Sandipan Dharsandipandhar@gmail.com

DEFINITION SCIENCE

The word science comes from theLatin "scientia," meaningknowledge. According to Webster'sNew Collegiate Dictionary, thedefinition of science is "knowledge

attained through study or practice,"

ASPECT OF SCIENCE

The word "science" brings to mind many differentpictures: a fat textbook, white lab coats andmicroscopes, an astronomer peering through atelescope, a naturalist in the rainforest, Einstein'sequations scribbled on a chalkboard, the launchof the space shuttle, bubbling beakers ….

CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENCEScience is both a body of knowledge and aprocess

Science is exciting.

Science is useful

Science is ongoing

Science is a global human endeavor

Discovery: The spark for science

Science has limits

SCIENCE ASKS QUESTIONS ABOUT

Science studies the natural world. Thisincludes the components of the physicaluniverse around us like atoms, plants,ecosystems, people, societies andgalaxies, as well as the natural forces atwork on those things

NATURAL WORLD

From exotic ecosystems to urban smog — can be the subject of scientific inquiry

SCIENCE CAN INVESTIGATE ALL SORTS OF QUESTIONS

When did the oldest rocks on earthform?Through what chemical reactions dofungi get energy from the nutrients theyabsorb?What causes Jupiter's red spot?How does smog move through theatmosphere?

SCIENTIST

Scientists strive to test their ideas withevidence from the natural worldScience depends on interactions within the

scientific community.Scientists often work collaboratively.Scientific ideas lead to ongoing research.Answering one scientific questionfrequently leads to additional questions tobe investigated.

WHO ARE THEY ?

RutherfordIn the early 1900s, ErnestRutherford studied (among other things)the organization of the atom — thefundamental particle of the natural world

Madam Marie Curie

Nobel Prize in Chemistry to MarieSklodowska Curie, recognizing her discoveryof the elements, radium and polonium. Dr.Curie’s achievements continue to inspirestudents, especially women, to pursuecareers in chemistry

THE DIFFERENT FIELDS OF SCIENCE

Natural Sciences

Biology

Physics

Earth Science

Chemistry

Magnetic Field Lines

Chemistry

Chemistry is the study of matter and thechanges that take place with that matter

•Analytical chemistry •Biochemistry •Computational chemistry •Inorganic chemistry •Materials science Organic chemistry•Electrochemistry

•Polymer chemistry •Physical chemistry•Quantum chemistry •Spectroscopy •Stereochemistry Thermochemistry

International Year of Chemistry, abbreviated IYC 2011.

The official slogan of the IYC 2011 is "Chemistry—our life, our future".

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE IYC 2011

For the first time in the 100-year history of theInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry(IUPAC), the worldwide chemistry community iscelebrated throughout 2011 the achievements ofchemistry and its contributions to the well-beingof humankind. At its 44th General Assembly inAugust 2007 in Torino, Italy, IUPAC unanimouslyapproved a resolution in favor of the proclamationof 2011 as the International Year of Chemistry (IYC2011: www.chemistry2011.org).

ACTIVITIES OF IYC,20111.Increase the public’s appreciation of chemistry inmeeting world needs: Chemistry, which is appropriatelycalled the Central Science, is both a philosophical inquiryand an applied scientific endeavor. Moleculartransformations are central to the production offoodstuffs, medicines, fuels, and metals, that is, virtuallyall manufactured and extracted products.

2. Increase young people’s interest in chemistry

3.Generate enthusiasm for the creative future ofchemistry

4.Celebrate the 100th anniversary of the Mme. CurieNobel Prize and the 100th anniversary of the founding ofthe International Association of Chemical SocietieS

MEGA EVENTS OF IYC,2011

An official launch with UNESCO in Paris onJanuary 27–28, 2011

The 43rd IUPAC Congress and 46th GeneralAssembly in San Juan, Puerto Rico on July 30–August 7, 2011.

A closing event in Brussels in November 30–December 1, 2011

AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY

Modern agriculture depends quite heavilyon the advances that have been made inscience, and chemistry in particular, tomaximize the yield of crops and animalproducts.Fertilizers, pesticides, andantibiotics play ever increasing roles inthis field

POLLUTION IN SOIL IS ASSOCIATED WITH

Indiscriminate use of fertilizers

Indiscriminate use of pesticides, insecticides and herbicides

Dumping of large quantities of solid waste

Deforestation and soil erosion

INDISCRIMINATE USE OF FERTILIZERS

Soil nutrients are important for plantgrowth and development. Plants obtaincarbon( C), hydrogen(H) and oxygen(O)from air and water. But other necessarynutrients like nitrogen(N), phosphorus(P),potassium(K), calcium(Ca),magnesium(Mg), sulphur(S) and moremust be obtained from the soil

CONTAMINATION FROM FERTILIZERS

Fertilizers contaminate the soil with impurities, which come from the raw materials used for their manufacture.

Mixed fertilizers often contain ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), phosphorus as P2O5, and potassium as K2O. For instance, As, Pb and Cdpresent in traces in rock phosphate

Metals are not degradable,

The over use of NPK fertilizers reduce

quantity of vegetables and crops

The carbohydrate quality of such crops also

gets degraded.

Excess potassium content in soil decreases

Vitamin C and carotene content in

vegetables and fruits.

The vegetables and fruits grown on over-

fertilized soil are more prone to attacks by

insects and disease.

PESTICIDE USEPesticides are defined as the substance ormixture of substances used to prevent, destroy,repel, attract, sterilise, stupefy or mitigate anyinsects.

Generally pesticides are used in three sectorsviz. agriculture, public health and consumeruse. The consumption of pesticide in India isabout 600 gms. / hectare, where as that ofdeveloped countries is touching 3000 gms. /hectare

INDISCRIMINATE USE OF PESTICIDES, INSECTICIDES AND HERBICIDES

The first widespread insecticide use began atthe end of World War II and included DDT(dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) andgammaxene. Insects soon became resistantto DDT and as the chemical did notdecompose readily, it persisted in theenvironment.

COND.

Since it was soluble in fat rather than water, itbiomagnified up the food chain and disruptedcalcium metabolism in birds, causing eggshells tobe thin and fragile. As a result, large birds of preysuch as the brown pelican, ospreys, falcons andeagles became endangered. DDT has been nowbeen banned in most western countries. Ironicallymany of them including USA, still produce DDT forexport to other developing nations whose needsoutweigh the problems caused by it.

COND.

The most important pesticides are DDT, BHC,chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates,aldrin, malathion, dieldrin, furodan, etc.

The remnants of such pesticides used onpests may get adsorbed by the soil particles,which then contaminate root crops grown inthat soil. The consumption of such cropscauses the pesticides remnants to enterhuman biological systems, affecting themadversely

CONTROL OF SOIL POLLUTION

The following steps have been suggested tocontrol soil pollution. To help prevent soilerosion, we can limit construction in sensitivearea. In general we would need less fertilizerand fewer pesticides if we could all adopt thethree R's: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle. Thiswould give us less solid waste.

Reducing chemical fertilizer and pesticide use

Reusing of materials

FUN AND INTERESTING CHEMISTRY FACTS

• Fun chemistry face: liquid oxygen is blue.

• Warwick Hillier, Australia National University, Canberra

CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE

•Unlike many substances, water expands as

it freezes.

•The only elements that are liquid at room

temperature are bromine and mercury.

•However, you can melt gallium by holding

a lump in the warmth of your hand.

CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE

• An ice cube takes up about 9% morevolume than the water used to make it.

• If you pour a handful of salt into a fullglass of water, the water level willactually go down rather than overflowingthe glass.

• There is about 1/2 lb or 250 g of salt(NaCl) in the average adult human body

CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE• A pure element can take many forms. For

example, diamond and graphite both are forms of pure carbon.

• The chemical name for water (H2O) is dihydrogen monoxide.

• The only letter that doesn't appear on the periodic table is J.

CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE

• Lightning strikes produce O3, which is ozone, and strengthen the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

• The only two non-silvery metals are gold and copper.

• Although oxygen gas is colorless, the liquid and solid forms of oxygen are blUE

CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE

• The human body contains enough carbon toprovide 'lead' (which is really graphite) for about9,000 pencils.

• Hydrogen is the most abundant element in theuniverse, while oxygen is the most abundantelement in the earth's atmosphere, crust, andoceans (about 49.5%).

• The rarest naturally-occurring element in theearth's crust may be astatine. The entire crustappears to contain about 28 g of the element

CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE

• Hydrofluoric acid is so corrosive that it will dissolve glass. Although it is corrosive, hydrofluoric acid is considered to be a 'weak acid'.

• One bucket full of water contains more atoms than there are bucketfuls of water in the Atlantic ocean

CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE

• Approximately 20% of the oxygen in the atmosphere was produced by the Amazon rainforest.

• Helium balloons float because helium is lighter than air.

• Bee stings are acidic while wasp stings are alkaline

CHEMISTRY IS A FASCINATING SCIENCE

• Hot peppers get their heat from a moleculecalled capsaicin. While the molecule acts as anirritant to mammals, including humans, birdslack the receptor responsible for the effectand are immune to the burning sensationfrom exposure.

• Dry ice is the solid form of carbon dioxide,CO2.

• Liquid air has a bluish tint, similar to water

KETCHUP & BAKING SODA VOLCANO

Volcano game

• The acetic acid inketchup reacts withbaking soda to producean extra-special type oflava for a chemicalvolcano. This is a non-toxic volcano recipethat is sure to please!

SOME PHOTOGRAPHS

Piers Sellers performs a spacewalk outside the ISS on July 13, 2006.

NASA/Getty Images

SOME IMPORTANT PHOTO

Photo of Earth from theGalileo spacecraft, Dec. 11,1990

Image of the sun acquired by the Extremeultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) at theNASA Goddard Space Flight Center July15, 1999. NASA

Mad Scientist