Light Duty Gasoline- Truck, SUV, MinivanLight Duty GasolineHeavy Duty Gasoline VehicleHeavy Duty Diesel VehicleOther Gas

2%

14%

30%

44%

10%

40%Respiratory problems

10%

9%

7%

4%

4%

4%

2%

34%

36%

SAN DIEGO

KERN

FREZNO

VENTURA

RIVERSIDE

SAN BERNARDINO

ORANGE

LOS ANGELES

THE REST OF THE 50 COUNTIES IN CALIFORNIACost of five health impacts attributes to smog pollution tops $521 millionper year.

Which countiespays most ?How can we reduce the impact of air pollution?

48 lb

1 YEAR

CLEANS

1 DAY 100 TREES

13 lb

AIR TOXIC EMISSIONS

AIR MAPPINGPOLLUTION

EVERY 17 CARS

THE 101 FREEWAY IS ONE OF THE BUSIEST FREEWAYS IN THE STATEON PEAK HOUR (4PM-5PM) 16,000 CARS DRIVE BY HOLLYWOOD

40% of children in Los Angeles suffers from Respiratory complications and 6% from Astma

CLEANS

MAPPING -AIR POLLUTIONMORDECHAY BUSKILAPROF. KEIJI UESUGILA303/L SPRING 2011

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CASE STUDYGREENHOUSE GAS EFFECT VISUALS NATURAL AND HUMAN

Any of the atmospheric gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared ra-diation produced by solar warming of the Earth’s surface. They include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NO2), and water vapor. Although greenhouse gases occur natu-rally in the atmosphere, the elevated levels es-pecially of carbon dioxide and methane that have been observed in recent decades are directly re-lated, at least in part, to human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and the deforesta-tion of tropical forests.

What Are Greenhouse Gases?

Many chemical compounds found in the Earth’s atmosphere act as “greenhouse gases.” These gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely. When sunlight strikes the Earth’s surface, some of it is re-radiated back towards space as infrared radiation (heat). Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heat in the atmosphere. Many gases exhibit these “greenhouse” properties. Some of them occur in nature (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide), while others are exclusively human made (certain industrial gases). Over time, if atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases remain relatively stable, the amount of energy sent from the sun to the Earth’s surface should be about the same as the amount of energy radiated back into space, leaving the temperature of the Earth’s surface roughly constant.

Why Are Atmospheric Levels Increasing?

Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about 25 percent since large-scale industrialization began around 150 years ago (Figure 1). During the past 20 years, about three-quarters of anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions came from the burning of fossil fuels.

Figure 1.Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon

Dioxide Concentrations (1751-2004)

Concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmos-phere are naturally regulated by numerous processes collectively known as the “carbon

cycle” (Figure 2). The movement (“fl ux”) of carbon between the atmosphere and the land and oceans is dominated by natural processes, such as plant photosynthesis. While these natural processes can absorb some of the net 6.2 billion metric tons (7.2 billion metric tons less 1 billion metric tons of sinks) of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions produced each year (measured in carbon equivalent terms), an estimated 4.1 billion metric tons are added to the atmosphere annually. This positive imbalance between greenhouse gas emissions and absorption results in the con-tinuing increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.

What Effect Do Greenhouse Gases Have on Climate Change?

In computer-based models, rising concentrations of greenhouse gases produce an increase in the average surface temperature of the Earth over time. Rising temperatures may, in turn, produce changes in precipitation patterns, storm severity, and sea level commonly referred to as “climate change.”

Assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggest that the Earth’s

climate has warmed between 0.6 and 0.9 degrees Celsius over the past century and that human activity affecting the atmosphere is “very likely” an important driving factor.1 The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (Summary for Policymakers) states, “Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.” It goes on to state, “The observed widespread warming of the atmosphere and ocean, together with ice mass loss, support the conclusion that it is extremely unlikely that global climate change of the past 50 years can be explained without external forcing, and very likely that it is not due to known natural causes alone.”1 According to the IPCC “very likely” indicates that there is a 90 percent chance that this is the case.

What Are the Sources of Greenhouse Gases?

In the United States, greenhouse gas emissions come primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels in energy use. Energy use is largely driven by economic growth with short-term fl uctuations in its growth rate created by weather patterns affecting heating and cooling needs, as well as

changes in the fuel used in electricity generation. Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, re-sulting from the combustion of petroleum, coal, and natural gas, represented 82 percent of total U.S. anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2006 (Figure 32). The connection between energy use and carbon dioxide emissions is explored in the box on the reverse side (Figure 4). 2Values expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) are calculated based on their global warming potential (GWP). GWP is the ratio of the warming that would result from the emission of one kilogram of a greenhouse gas to that from the emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide over a fi xed period of time such as 100 years.

Another greenhouse gas, methane, comes from landfi lls, coal mines, oil and natural gas operations, and agriculture; it represented 9 percent of total emissions. Nitrous oxide (5 percent of total emissions), is emitted through the use of nitrogen fertilizers, from burning fossil fuels and from certain industrial and waste management processes. Several human-made gases, hydrofl uorocarbons (HFCs), perfl uorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafl uoride (SF6), that are released as bypro-ducts of industrial processes and through leakage, represented 2 percent of total emissions.

Figure 3. U.S. Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emis- sions by Gas, 2006 (Million Metric Tons of CarbonDioxide Equivalent)

What is the Prospect for Future Emissions?

World carbon dioxide emissions are expected to increase by 1.8 percent annually between 2004 and 2030 (Figure 5). Much of the increase in these emissions is expected to occur in the developing world where emerging economies, such as China and India, fuel economic develop-ment with fossil energy. Emissions from the

Figure 2. Global Carbon Cycle (Billion Metric Tons Carbon)

WHAT IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT?

DISTRIBUTION OF GAS BY SECTOR

RIVERSIDECOUNTY

PAGE1GREENHOUSEGASEMISSIONSCASESTUDYMORDECHAYBUSKILASANGIKCHO

TIMOKUECHLECAROLINENAJARIAN

PROF.ANGIESONGCALPOLYPOMONAWINTER2011

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), solid waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result of other chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement). Carbon di-oxide is also removed from the atmosphere (or “sequestered”) when it is absorbed by plants as part of the biological carbon cycle.

METHANE (CH4): Methane is emitted dur-ing the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and other agricul-tural practices and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste land fills.

NITROUS OXIDE (N2O): Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricultural and indus-trial activities, as well as during com-bustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.

The Ener-gy EfficientConservationBlock Grants( E E C B G )Program fo-cuses onp r o j e c t sthat deliver

lastingfinancialbenefitstoCaliforniaconsum-ersandtheeconomythroughenergyefficiency

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CASE STUDYWHAT IS THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT?

CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas, and coal), sol-id waste, trees and wood products, and also as a result of oth-er chemical reactions (e.g., manufacture of cement). Carbon di-oxide is also removed from the atmosphere (or “sequestered”) when it is absorbed by plants as part of the biological carbon cycle.

METHANE (CH4): Methane is emit-ted during the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. Methane emissions also result from livestock and oth-er agricultural practices and by the decay of organic waste in municipal solid waste land fills.

NITROUS OXIDE (N2O): Nitrous oxide is emitted during agricul-tural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.

Any of the atmospheric gases that contribute to the greenhouse ef-fect by absorbing infrared radia-tion produced by solar warming of the Earth’s surface. They include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (NO2), and water vapor. Although green-house gases occur naturally in the atmosphere, the elevated levels especially of carbon diox-ide and methane that have been observed in recent decades are directly related, at least in part, to human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and the de-

forestation of tropical forests.

What Are Greenhouse Gases?

Many chemical compounds found in the Earth’s atmosphere act as “greenhouse gases.” These gases allow sunlight to enter the atmosphere freely. When sunlight strikes the Earth’s surface, some of it is re-radiated back towards space as infrared radiation (heat). Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heat in the atmosphere. Many gases exhibit these “greenhouse” properties. Some of them occur in nature (water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide), while others are exclusively human made (certain industrial gases). Over time, if atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases remain relatively stable, the amount of energy sent from the sun to the Earth’s surface should be about the same as the amount of energy radiated back into space, leaving the temperature of the Earth’s surface roughly constant.

Why Are Atmospheric Levels Increasing?

Levels of several important greenhouse gases have increased by about 25 percent since large-scale industrialization began around 150 years ago (Figure 1). During the past 20 years, about three-quarters of anthropogenic (human-caused) emissions came from the burning of fossil fuels.

Figure 1.Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Carbon

Dioxide Concentrations (1751-2004)

Concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmos-phere are naturally regulated by numerous processes collectively known as the “carbon

cycle” (Figure 2). The movement (“fl ux”) of carbon between the atmosphere and the land and oceans is dominated by natural processes, such as plant photosynthesis. While these natural processes can absorb some of the net 6.2 billion metric tons (7.2 billion metric tons less 1 billion metric tons of sinks) of anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions produced each year (measured in carbon equivalent terms), an estimated 4.1 billion metric tons are added to the atmosphere annually. This positive imbalance between greenhouse gas emissions and absorption results in the con-tinuing increase in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases.

What Effect Do Greenhouse Gases Have on Climate Change?

In computer-based models, rising concentrations of greenhouse gases produce an increase in the average surface temperature of the Earth over time. Rising temperatures may, in turn, produce changes in precipitation patterns, storm severity, and sea level commonly referred to as “climate change.”

Assessments by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) suggest that the Earth’s

climate has warmed between 0.6 and 0.9 degrees Celsius over the past century and that human activity affecting the atmosphere is “very likely” an important driving factor.1 The IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report (Summary for Policymakers) states, “Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.” It goes on to state, “The observed widespread warming of the atmosphere and ocean, together with ice mass loss, support the conclusion that it is extremely unlikely that global climate change of the past 50 years can be explained without external forcing, and very likely that it is not due to known natural causes alone.”1 According to the IPCC “very likely” indicates that there is a 90 percent chance that this is the case.

What Are the Sources of Greenhouse Gases?

In the United States, greenhouse gas emissions come primarily from the combustion of fossil fuels in energy use. Energy use is largely driven by economic growth with short-term fl uctuations in its growth rate created by weather patterns affecting heating and cooling needs, as well as

changes in the fuel used in electricity generation. Energy-related carbon dioxide emissions, re-sulting from the combustion of petroleum, coal, and natural gas, represented 82 percent of total U.S. anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in 2006 (Figure 32). The connection between energy use and carbon dioxide emissions is explored in the box on the reverse side (Figure 4). 2Values expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents (CO2e) are calculated based on their global warming potential (GWP). GWP is the ratio of the warming that would result from the emission of one kilogram of a greenhouse gas to that from the emission of one kilogram of carbon dioxide over a fi xed period of time such as 100 years.

Another greenhouse gas, methane, comes from landfi lls, coal mines, oil and natural gas operations, and agriculture; it represented 9 percent of total emissions. Nitrous oxide (5 percent of total emissions), is emitted through the use of nitrogen fertilizers, from burning fossil fuels and from certain industrial and waste management processes. Several human-made gases, hydrofl uorocarbons (HFCs), perfl uorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur hexafl uoride (SF6), that are released as bypro-ducts of industrial processes and through leakage, represented 2 percent of total emissions.

Figure 3. U.S. Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emis- sions by Gas, 2006 (Million Metric Tons of CarbonDioxide Equivalent)

What is the Prospect for Future Emissions?

World carbon dioxide emissions are expected to increase by 1.8 percent annually between 2004 and 2030 (Figure 5). Much of the increase in these emissions is expected to occur in the developing world where emerging economies, such as China and India, fuel economic develop-ment with fossil energy. Emissions from the

Figure 2. Global Carbon Cycle (Billion Metric Tons Carbon)

DISTRIBUTION OF GAS BY SECTOR

GLOBAL WARMING WILD LIFE AND HUMAN IMPACT

• Global warming is increase in the average temperature of Earth’s near-surface air and oceans.• Since the mid-20th century it has projected continuation• It has been caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases, which result from human activity, such as burning of the fossil fuel, and deforestation.• Research indicates that the global surface temperature is likely to rise 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) during the 21st century.• Earth has experienced climate change in the past without help from humanity; however the current climatic warming is ocur ring much faster than past events.

RISE OF SEA LEVELS RISE OF TEMPERATURE EXTINCTION OF SPECIES

• Rise of sea levels is due to melting of glaciers and ice sheets which are the world’s largest fresh water reservoirs (~75%).• During the 20th century, sea level rose about 15-20 cm. • As glaciers melt, release fresh water into the ocean, affecting deep ocean currents, salinity level, temperature, & circulation.• Global warming is shifting precipitation patterns, also increas ing evaporation rates, causing droughts more frequently and more severely, with devastating consequences for agriculture, water supply and human health. • Lands affected by drought are more vulnerable to flooding once rain falls.

• By 2050, rising temperatures could send more than a million of Earth’s land-dwelling plants and animals to extinction.• 100 to 200 cold-dependent animal species such as penguins, and polar bears are in danger of extinction. • Two thirds of arctic polar bears will disappear by 2050.• Antarctica is becoming too hot for penguins, and half of the population has been depleted in the last 50 years.• At least 70 species of frogs, mostly mountain-dwellers that had nowhere to escape from heat, have gone extinct.• Ocean temperature has raised considerably, and experts say many of the rare and wonderful species will go extinct.

PAGE 1GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CASE STUDYMORDECHAY BUSKILA SANG IKCHO

TIMO KUECHLE CAROLINE NAJARIAN

PROF. ANGIE SONGCAL POLY POMONAWINTER 2011

SOLUTIONS / REMEDIATIONS INDUSTRIAL AND GLOBAL EFFORT

BIOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION METHODS• Afforestration-Plantingtreesonlandpreviouslyusedforotherpurposes• Reforestration-Plantingtreesonlandrecentlydevotedtoforestry(suchasseverelyburnedland)

• Increasing all nations’s reliance on renewable or alternative sources of energy.

• Using energy more efficiently.• Reducing emissions of greenhouse

gases.• Reducing the use of fossil fuels• Proper waste management• Carbon Sequestration

TheillustrationsoftheCarbonandtheNitrogenCycleAdoptedbyU.S.EPA

Carbon dioxide cap-ture and storage (CCS) involves cap-turing CO2 emit-ted by power plants and large-scale in-dustrial facilities and storing it in un-derground reser-voirs or possibly in the oceans. The unVattenfallCCSfacilityinScwarzepumpeGermany

CARBON SEQUESTRATION The process of removing carbon, in the form of Carbon dioxide (CO2), either from the atmosphere or at the tail end of combustion and industrial process.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is naturally occuring gas which is essential for plant photosynthesis and respira-tion. However, industrialization in-creased CO2 emission and decreased carbon sequestration capacity by clearing forests and burning fossil fuels more rapidly than the carbon can be sequestered. The excessive atmospheric CO2 concentration con-tributes to global warming. As the largest source of greenhouse gas emission, CO2 account for over 80% of all greenhouse gas emissions.

Biological sequestration method increases carbon sequestration capacity through restoration of veg-etation and soil. It also in-volves using and managing land in a ways that enhance the natural absorption of atmospheric carbon by vegetation and soil. Plants

Aforestation

derground reservoirs include geologic formations such as oil or natural gas fields, coal seams that can not be mined economically, or deep saline formations. Stor-ing in the deep ocean is another possible method. However, that option raises significant ecological con-cerns and, therefore, it has to be further researched and proven to be sustainable solution.

POSTCOMBUSTION CAPTURE In precombus-tion capture, natural gas, ox-ygen, and some-times stream are used to produce CO2 and hydro-gen. Although the

• P o s t c o m b u s t i o n C a p t u r ePlant operator cool flue gases, treat them for contamenants, and pass them through reusable chemical solvents that trap CO2. Heat is then used to extract the CO2. Suitable solution for conven-tional coal-fired electricity generators in the U.S

process usually employs natural gas, it can be. apply to any gasified fossil fuels or to biomass. This method is a less energy-intensive and re-quires less equipments compare to postcom-bustion method. Suitable solution for integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) power plants

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES

AdoptedbyU.S.EPA

CARBON SEQUESTRATION METHODSCarbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) Biological Sequestration Postcombustion capture

and soils absorbs and releases carbon through various natural processes. For example, plants take in atmospheric CO2 photosyn-thesis and incorporate it into their biomass as carbon. When plants die and decay, some of the carb on is released into the atmos-phere and some is deposited in thesoil as organic carbon. Soil microorganisms transform decom-posing vegetation into inorganic compounds, which may be absorbed by new vegetation or returned to the atmosphere.

CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE

Why carbon has to be sequesterd?

PAGE 2GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CASE STUDYMORDECHAY BUSKILA SANG IKCHO

TIMO KUECHLE CAROLINE NAJARIAN

PROF. ANGIE SONGCAL POLY POMONAWINTER 2011

Carbon dioxide emis-sions can be stored un-derground in geologic for-mations, such as deep saline formations, oil and gas fields, and coal beds

Ways to prevent Greenhouse effect

AlternativeEnergySources

Cropland that’s left unplowed between harvests releases signifi-cantly smaller amounts of a potent greenhouse gas than con-ventionally plowed fields. No-till farming can combat glob-al warming and slows the breakdown of fertilizers in the soil. Nitrogen-based fertilizers is used to promote plant growth.

The wind turbine converts the kinetic energy from wind into mechamical energy.

Nuclear power is generated using Ura-nium How it works:Nuclear fission of uranium, Heat water to make steam,the steam turns generator Electrical power

A dam is built to trap water, Water is al-lowed to flow through tun-nels in the dam, to turn turbines and thus drive g e n e r a t o r s .

Hydropower converts the energy of tides into electricity. Tides are more predictable than wind energy and solar power.

TidalEnergy

SOLUTIONS / REMEDIATIONS COMMERCIAL AND PERSONAL

Solar cells con-vert the en-ery of sunlight into electric-ity by a photo-voltaic effect.

Solarsystem

Windturbines

Gravitationalandhydroelectric

IllustrationsadaptedfromIPCC(IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange)

Methods of ocean Storage

that cannot be mined economically because of their depth or the thickness of the seam.

Deep oceans are also con-sidered as possible stor-ages but using them is still controvercial because of unproven ecological se-quences in the long run.

Hydrogen is produced by splitting water molecules into ox-ygen and hydrogen. Techniques are used: Thermochem-ical Hydrogen, Electrolytic Hydrogen,Electrochemical Photolytic Hydrog. Biological Photolytic Hydrogen.

Geothermal heat pumps use the Earth’s constant temperatures to heat and cool buildings. They transfer heat from the ground (or water) into buildings in winter and reverse the process in the summer.

No-tillorlowtillfarmingreducesgreenhousegas

Carpool to work. This is a simple way to minimize the amount of carbon dioxide.

Plant trees. Trees produce oxygen while getting rid of carbon dioxide.

Lower your power bills. Electricity comes from sources like coal and oil, which put more greenhouse gases into the air.

Eat and plant locally. A lot of energy is used to transport food long distances.

Make your house more energy-efficient. Insu late it properly

Reduce and recycle. Recycle all paper, plastic, glass and aluminum cans.

Be energy-conscious about transportation. Walk, ride a bike, carpool or take the bus instead of driving.

Stop wasteful buying. If you don’t need or truly want something, don’t buy it. It’s going to end up in the garbage.

Turn off the lights when leaving the room.

Choose natural gas over coal and oil

Get a hybrid vehicle

Fuelcell2H2+O2→2H2O+HighEnergy

HydrogenProductionandUsage

•Reducingoreliminatingtillage-“No-tillagepractice”•Alteringthemixofcrop-Useofcovercropsuchashay.•Grazingmanagementonrangelandandpasture.

•Sustainable•Lessexpensivecom-paretoCCSmethod

•Canbeeasilyreversiblebycommonnaturaldisturbances,suchasfires,orbychangesinlanduseandman-agement.

•Thelong-termstoragepotentialislimitedbycharacteristicssuchaslo-cation,climate,soiltype,andplantspecies.

STORAGE WAYS TO PREVENT GREENHOUSE EFFECT - HUMAN SCALE

AGRICULTURAL LAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICE

Pros Cons

GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS CASE STUDYMORDECHAY BUSKILA SANG IKCHO TIMO KUECHLE CAROLINE NAJARIAN

PROF. ANGIE SONGCAL POLY POMONAWINTER 2011

PAGE 3

Gravitationalandhydroelectric

7 MILLION CIGARRETE BUTTS PER YEARPLASTIC BAGS ARE THE 2ND MOST COMMON WASTE FOUND

28 BILLION PLASTIC BOTTLES ARE THROWN EVERY YEAR

OVER 260 MARINE ANIMALS SPECIES ARE AFFECTED BY WASTE AND DEBRIS

COLLECTION OF WATER STOP THE WASTE OF WATER AND CARRYING OF WASTE TO THE OCEAN

IMPROVE RECYCLING SERVICE AND STOP POL-LUTION OF THE OCEAN

DISCOURAGE SMOKING

THE LOS ANGELES RIVER CARRIE S 90% OF THE STORM WATER BY THE TIME IT GETS TO THE OCEAN THE WATER ARE POLLUTED. THERE ARE MANY PROGRAMS TO CHANGE THAT AND LOS ANGELES IS MOVING FORWARD AND GOING GREEN!!!

MILLIONS OF MARINE ANIMALS DIE EVERY YEAR FROM WATER CONTAMINATION

WATER TREATMENT FACILITIES IN LA COUNTY

WATER POLLUTIONMORDECHAY BUSKILAPROF. KEIJI UESUGILA303/L SPRING 2011