present & future of accelerators for hadrontherapy

Present & Future of Accelerators for Hadrontherapy

A. Faus-GolfeIFIC-IFIMED

10-11 June 2009 1IFIMED'09 Symposium

2

““Hadrontherapy” is a collective wordHadrontherapy” is a collective word

“hadrons” are

made of quarks

carbon ion =

6 protons + 6 neutrons

atom

Proton or

neutron

quark “u” or “d”

electron “e”

It covers therapy with beams of particles made of quarks:

neutrons

protons

pions

helium, lithium, boron, carbon, oxygen … ions

antiprotons

10-11 June 2009 IFIMED'09 Symposium

The Early years

The Present of Hadrontherapy

Proton Facilities

Ion Facilities

The Future and the Dreams

Outline


The Early years


Proton Facilities

Ion Facilities


Outline


The Early years

At the beginning most of the patients have been treated in research facilities, where parasitic beams were devoted for relatively short periods to the treatments. Only in the nineties dedicated based facilities have entered in use.


6

Neutrontherapy at BerkeleyNeutrontherapy at Berkeley

1935: Ernest and John Lawrence at the control of the 27-inch cyclotron

R. Stone at the 60- inch cyclotron

Single dee is 5-inch diameter


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ProtontherapyProtontherapy

Hymer Friendell Bob Wilson Percy Bridgeman

1943 - Harvard

Founder and first director of Fermilab - 1990

1946 R.R. Wilson proposes the use of protons for teletherapy

1954 First irradiations in Berkeley

1961 New Harvard cyclotron irradiates patients


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Protontherapy in Europe Protontherapy in Europe

The modified synchrocyclotron

Bőrje Larsson at Uppsala

“On the Application of a 185 MeV Proton Beam to Experimental

Cancer Therapy and Neurosurgery”

Doctoral dissertation - 1962

(1931-1998)


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Ion therapy – 1974-92Ion therapy – 1974-92

Cornelius Tobias

1918 - 2000

SuperHILAC

Bevatron

UNILAC


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30 years of pioneering protontherapy in physics labs30 years of pioneering protontherapy in physics labs

Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory USA 1954

Uppsala Sweden 1957

Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory (*) USA 1961

Dubna Russia 1964

Moscow Russia 1969

St. Petersburg Russia 1975

Chiba Japan 1979

Tsukuba Japan 1983

Paul Scherrer Institute Switzerland 1984

(*) 9,116 patients were treated with protons before

the laboratory closes in 2002


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1992-1994: the turning years1992-1994: the turning years

1993 Como, Italy1993 Como, Italy

First International First International Symposium on Symposium on HadrontherapyHadrontherapy

1992: Loma Linda treats first patient with protons

1993: MGH selects IBA for first commercial centre

1993: At GSI the ‘pilot project’ is approuved

1994: HIMAC treats the first patient with C ions


The Early years


Proton Facilities

Ion Facilities


Outline



Nowadays proton therapy is a mature field, many firms are competing to offer more and more reliable proton facilities and also the production of accelerators for light-ion therapy is rapidly increasing


Hadrontherapy in the world

Hadrontherapy in the world


The Present Accelerator Technology

Proton Therapy Cyclotron basedSynchrotron based

Ion TherapySynchroton based


The Early years


Proton Facilities

Ion Facilities


Outline


0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

35,000

40,000

45,000

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

4540,000 patients

22 PT centers

5 companies offer turn-key centres

PT center in operation

PT is booming


The Accelerator is a very small part of a PT center

A Proton therapy system is much more than an accelerator It is most often a complex, multi-room treatment systemThe treatments rooms are larger than the cyclotron/synchrotron vault Half of the total investment is for the equipment


A typical Cyclotron PT center

Cyclotron

Irradation systems:Rotating Gantries

Irradation systems:Fixed

Beam Transport

4 m


Cyclotons marked the PT

Cyclotron Proton Therapy Centers10-11 June 2009 20IFIMED'09 Symposium

Cyclotrons for PT

In the 90’s the consensus was that the best accelerator for PT was a synchrotron However today the majority of the PT centers use the cyclotron technology (IBA, Varian, Still Rivers…)Over these 15 years, users appreciated the advantages of cyclotrons:

Simplicity ReliabilityLower cost and sizeMost importantly the ability to modulate rapidly and accurately the proton beam current

But fixed energy…10-11 June 2009 21IFIMED'09 Symposium

10-11 June 2009

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IFIMED'09 Symposium

Synchrotrons for PT

Slow Cycle SynchrotronVariable energy operationModified Flat-Top operationEasy dose managementRelatively low intensitySome PT centers use the synchrotron technology (Hitachi, Mitsubishi…), but all the IT centers use synchrotronPossibility of PT/IT with the same accelerator


PT/IT centers in Japan based on synchroton

H: HITACHIM: MITSUBISHI


A typical Synchroton PT center

7 m

Courtesy of HITACHI

(Slow Cycle)


PT Centers in Europe

PSI VilligenCPO OrsayPNPI St. PetersburgNCRH KrakowTSL UppsalaINFN-LNS CataniaRPTC MunichWPE Essen Worth mentioning: IFIMED Valencia, ATREP Trento…


The Early years


Proton Facilities

Ion Facilities


Outline


Synchrotrons for IT

Slow Cycle SynchrotronVariable energy operationModified Flat-Top operationEasy dose managementRelatively low intensity All IT centers use the synchrotron technologyPossibility of PT/IT with the same accelerator


A typical Synchrotron IT center

22 m


Courtesy of SIEMENS

IT Centers in Europe

HIT HeilderbergCNAO PaviaMed-AUSTRON VienaETOILE LyonPTC MarburgNRoCK KielWorth mentioning: RPTC-2 Koeln, MAASTRO The Netherlands, BHTC Belgium, Nordic Light Ion Project Sweden…


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IFIMED'09 Symposium

The Early years


Proton Facilities

Ion Facilities


Outline


Cyclotron Alternatives

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IFIMED'09 Symposium


The energy can be varied 1-2 ms in the full range by changing the power pulses sent to the 16-22 accelerating modules

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Carbon Booster for Therapy in Oncology

Cyclinac for Carbon ions

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IFIMED'09 Symposium


10-11 June 2009

45IFIMED'09 Symposium

Synchrotron Alternatives


Alternative AcceleratorsRF Linacs: energy control in the accelerator itself: S-Band:

ACLIP Side Couple LINAC (3GHz, 20 MeV/m, 30 MeV injection Energy, 62 MeV final energy) INFN Catania IDRA project (3 GHz, 30 MeV injection Energy) TERA Foundation/ADAM

X-Band: US High-gradient collaboration (injection energy 70 MeV , 250 MeV final energy) SLAC


Alternative Accelerators

10-11 June 2009

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IFIMED'09 Symposium


Dielectric Wall Accelerators


Thanks for your attention

I acknowdledge: U. Amaldi, T. Haberer, S. Peggs, Y. Jongen, K. Noda, L. Calabretta, V. Vaccaro, A.Sessler, S. Rossi…. for supplying most of the material that I have used for this talk.


present & future of accelerators for hadrontherapy

Documents

based facilities

reliable proton facilities

research facilities

present future of accelerators

lightion therapy

pt centera proton therapy

ion therapysynchroton

use of protons