preparation and characterization of nano butadiene …

PREPARATION ANDCHARACTERIZATION OF NANO

SILICA FILLED STYRENEBUTADIENE RUBBER COMPOSITEFOR AUTOMOTIVE TYRE TREADS

P.Siva Kumar1, R.Christu Paul2,K.Kamalakannan3

1Student, 2, 3Professor,Department of Automobile Engineering,

Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science,Chennai, India.

[email protected],[email protected]

May 23, 2018

Abstract

This Research focuses and investigations about the changein the tire quality and to expand the life of the tire by in-cluding nano materials in each layer of tire. It has beenusually recognized that molecule scattering and interfacialcooperations are crucial in deciding a definitive executionof polymer composites. As of late all tire organizationsare utilizing nanocarbon dark as nanofiller material, it isexceptionally costly than different nanofillers, consequentlyin this examination work, the nano silica is brought intostyrene-butadiene elastic (SBR) to research the impacts ofsurface modi+cation on the scattering of silica and interfa-cial communication of the elastic composites. Here silane

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International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 118 No. 24 2018ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

is utilized as coupling operator, it gives great holding andgreat disperson for polymer composites. So in this explo-ration we are utilized silane content in various parts (1,2,3,4and 5pphr). It has been shown that unobtrusive change insurface science of silica radically enhances its dispersibilityin elastic grid, prompting much enhanced available surfacesand much total interfacial response. It diminishes tire wear,moving protection and enhances wet footing. Mechanicaland Thermal properties, for example, Tensile quality, Hard-ness test, Elongation at break and Scanning electron mag-nifying lens (SEM), Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)were investigated and Nano silica composites demonstrateshuge change in all viewpoints prompts applications in tireproducing forms.

Key Words:Styrene- Butadiene Rubber, Silica, Silane,Nano Composite, Tyre cost Reduction, Rolling Resistance.

1 Introduction

Tyre is a complex composite consists of several types of rubbers,fillers, reinforcing fibres, steel cords and various other ingredientswhich are used in the rubber formulations and while building it.The automotive manufacturing companies are trying to developbetter tyre performance properties such as mileage, load carryingcapacity, durability, cushioning, low rolling resistance, puncture re-sistance etc., lead the researchers to look for various types of rein-forcing materials for tyre [1]. Because of powerless mechanical ex-ecution of normal rubbers, the fortification of elastic by lling withdifferent llers, for example, carbon dark and silica is fundamentalfor the vast majority of viable applications. It is outstanding thatthe scattering of llers and the interfacial collaborations are two es-sential factors in deciding the nal execution of elastic composites[2].

Abrassive wear of a milder material is because of the misfor-tune from the rubbing interface because of the sliding of harder illtemper over it. Endeavors are consistently being put to enhancethe tribo-properties of virgin materials by creating composites byincluding llers. For rough wear circumstances, as a rule, parcel ofchange is accounted for by incorporation of efcient llers, for ex-

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International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

ample, nano silica, carbon dark, and so on. [3]. A composite ischaracterized as a mix of at least two materials with various physi-cal and compound properties and recognizable interface. Principlefocal points of composites are high particular solidness and quality,high durability, brilliant consumption protection, low thickness andwarm protection.

The main objective of the present work is to study the effectof nano silica on the mechanical, thermal and properties of styrene(C6H5CH=CH2)- butadiene (CH2=CH-CH=CH2) rubber (SBR)nanocomposites (NC) and its application in calendaring reinforce-ment process in tyre industry to enhance functional properties ofcalendered fabric [4]. its being an intrinsically slower curing mate-rial compared to natural rubber. precipitated silica is the preferredtype of silica used, because of the low price and better mixing of itwith the rubber material. The white color of silica and their smallprimary particle size, give rise to a remarkably high reinforcing effi-ciency and it provides the highest reinforcement to rubber productsThe main uses of silica are in the truck tires and treads of passengerfor traction and low rolling resistance [5]. Green tires have thesedays a piece of the overall industry of around 30

Figure 1 Triangle of objectives

2 MATERIALS ANDMETHODOLOGY

Polymer nanocomposites are new class of materials possessing im-proved mechanical strength, thermal stability, flame retardancyand dielectric properties. Nanocomposites are the materials thatare manufactured by the dispersion of nanofillers (at least one di-mension in nanometers (¡100 nm) into the macroscopic materials.Nanocomposites have recently attracted significant research inter-est due to their improved strength and modulus, better thermaland chemical stabilities etc.

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A. Classification of Polymer NanocompositesDepending upon the type of the matrix material, polymer nanocom-

posites can be classified as thermoplastic, thermoset and elastomericnanocomposites. Thermoplastic nanocomposites: The polymersused to make thermoplastic nanocomposites include acetal, flu-oropolymers, polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polycarbonate,polystyrene, PVC, etc. Thermoset nanocomposites: These ther-mosetting nanocomposites can be impregnated into fiber reinforce-ments such as glass, silica, quartz, carbon / graphite, aramid,polyethylene, boron or ceramic and upon curing lead to laminatesor nano modified polymer matrix composites.

B. Nano fillersOrganically modified Montmorillonite (OMMT) Carbon Nan-

otubes Nano silica (Silicon dioxide - SiO2)C. Nano silicaIt is generally known as Aerosil. Aerosil is profoundly scat-

tered, undefined, exceptionally unadulterated silica that is deliveredby high-temperature hydrolysis of silicon tetrachloride in an oxy-hydrogen gas fire. It is a white, soft powder comprising of roundlymolded essential particles. The normal molecule estimate is in thescope of 7-15 nm and the particular surface territory go in thevicinity of 50 and 380 m2/g. Rather than the accelerated silica itdoesn’t have an obviously characterized agglomerate size. Moleculeestimate dispersions wind up more extensive and the propensity toshape agglomerates is diminished. Siloxane and silane bunches arearranged on the surface of the seethed silica particles. Silane is incharge of hydrophilic conduct, which decide the collaboration of themolecule with natural and nonorganic materials.

The surface of the particles can be easily modified by react-ing the silanol group with various silanes and silazanes, resultinghydrophobic particles. The main properties of silica are high inter-facial area, Excellent Reinforcement, Better thermal stability andExcellent dielectric properties, etc. The Nano silica mainly used insome areas they are to adjust the rheological properties of siliconerubber, coatings, plastics, printing inks, adhesives, lubricants, It isused as reinforcing filler in elastomers, It is used as thickening agentin adhesives and paints and it is used as anti-settling agent and afree-flow aid.

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D. Raw materials

Figure 2 Raw materials

Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)1502. Precipitated silica (specicsurface area of 200 m2/g) was provided by astrra Chemicals, Chen-nai. SI69 Silane was received from industry. Other rubber addi-tives, including zinc oxide (ZnO), stearic acid (Sta), N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfone- amide (CZ), tetra methyl thiuram disulfide(TMTD), sulfur(S) were industrial grade and used as received.

E. Preparation of SBR CompositesFor preparation of SBR composites, SBR was rst blended with

silica on a two-move blender for 5 min, and afterward differentadded substances were included progressively. The fundamentaldetailing of the composites is as per the following: SBR,100 g;silica, 40 g; Silane 1g; ZnO, 5g; Sta, 1g; CZ, 1.5g; TMTD, 0.5g;S, 1.5g. From that point forward, the blend was aggravated foranother 5 min. The came about mixes were then pressure formedinto1501503 mm thick sheets at 160 C for streamlined curing time,which is controlled by a vulcameter.

TABLE I SHOWS THE COMPOSITION OF THE RUBBERNANOCOMPOSITES RECIPE

3 EXPERIMENT

The Nano silica was mixed with SBR under controlled conditionin a lab scale Banbury mixer with rotor speed of 50 rpm and a

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laboratory two roll mill at 35C. The nanocomposites were preparedwith 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 5 SI69 Silane.

Figure 3 Ban bury Mixer

The mixing was conducted in two stages and 8 h maturationtime was given in between the first and second stages for gettinggood homogenization. SBR and the other required chemicals wereweighed as per the formulation.

The mixed compound was again masticated in two roll mill forgetting a good dispersion of fillers in the mix. The mixed compoundrolled through a laboratory two roll mill to achieve 3mm thicknessand stored for 24 h at room temperature. The vulcanization of therubber compound was carried out in a hydraulically operated pressat 160C for 10 minutes preparing for each specimen then compositecompressed into 1501503m size mould.

Figure 4 Two roll mill

A. CHARACTERISATIONRubber properties such as compound mooney viscosity as per

ASTM D 1646 and cure characteristics as per ASTM D7271 werestudied for the green compound to determine the cure indices. Me-chanical properties of the prepared SBR-SILICA nanocompositessuch as tensile strength and percentage elongation at break as perASTM D-412, and hardness as per ASTM D 2240 were investi-gated. Thermo gravimetric analysis was conducted to study the

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thermal stability of the SBR-SILICA nanocomposites. A high Res-olution scanning electron microscope (HRSEM FEI Quanta FEG200) was used to examine the morphology of the fractured surfaceof the nanocomposite and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) wasconducted on a TGA Q50 thermogravimetric analyzer at a heatingrate of 10C/min under a nitrogen atmosphere.

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Morphological Studies Morphological study is a method forinvestigating the structure, geometry, polarity and molecular ori-entation of polymeric materials. In this study, scanning electronmicroscopy is used to investigate the dispersion of nanofillers in thepolymeric matrix material.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)In scanning electron microscopy, pictures of the example are

delivered by examining it with an engaged light emission which isthermionically radiated from the electron firearm fitted with a tung-sten fiber cathode. The electron is filtered in a raster check design.The electrons connect with the particles in the example, deliveringdifferent signs that is distinguished and contain the data about theexamples surface geology. Surface morphology of the nanocompos-ites was examined by utilizing Scanning electron microscopy (FEIQuanta FEG 200-High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope)worked at 30 kV from the cracked surface of the ductile examples.The example surfaces were gold-covered by sputtering before SEMexamination to maintain a strategic distance from electro staticcharging during examination.

Figure 5 SEM micrograph of 5phr silne Silica-SBR composite

scanning electron microscopy (SEM) investigation was improvedthe situation guaranteeing the nature of scattering of silica nanofiller in the lattice. Mechanical examinations demonstrated 5phr

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silane based SBR nanocomposite is the best hopeful. ConsequentlySBR-Silica 5 phr silane nanocomposite was subjected to SEM ex-amination and the particular micrographs watched are appearedin Figure 5. The SEM micrographs unmistakably demonstratedan intercalated structure, homogeneously scattered into the rubbermatrix.

B. Measurement of Mechanical PropertiesThe effect of nanosilica content on the mechanical properties,

for example, rigidity and extension at break of styrene butadieneelastic based nanocomposites was examined and the outcomes areexhibited in Graghp 1and 2 separately. Silica is outstanding for-tifying filler for SBR because of the nearness of solid filler elasticassociations. Elasticity of SBR - nanosilica nanocomposites wasobserved to be expanded by the expansion of 5phr of silane. Rateextension at break was observed to be expanded up at stacking of5phr silane to the nanocomposite. The qualities for rate exten-sion were diminished as the level of silane content expanding. Thismight be a direct result of the more filler - filler association. Theimpact of nanosilica content on hardness of SBR - nanocompos-ites is appeared in Graghp 3. With expanding silane content, thetypical pattern of expanding hardness has been taken note.

GRAPH I Effect of Nano silica content on tensile strength of SBRnanocomposites

Elongation Test:

Elongation = ((L-L0)x100)/L0)

L - Observed distance between the benchmarks on the stretchedspecimen. L0 - Original distance between the benchmark beforestretching.

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GRAPH II Effect of Silane content on % elongation at break ofSBR-Nanocomposite

Hardness Tests: Hardness test measures the resistance of thematerial to a small rigid object pressed onto the surface at certainforce. Hardness of the samples were checked as per ASTM D-2240using Hardness (Shore A).

GRAPH III Effect of Silane content on hardness of SBR-nanocomposites

C. Measurement of Thermal AnalysisThermo gravimetric Analysis (TGA) : Thermo gravimetry mea-

sures changes in the mass of an example that happen when it is dy-namically warmed at steady rate. These progressions identify withthe response amid deterioration, the loss of unstable material andthe responses with the encompassing air. The segments of poly-mer volatilize at various temperature, this prompts a progressionof weight reduction steps that enable the part to be quantitativelyestimated. TGA inspects the mass changes as an element of tem-perature in the examining mode. Tests were checked from 0 - 800C. Changes in the example weight were recorded electronically bychange in voltage yield from a direct factor differential transformer.

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GRAPH IV Thermo Gravimetric Analysis

TGA was conducted on Nano silica-SBR composite to assess theuniting content. The composite withstand the temperature upto362.49C, after starting there radically weight lossed up to 549C, itwas because of the arrival of physically adsorbed water, and thedrying out of silanol gatherings. At the temperature lower than362.49C, the weight reduction started from the arrival of water isdiminished. This is sensible as the silane builds the hydrophobicityof silica and thus obstructs the retention of water.

5 CONCLUSION

In literature all were tried to disperse silica, as well as trying toused silica as nano filler it was very difficulty so they are using car-bon black as nano filler in automobile tyres. In this work the Nanosilica is introduced into styrenebutadiene rubber (SBR) to inves-tigate the effects of surface modication on the dispersion of silicaand interfacial interaction of the rubber composites. Here we wereincreased silane content 1 to 5phr it gives better Mechanical prop-erties compared with literature but elongation going to decreaseThis is due to the diffusion of very fine nano silica through the rub-ber chains and support the rubber chains so enhanced stretchingwhich reflect on elongation. So if we use nano silica below 40phrthen it will give good mechanical properties and good dispersion.It has been leading to much improved accessible surfaces and muchcomplete interfacial reaction. It reduces tyre wear, tyre cost, rollingresistance and increases wet traction.

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preparation and characterization of nano butadiene …

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