PRESENT STATUS, PAST and FUTURE PROSPECTS

ofCASTOR

andTECHNIQUES FOR HYBRID SEED

PRODUCTIONSUBMITTED TO :

Dr. Subhash Chander

SUBMITTED BY :Sidhant Chaudhary2011A44BVI

SCIENTIFIC NAME : Ricinus communisFAMILY : EuphorbiaceaeCHROMOSOME NO. : 2n=20

• Non-edible oilseed crop• Inedible due to presence of toxic Ricin.• Oil content = 40-55% i.e. highest

among all oilseed crops• Grown in arid and semi arid regions.

INTRODUCTION

ORIGIN

• According to N.I. Vavilov Absyynian centre is the centre of origin for castor.

• But because of its wide dissemination during ancient times some scientists believe southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and India as its origin centres.

HISTORY• The use of castor bean oil ("eranda") in India

has been documented since 2000 BC in lamps and in local medicine as a laxative, purgative, and cathartic.

• Traditional Ayurvedic medicine considers castor oil the king of medicinals for curing arthritic diseases. It is regularly given to children orally, for de-worming.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

CURRENT STATUSIndia is the leading producer followed by China and Mozambique.India alone meets the 90% world’s requirement for oil.

According to Indian Institute of Oilseed Research, Hyderabad,In india during 2012-13 :• Area under cultivation = 1.3 mha• Production = 2.2 million tonnes• Yield = 1653 kg/haGujarat, rajasthan and Andhra Pradesh are the major castor growing states.

FLORAL BIOLOGY• Monoecious, male flowers 50-70%,

female flowers 30-50%• Inflorescence – Raceme with female on

top and male flowers in basal region.• Dioceious flowers may also be present.• Protogynous situation.• High temp., plant age and short day

length favour maleness, the reverse favours femaleness.• Geitnogamy and allogamy occur

simultaneously.

INFLORESCENCE

FEMALE FLOWER MALE FLOWER

HYBRID SEED PRODUCTIONCommercially hybrid seed production in castor is done by the following techniques :

1. Genetic Male Sterlity (GMS) :• Male Sterlity : characterized by non-functional pollen grains in plant, while

female gametes function normally.• Genetic Male Sterility: pollen sterility, which is caused by nuclear genes, is

termed as genic or genetic male sterility. It is usually governed by a single recessive gene ms .• Arise due to -spontaneous mutation.

-mutagens (ʏ-rays,EMS,Colchicine,ethidium bromide)• This system is being exploited in USA in Castor.

Maintenance of female lineParents ms ms Ms ms

(male sterile) (heterozygous isogenic)

F1 50% Ms ms – rogued out before pollen shedding

(male fertile) 50% ms ms - used as female (male sterile)

Single cross hybrid seedParents ms ms Ms Ms

(male sterile) (male fertile)

F1 Ms ms (male fertile)Used as hybrid seed.

DISADVANTAGE : The female line would contain both male sterile and male fertile plants, the later must be identified and removed before pollen shedding and due to this cost of hybrid seed is higher.

2. Pistillate Mechanism : only in monoecious plants where some mutants produce only pistillate flowers instead of male and female.

a) N Type Pistillate Lines-• Pistillate condition governed by a single recessive gene (n),

produce only pistillate flowers. •Maintained by crossing them with heterozygous monoecious (Nn)• Comaparable to GMS in maintenance and hybrid seed production.

Maintenance of Pistillate line

nn Nn (pistillate line) (heterozygous)

pistillate (nn) : monoecious(Nn) 1 : 1

(used as female) (rogued out)

b) S Pistillate Lines

o Developed in Israel by continued selection for the increased expression of pistillate condition within sex reversal variants.

o sex reversal variants – plants which are pistillate to start with but later turn to monoecy.

o Governed by polygenes.o pistillate plants revert to monoecious state at different stages

of development ,e.g., second order reversion, third order reversion.

o Eg.- The female parent VP1 of castor hybrid GAUCH 1 and Geeta for GCH-5 is based on this mechanism.

• pollinating pistillate plants with such sib plants that have less than 20 % male flowers in their inflorescence.

• In late reversion, primary inflorescence of pistillate plants wither in absence of pollination. Later inflorescences of such plants develop interspersed male flowers (ISP), if ambient temp. is above 35 °C.

The improved S type pistillate lines are, therefore, temp. sensitive. These pistillate lines are pistillate lines are propagated during hot season, above 35°C.

Maintenance of S Pistillate lines :

1st HYBRID IN INDIA• first castor hybrid GCH-3 was developed using S-pistillate condition.

• A 100% pistillate line of castor released in USA in 1962, viz. TSP-10-R (Texas S Pistillate-10), was obtained from Texas in 1965.

• This line was crossed with JI-15 in Gujarat and developed hybrid named Gujarat Castor Hybrid-3(GCH-3).

• PARENTS = TSP-10-R x JI-15

c) NES PISTILLATE LINE :

• temperature sensitive N lines.

• Plants 100% pistillate when the temperature during flowering is below 35°C , but they produce male flowers a well if the temperature is above 35°C .

• These lines are multiplied during hot seasons or at hot places where temperature during flowering is 35°C .

• requires rouging only for off – types, and is the most suited for hybrid seed

production.• e.g. JP65 female parent of hybrid GCH6.

STATES VARIETIES HYBRIDS

Andhra Pradesh DCS-107, 48-1(Jwala), Kranti, Kiran, Harita

GCH-4, DCH-519, DCH-177, PCH-111

Gujarat 48-1, GC-3 GCH-4, GCH-5, GCH-6, GCH-7, DCH-519

Rajasthan DCS-107, 48-1 GCH-4, RHC-1, DCH-177, DCDH-519

Tamil Nadu TMV-5, TMV-6, Co-1, 48-1 GCH-4, DCH-177, DCH-519, YRCH-1

Haryana - CH-1, DCH-177

Others DCS-107, 48-1 GCH- 4, DCH-177, DCH-519

VARITIES AND HYBRIDS

FUTURE NEEDS• High Yield• Exploitation of pollination control mechanism at full scale.• Decreasing Ricin content• Cultivation to new season and environment i.e. Rabi season• Wilt resistance hybrids and varieties• Biotechnological tools to problems of Botrytis, Spodoptera and

Capsule borer etc.• Resistance against several abiotic Stresses.

REFERENCES• Castor in India, Directorate of Oilseed Research, Hyderabad. by D.M. Hegde, M. Sujatha, N.B. Singh• Applied Genetics of Oilseed Crops, T. Ramanathan Daya Publishing House.• Plant Breeding Principles and methods, Singh B.D. Kalyani Publications• General plant Breeding, A.R. Dabholkar.• http://icar-iior.org.in/index.php/pops

THANKS