presentation biogr

8/18/2019 Presentation BIOGR

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BIODEGRADATION

USING MICROBES

Dr.T.V.Poonguzhali

Departent o! Botan"

#ueen Mar"$% College&Chennai'(


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INTRODUCTION

•Biodegradation is the process by which organic

substances are broken down by the enzymes producedby living organisms.

• The term is often used in relation to ecology,waste management and environmental remediation (

bioremediation).•Organic material can be degraded aerobically, with oxyge, or anaerobically, without oxygen.• term related to biodegradation is biomineralisation, inwhich organic matter is converted into minerals.

•!iosurfactant, an extracellular surfactant secreted by

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_remediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobicallyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosurfactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosurfactanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralisationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobicallyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioremediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_remediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decompositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compound


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•!iodegradable matter is generally organic material suchas plant and animal matter and other substancesoriginating from living organisms, or arti"cial materials

that are similar enough to plant and animal matter to beput to use by microorganisms.•#ome microorganisms have the astonishing, naturallyoccurring, microbial catabolic diversity to degrade,

transform or accumulate a huge range of compoundsincluding hydrocarbons (e.g. oil),polychlorinated biphenyls ($%!s), polyaromatic hydrocarbons ($&s), pharmaceutical substances,radionuclides and metals.•'aor methodological breakthroughs inmicrobial biodegradation have enabled detailed genomic,,bioinformatic and other highthroughput analyses ofenvironmentally relevant microorganisms providing

unprecedented insights into key biodegradative pathways

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenylshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaromatic_hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaromatic_hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_biodegradationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionuclidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaromatic_hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyaromatic_hydrocarbonshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenylshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganisms


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•!iodegradable waste in land"ll degrades in theabsence of oxygen through the process ofanaerobic digestion. The byproducts of this

anaerobic biodegradation are biogas and ligninand cellulose "bres which cannot be broken downby anaerobes (anaerobic microbes)

•!iogas contains methane which hasapproximately *+ times the global warmingpotential of carbon dioxide. n modern land"llsthis biogas can be collected and used forpower generation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_wastehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landfillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_waste


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Methods of measuring biodegradation• The activity of aerobic microbes can bemeasured by the amount of oxygen they

consume or the amount of carbon dioxide theyproduce.• !iodegradation can be measured by anaerobicmicrobes and the amount of methane or alloy

that they may be able to produce.Plastics•!iodegradable plastics made with plastarch material ($#'), and polylactide ($-) willcompost in an industrial compost facility.• There are other plastic materials that claimbiodegradability, but are more often (and possibly

more accurately) described as degradable or oxide radable/ t is claimed that this rocess causes

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastarch_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastarch_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylactidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polylactidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastarch_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastarch_materialhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic


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The following table should be read with the above comments in mind, andcare should be taken before accepting claims of biodegradability in view ofthe (dubious) claims being made.!anana peel, * 0 +1 days

Orange peels, + month#ugarcane $ulp $roducts, + * months%otton rags, + 0 2 months$aper, * 0 2 months3ope, 4 0 +5 months6ool socks, + 0 2 years

%igarette "lters, + 0 +* years Tetrapaks (plastic composite milk cartons), 2 years$lastic bags, +1 0 *1 years7iapers +1 0 *1 years-eather shoes, *2 0 51 years8ylon fabric, 41 0 51 years

Tin cans 21 +11 yearsluminum cans *11 211 years$lastic !ottles 91 521 years$lastic sixpack holder rings, 521 years#tyrofoam cup, nonbiodegradeable!iodegradable $lastic !ags, 92 days

!iodegradable $aper %ups, 92 days

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)http://www.bioware.co.th/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra_Pakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_baghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_canhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum_canhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_packhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrofoamhttp://www.kaysons.in/articles/bio.htmhttp://www.kaysons.in/articles/bio.htmhttp://www.kaysons.in/articles/bio.htmhttp://www.kaysons.in/articles/bio.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Styrofoamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_packhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_Bottlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminum_canhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_canhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nylonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leatherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_baghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra_Pakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarette_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cigarettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cottonhttp://www.bioware.co.th/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_(fruit)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana


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)

iore e*iation +an ,e *e!ine* a% an"

pro+e%% that u%e% i+roorgani%%& !ungi

& green plant% or their enz"e% to return

the natural en-ironent altere* ,"+ontainant% to it% original +on*ition.

Bioree*iation a" ,e eplo"e* to

atta+ %pe+i!i+ %oil +ontainant%& %u+h

a% *egra*ation o! +hlorinate*

h"*ro+ar,on% ," ,a+teria. An e/aple o!

a ore general approa+h i% the +leanup

o! oil %pill% ," the a**ition o! nitrate an*0or %ul!ate !ertili%er% to !a+ilitate the

*e+opo%ition o! +ru*e oil ,"

in*igenou% or e/ogenou% ,a+teria.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoremediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contaminanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertiliserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertiliserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_spillhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_contaminanthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoremediationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism


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Pro+e%% Rea+tion

Re*o/

potential 2Eh in

V3

aero,i+4O5 6 (e

7 6 (86

9 585O:;; < (;;

anaero,i+4

*enitri!i+ation

5NO=7 6 >;e7 6

>586 9 N5 6

:85O

?;; < 5;;

angane%e

IV re*u+tion

MnO5 6 5e7 6

(86 9 Mn56 6

585O

(;; < 5;;

iron III @e2O83= 6 e7

6=86 9 @e56 6 =;; < >;;

The process of bioremediation can be monitored indirectly by measuring the

Oxidation Reduction Potential or redox in soil and groundwater, together with

pH, temperature, oxygen content, electron acceptor/donor concentrations,

and concentration of breakdown products (e.g. carbon dioxide). This table

shows the (decreasing) biological breakdown rate as function of the redox

potential.

This, by itself and at a single site, gies little information about the process of

remediation.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denitrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denitrificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt


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ADVANTAGES OF BIODEGRADATION• This technology is likely to be very important in remediating theenvironment of toxic substances and reducing health risks for populations

that live around hazardous waste sites,: according to 8; director


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DA AE


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dding oxygen to ground water contaminated by gasoline spills or leakingunderground storage tanks is a common approach for site remediation. #incethe late +=>1s, it has been known that adding oxygen to contaminant plumespromotes the aerobic biodegradation of petroleum contaminants such asgasoline. On the other hand, the addition of oxygen to anoxic ground waterdoes not always result in increased aerobic biodegradation.


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T&8


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