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InternetworkingBy. Ozmar AzhariCSCO11167205
Jan - 11
INTERNETWORKING SCHEME
OSI REFERENCE MODELCreated by ISO year of 1977Framework for creating and
implementing networking standards, devices, and internetworking schemes
To assist data transfer between disparate hosts (different vendors)
Divided into Upper and Lower Layer
LAYER FUNCTION
TRANSPORT LAYERSegments and reassembles data into data stream
to provide end to end data transport services and establish a logical connection between source and destination
Well known protocol in this layer is TCP and UDPTwo types of transport layer is connection
oriented and connection lessPDU: Segment
CONNECTION ORIENTEDProvide reliable connection between hostsUse 3-way handshake to establish sessionThere are flow control, windowing, and
acknowledge to better provide the connectionTCP is the sample of connection oriented
protocol
NETWORK LAYERNetwork layer provide device addressing, tracking of device
location in the network, determines best path to move data.IP Address is the well-known network layer logical
addressingTwo types of packets at network layer:
Data packet (IP, IPX, Novell, AppleTalk) usually called Routed Protocol
Route update packet (RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, ISIS, BGP) usually called Routing Protocol
PDU: Packet
DATA LINK LAYERProvide physical transmission of the data and
handles error detection and flow control.This layer will ensure messages are delivered to
the proper device on LAN using hardware addressTwo pars of Data Link are:
LLCMAC
PDU: Frame
PHYSICAL LAYER
Specify electrical, mechanical, procedural,
and functional requirements for activating,
maintaining, and deactivating a physical link
between end systems.
PDU: Byte/Bits
TCP/IP DOD STACKDoD model is the condensed version of the OSI
Model, composed of four layers:Process/Application LayerHost-to-Host LayerInternet LayerNetwork Access layer
Worldwide internet is built based on this DoD Stack
DATA ENCAPSULATIONData to be delivered through network will be encapsulated as the data goes down the layer:1. User information is converted to data for transmission on the
network2. Data is converted into segments and a reliable connection is
establish between source and destination hosts3. Segments are converted to packets, and logical address is placed in
the header so each packet can be routed through an internetwork4. Packets are converted to frames for transmission on the network.
Hardware address are used to uniquely identify host on local network segments
5. Frame are converted into bits, and digital encoding and clocking scheme are used.
INTERNETWORKING COMPONENT
• Hub
• Switch
• Router
HUBDevice for connecting multiple devices
(usually computer) together and making them act as a single network segment
Works at OSI Layer 1Obsolete and not recommended to be used in
large networkDumb Terminal and only broadcast every
packet its received
SWITCHCentral part of LAN NetworkIntelligent device with switching capabilityStored switching information in CAM TableNot able to break broadcast domain (except
using VLAN)Do not forward packet to other networkWork at OSI Layer 2
ROUTERUse to connect networks together and router
packets from one network to another Break broadcast domainUse routing protocol to build routing table to
make path selectionWorks in OSI Layer 3
COLLISION & BROADCAST DOMAINCollision domain is a scenario where in only
one particular device can send a packet on a network segment, if there are two devices send packets in the same time there will be a collision
Broadcast domain is a domain where a broadcast packet will be send to every devices sit in the same domain
COLLISION & BROADCAST DOMAINHub has 1 collision domain and 1 broadcast
domainSwitch have many collision domain (depends
on number of ports) and 1 Broadcast domainRouter have many collision domain (depends
on number of ports) and many broadcast domain (depends on number of ports)
INTRODUCTION TO ETHERNETIs a contention media access method that
allows all host on a network to share the same bandwith of a link, usually called broadcast media.
Has a collision prevention method called Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).
HALF AND FULL-DUPLEX ETHERNET Ethernet can have two mode of operation:
Half-duplex Uses only one wire pair with a digital signal running in both
directions of the wire Hub must use half-duplex so that end user is able to detect
collision Bandwidth can not be use to the maximum, usually only 30-40% of
the link bandwidth
Full-duplexUses two pairs of wires instead of one pair.No collisions will occurFaster data transfer rate (eg. 10Mbps link will get 20Mbps rate)
ETHERNET CABLINGTypes of ethernet cabling are:
Straight-Through CablingCrossover cablingRolled over Cabling
STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLINGUse to Connect:
Host to Switch or HubRouter to Switch or hub
CROSS OVER CABLINGUse to Connect
Switch to SwitchHub to HubHost to HostHub To Switch Router to host
ROLLED OVER CABLINGUse to connect to router or switch for
management purposes
OPTICAL ETHERNETDivided into two type:
Multimode (MMF)Wavelength: 850nmDistance: up to 550mNickname : S or SX (usually being called “short”)
Singlemode (SMF)Wavelength: 1310-1550nmDistance: 10km (1310nm) up to 70km (1550nm)Code: L/LX/LH for 1310nm (usually called “long”)and Z/ZX for1550nm (usually called “extended long”)
REVIEW QUESTIONSAt which layer is routing occurs in TCP/IP stack?Which OSI layer can determine the availability of
the receiving program and check whether there are enough resources for that communication?
What Is CSMA/CD?Different between Half and Full Duplex?
Oct-10
THANK YOU