prepare to readchapter 19 section 1 653 history background l3 teach dividing the subcontinent into...

652

New Nations Emerge

Vocabulary Builder

1

1

SECTION

Step-by-Step Instruction

Prepare to Read

Build Background Knowledge

Ask students to recall conflicts within India’s nationalist movement before World War II. Have them predict chal-lenges that the newly-independent region might face.

Set a Purpose

■

WITNESS HISTORYWITNESS HISTORY

Read the selection aloud or play the audio.

AUDIO

Witness History Audio CD,

Fleeing Amid Religious Violence

Ask

What does Damyanti Sahgal’s account suggest about the conflict between Hindus and Muslims?

(It was intense and full of hatred.)

■

Focus

Point out the Section Focus Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this question as they read.

(Answer appears with Section 1 Assessment answers.)

■

Preview

Have students preview the Section Objectives and the list of Terms, People, and Places.

■

Reading Skill

Have students use the

Reading Strategy: Identify Causes and Effects

worksheet.

Teaching Resources, Unit 5,

p. 28

■

Have students use the Structured Read Aloud strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, have them fill in the concept web with causes and effects.

Reading and Note Taking Study Guide,

p. 200

L3

Objectives

As you teach this section, keep students focused on the following objectives to help them answer the Section Focus Question and master core content.

■

Understand why independence brought partition to South Asia.

■

Describe how Indian leaders built a new nation.

■

Summarize how Pakistan and Bang-ladesh grew apart.

■

Explain how India and Pakistan pur-sued independence from the super-powers in their foreign relations.

Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use word from this section.


p. 27;

Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook,

p. 3

High-Use Word Definition and Sample Sentence

compel, p. 655

v.

to make to or forceOne teacher

compelled

his students come to school for a study session on Saturday.

L3

WITNESS HISTORYWITNESS HISTORY AUDIO

11

South Asian NationsSince Independence

Partition

Causes

Effects

Independent Nations of South AsiaObjectives• Understand why independence brought partition

to South Asia.• Describe how Indian leaders built a new nation.• Summarize how Pakistan and Bangladesh grew

apart.• Explain how India and Pakistan pursued

independence from the superpowers in their foreign relations.

Terms, People, and PlacesIndira GandhiPunjabGolden TempleBangladeshnonalignment

At the same time that the Cold War was unfolding, a global inde-pendence movement was reshaping the world. Among the firstnew nations to win independence were the former British coloniesof South Asia.

Independence Brings PartitionNationalists in British-ruled India had demanded self-rule sincethe late 1800s. As independence neared, however, a long-simmer-ing issue surfaced. What would happen to the Muslim minority ina Hindu-dominated India?

Two New Nations Emerge Like Mohandas Gandhi, most ofthe leaders and members of the Congress Party were Hindus.However, the party wanted a unified India that would include bothMuslims and Hindus. The Muslim League, led by Muhammad AliJinnah, had a different view of liberation. The Muslim Leaguefeared discrimination against the Muslim minority in a unifiedIndia. Therefore, the Muslim League demanded the creation of aseparate nation, called Pakistan, that would include the parts ofBritish India where Muslims formed a majority. In the 1940s, ten-sions between Muslims and the Hindu majority in British Indialed to increasing violence.

After World War II, the British government decided that itcould no longer afford to resist Indian demands for independence.

A family of refugees flees the religious violence that broke out during the partition of India.

Fleeing Religious ViolenceAt independence, India was partitioned, or divided, into India and Pakistan, a new, largely Muslim country. Damyanti Sahgal, a Hindu, describes fleeing from Hindu-Muslim violence during the partition.

“When we came close to Amritsar, we found that they had started stopping trains, killing people in them, but we were lucky. Everyone said put your windows up, they are cutting down people.”

While people in India and Pakistan welcomed independence, they had to live with the violence of partition and its legacy of distrust.

Focus Question How did nationalist demands for independence affect South Asia and the world?

Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects Fill in a concept web like this one to keep track of causes and effects of events in South Asia. Add ovals as needed for additional concepts.

Hat worn by Indian border guards along the border with Pakistan

partitionSikhsKashmirJawaharlal Nehrudalits

WH09se_MOD_CH19_s01_s.fm Page 652 Friday, June 5, 2009 1:23 PM

WH2011_MOD_te_Ch19s1_s.fm Page 652 Monday, July 6, 2009 10:19 PM

Chapter 19 Section

1

653

History Background

L3

Teach

Independence Brings Partition

Instruct

■

Introduce: Key Terms

Direct stu-dents to the key term

partition

in the section title and (in blue) in the text, and ask them to explain its meaning. Have students predict the problems that might arise when an entire nation is partitioned. How might this affect individuals and their communities?

■

Teach

Display

Color Transparency 188: The Partition of India.

Trace the path from British-ruled India to the independent nations of India and Pakistan. Ask

Has partition led to peace? Explain.

(No, India and Paki-stan continue to fight over control of Kashmir and to engage in a nuclear arms race.)

Color Transparencies,

188

■

Quick Activity

Have students access

Web Code nbp-3111

to take the

Geography Interactive Audio Guided Tour

and then answer the map skills questions in the text.

Independent Practice

■

Viewpoints

To help students better understand the debate over the parti-tioning of India, have them read the selection

The Creation of Pakistan

and complete the worksheet.


p. 29

■

Display

Color Transparency 187: South Asia.

Have students locate Kashmir. Then ask them to write a paragraph explaining how the region’s geography contributes to the conflict over its control.


187

Monitor Progress

Check answers to map skills questions.

Answers

Map Skills

1.

Review locations with students.

2.

China

3.

Sample: Because it is far from the rest of Paki-stan, its people might want a separate state.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the architect of Pakistani independence, studied law in London. Over 6 feet tall and weighing less than 120 pounds, Jinnah had a striking presence. A peer recalled, “When he stood up in court, slowly looking toward the judge, placing his monocle in his eye—with the sense of timing you would expect from an

actor—he became omnipotent. Yes, that is the word—omnipotent.” Although Jinnah at first favored Muslim-Hindu unity, he later advocated partition as the only solution to guarantee the rights of Muslims. Jinnah became Pakistan’s first Governor-General. Although he had advocated partition, he was horrified by the bloodshed that it caused.

As independence approached, violence between Hindus and Muslimsaccelerated. In response, Britain decided to accept the idea of partition, ordividing the subcontinent into two nations. Hindu-dominated India, andPakistan, which had a Muslim majority, both won independence onAugust 13, 1947.

Refugees Flee Amid Violence However, Hindus and Muslims stilllived side by side in many cities and rural areas. As soon as the new bor-ders became known, millions of Hindus on the Pakistani side of the bor-ders packed up their belongings and fled to the new India. At the sametime, millions of Muslims fled into newly created Pakistan. An estimated10 million people fled their homes, most of them on foot.

Muslims fleeing along the crowded roads into Pakistan were slaugh-tered by Hindus and Sikhs (seeks), members of an Indian religiousminority. Muslims massacred Hindu and Sikh neighbors. Around onemillion people died in these massacres. Others died of starvation andexposure on the road.

Struggles Over Kashmir Since independence, India and Pakistanhave fought a series of wars over Kashmir, a state in the Himalayas. In1947, Kashmir’s Hindu ruler tried to join India. However, Kashmir’sMuslim majority wanted to be part of Pakistan. For decades, Kashmiriseparatists, often supported by Pakistani militants, have fought Indiantroops. Indian and Pakistani forces have also battled along Kashmir’smountainous border. Today, Kashmir remains a flashpoint in the tenserelations between India and Pakistan.

INDIA

CHINA

AFGHANISTAN

BHUTANNEPAL

Under Chinesecontrol

IndianKashmir

PakistaniKashmir

PAKISTAN

BANGLADESH

MALDIVES

MYANMAR

SRI LANKA

ArabianSea

B ay ofB engal

Ganges River

15° N

75° E60° E 90° E

Tropic of Cancer

Map shows boundariesof 2005

Disputed area

2500 500 mi

2500 500 km

Miller Projection

N

S

EW

For: Audio guided tourWeb Code: nbp-3111

South Asian Nations

Map Skills The former British col-ony of India had become the inde-pendent nations of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh by 1971. The region’s other nations had also achieved independence by that date. The status of Kashmir, how-ever, remained in dispute.1. Locate (a) Bangladesh

(b) Pakistani Kashmir (c) Indian Kashmir

2. Regions Which other nation also has a stake in the Kashmir conflict?

3. Make Inferences Bangladesh was once part of Pakistan. How might its location have contrib-uted to its people’s desire for independence?


WH2011_MOD_te_Ch19s1_s.fm Page 653 Saturday, July 4, 2009 6:26 PM

654

New Nations Emerge

Connect to Our World

Building a Modern Nation

Instruct

■

Introduce

Recall with students the issues of religion at the heart of the conflict between India and Pakistan. Explain that while many Muslims left India, many stayed. Ask students why they think religion divided people so sharply. Use the Idea Wave strategy (TE, p. T22) and ask students to sug-gest things that would help Indian Hin-dus and Muslims to live together in peace.

■

Teach

Create two columns on the board, labeled

Social Challenges

and

Religious Challenges.

Have students fill in the problems India faced in each area. Have students use the chart on the next page to identify the main reli-gious groups in India. Then discuss how religion has played a role in creat-ing conflicts and influencing people’s attitudes since independence.

■

Quick Activity

Ask student groups to choose one of India’s social or religious challenges and propose solutions to that issue. For example, students might discuss ways to reduce tensions between Muslims and Hindus, or bet-ween the government and separatist Sikhs in Punjab.


Biography

To help students better understand the first female leader of India and her role in leading the new nation through challenging times, have them read the biography

Indira Gandhi

and complete the worksheet.


p. 30

Monitor Progress

■

To help students review the section so far, have them write one sentence for each black heading, stating the main idea of that subsection.

■

As students fill in their concept webs, circulate to make sure they understand the causes and effects of partition. For a completed version of the concept web, see

Note Taking Transparencies,

194

Answer

Each country wants to control this region, which is home to both Muslims and Hindus.

Connections to Today

Some estimate that since 1987, the fight over Kashmir has claimed more than 60,000 lives. India believes that Kashmir rightly belongs to India and that it must protect Kashmir’s Hindu minority; Pakistan supports Kashmir’s Muslim majority and its right to self-rule. Now that both coun-tries have tested nuclear weapons, this struggle has potentially disastrous repercussions. When fighting broke out between the two nuclear powers in 1999,

the world held its breath. After eleven weeks, both sides backed down.

Indian and Pakistani leaders are making efforts toward peace. In 2001, when an earthquake ravaged northwestern India, Pakistan’s General Pervez Mush-arraf sent aid. In 2003, the two countries declared a ceasefire and began talks. U.S. and British envoys have pressured both sides for peace.

L3

A Nuclear Arms Race In the 1970s, first India and then Pakistandeveloped nuclear weapons programs. By 1998, both nations hadsuccessfully tested nuclear weapons. The emergence of these two nuclearpowers alarmed neighbors in South Asia and the world, in part becauseof the ongoing hostility between India and Pakistan. Another concernwas the danger that extremists might get access to nuclear technology oreven nuclear weapons.

Conflict Divides Sri Lanka The island of Ceylon won freedom fromBritain in 1948. Later, it took the name Sri (sree) Lanka. Most Sri Lankansare Buddhists who speak Sinhalese. However, a large Tamil-speakingHindu minority lives in the north and east. The Sri Lankan governmentfavored the Sinhalese majority, which angered many Tamils. In the late1970s, Tamil rebels battled to set up their own separate nation. For threedecades, terrorism and brutality fed a deadly conflict between governmentforces and Tamil rebels. By 2009, the government had regained control ofTamil-held towns, but peace was by no means assured.

Why was Kashmir a source of conflict between India and Pakistan?

Building a Modern NationAt independence, India established a parliamentary democracy. AlthoughIndia remains the world’s largest democracy, it has faced many chal-lenges. Ethnic and religious tensions threatened its unity. Its peoplespeak over 100 languages and many dialects. Hundreds of millions ofIndians lived in desperate poverty. Despite unrest and diversity, Indiahas emerged as a major world power.

Strong Leaders During its early decades, India benefited from strongleadership. The Congress Party, which had spearheaded the indepen-dence movement, worked to turn India into a modern nation. From1947 to 1964, Jawaharlal Nehru, leader of the Congress Party, wasIndia’s prime minister. He promoted economic growth and socialchange. Under Nehru, food output rose, but so did India’s population.The government encouraged family planning to reduce the birthrate,but with limited success.

Although India’s 1947 constitution banned discrimination againstdalits, or people in the lowest castes, discrimination based on caste con-tinued. Nehru’s government set aside jobs and places in universities fordalits and other lower-caste Indians. Still, higher-caste Hindus generallygot better schooling and jobs.

Later, Nehru’s daughter, Indira Gandhi, served as prime minister formost of the years between 1966 and 1984. She led India with a firm handand challenged traditional discrimination against women.

Religious Conflicts India was a land of many religions. A major-ity of Indians were Hindu, but millions were Muslim, Sikh,

Christian, or Buddhist. At times, religious divisions led toviolence.

Some Sikhs wanted independence for Punjab,a prosperous, largely Sikh state in northern

India. In 1984, armed Sikh separatists

Indira GandhiPrime Minister Indira Gandhi led India from 1966 to 1977 and again from 1980 to 1984.



Chapter 19 Section

1

655

Solutions for All Learners

Pakistan and Bangladesh Separate

Instruct

■

Introduce

Have students read the opening paragraph under this subtitle. Then display

Color Transparency 192: Historical Map Set: South Asia, 1945–Present.

Point out the locations of East Pakistan (now Bang-ladesh) and West Pakistan (now Paki-stan). Why would it be difficult to govern the divided nation of Pakistan? How might the people in the two regions be different?


192

■

Teach

Review the events that led to an independent nation of Bangladesh. Then discuss the ethnic conflicts that contributed to unrest and violence in Pakistan. Ask

What did the people in East and West Pakistan have in common when they broke from India?

(They were almost all Muslims.)

What issues divided the people of the two regions?

(Those in East Paki-stan were Bengalis, while West Paki-stanis were of other ethnicities.)

Why did unrest continue in Pakistan?

(People disagreed over the political role of religion; people of different ethnic groups were at odds.)

■

Quick Activity

Show students

Paki-stan: Improving Education

from the

Witness History Discovery School

™

video program. Ask them to discuss the connections between the challenges faced by Pakistan that are mentioned in the text and those presented by the video.


Ask students to write a paragraph explaining the religious conflicts in Pakistan.

Monitor Progress

As students write their paragraphs, circu-late to make sure that their writing reflects an understanding of Islamic fun-damentalism and conflicts over religion in Pakistan.

Answers

It reserved jobs and spots at universities for them.

Chart Skills

Islam; Kashmir, Northern India, and Southwest Coast

L1

Special Needs L2

Less Proficient Readers L2

English Language Learners

To help students keep track of the many groups and conflicts in this section, have them create a chart with headings for

Group, Location, Background

, and

Ene-mies

. Have students use the chart to list key facts about each group.

Use the following resources to help students acquire basic skills:

Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide

■

Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 200

■

Adapted Section Summary, p. 201

L3

Religions of India

Population(millions)

Religion

828

138

24

19

8

11

80.5

13.4

2.3

1.9

0.8

1.0

RegionalConcentration

Percentage

Hinduism

Islam

Christianity

Sikhism

Buddhism

Others

Throughout India

Kashmir, Northern India,Southwest Coast

Northeastern India,Southwest Coast

Northwestern India

Northeastern India,West Coast

Throughout India

SOURCE: Census of India 2001

Chart Skills What is India's largest minority religion? Where do most of its followers live?

took dramatic action. They occupied the Golden Temple, the holiest Sikhshrine. When Indira Gandhi sent troops to oust them, bloody fightingerupted. Soon after, Gandhi was assassinated by her Sikh bodyguards,igniting terrible violence.

In the late 1980s, the Hindu nationalist party,Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) challenged the secular,or nonreligious, Congress Party. The BJP wanted agovernment based on Hindu traditions and some-times encouraged violence against Muslims.

How did the Indian government try to improve conditions for lower castes?

Pakistan and Bangladesh SeparatePakistan gained independence in 1947, at the sametime as India. Geographically, it was a divided coun-try, with West Pakistan and East Pakistan located oneither side of India. A thousand miles of Indian terri-tory separated the two regions, and India made tradeand travel between the two Pakistans difficult.

Bangladesh Breaks Away From the start, West Pakistan dominatedthe government even though East Pakistan had a larger population. Thegovernment concentrated most economic development programs in WestPakistan, while East Pakistan remained deep in poverty. Most people inEast Pakistan were Bengalis, while West Pakistan was home to otherethnic groups. Many Bengalis resented governmental neglect of EastPakistan.

In 1971, Bengalis in East Pakistan declared independence. They namedtheir country Bangladesh, or “Bengali nation.” When the Pakistani armytried to crush the rebellion, India sent forces to help Bangladesh. Pakistanwas then compelled to recognize the new country.

Pakistan’s Shaky Government After independence, Pakistan strug-gled to build a stable government. Power shifted back and forth betweenelected civilian leaders and military rulers. Tensions among the country’sdiverse ethnic groups posed problems. The fiercely independent people inthe northwestern “tribal areas” were left largely on their own andresisted government control. The activities of Islamic fundamentalistscreated tension. The fundamentalists wanted a government that fol-lowed strict Islamic principles, while other Pakistanis wanted greaterseparation between religion and state.

Ongoing Challenges In 2008, after nine years in power, General PervezMusharraf allowed elections. Before the election, Islamic extremists assas-sinated one of the candidates, Benazir Bhutto, a popular former primeminister. Pakistan’s new civilian government faced tough challenges,including the global economic recession.

Meanwhile, support for Islamic fundamentalist groups based in Paki-stan grew, especially in the northwest. In November 2008, Islamic mili-tants from Pakistan launched terror attacks on hotels and tourists inMumbai, India, fueling tensions between the hostile neighbors.

WITNESS HISTORY VIDEOWITNESS HISTORY VIDEO

Watch Pakistan: Improving Education on the Witness History Discovery School™ video program to see how teachers are being trained in Pakistan’s countryside.

Vocabulary Buildercompelled—(kum PELD) v. made to or forced



656

New Nations Emerge

Solutions for All Learners

Finding an Independent Path

Instruct

■

Introduce: Key Terms

Ask students to find the key term

nonalignment

(in blue) in the text and explain its mean-ing. Ask them to recall that during the Cold War, the Soviet Union and the United States sought to advance their influence over other nations. Ask stu-dents to speculate on how people in newly independent nations might react to those attempts. How might less pow-erful nations work together to resist the influence of the Soviet Union and the United States?

■

Teach

Describe how India and Paki-stan worked to organize newly inde-pendent states. Ask

What was nonalignment?

(a policy of remaining politically and diplomatically indepen-dent from both the United States and Soviet Union)

How did nonalign-ment unite newly independent nations?

(Many wanted to remain neu-tral—or nonaligned—in the Cold War struggle between the United States and Soviet Union.)

Why might newly independent nations be particu-larly interested in nonalignment?

(They had recently emerged from exter-nal colonial control and wished to avoid control by the United States or Soviet Union.)


Tell students to suppose that they are representatives at the 1961 meeting of nonaligned states. Have them write an argument in favor of the movement’s goals. Have each student state how the movement will benefit the student’s newly independent state.

Monitor Progress

■

As students work on their arguments, check that they understand why newly independent states would be particu-larly interested in avoiding outside influences.

■

Check Reading and Note Taking Study Guide entries for student understanding.

Answer

Caption

Sample: Frequent floods disrupt the economy and cause damage to houses and businesses.

L4

Advanced Readers L4

Gifted and Talented

South Asian nations were among the first in the world to elect women as leaders. The first was Sri Lanka, which elected Sirimavo Bandaranaike prime minister in 1960. Her daughter, Chandrika Kumaratunga, later became prime minister and then president. Indira Gandhi became India’s prime minister in 1966. In 1988, Pakistan elected Benazir Bhutto prime minister.

Bangladesh has elected two women as prime minis-ters: Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina. Have each stu-dent research one of these women and design a poster about her with text and pictures. Then hold a discussion about their similarities (for example, all were daughters or wives of popular politicians who were assassinated) and the challenges they faced.

L3

Islamic traditions were strong in the rugged border area betweenPakistan and Afghanistan. When the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistanin 1979, one million Afghan refugees fled into Pakistan. There, manyjoined Islamic fundamentalist groups to battle the invaders.

After Russia withdrew from Afghanistan, the Taliban, an extremeIslamist group, seized power with the support of Pakistan. The Talibanbacked Al Qaeda, which launched terrorist attacks on the United Statesin 2001. When U.S. forces invaded Afghanistan and overthrew the Tali-ban, its supporters fled into Pakistan. They set up strongholds in north-western Pakistan, where their influence spread. Pakistan’s governmenthad limited success fighting the terrorists. However, it was angered byAmerican missile attacks on suspected terrorists within its borders.

Bangladesh Struggles Bangladesh ranks among the world’s poorest,most crowded countries. Its population, more than half as large as that ofthe United States, lives in an area the size of Alabama. The flat GangesDelta, just a few feet above sea level, covers much of the country. Bang-ladesh has suffered repeatedly from devastating tropical storms andfloods.

Floods Ravage BangladeshSummer rains often flood much of low-lying Bangladesh. Here, aid workers bring supplies to a family trapped on the roof of their home. How might frequent floods hurt efforts to improve conditions in Bangladesh?



Chapter 19 Section

1

657

Assess and Reteach

Assess Progress

■

Have students complete the Section Assessment.

■

Administer the Section Quiz.


p. 23

■

To further assess student under-standing, use

Progress Monitoring Transparencies,

133

Reteach

If students need more instruction, have them read the section summary.

Reading and Note Taking Study Guide,

p. 201

Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide,

p. 201

Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide,

p. 201

Extend

Link to Literature

Have students read from

Under the Banyan Tree

by R.K. Narayan and complete the worksheet.


p. 32

Answers

Bangladesh lies just a few feet above sea level at the mouth of the Ganges River. As a result, it experiences frequent floods and tropical storms. In addition, it is densely populated.

They helped organize the international Non-aligned Movement.

Section 1 Assessment

1.

Sentences should reflect an understanding of each term, person, or place listed at the beginning of the section.

2.

Nationalist demands led to independence in South Asia. After independence, India and Pakistan led the nonalignment move-ment, which included over 100 nations.

3.

Religious violence between Muslims and Hindus drove people to flee areas where their religion was in the minority.

4.

India faced religious unrest between majority Hindus and minority Sikhs and Muslims.

5.

The people of East Pakistan broke away to form Bangladesh because they felt that West Pakistanis dominated the govern-ment of Pakistan.

6.

Both Pakistan and India sought to avoid control by either superpower, in accor-dance with nonalignment.

●

Writing About History

India: religious diversity with a Hindu majority; Pakistan: Muslim domination, division into Pakistan and Bangladesh amid ethnic conflict; Both: colonized by Britain, gained independence after WWII, nuclear weapons, poverty, nonalignment policy

For additional assessment, have students access

Progress Monitoring

Online

at

Web Code nba-3111.

L3

L1

L3

L2

L2

L4

11

Geographic conditions made it hard for the government to ease thedesperate poverty that most people endure. One hopeful program, how-ever, came from the Grameen Bank, founded by Bangladeshi economistMuhammad Yunus. It gave tiny loans, or “microcredit” to poor people sothey could open small businesses. Although microcredit helped only afew, it offered a model to poor nations around the world. In 2006, Yunuswas awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts.

How did geography pose challenges for Bangladesh?

Finding an Independent PathIndia and Pakistan were among the first of more than 90 new nations toemerge after World War II. By the 1930s, nationalist movements hadtaken root in European colonies across Africa, Asia, and the Middle East.After World War II, nationalist leaders such as Gandhi and Nehruinsisted on independence. After India and Pakistan gained indepen-dence, nationalist leaders in Africa and other regions demanded thesame for their countries.

India, Pakistan, and other new nations condemned colonialism andrejected Cold War expansion and the divisions between the West and theSoviet Union. In response, they sought nonalignment, or political anddiplomatic independence from the Cold War superpowers. In 1955, Indiaand Pakistan helped organize a conference of newly independent nationsin Bandung, Indonesia, which marked the birth of the nonaligned movement.

The Nonaligned Movement had its first formal meeting in 1961 inYugoslavia. India was a leader of the nonaligned movement, which cameto include more than 100 nations, mainly in Asia, Africa, and LatinAmerica. Because they rejected both the Western allies, or the FirstWorld, and the Soviet alliance, or the Second World, the NonalignedMovement was seen as the voice of a “Third World” of countries.

What global role did India and Pakistan play after independence?

Progress Monitoring OnlineFor: Self-quiz with vocabulary practiceWeb Code: nba-3111

Terms, People, and Places

1. For each term, person, or place in the beginning of the section, write a sen-tence explaining its significance.

2. Reading Skill: Identify Causes and Effects Use your completed concept web to answer the Focus Question: What were the consequences of inde-pendence in South Asia for the region and for the world?

Comprehension and Critical Thinking

3. Recognize Cause and Effect Why did the partition of British India cause refugees to flee?

4. Express Problems Clearly What problems did India’s religious diversity pose?

5. Summarize Why did Bangladesh sep-arate from Pakistan?

6. Draw Conclusions How did a policy of nonalignment influence the relations of India and Pakistan with the Cold War superpowers?

● Writing About History

Quick Write: Outline Your Topic To write a compare-and-contrast essay, you need to consider two subjects and find similarities and differences between them. In this sec-tion, you learned that India and Pakistan share a common history but were sepa-rated at independence. Write features of each country’s history in three lists: a list of features specific to India, a list of features specific to Pakistan, and a list of features shared by both countries.

WH09se_MOD_CH19_s01_s.fm 57 Friday, June 5, 2009 1:26 PM


prepare to readchapter 19 section 1 653 history background l3 teach dividing the subcontinent into...

Documents