prenatal period to 1 year
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Prenatal Period to 1 year. Chapter 6 . What are the two main factors that influence growth and development?. Stress and Family Environment and Stress Environment and Heredity Heredity and Gender. Heredity: Zygote formation. Sperm + ovum Zygote 23 chromosomes . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Prenatal Period to 1 year
Chapter 6
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What are the two main factors that influence growth and
development?A. Stress and FamilyB. Environment and StressC. Environment and HeredityD. Heredity and Gender
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Heredity: Zygote formation
• Sperm + ovum – Zygote –23 chromosomes
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Heredity: Zygote formation
• Gender–X & Y
Chromosomes• Ovum –Always X
• Sperm –X or Y
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Dominant & Recessive Genes
Dominant• Capable of expressing traits
over other genes
Recessive• Traits only appear if they
exist in pairs
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Karyotyping: Eye ColorB = Brown b = blue
MOM
DADB b
B BB BbB BB Bb• MOM has brown
eyes but has recessive blue gene. • Bb
• Dad has brown eyes with no recessive gene. • BB
• All the kids would have brown eyes
Punnett Square
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Karyotyping: Eye ColorB = Brown b = blue
MOM
DADB b
B BB Bbb Bb bb• MOM has brown
eyes but has recessive blue gene. • Bb
• Dad has brown eyes with a recessive blue gene. • Bb
• ¾ kids would have brown eyes.
Punnett Square
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Karyotyping: Eye ColorB = Brown b = blue
MOM
DADb b
B Bb Bbb bb bb• MOM has blue
eyes• bb
• Dad has brown eyes with a recessive blue gene. • Bb
• ¾ kids would have brown eyes.
Punnett Square
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Recessive disorders
• >700 recessive gene diseases– Sickle-cell disease– Tay-Sachs disease– Hemophilia
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Environment
• “From the moment life begins, the environment begins to exercise its influence on the newly formed entity.”
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For you personally, when does life begin?
A. ConceptionB. ImplantationC. When there is a heart beatD. When the fetus is viable if it was bornE. When the baby is born
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Environment:Healthy Pregnancy
• Rest • Exercise
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What is the best form of exercise for a pregnant women?
A. BicyclingB. WalkingC. SwimmingD. JoggingE. Kick-boxing
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Teratogens
• Tobacco– i birth weight– Growth restrictions
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Teratogens
• Alcohol– *1st trimester– Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
(FAS)– Miscarriages– Growth restriction– CNS damage
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Teratogens
• Bacteria, viruses–Rubella
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What is the estimated length of human pregnancy?
A. 28 weeksB. 38 weeksC. 40 weeksD. 42 weeksE. 48 weeks
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Physical Characteristics
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Neonate
• Apgar score–Activity–Pulse–Grimace–Appearance–Respiration
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What is the highest score a neonate can get on a Apgar score?
A. 2B. 3C. 10D. 12E. 15
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Head & Skull
• Head ¼ of total body length
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Skull
• 6 bones• Separated by cartilage– Sutures
• Fontanels –Anterior–Posterior
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Which fontanel is smaller?
A. AnteriorB. Posterior
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When does the posterior fontanel “close” by?
A. 2 monthsB. 4 monthsC. 6 monthsD. 8 monthsE. 12 months or more
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When does the anterior fontanel usually “close” by?
A. 6 monthsB. 12 monthsC. 18 monthsD. 2 yearsE. 3 years
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What is the normal lengths of a full-term neonate?
A. 12 inchesB. 18 inchesC. 20 inchesD. 24 inchesE. 36 inches
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How much does a normal infant grow in the first year?
A. ½ inch a monthB. 1 inch a month C. 1 ½ inch a monthD. 2 inch a monthE. 2 ½ inch a month
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Normal Physiological Weight Loss. How much weight on average does a neonate loss in the first few days of
life?A. 5-10 % of birth weightB. 15-20% of birth weightC. 25 – 30% of birth weightD. There is no such thing as normal physiological
weight loss in a neonate
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Skin
• Acrocyanosis• Pigmentation
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Mongolian Spot
• Usually fads by…– Age 4 years
• 6 month old
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Lanugo
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Vernix Cascosa
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Milia
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Physiological Jaundice
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What causes physiological jaundice?
A. High RBC count in newbornsB. Increased RBC destruction after birthC. High bilirubin levelsD. All of the aboveE. None of the above
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Genitals
• Breasts–Swollen
• Scrotum–Large
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Pseudomenstruation
• Blood-tinged vaginal discharge
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What is the cause of most genital physiological anomalies in newborns?
A.High / elevated maternal hormone levels
B. High / elevated paternal hormone levels
C. High / elevated neonate hormone levels
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Cryptorchidism
• Undescended testicle/s
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Cryptorchidism
• h risk of – Testicular CA– Infertility
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Genital
• Circumcision
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What STD causes blindness in newborns?
A.SyphilisB. HIVC. GonorrheaD.ChlamydiaE. Herpes
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Face
• Eye– Erythromycin– Silver nitrate
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When do baby teeth start to come in?
A. 2 monthsB. 4 monthsC. 6 monthsD. 8 monthsE. 12 months
Deciduous teeth
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Which teeth normally erupt first?
A. Two lower central incisors
B. Two upper central incisors
C. Two lower lateral incisors
D. Two upper lateral incisors
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By age 12 months the baby will have 6-8 teeth
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Abdomen
• Umbilical cord– Falls off
• When?• 10 days
– What should the baby not do / have until the umbilical cord “falls off”• No tub bath
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Why do you have to “burp” the neonate?
• Cardiac sphincter– Under-developed
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Bowel movement
• Meconium– Green-black
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Bowel movement, Stool or Feces
Formula Fed• Pasty yellow or tan• Odor
Breastfed• Mustard seed color• Sweet odor
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Why is a newborn not given cows milk (whole milk) to drink?
A. Cows milk does not have the necessary vitamins and minerals for a newborn human
B. Cows milk is too complex for a newborn to metabolize
C. Cows milk contains protozoans that are harmful to infants
D. What are you talking about – it’s OK to give a newborn cows milk.
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Extremities
• Finger / foot prints
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Gluteal fold asymmetry
• Is an indication of…– Congenital hip dysplasia
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Neurological CharacteristicsProtective reflexes
• Blinking• Sneezing• Swallowing• Gag
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Moro / Startle Reflex
• Sudden movement Extension & Abduction of extremities
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PTz-iVI2mf4
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Tonic Neck Reflex
• Turn head to one side extend arm and leg on that side
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XMCw7IKN0xI
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Rooting reflex
• Stroke cheek enfant turns toward that side and open mouth
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Sucking Reflex
• Sucking movement when anything touches their lips
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Babinski
• When sole is stroked
• hyper-extended of the toes
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Palmar grasp
• Grasp anything placed in hand
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Spinal Bifida
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Vision
• Newborn– Primitive– Nystagmus
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Vision
• An infant's vision isn't as sharp as an adults until children are about 3 years
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Hearing
• 6 wks– Recognize mom and turn
to respond• 1 year– ID sounds and source
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Vital Signs - Newborn
• Temp– Initially
• low
• Pulse– 120 – 160 / min
• Resp– 30 – 60 / min
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Gross motor skills
• 2 months– Control head
• 4 months– Sit w/ support
• 6 months – Roll
• 8 months– Sits alone
• 10 months– Creep
• 11 months– Pulls self up
• 12 months– walks
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Fine motor skills
• Neonate– Grasp reflex
• 5 months– Purposeful reaching
• 6 months– Hold bottle
• 7 months– Hand preference– Pincer grasp
• 9– Cup– Spoon
• 12 months– Scribble– Tower – two blocks
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Psychosocial Development: What theorist are we going to discuss?
A. FreudB. EriksonC. PaigetD. KohlbergE. Maslow
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What stage of psychosocial development is a neonate?
A. Autonomy vs shame & doubtB. Trust vs mistrustC. Initiative vs guiltD. Industry vs inferiorityE. Identity vs role confusion
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Parent-child relationship
Attachment Engrossment
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Parent guidance / discipline
• 0-6 months– Distraction
• 6-12 months– Direct
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Moral Development
• Neonate–No conscience–100% ID
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Cognitive development: Who’s theory are we going to be applying?
A. FreudB. EriksonC. PaigetD. KohlbergE. Maslow
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What stage of cognitive development is an infant?
A. PreoperationalB. Concrete operationalC. SensorimotorD. Formal operational
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Communication: What “name” or word to baby’s say first (usually)
A. MaMaB. DaDa
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Communication
• Birth– Crying
• 2 months– Smile
• 4-6 months– Babbling
• 8 months– Dada
• 10 months– Mama
• 12 months– 4-6 words
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Nutrition
Breastfeeding• Colostrum– immunoglobulins
Bottle feeding
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Sleep & Rest
Neonate• 20 hours/day
1 year• 12 hours / day
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Play
• Non-symbolic• Solitary
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Safety: Aspiration
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Shaken Baby Syndrome
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Burns
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Drowning
• Bathtub never alone
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Falls
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Poisoning
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MVA
• Read facing car seat • 12 months