presentation by john bosco baguri sumani uds wa campus
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Presentation by John Bosco Baguri Sumani UDS Wa Campus. During the a GGA/GGTA Conference at KNUST from 1-4 th August, 2012. Presentation Outline. Introduction Brief Literature Review Problem statement Study objectives Study area and methodology Results Conclusion and Recommendations - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Presentation by John Bosco Baguri Sumani
UDSWa Campus
During the a GGA/GGTA Conference at KNUST from 1-4th August, 2012
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Presentation Outline
IntroductionBrief Literature ReviewProblem statementStudy objectivesStudy area and methodologyResults Conclusion and RecommendationsReferences
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Introduction
Successive gov’ts have initiated policies, programs, plans and initiatives to manage out-migration since independence
Literature surveyed revealed that out-migration has been increasing in the Upper West Region
Factors accounting for migration is a subject of debate (Suhrke, 1993, Akokpari, 1998; Perch-Nielson, 2004; Mcleman and Smit, 2006)
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Brief Literature survey
• Migration as a developmental challenge (Davidson et al (2003 and Mcleman and Smit, 2006)
• No agreement on causes of migration (suhrke, 1993 ; Akokpari, 1998 and Perch-Nielson, 2004)
• Neo-classical views dominate (Massey, 1993)• Environmental degradation is often mentioned as
physical factors (Suhrke, 1993; Bilsboro, 1991)• Climate is hardly mentioned or only mentioned
tangentially (Perch-Nielsen, 2004)• Hence the design of this
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Problem statementNadowli District has been experiencing out-
migration since its creationsReasons for migration:EconomicSocio- culturalPopulation pressureConflicts/warsEnvironmental conditions hardly mentionedEnvironment-migration relations at the general
level without disaggregating the various factors
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• However, climatic variables are indispensable resources for agric productivity and production
Climate variability/change has been blame elsewhere for migration (Adelekan and Afolayan, 1999; Magadza,2000; Meze-Hausken, 2000 and Mcleman and Smit,2006)
• Hence, this study was designed to determine the influence of climate variability on human migration
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Study objectives
• Main objectivei. To find out the influence of climate variability
on human migration in Nadowli District• Specific objectives:i. Climatic (key variables) trends over the yearsii. Causes of migration
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iii The relationships between climatic trends and migration
iv The relationship between migration and sexv The relationship between migration and age,
and finallyvi The socio-economic effects of out-migration
on the source region
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Study Approach and Methodology
• The study area is Nadowli District• Data sourcesi. Primaryii. Secondary• Sampling techniquesNon-Probabilityi. Purposive ( GMA and Returned migrants)
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• Probability samplingi. Cluster sampling (3 clusters)ii. Western- Sankana & Charikpong; Central- Duong
& Daffiamah and Eastern- Naro & Fian iii.Systematic sampling (25hh in each c’ty)- sample
size of 150• Data collection instruments:i. Questionnaire administrationii. Face –to- interviews iii.FGD
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Conceptual Framework
• Climate and migration variables are difficult to bring under 1 framework (Perch-Nielson ,2004 and Mcleman and Smit, 2006)
• This study modified Mcleman and Smit (2006) model with ideas from Meze-Hausken (2000) and Perch-Nielson (2004)
• According to Mcleman and Smit, V=f(Eslit +ACslit)
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Conceptual framework in response to climate variability
Causes of migration
Economic Socio-cultural Environmental Population Conflict/wars
Climate variability Climatic conditions
Agric performance
Hsehold decisionCan cope?
Yes, no migration No, Out-migration
Perceived favourable destination Seasonal Permanent
Modified C’ties:.Previous membersReturn migrants
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Results
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Community Description of Temperature
Temperature
Pre-2000 Post-2000 Future
Description Frequency (%) Frequency (%) Frequency Percentage
cool 130 87 0 0 0 0
warm 18 12 150 100 99 66
Don't know 2 1 0 0 51 34
Total 150 100 150 100 150 100
Source: Field notes. 2011
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Rain Days
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Community description of rainfall
Table 4.11: Community description of rainfall
Rainfall
Pre-2000 period Post-2000 period
Description Frequency Percent (%) Frequency Percentage (%)
Adequate 139 97 2 1
Inadequate 11 3 148 99
Don't know 0 0 0 0
Total 150 100 150 100
Source: Field notes, 2011
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Causes of migration
%
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Destination of migrants
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Duration of migrants?
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Sex of migrants
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Socio-economic effect of migration
Consequence Frequency Percentage (%)
Beneficial 131 87
Negative 9 6
Neutral 10 7
Total 150 100
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Conclusion
• Over 90% of the people of the study area are peasant farmers and therefore climate-dependent
• Climate variability is the major cause of out-migration in the Nadowli District
• Out-migration is the last resort • There is an inverse relationship between MAR
and MAT
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• Climate- induced migration is affects men decision to migrate than women
• There is an emerging pattern and trend of migration (destination and duration)
• Out-migration is generally beneficial with minor negative consequences
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Recommedations
1. Vigorous public education on adaptation and mitigation strategies
2. Construction of irrigation dams/dug outs3. Provision of improved seeds and crop varieties4. Provision of micro-credits to peasant farmers,
especially women5. Cultivation of non-traditional crops and
livestock rearing
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6. Improved climate prediction and weather forecasting
7. Formulation and implementation of migration policy
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References
• Abdul-Korah, G.B. (2007). ‘Where is not home?’: Dagaaba migrants in the Brong Ahafo Region, 1980 to the present. African Affairs, 106, 71-94.
• Adelekan, I. O. & Afolayan, A. (1999). The role of climatic variations on migration and human health in Africa. The Environmentalist, 18(4), 213-218.
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• Adiku, S. G. K., Dayananda, P. W. A., Rose, C. W. & Dowuona, G. N. N. (1997). An analysis of the within-season rainfall characteristics and simulation of the daily rainfall in two savanna zones in Ghana. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 86, 51-62.
• Akokpari, J. K., (1998). The State, refugees and migration in Sub-Saharan Africa. International migration, 36, 211-234.
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• McLeman, R. and Smit, B. (2006). Migration as an adaptation to climate change. Climatic Change, 76, 31-53.
• Nabila, J.S. (1974). The migration of the Frafra of northern Ghana: A case study of cyclical labor migration in West Africa .Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, East Lansing.