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Preparatory conference for the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development (Rio+20)

Climate change and development in Africa:Linking policy to practice

Youba SOKONA

African Climate Policy Centre (ACPC)

Climate Change

Meets Policy

ClimDev-AfricaClimDev-Africa

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Outline

Outline:

• The climate change fact

• Africa’s response and the development challenge

• A new approach to climate change in Africa

• The climate change opportunity

• The ClimDev-Africa and the ACPC

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• Guinea's G'bessi Airport, Conakry

• Between 1999 and 2002 schools in Guinea had a modest pass rate of 30-35%

• Since 2003 that has dropped to between 20 and 25% Source: BBC

Any existing opportunities should be exploited to achieving goals

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Facts

Despite economic growth during past 15 years:

• Africa as a whole is lagging behind on each of the eight MDGs

• Achieving the MDGs requires enduring efforts and adequate resources

• The challenge is further compounded by adverse impacts and the grave long-term risk that climate change poses.

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Observations

• Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is evident from: – scientific findings – various observations

• Mitigation measures are slow and sparse• Adaptation has started however• Further adaptation is now unavoidable

– but without mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions, it may be impossible to achieve meaningful adaptation where it is direly needed

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(Smith et al. 2009 PNAS)

Reasons for concern

2°C-Guardrail

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Holistic approach and concerted and differentiated actions are required

Least Developed Countries

Emerging Economies& EITs

Developed Countries

More adaptationLess mitigation

Adaptation & mitigation

More mitigationless adaptation

TrainingInstitutional supportInformation supportR&D support

Collaborative R&DTechnologyPartnership &Networking

Technology facilitationandPartnerships

Annual per capita Income

$1200 $7000

550 PPMV

450 PPMV

Corridor of sustainable development & stabilization of GHGs

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Source: Maartin de Wit and Jacek Stankiewicz www.scienceexpress.org/2March2006/Page1/10.1126/science1119929

African Scenarios – there is a lot of uncertainty

Small changes in temperature will see average river flows and water availability increase by 10-40% in some regions, while in others there will be a decrease of 10-30%

Changes in surface water supply across Africa with Predicted Climate ChangeWill there be increases or

decreases in available water?

Potential ET Actual ET Runoff

10 models show likely decrease of runoff while 7 shows like increase of runoff

Example: Blue Nile GCM downscaling

Precipitation

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Africa is responding to climate changeThere have been many initiatives/action plans of what Africa needs to do:• African Ministerial Conference on the Environment (AMCEN)• Conference of African Heads of State and Government on Climate Change

(CAHOSCC) and climate change negotiators• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and related instruments

(UNFCCC) • NEPAD Environmental Action Plan• The Cancun Agreements• African Development Forum VII• Global Climate Observation System (GCOS)• AMCEN Comprehensive Framework for Climate Change• Africa-EU Climate Change Partnership

Africa is acting on climate change:• Examples include:

– CCAA, AfricaAdapt– African Adaptation Programme– The ClimDev-Africa Programme– Many other initiatives, institutions and responses

Much more is required for Africa to address climate change and development:• That is why we are here at this symposium

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The development challenge

• It is widely recognized and accepted that in Africa, climate change will hamper the ability of Africa to adequately address:– rapid onset-disaster events– Widening energy access– water availability– food security– public health– migration

• Adaptation to climate change is a matter of survival for most Africans

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Recently Africa’s growth has been widespread…

1111

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560 million sub-Saharan Africans lack access to electricity

..and it needs energy to keep growing..

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• The quality of growth matters• Moving towards low carbon and resilient

pathway is paramount– For increasing demand for services and meeting

unmet demand– Avoid lock-into carbon intensive options – Integrate mitigation in SD policies

• In some ways, Africa in an advantageous position– starting from a low base and has the resources

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14

Mainstreaming is necessary but …

it may lead to an overloadit may lead to an overload

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A new approach is required…

• That starts with development priorities, following this approach, we can:– aim to meet development and poverty eradication objectives – use strategies that aim for climate safe and climate friendly development

• That can explore wide range of already existing development initiatives that are climate resilient and friendly:– there exist a diversity of local actions, national policies that have delivered

positive development and climate outcomes – we can explore such options at various levels– we can scale them up coupling with international initiatives to enhance

their impacts

• This approach is “development first” that will stimulate concrete actions, mainstreaming, strong and inclusive climate actions and cooperation at global, regional and local levels

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6-9/11/2007

Physical scarcity: Not enough water.

Economic Scarcity: Not infrastructure to make water available to people

We can manage both scarcities

Turning adversity into opportunity

Africa:•Renewable water resources estimated at about 5,400 billion m3/yr of which 15% (810 million m3/yr) is groundwater•Low level of withdrawals of water for agriculture, water supply and energy: 3.8% of total annual WR

Hydropower Outlook fro Africa (BMZ, EUDEV.de, 2007)

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Better exploring opportunity

We need to:• revisit our development objectives and strategies from

a new perspective• renew its focus and urgency on sustainability

We need to address at the same time:• climate resilient and low carbon future• local, national, regional and global concerns• immediate needs while investing in long term

obligations by:– the imperative of building bridges between development

and environment more systematically – widening decision making process at various levels

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The policy challenge

Development and underdevelopment

Climate change

Development•climate resilient•low carbon•resource efficient•sustainable

Climate change

A future with•energy access•water availability•food security•employment•opportunity

Business as usual

Climate adaptation and mitigation

• Development pathways influence climate change and climate change could have significant impacts on development and underdevelopment as they can be mutually reinforcing.

• Tackling global climate change is an inherently complex problem requiring robust inter-related policies at international, regional, national and local levels.

• Holistic approach, concerted and differentiated mitigation as well as adaptation actions are absolute prerequisites.

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Finance challengeFrom the Copenhagen Accord and Cancun Agreements…

Fast start finance Long term finance Cancun agreements

US$30 Billion 2010-2012

LULUCF& REDD +

Adaptation and NAPAs

Technology development and transfer

Capacity building

US$100 Billion per year from

2020

?

?

?

?

• At the global level significant resources are likely to be available, but we need to make sure, at the negotiations stage, that these resources benefit Africans at local and national levels

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Linking international, national and local levels of climate adaptation and Linking international, national and local levels of climate adaptation and mitigationmitigation

Challenge for coherent national framework

• We can use climate change agreements and negotiations as an opportunity to support our development efforts

• With effective coordination, institutions and policies, nations and communities can benefit from international climate change agreements

• To access climate finance, or participate in climate related mechanisms and initiatives requires effective institutions that can coordinate, as well as measure, report and verify climate related activities

– In effect good governance is required to benefit from climate change negotiations and any climate agreements

Climate financeFast start / Long Term Finance

•Multilateral•Bilateral•Private

LULUCF& REDD +

Adaptation and NAPAs

Technology development and transfer

Capacity building

Communities

Information and knowledge•Indigenous knowledge•Institutional knowledge•Research

Institutions and grass roots groups

Action, participation and employment

National National FrameworkFramework

National National FrameworkFramework

DialogueDialogue

AgreementAgreement

ActionAction

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Any difficult journey requires innovation

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ClimDev-Africa Programme

Meetings of the Chief Executives of the Meetings of the Chief Executives of the AUC, UNECA and AfDBAUC, UNECA and AfDB

ClimDev Programme Steering Committee ClimDev Programme Steering Committee (CDSC)(CDSC)

(AUC, UNECA, AfDB and others)(AUC, UNECA, AfDB and others)

African Climate Policy African Climate Policy Centre Centre

(UNECA - ACPC)(UNECA - ACPC)

ClimDev-Africa ClimDev-Africa Special FundSpecial Fund(AfDB - CDSF)(AfDB - CDSF)

Regional / sub-regional levelRegional / sub-regional levelRECs/SROs, Regional/Sub-Regional Climate RECs/SROs, Regional/Sub-Regional Climate

Institutions, RBOs, Research InstitutionsInstitutions, RBOs, Research Institutions

Technical Technical Advisory PanelAdvisory Panel

National levelNational levelNMHSs, Sectoral Actors (public sector, NMHSs, Sectoral Actors (public sector,

private sector, civil society)private sector, civil society)

Climate Change and Climate Change and Desertification Unit Desertification Unit

(AUC - CCDU)(AUC - CCDU)Stakeholder Stakeholder forumsforums

e.g. Climate Change e.g. Climate Change and Dev. Conf. & other and Dev. Conf. & other forums/platformsforums/platforms

The ACPC is:The ACPC is:•1 of 3 inputs to the Programme1 of 3 inputs to the Programme•Secretariat to the ProgrammeSecretariat to the ProgrammeACPC’s inputs are in the form of:ACPC’s inputs are in the form of:•Knowledge gen. & sharingKnowledge gen. & sharing•Advocacy & consensus buildingAdvocacy & consensus building•Tech. coop. & capacity dev.Tech. coop. & capacity dev.

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ACPCACPC

The ACPC Climate and Dev.

Climate and DevelopmentClimate and Development

Policy CommunityPolicy Community Practice CommunityPractice Community

Research CommunityResearch Community

Climate science, data and informationClimate science, data and information

Climate resilient developmentClimate resilient development Low carbon developmentLow carbon development

Climate finance and economicsClimate finance and economics

•Knowledge generation and sharingKnowledge generation and sharing•Advocacy and consensus buildingAdvocacy and consensus building•Technical coop’n and capacity dev.Technical coop’n and capacity dev.

•Frameworks, strategies, plans Frameworks, strategies, plans •Case studies and examplesCase studies and examples•Research and partnershipsResearch and partnerships

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ACPC Work Programme

Knowledge generation, sharing and networking

Advocacy and consensus building

Advisory services and technical cooperation

Secretariat service for ClimDev-Africa

Climate Change and Development in Africa Conference (CCDA)

Activities to date

The ACPC Work Programme has been The ACPC Work Programme has been presented by the ACPC in many forumspresented by the ACPC in many forums

The contents of the Work Programme have The contents of the Work Programme have

been widely consulted with stakeholdersbeen widely consulted with stakeholders

The activities under the Work Programme are The activities under the Work Programme are demand leddemand led

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ACPC Work Programme

Knowledge generation, sharing and networking

Advocacy and consensus building

Advisory services and technical cooperation

Secretariat service for ClimDev-Africa

Climate Change and Development in Africa Conference (CCDA)

Activities to date Climate science, data, information and service Climate science, data, information and service deliverydeliveryHigh Level Expert Consultation for gaps and needs analysisHigh Level Expert Consultation for gaps and needs analysis5 issue papers under development5 issue papers under developmentThese papers will be presented to the CCDA ConferenceThese papers will be presented to the CCDA Conference

Climate resilience development and Climate resilience development and adaptationadaptationHigh Level Expert Consultation on water and agriculture sectors, High Level Expert Consultation on water and agriculture sectors, consultations with RECs and othersconsultations with RECs and othersWest Africa Trans-boundary Aquifer Management ProjectWest Africa Trans-boundary Aquifer Management Project6 issue papers under development, feeding into CCDA6 issue papers under development, feeding into CCDAStarted work NEPAD, The Gambia, UNDP Ethiopia, etcStarted work NEPAD, The Gambia, UNDP Ethiopia, etc

Low carbon development and energy in AfricaLow carbon development and energy in AfricaHigh Level Expert Consultation for gaps and needs analysisHigh Level Expert Consultation for gaps and needs analysis14 issue papers under development14 issue papers under developmentStarted low carbon development scenarios projectStarted low carbon development scenarios projectFraming paper on energy access and povertyFraming paper on energy access and povertyInvolved in review of investment plan for SREP with UNDPInvolved in review of investment plan for SREP with UNDP

Climate finance and economicsClimate finance and economicsProduced a discussion paper on climate finance for AfricaProduced a discussion paper on climate finance for AfricaUndertaking research on fast start finance to support AMCEN Undertaking research on fast start finance to support AMCEN Working with TERI on carbon finance and policy compendiumWorking with TERI on carbon finance and policy compendiumWorking with ACCE carbon credit and finance instruments for AfricaWorking with ACCE carbon credit and finance instruments for AfricaWorking with SRO-North African on financing instrument for renewable Working with SRO-North African on financing instrument for renewable energyenergy

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ACPC Work Programme

Knowledge generation, sharing and networking

Advocacy and consensus building

Advisory services and technical cooperation

Secretariat service for ClimDev-Africa

Climate Change and Development in Africa Conference (CCDA)

Activities to date

Supporting climate change negotiatorsSupporting climate change negotiatorsIdentifying knowledge needsIdentifying knowledge needsPreparation of papers to better inform their negotiation positionsPreparation of papers to better inform their negotiation positionsSeconded senior experts to service meetings of African negotiatorsSeconded senior experts to service meetings of African negotiators

CoP17, Africa Pavilion and Africa DayCoP17, Africa Pavilion and Africa DayConcept notes preparedConcept notes preparedSupporting organisation and resource mobilisationSupporting organisation and resource mobilisationChairing technical sub-committee and supporting communications sub-Chairing technical sub-committee and supporting communications sub-committeecommittee

CommunicationsCommunicationsWebsite launchedWebsite launchedFirst newsletter publishedFirst newsletter publishedNews bulletins, briefing notes and interviews organisedNews bulletins, briefing notes and interviews organised

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ACPC Work Programme

Knowledge generation, sharing and networking

Advocacy and consensus building

Advisory services and technical cooperation

Secretariat service for ClimDev-Africa

Climate Change and Development in Africa Conference (CCDA)

Activities to dateServicing African Union and regional bodiesServicing African Union and regional bodiesReview of African Climate Change StrategyReview of African Climate Change StrategyBackstopping as requested e.g. Ministerial meetingsBackstopping as requested e.g. Ministerial meetings

Initiating sub-regional and national projectsInitiating sub-regional and national projectsRequests received from The Gambia, Djibouti and EthiopiaRequests received from The Gambia, Djibouti and EthiopiaStarted transboundary aquifer management project with GWP in West Started transboundary aquifer management project with GWP in West AfricaAfricaStarted Capacity building for climate change adaptation SRO-NAStarted Capacity building for climate change adaptation SRO-NAKicked off FIRM project – covering Kenya, Rwanda, Mali, Zambia, and Kicked off FIRM project – covering Kenya, Rwanda, Mali, Zambia, and The Gambia The Gambia Initiated Infrastructure and climate change with SRO-EAInitiated Infrastructure and climate change with SRO-EASupporting a climate change action plan with CA (CEEAC)Supporting a climate change action plan with CA (CEEAC)

NAMAs and MRVNAMAs and MRVSupporting ECOWAS strengthen capacity of member statesSupporting ECOWAS strengthen capacity of member statesInvestigating collaboration with various partners on MRV methods for Investigating collaboration with various partners on MRV methods for AfricaAfrica

Supporting climate data and information Supporting climate data and information initiatives across Africainitiatives across Africae.g. Geoshare, GGIM, ACMAD, AMESD and MESAe.g. Geoshare, GGIM, ACMAD, AMESD and MESA

Partnerships establishedPartnerships establishedPartnerships are at various levels of development and formalisation Partnerships are at various levels of development and formalisation

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Activities to date

ACPC Work Programme

Knowledge generation, sharing and networking

Advocacy and consensus building

Advisory services and technical cooperation

Secretariat service for ClimDev-Africa

Climate Change and Development in Africa Conference (CCDA)

Servicing ClimDev-Africa Joint Secretariat Servicing ClimDev-Africa Joint Secretariat Working Group (AUC, UNECA and AfDB), eg:Working Group (AUC, UNECA and AfDB), eg:Preparation and servicing the meetingsPreparation and servicing the meetingsProvision of background information such as the ACPC work programmeProvision of background information such as the ACPC work programme

Prepared, hosted and serviced the ClimDev Prepared, hosted and serviced the ClimDev Programme Steering Committee (CDSC):Programme Steering Committee (CDSC):Prepared and hosted meetingPrepared and hosted meetingProvided relevant documents such as Provided relevant documents such as

An Africa Day concept noteAn Africa Day concept note A CCDA-1 concept noteA CCDA-1 concept note A revised TOR for the CDSCA revised TOR for the CDSC A ClimDev-Africa Work PlanA ClimDev-Africa Work Plan

Reviewed the draft ClimDev Special Fund Reviewed the draft ClimDev Special Fund Operations and Procedures Manual:Operations and Procedures Manual:Provided comments on the draftProvided comments on the draftReviewed a second draftReviewed a second draftMet with an AfDB representative and discussed key points from the Met with an AfDB representative and discussed key points from the manual manual

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Activities to date

ACPC Work Programme

Knowledge generation, sharing and networking

Advocacy and consensus building

Advisory services and technical cooperation

Secretariat service for ClimDev-Africa

Climate Change and Development in Africa Conference (CCDA)

Organised and hosted the first Climate Organised and hosted the first Climate change and development in Africa Conference change and development in Africa Conference (CCDA-1)(CCDA-1)

Outputs and outcomes include:Outputs and outcomes include:Outcome Statement of the First Climate Change and Outcome Statement of the First Climate Change and Development in Africa (CCDA-I)Development in Africa (CCDA-I)Report of the CCDA-1 ConferenceReport of the CCDA-1 ConferencePapers and reports in support of the CCDA-1 and Papers and reports in support of the CCDA-1 and Africa PavilionAfrica PavilionAfrica Pavilion (COP17) promotion has resulted in the Africa Pavilion (COP17) promotion has resulted in the engagement of African stakeholdersengagement of African stakeholdersThese outputs and outcomes are, amongst other These outputs and outcomes are, amongst other things, informing the 2012 work plan for the ClimDev things, informing the 2012 work plan for the ClimDev Africa Programme Africa Programme

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20112011 20122012

Upcoming milestones

November 28-December 9November 28-December 91717thth Conference of Parties Conference of Parties (COP17) and the (COP17) and the 77thth Session Session of the Meeting of the Partiesof the Meeting of the Parties (CMP7) to the Kyoto (CMP7) to the Kyoto Protocol (KP), including:Protocol (KP), including:

Africa PavilionAfrica Pavilion Africa DayAfrica Day

December 31December 31stst the first full the first full calendar year of calendar year of operation of the operation of the ACPCACPC

Milestones• The CCDA-1 will bring together ClimDev-

Africa stakeholders from the areas of:– policy– practice– research

• The CCDA-1, Africa Pavilion and Africa Day are platforms for:

– knowledge generation, sharing and networking– advocacy and consensus building– advisory services and technical cooperation

• The 31st of December is a time to reflect on:

– recruitment and the capacity of the Centre– progress on the work programme– the state of the ClimDev-Africa Programme

• The CCDA-1, Africa Pavilion and Africa Day will set the ClimDev-Africa and ACPC agenda for 2012

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Thank you

Youba Sokona

YSokona@uneca.org

Climate Change

Meets Policy

United NationsEconomic Commission for Africa