Presentation for

TCUP MeetingSan Antonio, Tx.

Jan 3, 2014Culturally Based Research

Topics:Introduction : Dr. Kerry E. HartmanCollege and Tribe InformationND Tribal Colleges Research ModelCollege/TAT Research CollaborationsResearch ProjectsQuestion/Discussion

Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara Nation:

MHA Nation - Mandan, Hidatsa and Arikara Nations

http://www.mhanation.com

Fort Berthold Community College Home Page

http://www.fortbertholdcc.edu

College Information

College/TAT Research Collaborations (More on these later)

Rural Water/ Groundwater Quality Lead Presence in Drinking Water Radon Presence in Households Pesticides in Tributaries Cultural Site Monitoring Invasive Species & Biocontrol Mercury in Fish Deer Population and Health Contents of Oil Flares Oil Development Surface Impact Fracking and Groundwater Where Elders Rest

Tribal College Faculty Research Model - ND EPSCoR

www.ndepscor.nodak.edu/.../NDTribalCollegeFacultyResearchModel_

Review and Share

Discussion

Tribal College Research Model

Model

Undergraduate Research

ND EPSCoR FundedUndergrad. Research, Sunday Academy,

and Summer Science Culture CampCommunity Driven and FocusedParticipatory: Students, Elders, TAT,Student’s Choice of SubjectQualitative and Quantitative Student CollaborationsMentoring TCC and UND/NDSU

Juneberry Project

Cultural:Requested by Elders during Talking CircleDissertation: Re-Establish!Topics/Projects:Transplant Success VariablesWeed ControlPropagation MethodsCultivarsNutrient AnalysisNext: Pollinators and Pests

Cultural Site Monitoring

Cultural:

Collaboration with TAT, C.of E.

Classes

GPS and GIS

T. White Hat Grady Yarrow

TOTALLY CULTURAL!

Next Slide is Poster

Interviewed Grandfather Got approval

Characterization ofAnti-Microbial Activity of

Achillea millefolium

Tamara White Hat-GradyUnder the Supervision of Professors Kerry Hartman & Dr. Kathy Kraft

Ft. Berthold Community College/Tribal College University Program

Achillea Millefolium

•• Common name: Yarrow Flower

It is shown to have many uses, it can be used to stop or infuse bleeding, and astringents just to name a few.

• The Yarrow Flower contains:

Isovaleric acid – Fatty acid; aids in cell repair.

Salicylic acid – Pain relief (aspirin).

Asparagine – Nervous System necessity to maintain equillibrium

Sterols – Cell repair, aids in blood clotting process.

Flavonoids – Anti-Oxidant, protects against microbial invasion.

Tannins – Astringent, anti inflammatory agent

Coumarins- Anti-Coagulant

Methods:Native Paradigm of Scientific Methods

Inquiry

Exploration

Causality

Approach/ Method

Action

Analyzing the Data

Determining Place

Sharing

Hante canhloganAchillea Millefolium

Western Yarrow

Abstract:

• Extracts from Achillea millefolium have been used for centuries as topical healing agents for wounds, burns, abrasions and other medical problems. How did our ancestors come to this knowledge and apply it to their daily lives?

• Throughout history herbal extracts have been used as a part of Traditional Lakota Medicine, as well as other Indigenous Cultures for centuries.

• The purpose of this research was to substantiate Achillea millefolium as an antimicrobial agent. Preliminary indicators have shown to exhibit activity against a broad range of Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. In combination with various other herbal plants, anti-microbial and anti-fungal growth were inhibited.

• Herbalists often work from the premise that a combination of plants can be more beneficial than when used alone. Which ones and how did our ancestors know what worked best for what affliction. The application of plant extracts for medical use can be traced back more than 2000 years

Medicinal elements of herbals were applied & often used to heal ailments such as stuffy/runny noses, headaches, toothaches, stiff joints and the emergent crisis's such as infections, bleeding of wounds, even easing the labor and delivery process during birth.

Results

• Gram - bacteria Pseudomonas Aeruginosa & Escherichia coli, were shown to have anti-microbial growth inhibition.

• Gram + bacteria Bacillus subtilis & Staphylococcus aureus also exhibited antimicrobial activity against 1 or more strains

• Parts of the yarrow were used individually, stems, leaves, flowers & root. The ground dry poultice seemed the most effective in suppressing the growth of bacteria.

• The infusion of the whole Yarrow plant was used as a wash and seemed the most effective anti-microbial with a combination of cinnamon and clove

DiscussionWhat do Gram-Negative bacteria cause?Gram-Negative bacteria infection leads to endotoxemia in which the endotoxin (a toxic substance associated with bacteria cell wall or core) come in contact with blood streams, once the endotoxin is mixed in blood, the substance can reach any part of the body and start harm to the tissues. The body immune system releases inflammatory substance in the body and causes the body temperature to rise (mild fever). If the presence of endotoxininside the body is below a normal level our immune system can fight back, but if the level of endotoxin is higher than the normal, the infection can be life-threatening in extreme cases; the spread of endotoxin inside the host body and inflammatory reaction by the immune system is called endotoxic shock.

Our ancestors used these plants as healing agents in the past, before micro-scopes, before petri dishes, disc diffusion methods, and two fold agar dilution methods. They mastered the use of plants. Some of these practices are still very common today and are often used in our ceremonial Sundances, and Sweat Lodge healings.

Literature cited.

• “Top herbs and supplements for wound healing and post surgical care” Available at http://www.newtarget

• “Native Tech: Native American Technology and Art” Available at http://www.Nativetech.com

• “Phases of Wound Healing” Available at http://www.medicaledu.com/phases

• Boyd D. Rolling Thunder: A Personal Exploration into the Secret Healing Powers of an American Indian Medicine Man. New York, NY Random House, 1974

• “School of Natural Healing” Dr. John R Christopher; Christopher Publishing 13th Printing Feb.2001

Where The Elders Rest

Newest Cultural:

Requested by Elders

GPS, GIS, and Remote Sensing

…evolving

TCUP Graduates

Following Posters: Cultural AND TCUP or collaborationN. Scott N. Seg. CEOLiz B. TAT Chair OfficeDestiny B. TAT Game and FishTanya D FBCC FacultyRon C. Petrol. Company Env. Div. Jolene L. Law School App.

Methane Oxidation: Methanotrophic

Bacteria’s Response to Methane Addition in a Northern Temperate

LakeBIOS 35502: Practicum in Environmental Field Biology

Noel S. BakerAdvisor: William West

2012

An Investigation into the Presence of Mercury in the Fish of Reservoir

SakakaweaDestiny Baker

Midi Agu Adesh (Appears on the Water)Fort Berthold Community College

Dr. Kerry Hartman

Investigation of Sources of Metal Contamination on the Turtle Mountain Chippewa Reservation

H. LaRocque, E. Bluestone, A. LaVallie (faculty); Turtle Mountain Community College

Abstract

Introduction

A grant through the ATSDR/CDC provided funding for investigation into soil metal contaminants in 2009 on the Turtle Mountain Chippewa Reservation. NSF REU funding in 2010 allowed further investigation of the same sites where contaminant dumping was suspected.

A further dimension was added in that Pb contamination of local sloughs was a possibility when leech researchers at TMCC found that lead weights had been used by private trappers for 25 or more years on hundreds of leech traps in several sloughs.

Students resampled close to the 2009 sample sites on the local landfill, a new high school reportedly built over an ol d landfill, an illegal dump, a destroyed housing area and a manufacturing plant.

Evaluation of contamination by Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Ag and Fe was accomplished via microwave digestion and atomic absorption spectrometry.

Students collected samples and recorded site locations with Garmin eTrex Legend HCx GPS units and later plotted the sites on GIS maps.  

The control samples were crushed mildly with mortar and pestle, only to loosen all granules, and then baked in a 110 C oven for about one hour. Dried samples of 0.5 g were digested with HCl, HNO3 and H202 in the hood overnight and then transferred to Teflon reaction vessles, which were then installed into a Milestone Ethos model microwave. Vessels were subjected to a program which ramped from room temperature to 180 C for 5.5 minutes, maintained at 180 C for another 4.4 minutes and then allowed to cool.

The entire solution sample was removed from each reaction vessel and was diluted with distilled water to produce 100 ml of sample with a 5% HNO3 background. Lanthanum suppressant was added to each sample.

Stock standards from Buck Scientific were used to prepare instrumental standards for Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr and Ag. Laboratory prepared standards for Fe were provided.

Methodology

Standards curves for the atomic absorption spectrometer were calculated as known concentration of analyte in solution versus absorption level readout on the spectrometer. Ni, Cr and Ag curves were linear up to 5 ppm, while Cd and Pb curves were linear up to 2 and 15 ppm respectively.

.

The detection limits for the metal analytes were estimated at three times the standard deviation for several baseline readings (instrument wavelength and flame type are also listed):

Analyte detection limit(ppm) g (nm) flame typePb 0.6 217.0 oxidizingCd 0.01 228.8 oxidizingNi 0.02 232.0 oxidizingCr 0.01 357.9 reducing Ag 0.02 328.1 oxidizing

Results /Conclusions

EPA generic soil screening levels (to be used as guidelines; actual limits must be based on soil conditions):

Metal ingestion groundwater limit (ppm) limit (ppm)Pb 400 -Cd 78 8Ni 1600 130Cr 390 38Ag 390 34Fe (can occur naturally in soils up to 20%)

Slough and lake edge sediments yielded the following average evels of analyte in ppm:

High Fe, even at 58,000 ppm, translated to 6%, well within normal soil levels. A level of 940 ppm NI was displayed at MC site 7 in 2009 and 2010 Ni tests at 1 ft, 2 ft and 3 ft to the east of the same site showedNi levels of 18 to 71 ppm, perhaps indicating a very small, localized problem. The generic soil screeninglevel for Ni is 400 ppm for residential areas; Ni can beproblematic in high acid areas or if industrial areas become residential.

A&L Eastern Laboratories, Inc. “Interpreting Soil Heavy Metals;” retrieved March 2009 from http://al_labs_eastern.com/forms/HeavyMetals/

Day, Robert W (2000). Soil-Testing Manual (1st Ed.) McGraw-Hill. 

EPA method 7000b: Analysis of Metals in Solution by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (2009). Retrieved April 2009 from  http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/hazard/testmethods/sw846/

Jury, William and Horton, Robert (2004). Soil Physics (6th Ed.). Wiley. 

Liu, David and Liptak, Bela (1999). Groundwater and Surface Water Pollution (1st Ed.). CRC Press.

NIOSH method “Lead by FAAS;” Retrieved March 2009 from http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nmam/method-8000.html  

Soil series maps for Rolette County, N.D. Retrieved Nov. 2008 from: http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.aspx  

Sumner, M, (editor, 1999). Handbook of Soil Science (1st Ed.). CRC Press. 

USEPA Generic SSLs (1996); retrieved March 2009 from Table A- 1 http://www.epa.gov/superfund/health/conmedia/soil/  

USEPA Regional Screening Levels (2009); retrieved March 2009 from http://www.epa.gov/region09/superfund/prg/files/

 

References

Funded by an NSF undergraduate research grant (REU), tribal college students from Turtle Mountain Community College and Fort Berthold Community College investigated metal contamination sources on the Turtle Mountain Chippewa Reservation . The sources of possible contamination included two separate media- open soil and wetland sediments. Open soil sites had been previously tested in a 2009 CDC study and further samples were sought for corroborative purposes. These sites included the landfill and adjacent sites, two former dumps, a destroyed public housing site, an illegal dump and a local manufacturing plant; the latter location had previously shown high nickel and iron quantities. Wetland sediments were tested primarily for lead contamination when Dr. Debra Hunter, a leech research project investigator at TMCC, found that extensive leeching with leech traps weighted with lead weights had been ongoing for years in numerous sloughs on the reservation. Students recorded all sample locations (latitude and longitude) with Garmin eTrex Legend HCx GPS units and later plotted the sites on GIS maps. Samples were crushed mildly if needed, and baked at 110 C for 30 minutes for thorough drying. Samples were digested first by acid and peroxide treatment in the hood and then further digested in an Ethos Milestone microwave by ramping to 180 C over 5.5 minutes and maintained at this temperature for another 4.4 minutes. Samples were diluted to a specified volume by %5 HNO 3 with a small percentage of lanthanum suppressant present. Standards curves for Pb, Ni, Cr, Ag, Cd and Fe were calculated for a Buck 200A atomic absorption spectrometer, and field samples were then evaluated for these metals. Results showed that Pb, Ag, and Cd were not high (above limit of detection) in any open soil samples, according to EPA soil screening generic levels for ingestion. However, several Cd and Cr samples were over the EPA generic soil screening levels for groundwater; however, absolute comparison could not be done without doing a soil evaluation. Slough sediment lead levels were determined to be under the EPA generic soil screening limit of 400 ppm in all samples, although lead was elevated in some sloughs compared to others, suggesting some additions to various bodies of water by some source, possibly leeching.

0

20f(x) = 43.8683 x − 0.461638

Pb Standards Curve

(AA)

ab-sor-bance AA

Pb

con

c

pp

m Ni Standard

s Curve

(AA)

Sample Area Pb Ni Cr Cd Ag

N. Jarvis Lake 41 - - 21 16N. Jarvis slough 61 67 121 30 31 Gordon L slough 56 55 128 19 28Wheaton Lake 39 39 59 23 31BIA 7 slough east 122 21 14 23 36BIA 7 slough west 104 12 46 23 34S. Jarvis Lake 103 73 110 26 30 N. Belcourt Lake 109 - - 27 36

Slough sediment samples did not exceed any EPA generic soil screening levels for ingestion for any of the evaluated metals, including lead. Since slough material was essentially in contact with ground water, it was noted that generic soil levels had been exceeded for Cd, Cr and Ag in terms of groundwater risk due to leaching.

Interestingly, Pb levels were higher in some areas of known leeching (BIA 7 sloughs), but relatively low in others (N Jarvis Lake).

Soil field samples contained the following average analyte concentrations:

Sample Soil conc. (ppm) Soil conc. (ppm) 2009 range 2010 range Pb 50- 198

0 - 204 Cd 7- 14

24 – 50 Ni 0- 940

0 – 71Cr 43- 1016 43 - 78Ag 0- 32

21 - 35Fe 0 – 58700 0 - 36000

The MC study area sites located by GPS and transferred to GIS maps.

NAPIRE 2012

INFLORESCENCE GROWTH OF THE BEEHIVE GINGER (ZINGIBER SPECTABILE)

AT THE WILSON BOTANICAL GARDEN, COTO BRUS, COSTA RICA

Jolene Lockwood Nueta, Hidatsa, Sahnish College

The Papilloma Virus in Deer on the Fort Berthold Indian ReservationRon Craig

Kathy Kraft, Kerry Hartman; Faculty AdvisorsFort Berthold Community College

Introduction

• The members of the deer family are occasionally diagnosed with conditions commonly called bumps or lumps. The causative agent of this disease has been determined to be the, PapillomasVirus.

• This disorder can be identified by variable sizes ranging from 1-2 mm per size *, to huge 8-10 cm **.

• The colorations are of light to dark, a texture of gray to black.

• The appearance is that of a cauliflower-like growth.

*

**Abstract• Members of the deer family are occasionally diagnosed

with conditions commonly called bumps or lumps. The purpose of this research was to study the virus, Papillomas, which is the causative agent of this disorder.

• Further study investigated the presence of this disorder on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation.

• The research utilized secondary and primary data to include journal reports, personal interviews of federal , state and tribal wildlife personal (to determine incidents/prevalence).

• The results indicated that the disorder is endemic to the deer family and is rarely fatal, and rarely seen by humans.

Methods

• This research utilized secondary and primary data.• Extensive research was conducted using journal reports.• Personal interviews with federal, state, and tribal wildlife

personal in order to determine a incidence number and the prevalence.

Results• 3-5% nationally are affected, 1-10,000 will have

problems from the virus. The disorder is endemic to the deer family and is rarely fatal or seen by humans.

• Once infected, the life cycle of this has been seen to last weeks to months, 75%-80% regression, leaving the deer immune to future infections.

• The virus is worldwide and comes from the Papivaviridaefamily which also infects humans, felines and bovines.

• The journal articles indicated that the reservoir and transmission routes of this virus is not fully understood.

Discussion

• The isolated incident that was found by the Tribal Game & Fish was noted as not being a big concern, only that it looked bad.

• This was the second case reported to the Tribe in ten years.

• Better research needs to be done on Deer papillomavirus.

• This study has contributed to increased awareness and understanding about the Deer Papilloma virus on Fort Berthold.

•

Introduction….

• The Scientific name is , Deer papillomavirus. Common name, DPV. Synonym, Deer fibromavirus.

• The host of this virus are mainly the mule and white-tailed deer species.

• Over 800 Deer licenses where sold on the Fort Berthold Reservation.

• Other animals affected are moose, elk, and caribou

Investigation of Fracking Fluids in Groundwater Wells on Fort Berthold

Reservation

Kristen MasonDr. Kerry Hartman

Fort Berthold Community College

Introduction

Discussion

.

References/Acknowledgements

Methodology.

The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation is centered in the middle of the Bakken formation. According to the U.S. Geological Survey’s assessment (April 2008), the Bakken Formation is the largest ‘continuous’ oil accumulation the agency has ever assessed and is larger than all other current USGS in the lower 48. It is estimated that new horizontal drilling techniques may allow up to 4.3 billion barrels of oil to be recovered from the 10k ft deep Bakken. This technique is called hydraulic fracturing (fracking). Fracking is used to create fractures that extend from the well bore into rock or coal formations. These fractures allow the oil or gas to travel more easily from the rock pores, where the oil or gas is trapped, to the proppants (sand or ceramic beads) and chemicals is pumped into the rock or coal formation.

We plan to sample water wells over the course of 5 years. There will be a collection of samples from over 900 rural wells on the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation. Our samples will be pretested for presence of toxins and contaminants.

Sampling will begin by accumulating our target water wells throughout the reservation. This will be done by using maps from local tribal entities. Home visits will also be dependent on acquiring testing sites. We will take 5 samples from each from each segment or district.

• U.S. EPA. June, 2004. p. a1-4• I.D. Palmer, S.W. Lambert and J.L.

Spitler. 1993. “Coalbed methane well completions and stimulations”. AAPG Studies in Geology 38. Chapter 14, pp. 303-341.

• U.S. EPA. August, 2002. p. 6-8.

We have targeted 30 wells for our initial sampling set, but hope to do over 100. The project is expected to last through the summer of 2014 Sampling will be according to EPA’s QAPP guidelines. This is the same procedure being implemented by the Killdeer Aquifer doing the same type testing of there groundwater.

Abstract

I believe that our study will fail to detect any compounds in the groundwater related to oil development and fracking.

Impacts of Oil Development on Land Cover of the Fort Berthold Indian Reservation

Tanya DriverDr. Kerry Hartman

Fort Berthold Community College

Abstract

Digitizing and Ground Truthing

IntroductionResults

.

2006 Imagery of Fort Berthold Well Locations

References/Acknowledgements

.

The Fort Berthold Indian Reservation (FBIR) is located at the center of the area currently being overrun by the development of the Bakken oil reserve. The number of oil wells in North Dakota has doubled from 3,200 to 6,400 in the last 5 years, with 90% of the new wells being in the Bakken field. This explosion of development has caused widespread destruction of thousands of acres of land. The purpose of this study was to quantify the disturbance of native grasslands impacted by the ongoing oil development on the FBIR. The remaining native grasslands were emphasized due to the cultural relevance of this pristine vegetation. GPS, GIS, and Remote Sensing were utilized for locating, mapping, and determining area of oil well pad sites in a sample area from (2008) to the (2011).

Oil development has a substantial effect on the land on and surrounding the Bakken and Three Forks Oil Reserves. The amount of land used for oil development has drastically increased in the last several years and the full effect on the environment is unknown. Using ASTER images and EROS methodologies to monitor and quantify the land cover disruption caused by the development of oil.

Data exploration consisted of satellite and aerial map images ASTER (advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer ), Landsat (land remote-sensing satellite (system ), and NAIP (national agricultural imagery program). GPS, GIS, and Remote Sensing were utilized for locating, mapping, and determining area of oil well pad sites. Arcview 9.3.1 mapping software was used in conjunction of images and digitzing. Up to date oil and gas data was acquired from the North Dakota Industrial Commission (NDIC). Database files were filtered according to the following status:

status had to be “active”well type had to be “oil and gas”spud date had to be listed

We then generated database spreadsheets two years prior to 2008 and four years after. Each year was seperated as a dbase file into arcview and mapped accordingly.

.

• North Dakota Oil and Gas Division• USGS EROS- Dr. Eric Wood• NDATC-GCCE• NASA- ND Space Grant

Consortium

2011 Imagery of Fort Berthold Well Locations

Fort Berthold Indian Reservation Consists Of 980,000 Acres and contains counties of Mountrail, Dunn, McKenzie, and McLean. Land cover on east side of Lake Sakakawea is Agriculture containing approximately 460,800 acres. On the west side of Lake Sakakawea there is 368, 640 acres of rangeland utilized for ranching.

Methods

In the past the industry in cooperation with the Forest Service has reclaimed more than 700 wells and 280 miles of roads in the National Grasslands. This represents 5,300 acres returned to vegetation. Currently, there are more than 17% of North Dakota’s producing wells located on grasslands. (North Dakota Petroleum Council, 2010)According to the above numbers, 7.57 acres were used on the average for each well historically.

Ground Truthed Site

Land Cover

Chart of Growth

Due to the pristine condiition of grasslands located west of Lake Sakakawea our sample area encopmassed 6 townships totalling 138,240 acres and containing 100 producing wells. That turns out to be 757 acres of disturbance. This area will be holding more wells in 2012.

The End

Questions????

Discussion.