presentation of em
TRANSCRIPT
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Presented ByMusheer Khan
PayalDhanvijaya
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Living things
+ Nonliving things
ECOSYSTEM
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Living things in anecosystem are
called aCOMMUNITY
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Population
Population
+ Population
COMMUNITY
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All energy in afood web comes
from the
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What makes ecosystems different?
Amount of water
Amount of sunlight
Type of soil
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Name the three members inevery community.
Producers
Consumers
Decomposers
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What causes ecosystems to change?
Natural causes:
Drought
Disease
Fire
Overpopulation
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What causes ecosystems to change?
Changes caused by humans:
Water pollution
Air pollution
Land pollution
Construction
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How can humans help to prevent
changes in ecosystems?
Use resources wisely
Laws that control pollution
Clean up litter
Keep rivers and lakes clean
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Micro-consumers: Also Saprotrophs/ Detritivores . They are
popularly known as decomposers, such as bacteria, fungi,
flagellates & actinomyctes. They feed on organic compounds of dead or living protoplasm of
plants and animals for their food and energy
They absorb some of the decomposition or breakdown products &
release inorganic compounds (nutrients) in the ecosystem,making them available again to producers.
Structure of an Ecosystem:
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Producer,Consumer & Decomposer1) Producer Organisms:In a forest, the producers are mainly trees.Trees are of different kinds depending upon the type offorest developed in that climate.Apart from trees, climbers, epiphytes, shrubs andground vegetation.Dominant species of trees in major types of
forest ecosystems are:Tectona grandis, Acer, Betula, Picea, Pine,Cedrus.
2) Consumers:In a forest, consumers are of three main types;
a) Primary Consumers:These are Herbivores which feed directly onproducers. E.g.
Ants, Beetles, Bugs, spiders etc. feeding ontree leaves.Larger animals such as Elephants, Deer,
giraffe etc. grazing on shoots and/or fruits oftrees.
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b) Secondary Consumers:
These are carnivores and feed on primary consumers.
These include Birds, Lizards, Frogs, Snakes, Foxes, etc.
c) Tertiary Consumers: These are secondary carnivores and feed on secondary
consumers
These include top carnivores like Lion, Tiger, etc.
3) Decomposers:
These include wide variety of saprotrophic micro- organism like; Bacteria(Bacillus Sp., Clostridium sp.,pseudomonas, etc.)
Fungi (Aspergillus sp., Ganoderma sp., Fusarium, etc.)
Actinomycetes (Streptomyces, etc).
They attract the dead or decayed bodies of organisms & thus
decomposition takes place. Therefore, nutrients are released for reuse.
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Examples:
Producers: Different tree species
Consumers in a Forest Ecosystem
Decomposers in a Forest ecosystem
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Ecological succession is defined as, A change in thecommunity in which new populations of organisms
gradually replace existing ones. There are two types of ecological succession:
1) Primary Succession:
Occurs where there is no soil, e.g. after a volcaniceruption or a glacial retreat.
Pioneer organisms
Simple plants first no or shallow roots.
Gradual influx of more complicated and larger plantsas the habitat changes
Unfavorable for life at first. Ends with a climax community ecosystem stays
constant, provided there are no changes inabiotic influences.
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Examples of PrimarySuccession
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2) Secondary Succession: Community development in the areas that were
previously occupied by a other community.
Occurs after a disturbance. E.g., loss of trees afterdisease, Fire or wind, deforestation etc.
Conditions are favorable for as soil and nutrientsare already present.
More rapid than primary succession.
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No soil. Pioneer species.
Weathering &decomposition
Humus and sand
increase over time. End = climax
community.
Soil already exists. Seeds have suitable soil.
conditions.
Occurs much faster.
Climax community.
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A food chain may be defined as, the transfer ofenergy and nutrients through a series of organismswith repeated process of eating and being eaten.
In an ecosystem, all the organisms are linkedtogether with one another by food relationship.
Each organism living or dead is potential food forsome other organism.
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Food web: Under natural conditions, the linear arrangement of
food chains hardly occurs & these remains
connected interconnected with each other throughdifferent types of organisms.
Interlocking pattern of several interlinked foodchains is termed as FOOD WEB.
Food Web in Grassland Ecosystem
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An Ecological pyramid is a graphicalrepresentation that shows the relative amounts of
energy or matter contained within each trophiclevel in a food chain or food web.
An ecological pyramid shows the relationshipbetween consumers and producers at differenttrophic levels in an ecosystem
There are three ecological pyramids recognized byecologists:
1) Pyramid of Numbers:
Shows the relative number of individual organismsat each trophic level.
Grasses
Hawk
Snakes, Lizards
Rabbit, Mice
Phytoplankton
Larger fishes
Bigger fishes
Smaller Fishes
Tertiary Consumers
Secondary
Consumers
Primary Consumers
Producers
Grassland Ecosystem Pond Ecosystem
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Large Trees
Lion Tiger
Snakes, Birds, Fox
Fruit eating birds, Deer etc
Bacteria, Fungi, Actinomycetes
Fruit eating birds
Lice & Bugs (Parasites on Herbivores)
Large Tress
Forest Ecosystem Parasitic food chain
2) Pyramid of Biomass: A pyramid of biomass represents the total dry mass (in grams per squaremetre of area) of all the organisms in each trophic level at a particular time.
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Grasses
Snakes, Frogs,Birds etc.
Cows Sheep,Deer, Rabbit
Grassland Ecosystem
Trees
Lion, Tiger,
etc.
Elephant, Deer etc.
Forest Ecosystem
Carnivores
Herbivores
Producers
Phytoplankton's
Fish, Water beetles etc.
Zooplanktons
Carnivores
Herbivores
Producers
Pond Ecosystem
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2) Pyramid of Energy:
A pyramid of biomass represents the rate of energy flowand/or productivity at successive trophic levels. The pyramid
of energy are always upright.
Primary ConsumersHERBIVORES
Tertiary ConsumersCARNIVORES
Secondary Consumers
CARNIVORES
Producers
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The kind of organism which can live in a particular ecosystemdepends upon their physical and metabolic adaptations to the
environment. On earth there are number of ecosystems within a
geographical region which are exposed to same climaticconditions & having dominant species with similar life cycle,climatic adaptations and physical structure.
This set of ecosystems is called BIOME
In the Biosphere, there are Natural & Artificial biomes.
Natural Biomes (Ecosystems):
Natural ecosystems operate by themselves under naturalconditions without interference of man
They carry out many functions for us.
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Wastewater is converted to drinkable water by filtrationthrough natural ecosystems, such as soils.
Air pollutants from industries & automobiles are oftentrapped on leaves or converted to harmless compounds byforests.
On the basis of particular type of habitat, they are furthersub divided as:
Terrestrial Ecosystems (Biomes):
They are often defined by the vegetation types thatdominate the community.
Terrestrial vegetation has a rapid exchange of oxygen,
water & carbon dioxide. Moisture is the major limiting factor, faces the problem of
dehydration.
Extremes of temperature are more pronounced.
Soil acts as highly developed ecological subsystem.
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Examples of terrestrial ecosystem are:
Forest ecosystem.
Grassland ecosystem Desert ecosystem.
Aquatic Ecosystems (Biomes):
Aquatic ecosystems deal with biotic community present in
water bodies. Aquatic organisms have the same basic needs as the
terrestrial organisms
However difference lies in the form in which they are madeavailable to them.
In terrestrial ecosystem, carbon dioxide and oxygen arepresent in gaseous form, but in aquatic ecosystem theseare made available in dissolved state.
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Structure: Living/Biotic (Plants, Animals and Micro- organisms )
Non-living/Abiotic (soil, climate, water and light)
Process: Energy flow
Cycling of matter (chemicals)
Change: Dynamic/ Changing (not static)
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A forest is an area with a high density of trees. Worlds total land area is 13,076 million hectares -
(Source: FAO; 1989) Of which total forests account for about 31% of the
worlds land area.
In India, the forest cover is roughly 19% of the totalland area.
The forest ecosystem are of great concern from theenvironmental point of view.
It provides numerous environmental services like; Nutrient cycling, Maintaining biodiversity
Providing wildlife habitat Affecting rainfall patterns Regulating stream flow Storing water Reducing flooding Preventing soil erosion Forest Ecosystem
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Grasslands (also called Greenswards) are areaswhere the vegetation is dominated by grasses and
other herbaceous (non-woody) plants.Grasslands occupy about 24% of the earths
surface.
Grasslands occur in regions too dry for forests and
too moist for deserts The annual rainfall ranges between 25- 75 cm,
Usually seasonal
The principal grasslands include: Prairies (Canada, USA)
Pampas (South America)
Steppes (Europe & Asia)
Veldts (Africa)
Grassland
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species include
Wild horses, asses & antelope of Eurasia,
Herds of Bison of America; and
The antelope & other large herbivores of Africa
The various components of a grassland Ecosystem are:
Biotic components: Three functional groups which are:
1) Producer Organisms:
In grassland, producers are mainly grasses; though, afew herbs & shrubs also contribute to primary
production of biomass. Some of the most common species of grasses are:
Brachiaria sp., Cynodon sp., Desmodium sp.,Digitaria sp.
2) Consumers:
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2) Consumers: In a grassland, consumers are of three main types;a) Primary Consumers: The primary consumers are herbivores feeding directly
on grasses. These are grazing animals such as
Cows, Buffaloes, Sheep, Goats, Deer, Rabbits etc. Besides them, numerous species of insects,
termites, etc are also present.
b) Secondary Consumers: These are carnivores that feed on primary consumers
(Herbivores)
These include;Frogs, Snakes, Lizards, Birds, Foxes, Jackals etc.
c) Tertiary Consumers: These include hawks etc. which feed on secondary
consumers.
3) D
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3) Decomposers:
These include wide variety of saprotrophic micro- organismlike:
Bacteria; Fungi; Actinomycetes
They attract the dead or decayed bodies of organisms &thus decomposition takes place.
Therefore, nutrients are released for reuse by producers.
Abiotic components:
These include basic inorganic & organic compoundspresent in the soil & aerial environment.
The essential elements like C, H, N, O, P, S etc. aresupplied by water, nitrogen, nitrates, sulphates,phosphates present in soil & atmosphere.
C f G l d E
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Components of Grassland Ecosystem:
Producers: Different grass species
Consumers of Grassland ecosystem
Decomposers in a Grassland ecosystem
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Desert Ecosystem
The various components of a Desert Ecosystemare:
Biotic components:1) Producer Organisms: In a desert, producers are mainly
shrubs/bushes; some grasses & a few trees.Dominant plant species include: Succulents
(water - retaining plants adaptedto arid climate or soil conditions ) & hardygrasses.
Besides some lower plants such as lichens &xerophytic mosses are also present.
2) C O i Th i l d i l h
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2) Consumer Organisms: These include animals such asinsects, reptiles which are capable of living in xericconditions
Besides some nocturnal rodents, birds & some
mammalians like camel etc are also found.3) Decomposers:Due to poor vegetation with very low amount of
dead organic matter, decomposers are poor indesert ecosystem.
The common decomposers are some bacteria &fungi, most of which are thermophillic.
Abiotic components:
Due to high temperature & very low rainfall, theorganic substances are poorly present in the soil.
C t f D t E t
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Components of Desert Ecosystem:
Producers of Desert Ecosystem
Consumers of Desert Ecosystem
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Aquatic ecosystems deal with bioticcommunity present in water bodies.
In terrestrial ecosystem, carbon dioxide &oxygen are present in gaseous formwhereas in aquatic ecosystem, these areavailable in dissolved state.
Depending upon the quality and nature ofwater, the aquatic ecosystem arecategorized into
Freshwater EcosystemandMarine Ecosystem.
F h t E t
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Freshwater ecosystems cover 0.8% of the Earth's surfaceand contain 0.009% of its total water.
Freshwater ecosystems contain 41% of the world's known
fish species.
Aquatic ecosystems perform many importantenvironmental functions. For example:
They recycle nutrients, purify water, attenuate floods,recharge ground water and provide habitats for wildlife.
Aquatic ecosystems are also used for human recreation,and are very important to the tourism industry,especially in coastal region.
There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems: Lentic: slow-moving water, including Pools, Ponds,
and Lakes. Lotic: rapidly-moving water, for
example Streams and Rivers. Wetlands: areas where the soil is saturated with water
or inundated for at least part of the time
Freshwater Ecosystems:
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Marine ecosystems are among the Earth's aquaticecosystems. They include: Oceans,Estuaries and Lagoons, Mangroves and Coral reefs,
the Deep sea and the Sea floor.
These are the gigantic reservoirs of water coveringapproximately 71% of the Earth's surface (an area ofsome 361 million square kilometers).
These ecosystem is different from freshwaterecosystem mainly because of its salty water.
The salt concentration in an open sea is usually 3.5%(35 parts per thousand (ppt) ). Dominant ions aresodium & chloride.
Average temperature of Marine ecosystem is 2-3degree centigrade, devoid of light.
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Approach to managing human activity on asustainable basis by:
essential integration of human systems intonatural systems;
Minimizing energy and materials usage;Minimizing the ecological impact of human
activity to levels natural systems can
sustain.
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WASTE =WASTE =
RESOURCERESOURCE
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Systems make itSystems make it
possible,possible,People make itPeople make it
happen.happen.
ThankThank
You.You.