactive)

B form is therefore active DNA

60 Exon vs. intron function

Exons Expressed.

InTrons In Trash

61 Nucleotides: class

having the single ring

Pyrimadines are

CUT from purines

Pyrimidines are:

Cytosine

Uracil


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Thiamine

They are cut from purines so the

pyrimadines must be smaller

(one ring).

62 Nucleotides: double vs.

triple bonded base pairs

TU bonds" (two

bonds):

T-A and U-A have Two bonds.

G-C therefore has the three

bonds

63 Nucleotides: which are

purines

Pure Silver (Ag) Chemical formula of Pure silver

is Ag.

Therefore, Purines are Adenine

and Guanine

64 Leukocytes: granulated

and agranulated

BEN Loves Money Granulocytes:

Basophil

Eosinophil

Neurophil

Agranulocytes:

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

65 Mast cell primary

granule contents

Master, His Hepes

Causes Choking &

Gagging

Mast = Mast cell

His = Histamine

He= Heparin

C = Chymase

Ch = Chemotactic factor for

eosinophils

Gag = GAGase

66 Neutrophil's 2

distinctive physical

features

1: There's up to 5 lobes of the nucleus joined by thin

appendages. Tie this to it being a neutrophil nucleus

by arranging the 5 lobes into a capital N for

Neutrophil.

2: the chicken leg (Barr Body) sticking out. Say it out

loud: chick-N. The chick-N leg is for Neutrophil.

67 Muscle cells: cardiac vs.

skeletal's nuclei

location/number

Nuclei location mirrors where the muscle is located in

human body.

Heart muscle is in the middle of body, so heart muscle

has nucleus in middle.

Skeletal muscles are at periphery of body, so nuclei

are at periphery.

Also, you have 1 heart, so usually only 1 nucleus per

heart muscle cell, but have many skeletal muscles,

so have many nuclei per long fibre.

68 Muscle sarcomere: A vs.

I as light or dark

There is only one vowel in "dark" and one vowel in

"light".

These one vowels match up to their one letter names:

DArk band is the A band.

LIght band is the I band.

Knowledge Level 2, System: Muscle

69 Muscle sarcomere: H

line vs. Z disc location

HAZI (Hazy) H line is in A-band.

Z disc is in the I band

70 Complement cascade

initiating items:

Classic: Combined Complexes.

Alternative: Activators Alone, or IgA.


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alternative vs. classic

Complexes are made of Ab and Ag combined together.

Examples of activators: endotoxin, microbial surface

71 Complement: function of

C3a versus C3b

C3a: Activates Acute [inflammation].

C3b: Bonds Bacteria [to macrophages--easier

digestion].

If wish to know more than just C3:

C3a, C4a, C5a activate acute.

C3b, C4b bind bacteria

72 Hypersensitivity

reactions: Gell and

Goombs nomenclature

ACID

From I to IV:

Anaphylactic type: type I

Cytotoxic type: type II

Immune complex disease: type

III

Delayed hypersensitivity (cell

mediated): type IV

73 Immunoglobulin (Ig)

types: the important

ones worth

remembering, in order of

appearance

MAGDEra

IgM

IgA

IgG

IgD

IgE

74 Immunoglobulins, and

order B cells present

them

MAD GE IgM

IgA

IgD

IgG

IgE

75 Immunoglobulins: which

crosses the placenta

IgG crosses the placenta during Gestation.

Knowledge Level 2, System: Lymphoid

Anonymous Contributor

76 Interferon gamma:

action on macrophages

Th1nk BIG Mac

Attack

Th1 and NK cells Build

Interferon Gamma.

Causes Macrophages to have an

augmented Attack [by better

lysosome function and

increasing reactive oxygen

metabolites, nitric oxide and

defensins].

77 T and B cells: types

When bacteria

enter body, T-cell

says to B: "Help Me

Catch Some!" B-

cell replies: "My

Pleasure

T-cell types:

Helper

Memory

Cytotoxic

Suppressor

B-cell types:

Memory cell

Plasma cell

78 Heamatology: key

numbers

3 and 4 are key in in haematology:

1.34 cm3 of oxygen is carried by a gram of

hemoglobin.

There's 3.4mg of iron in each gram of hemoglobin.

There's an average of 3.4 lobes per neutrophil.

There's 34mg bilirubin from each gram of hemoglobin.

Knowledge Level 5, System: Cardiovascular


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79 Macrocytic anemia:

causes

ABCDEF Alcohol + liver disease

B12 deficiency

Compensatory reticulocytosis

(blood loss and hemolysis)

Drug (cytotoxic and AZT)/

Dysplasia (marrow problems)

Endocrine (hypothyroidism)

Folate deficieny/ Fetus

(pregnancy

80 Metabolic acidosis:

causes

KUSSMAL Ketoacidosis

Uraemia

Sepsis

Salicylates

Methanol

Alcohol

Lactic acidosis

81 Alkalosis: metabolic

changes in alkalosis

Al-K-loss, Al-Ca-

loss

There is loss of K+ (hypokalemia)

and Ca++ (hypocalcemia) in state

of alkalosis.

82 E. coli: major subtypes,

key point of each

HIT by E. coli

outbreak

EnteroHemorrhagic:

HUS from Hamburgers

EnteroInvasive:

Immune-mediated Inflammation

EnteroToxigenic:

Traveller's diarrhea

83 Entameoba histolytica:

disease caused, action

EntAmoeba causes Amoebic dysEntery.

Action: histo (cell) lytic (burst), so it bursts cells.

84 Vibrio: motility

Vibrio Vibrates Vibrio is a genus of actively

motile bacteria

85 Psedomonas aeruginosa:

features

AERUGINOSA

Aerobic

Exotoxin A

Rod/ Resistance

UTIs, burns, injuries

Green-blue dressings

Iron-containing lesions

Negative gram

Odor of grapes

Slime capsule sometimes (in CF

pt)

Adherin pili

86 UTI-causing

microorganisms

KEEPS Klebsiella

Enterococcus faecalis/

Enterobacter cloacae

E. coli

Pseudomonas aeroginosa/

Proteus mirabilis

Staphylococcus saprophyticcus/

Serratia marcescens

Endotoxin features

ENDOTOXIN Endothelial cells/ Edema

Negative (gram- bacteria)


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DIC/ Death

Outer membrane

TNF

O-antigen

X-tremely heat stable

IL-1

Nitric oxide/ Neutrophil

chemotaxis

87 IgA protease-producing

bacteria

Nice Star Hamu Neisseria

Streptococcus pneumonia

Haemophilus influenza

88 Common cold: viral

causes

Common cold

(acute infectious

rhinitis, coryza) is

PRIMArily caused

by

Paramyxoviruses

Rhinoviruses

Influenza viruses

Myxoviruses

Adenoviruses

89 Obligate anaerobes:

members worth knowing

ABC Actinomyces

Bacteroides

Clostridium

90 RNA viruses: negative

stranded

Orthodox Rhabbi's

Party Around Fine

Bunnies

Orthomyxo

Rhabdo

Paramyxo

Arena

Filo

Bunya

91 RNA viruses: positive

stranded

Pico Called Flavio

To Return Renzo's

Corona

Picorna

Calici

Flavi

Toga

Retro

Reo

Corona

92 Teratogens: placenta-

crossing organisms

ToRCHeS Toxoplasma

Rubella

CMV

Herpes simplex, Herpes zoster

(varicella), Hepatitis B,C,E

Syphilis

93 Cranial nerves

On Old Olympus

Towering Tops, A

Finn And German

Viewed Some Hops

In order from 1 to 12:

Olfactory

Optic

Occulomotor

Trochlear

Trigeminal

Abducens

Facial

Auditory [or Vestibulocochlear]

Glossopharyngeal

Vagus

Accessory [or Spinal root of the


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Hypoglossal

94 Cranial nerves: sensory,

motor or both

Some Say Marry

Money But My

Brother Says Big

Brains Matter More

From I to XII:

Sensory

Sensory

Motor

Motor

Both

Motor

Both

Sensory

Both

Both

Motor

Motor

95 Cranial nerves: olfactory

and optic numbers

You have two eyes

and one nose

Optic nerve is cranial nerve two.

Olfactory nerve is cranial nerve

one.

96 Meninges: layers in

order

PAD Piamater

Arachnoid

Dura

97 Cerebellar deep nuclei

Ladies Demand

Exceptional

Generosity From

Men

The 4 nuclei, from lateral to

medial

[Lateral]

Dentate

Emboliform

Globose

Fastigial

[Medial]

98 Cerebellar functional

areas

Anatomical shape/location of cerebellar areas is a key

to their function and related tract.

Vermis = Spinocerebellar = Axial equilibrium.

Vermis: right down the axis of cerebellum, and

vertically segmented like a spinal column.

Flocculonodular lobe = Vestibulocerebellar = Ear, eye,

body coordination.

Flocculonodular lobe: flares out to the edges, just like

ears.

Hemispheres of cerebellum = Cerebrocerebellar =

Peripheral coordination.

Hemispheres: around periphery of cerebellum, and

tract to cerebral hemispheres

99 Thirst/water balance

control centre: location

in hypothalamus

You look up (supra...optic) at the clouds, to check if

it's going to rain (water)":

Therefore, water balance is in supraoptic nucleus.

100 Red eye causes

GO SUCK Glaucoma

Orbital disease

Scleritis

Uveitis

Conjunctivitis

Keratitis


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101 Vitamin toxicities:

neonatal

Excess vitamin A: Anomalies (teratogenic)

Excess vitamin E: Enterocolitis (necrotizing

enterocolitis)

Excess vitamin K: Kernicterus (hemolysis)

102 Hypertension: treatment

ABCD ACE inhibitors/ AngII

antagonists (sometimes Alpha

agonists also)

Beta blockers

Calcium antagonists

Diuretics

103 Propranolol and related

'-olol' drugs: usage

olol" is just two backwards lower case b's.

Backward b's stand for "beta blocker".

Beta blockers include acebutolol, betaxolol, bisoprolol,

oxprenolol, propranolol.

104 Thrombolytic agents USA Urokinase

Streptokinase

Alteplase (tPA)

105 Warfarin: metabolism SLOW Has a slow onset of action.

A quicK Vitamin K antagonist,

though.

Small lipid-soluble molecule

Liver: site of action

Oral route of administration.

Warfarin

106 Gynaecomastia-causing

drugs

DISCOS Digoxin

Isoniazid

Spironolactone

Cimetidine

Oestrogens

Stilboestrol

107 K+ increasing agents

K-BANK K-sparing diuretic

Beta blocker

ACEI

NSAID

K supplement

108 Propythiouracil (PTU):

mechanism

It inhibits PTU Peroxidase/ Peripheral

deiodination

Tyrosine iodination

Union (coupling)

109 Osmotic diuretics:

members

GUM Glycerol

Urea

Mannitol

110 Vir-named drugs: use

"-vir at start, middle or end means for virus":

Drugs: Abacavir, Acyclovir, Amprenavir, Cidofovir,

Denavir, Efavirenz, Indavir, Invirase, Famvir,

Ganciclovir, Norvir, Oseltamivir, Penciclovir, Ritonavir,

Saquinavir, Valacyclovir, Viracept, Viramune,

Zanamivir, Zovirax

111 Antimuscarinics:

members, action

Inhibits Parasympathetic And Sweat

Ipratropium

Pirenzepine


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Atropine

Scopolamine

112 Benzodiazepenes:

antidote

"Ben is off with the

flu

Benzodiazepine effects off with

Flumazenil.

113 Delerium-causing drugs

ACUTE CHANGE

IN MS

Antibiotics (biaxin, penicillin,

ciprofloxacin)

Cardiac drugs (digoxin,

lidocaine)

Urinary incontinence drugs

(anticholinergics)

Theophylline

Ethanol

Corticosteroids

H2 blockers

Antiparkinsonian drugs

Narcotics (esp. mepridine)

Geriatric psychiatric drugs

ENT drugs

Insomnia drugs

NSAIDs (eg indomethacin,

naproxin)

Muscle relaxants

Seizure medicines

114 Morphine: effects

MORPHINES Miosis

Orthostatic hypotension

Respiratory depression

Pain supression

Histamine release/ Hormonal

alterations

Increased ICT

Nausea

Euphoria

Sedation

115 Narcotic antagonists

The Narcotic Antagonists are NAloxone and

NAltrexone.

Important clinically to treat narcotic overdose.

116 Parkinsonism: drugs

SALAD Selegiline

Anticholinenergics

(trihexyphenidyl, benzhexol,

ophenadrine)

L-Dopa + peripheral

decarboxylase inhibitor

(carbidopa, benserazide)

Amantadine

Dopamine postsynaptic receptor

agonists (bromocriptine, lisuride,

pergolide)

117 Antibiotics

contraindicated during

pregnancy

MCAT Metronidazole

Chloramphenicol

Aminoglycoside

Tetracycline


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118 Metabolism enzyme

inducers

Rafi’s Black Car

Goes Putt Putt and

Smokes

Rifampin

Barbiturates

Carbamazepine

Grisoefulvin

Phenytoin

Phenobarb

Smoking cigarettes

119 Therapeutic index:

formula

TILE TI = LD50 / ED50

120 Zero order kinetics

drugs (most common

ones)

PEAZ (sounds like

pees) out a

constant amount

Phenytoin

Ethanol

Aspirin

Zero order

121 Asthma drugs:

leukotriene inhibitor

action

zAfirlukast: Antagonist of lipoxygenase

zIlueton: Inhibitor of LT receptor

122 Beta-1 vs Beta-2

receptor location

You have 1 heart

and 2 lungs

Beta-1 are therefore primarily on

heart.

Beta-2 primarily on lungs

123 Respiratory depression

inducing drugs

STOP breathing Sedatives and hypnotics

Trimethoprim

Opiates

Polymyxins

124 TB: antibiotics used

STRIPE Streptomycin

Rifampicin

Isoniazid

Pyrizinamide

Ethambutol

125 Teratogenic drugs: major

non-antibiotics

TAP CAP Thalidomide

Androgens

Progestins

Corticosteroids

Aspirin & indomethacin

Phenytoin

126 Antirheumatic agents

(disease modifying):

members

CHAMP Cyclophosphamide

Hydroxycloroquine and

choloroquinine

Auranofin and other gold

compounds

Methotrexate

Penicillamine

127 Ideal gas law

Pure Vegetarian

Never Really Tired

PV=nRT

128 PGI2 vs. TxA2

coagulation function

TxA2 Aggregates platelets.

PGI2 Inhibits aggregation

Note: Full name of PGI2 is prostaglandin I2 or

prostacyclin, full name of TxA2 is thromboxane A2

129 Adrenal cortex layers

and products

Go Find Rat, Make

Good sign

Layers:

Glomerulosa

Fasiculata


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Reticulata

Respective products:

Mineralcorticoids

Glucocorticoids

Sex hormones

130 Pituitary hormones

FLAGTOP Follicle stimulating hormone

Lutinizing hormone

Adrenocorticotropin hormone

Growth hormone

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Oxytocin

Prolactin

131 Progesterone: actions

PROGESTE Produce cervical mucous

Relax uterine smooth muscle

Oxycotin sensitivity down

Gonadotropin [FSH, LH]

secretions down

Endometrial spiral arteries and

secretions up

Sustain pregnancy

Temperature up / Tit

development

Excitability of myometrium down

132 Temperature control:

cerebral regions

High Power Air

Conditioner

Heating = Posterior hipothalamo

[hypothalamus].

Anterior hipothalamo

[hypothalamus] = Cooling

133 Urination: autonomic

control

When you pee, it's

PISs

Parasympathetic Inhibits

Sympathetic

134 Alkalosis vs. acidosis:

directions of pH and

HCO3

ROME Respiratory= Opposite:

pH is high, PCO2 is down

(Alkalosis).

pH is low, PCO2 is up (Acidosis).

Metabolic= Equal:

pH is high, HCO3 is high

(Alkalosis).

pH is low, HCO3 is low

(Acidosis).

135 Osteoblast vs. osteoclast OsteoBlast Builds bone.

OsteoClast Consumes bone.


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