Present SubjunctiveFormation and use

Latin verbs have 3 moods

Not like these!!! But like these! Indicative

Imperative

Subjunctive

Indicative The indicative

mood is used for facts.

e.g. It is autumn

I am a teacher Caesar was

killed on the Ides of March

Imperatives Are used to

order someone around!!

Jump!!!!

subjunctive The subjunctive

is the mood for wishes, doubts, fears, conditions and other non factual clauses

English subjunctiveEnglish subjunctives often have a word like may, might, should, would, or were.If I were you…but I’m not, Deo gratias!

Latin Subjunctive In Latin, the

indicative has 6 tenses, while the subjunctive has 4 tenses: present, imperfect, perfect and pluperfect.

Present subjunctive For now, we will focus on only the

present subjunctive. First, go to the infinitive and drop

the vowel and the –re amare = am Videre = vid Ducere = duc Capere = cap Audire = aud

She wears a diamond tiara Next add the special

vowels and personal endings

Amem, ames, amet Videas, videas, videat Ducam, ducas, ducat Capiam, capias, capiat Audiam, audias, audiat

Passive To make the

present subjunctive passive, simply use the passive endings:

r, ris, tur, mur, mini, ntur

ametur videatur ducatur capiatur audiatur

Sum The present subjunctive of sum is

irregular and must be memorized, It’s easy.

sim simus sis sitis sit sint

Translation Most often, the subjunctive is used

in subordinate clauses, but there are a few independent uses of the present subjunctive

Hortatory Iussive Deliberative

Hortatory The hortatory

subjunctive occurs only in the 1st person singular and plural

It is translated as “let”, e.g. let me sleep- in Latin , dormiam

Iussive The iussive is

for 3rd person singular and plural. It also means let as in let them eat cake!

Edent laganum

A few more facts…..Interchangeable

Many books and teachers do not differentiate between hortatory and iussive, but use either name for both 1st and 3rd person.

Negative Both hortatory

and iussive form their negative with the word ne.

Let’s not run Ne curramus!

Deliberative Also called "Dubitative," the

Deliberative Subjunctive occurs when the speaker is asking a question of himself and is (or wishes to sound like he is) in doubt over the answer. It always begins with a question word. The negative is formed with "non". What should I do?

Quid faciam?

Further uses….. These are the

most common independent uses of the subjunctive. The subjunctive has 3 more tenses and many more uses, so……………