Prerna Bhatia

Industry driven revolutions occurred as Europeans increasingly employed machines to fashion an array of products

Shift to industrialization was so profound that it restructured the way Europeans lived

Altered working and consuming patterns changed the way men and women thought about themselves and the groups they belonged to in society

Innovations in agricultureInnovations in agriculture population population growth growth increased food supply increased food supply

Britain- cotton textilesBritain- cotton textiles Factories, cities, workforces grewFactories, cities, workforces grew By 1880’s most home tasks were By 1880’s most home tasks were

mechanizedmechanized Women and children status changingWomen and children status changing Technological innovationsTechnological innovations Economic and demographic changes Economic and demographic changes

transformed Europe’s social structuretransformed Europe’s social structure Emerging of working classEmerging of working class

Factory System Factory System Steam PowerSteam Power

- Richard Trevithick, British- Richard Trevithick, British RailroadsRailroads

- George Stephenson’s - George Stephenson’s RocketRocket race race

- Financial success of train line- Financial success of train line- Global spread- Global spread- Growth- Growth

The Countryside was where food was The Countryside was where food was produced. Cities grew, so non-farmer produced. Cities grew, so non-farmer population did too, so the countryside was population did too, so the countryside was needed to produce greater amounts of needed to produce greater amounts of food.food.

Agricultural improvement- new crops Agricultural improvement- new crops allowed for more dairy and plow animalsallowed for more dairy and plow animals

By late 19By late 19thth century, machines began to century, machines began to appear on the fieldsappear on the fields

ex. New machines: steam powered ex. New machines: steam powered plows (1858), gasoline powered tractors plows (1858), gasoline powered tractors (1892), chemical fertilizers were also (1892), chemical fertilizers were also introduced to increase crop yields (1880s)introduced to increase crop yields (1880s)

Bourgeoisie or Middle Class:Bourgeoisie or Middle Class: Division of Middle Class (petite, moyenne, Division of Middle Class (petite, moyenne,

haute)haute) Ownership of commercial enterprises and Ownership of commercial enterprises and

liberal professions which required higher liberal professions which required higher educationeducation

Sexual division of labor- Women, domestic Sexual division of labor- Women, domestic work; Men, economic and public concernswork; Men, economic and public concerns

Bourgeoisie women vs. working class womenBourgeoisie women vs. working class women Women became more religious while men Women became more religious while men

were associated with secularism because the were associated with secularism because the Church did not condone their capitalistic Church did not condone their capitalistic desiresdesires

Artisan and merchant homesArtisan and merchant homes White-Collar WorkersWhite-Collar Workers Domestic servants and domestic serviceDomestic servants and domestic service Working Class ConsciousnessWorking Class Consciousness Class distinctions Class distinctions

-trains (class cars)-trains (class cars)- Parliamentary Railway Regulation - Parliamentary Railway Regulation

Act of 1844

Due to industrialization, European Due to industrialization, European nations extended their sovereignty over nations extended their sovereignty over other countriesother countries

New forms of networkingNew forms of networking Transport and CommunicationTransport and Communication Letter writingLetter writing

-Electric telegraph-Electric telegraph

Better Manufactured goodsBetter Manufactured goods Rapid population growthRapid population growth Productive agricultural sector Productive agricultural sector Stable government (Parliament’s Stable government (Parliament’s

encouragement, but lassies-faire)encouragement, but lassies-faire) British workers were well educated and British workers were well educated and

disciplineddisciplined Accomplishments on a world and local Accomplishments on a world and local

scalescale Cotton IndustryCotton Industry Crystal Palace- “Exhibition of the World of Crystal Palace- “Exhibition of the World of

Industry of all Nations”Industry of all Nations”

Production slower than Britain'sProduction slower than Britain's Family firmsFamily firms Industry and productionIndustry and production -“Articles of Paris”-“Articles of Paris” - rural industry- rural industry Government assistanceGovernment assistance

Remained mostly ruralRemained mostly rural Developing industriesDeveloping industries

-Bank of Prussia-Bank of Prussia Zollverein- customs union (1834)Zollverein- customs union (1834)

-developed by Economist Friedrich -developed by Economist Friedrich ListList

-tariff reform which shielded -tariff reform which shielded German industries from British importsGerman industries from British imports

Alfred Krupp’s steel manufacturing firmAlfred Krupp’s steel manufacturing firm

-employed 72 workers in 1848 and -employed 72 workers in 1848 and 12,000 in 187312,000 in 1873

Sparsely industrializedSparsely industrialized Spain- apprehension after economic Spain- apprehension after economic

crisis in 1846-47crisis in 1846-47 Russia Russia

-still practicing serfdom-still practicing serfdom

- Financial minister opposes - Financial minister opposes railroads railroads (1823- 1844)(1823- 1844)

HostilityHostility Population growthPopulation growth

Economic Results-Factory System-Higher standard of living-Introduction of modern laissez-faire capitalism-Economic competition among nations (tariffs)

Political Results-rise of Middle and Working class as political power groups-rise of labor unions as a political force

Social Results-New levels of social classes-population and demand cycle-growth of cities-improved status of women-more leisure time-education became more important