Presentation on

TRANSPORTATION IN INDIA - CHALLENGES IN FUTURE

ByProf. S. L. Dhingra

Transportation Systems EngineeringCivil Engineering Department

Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay

Organised by

Research Scholars’ ForumIndian Institute of Technology Bombay

23rd Oct. 2002, Institute Auditorium

Overview

National Highway Development Projects (NHDP)

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)

Urban Transport Projects

National Highways Development Project (NHDP)

Golden Quadrilateral - Comprising NHs Connecting

Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.

Length - 5,952 Kms

Year of Completion - 2003North-South & East-West Corridor - Comprising NHs

Connecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari and Silchar to

Porbandar.

Length - 7,300 Kms

Year of Completion - 2007

Total Estimated Cost = Rs.54,000 Crores (at 1999 Prices)

Golden Quadrilateral - Comprising NHs Connecting

Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata.

Length - 5,952 Kms

Year of Completion - 2003North-South & East-West Corridor - Comprising NHs

Connecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari and Silchar to

Porbandar.

Length - 7,300 Kms

Year of Completion - 2007

Total Estimated Cost = Rs.54,000 Crores (at 1999 Prices)

Mumbai--Pune Expressway

Mumbai--Pune Expressway Map

Environment Protection

All conditions for environment are followed. One thousand trees trans planted. Extensive tree plantation , and median verge

plantation plant. Separate dumping area is acquired for surplus

material. Separate land is acquired for labour camp. Provision of recycling material and used for

work. Provision for additional lead for transport of

surplus material.

Special item to use surplus rock – gabbian, rock embankment.

Murum from adjoining land and dumping black cotton soil from road – creation of new fertile agriculture land.

Rain water drainage . Terracing to quarry area.

Continued…

Social Problem

Tendency of villagers to cross expressway, use of cycles & two wheelers in spite the provision of cart track & pedestrians crossing

Tendency to overtake wrong side over speeding Observing no lane discipline

Advantages of the Expressway

Time savings - Mumbai-Pune distance will be covered in 2 hours as against 4 to 6 hours in the present situation

Estimated fuel and other savings to the extent of Rs.500 crores per year

Reduction in environmental pollution due to vehicles running at rated capacity and less fuel consumption

Reduction in Accidents

Reduction in Accidents

Savings in travel time

Saving in fuel

Fast crossing of Khandala Ghat

Economic development through speedy traffic

Reduction in pollution

Continued…

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak YojanaAiming for Rural Transformation

Only 48 % of villages are connected by all-weather roads. Nearly 50 % of villages lack proper connectivity. Proper rural road connectivity is a must for development. Why ? Benefits – economic, social, political etc. Rural people can have easy access to

Trade Education Health Employment

Current Scenario & need for

providing road connectivity: the PMGSY Approach

The Highlights of PMGSY(Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana)

Investment of Rs. 60,000 Crore Road Connectivity (All-weather roads) Goals:

- villages with population of more than 1000 (by 2003).

- villages with population more than 500 (by 2007). Nearly 1,00,000 villages to be covered. Around 30 Crore (300 Million) people would be benefited. 10 Crore (100 Million) people expected to cross poverty line Hence, there is a need to plan for optimal rural road

networks to achieve the objectives of integrated rural development.

Urban Transport Projects

• Flyovers• Bandra-Worli sea link• Western Freeway link/• Hajiali-Wilson college viaduct • Metro System (TCS Study)• Elevated Railway System (by E. Sreedharan)• MUTP II (MRVC Study)• Mass Transit System (by MMRDA) • Thane MRTS• Sky Bus

Mumbai : high traffic density , high traffic congestion.

Whether we need flyovers?Whether we need flyovers?

Geographical Layout : only N-S flow and very heavy traffic

Consequent delays - city entry & exit

Necessity of improving speeds on N-S Corridors

Need to quickly reach starting points of proposed Expressways to Pune, Nashik & Ahmedabad from city centre

Flyovers on the 3 Main Routes

1. Western Express Highway (WEH)

2. Eastern Express Highway (EEH)

3. Sion-Panvel Express Way

City Central Corridor developed by appropriate flyovers Elevated Road from J.J. Hospital to Crawford Market

City Western Corridor-Flyovers on SB Marg

Estimated cost is Rs. 1550 crores

Of these 50 flyovers, 29 have been completed.

Project FeaturesProject Features

Air Pollution in Mumbai Sectorwise distribution of Pollution:

Transport 64%Power 4%Domestic 15%Industrial 17%

Ambient Air Quality at Mahim Junction:

8090 – 107Nox2001144 – 3170SPM

8043 – 120SO2

Limits (microgm/Nm3)

Observed (microgm/Nm3)

Item

Link connects Western Expressway at Mahim Link connects Western Expressway at Mahim junction to Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan Road junction to Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan Road

Bridge length: 4 km Bridge length: 4 km (0.5 main + 3.5 approach bridge)(0.5 main + 3.5 approach bridge)

Solid approach road at Bandra: 1.8 km Solid approach road at Bandra: 1.8 km (including (including toll plaza) toll plaza)

Carriageway - 8 lanesCarriageway - 8 lanes

Cable stayed bridge of 500m length on single pylonCable stayed bridge of 500m length on single pylon

Salient Features:Salient Features:

Cont…Cont…

Viewers gallery at the top of central pylon at Viewers gallery at the top of central pylon at 150m height with access via capsule lift from 150m height with access via capsule lift from pile cap pile cap

Advanced Traffic control and surveillance Advanced Traffic control and surveillance system system

Estimated basic cost: Rs 650 crores Estimated basic cost: Rs 650 crores

Link proposed to be extended to Nariman PointLink proposed to be extended to Nariman Point

A minimum clearance of 20 meters will be A minimum clearance of 20 meters will be provided for main spans for marine traffic provided for main spans for marine traffic

Fuel savings worth Rs. 100 crores per annumFuel savings worth Rs. 100 crores per annum Savings in travel time upto 20 - 30 minutesSavings in travel time upto 20 - 30 minutes Reduction in air, noise & sound pollutionReduction in air, noise & sound pollution Reduction of Nox by 43% & CO by more than 75%Reduction of Nox by 43% & CO by more than 75% No adverse effect on tides, fisheries and livelihood of No adverse effect on tides, fisheries and livelihood of

fishermenfishermen Ease in driving with reduced mental tension and Ease in driving with reduced mental tension and

overall improvement in the quality of life.overall improvement in the quality of life. Reduced accidents. Reduced accidents.

Techno Economic FeasibilityTechno Economic Feasibility

Existing Situation: Distance from Lovegrove Jn to Mahim Junction = 7.7 km Traffic Signals = 23 Nos Travel time:

– Morning peak hour = 35 min– Evening peak hour = 38 min

Average Journey Speed = 13 kmph

Savings due to Sea Link Direct Cost savings = Rs 14.11 per car

(fuel, tyre,wear & tear, lubricants,etc) Travel time savings = 29 min per car

Time value @ Rs 100/ hr = Rs 48.43 / car Hence, total savings = Rs 62.59 / car

GPOGPO

sewrisewri

CSTCST

MPTMPT

BandraBandra

WorliWorli

Wadala

WESTERNWESTERNFREE WAYFREE WAY

SEA LINKSEA LINK

BANDRA BANDRA WORLIWORLISEA LINKSEA LINK

Hutatma ChowkHutatma Chowk

Gateway of IndiaGateway of India

Senapati Bapat MargSenapati Bapat Marg

Savarkar MargSavarkar Marg

Ambedkar MargAmbedkar Marg

Western railWestern rail

Central railCentral rail

Harbour railHarbour rail

Rafi Ahmed Kidwai MargsRafi Ahmed Kidwai Margs

The Fourth CorridorThe Fourth Corridor

AlignmentAlignment::Salient FeaturesSalient Features

Total length 14.77 Km

Starting from interchange at `Worli’

Alignment about 200 m in the sea from shore line

Easy Traffic Dispersal -Interchanges with connecting links at - Haji Ali Circle,- Bhulabhai Desai Marg, - NCPA Nariman Point

Attributes

Bridge spans to be provided withBridge spans to be provided with adequate vertical adequate vertical and Horizontal clearance and Horizontal clearance

Eco-friendly Sea link - no effect on tidal conditionsEco-friendly Sea link - no effect on tidal conditions

Cable stayed bridges and viaductsCable stayed bridges and viaducts

- Improve aesthetics of the coastal area- Improve aesthetics of the coastal area

- No Visual Intrusion from sea shore- No Visual Intrusion from sea shore

Modern Traffic Surveillance SystemModern Traffic Surveillance System

Minimum land reclamation, only near approachesMinimum land reclamation, only near approaches

Benefits

Vehicular pollution will be reducedVehicular pollution will be reduced

Overall Improvement in environment Overall Improvement in environment

Reduction in PollutionReduction in Pollution

Reduction in AccidentsReduction in Accidents

Improvement in the existing transport system Improvement in the existing transport system and living conditions and living conditions

Traffic will be dispersedTraffic will be dispersed

To reduce the surface traffic. To cater to the increase in traffic due to

the emergence of Worli as business and industrial center.

To decrease the level of pollution. To reduce the heavy load on local

railways and buses.

Why do we need metro system?

Salient Features: Location (7th corridor) Colaba to Kurla Length 22.4 Kms Average number of commuters per 24,20,000 day on a weekdays Travel time 39 min. Number of intermediate stations 24 Peak hour demand 50,689 Drainage will be taken care by sumps and automatic

pumps.

Value and life of assets under major heads or groups

NOTE : ‘N.A.’ denotes Not Applicable.

Sr. No.

Major Head or Group Cost Crores

Life in Years 1.

2.3.4.5.

6.7.8.

9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.

DPR LandRunning TunnelsOther Underground CavitiesMiscellaneous works in TunnelsCarshed WorksCut and Cover constructionAdministrative Office BuildingBallastless TracksResidential quartersTemporary track connectionPower supplyElectrical equipmentsS & T equipmentsRolling stockGeneral chargesContingencies

50.00500.001177.05633.77344.09

114.42242.6020.00

46.5127.0025.0089.601045.95366.871950.00554.40216.22

N.A.Infinite100100100

505050

15505040201530N.A.N.A.

  Total 7423.48  

S. No. Main HeadAmount(Rs. Crores)

1.2.3.4.5. 

6. 

7. 

8.

Preliminary expensesLand and right of wayStructural engineering worksPower supply and electrical equipmentsSignaling and telecom equipments (including automatic fare collection and checking system) Rolling stock Total Add general charges, (supervision and direction) @ 8.33% TotalAdd contingencies

Total

50.00500.00

2650.441135.55366.87

 

1950.006652.86554.40

7207.26216.22

7423.48

Abstract estimate for 7th corridor

MRVCMRVC

Components

Increase in corridors Longer (12 rake) EMUs Station area improvement schemes Removal of level crossings The resettlement and relocation of the

project affected persons and structures all along Central and Western Railway corridors and the Harbour Line

Total cost of the project is 5618.36 crores.

To Kasara

To Karjat/ Khopoli

Kalyan

Diva Jn.

THANE

Kurla

BelapurPanvel

To Karjat

To Roha

Virar

Andheri

Santacruz

DADAR

BANDRA

Mumbai Central

ChurchgateMumbai CST

To Dahanu Rd.

Turbhe

CENTRAL RAILWAY

LOCAL LINETHROUGH LINEHARBOUR LINE OTHER LINES

WESTERN RAILWAY

LOCAL LINETHROUGH LINE5TH LINE

Vasai Rd.

Wadala Rd.

Borivali

Vashi Nerul

Uran

Mumbai Suburban System Map Mumbai Suburban System Map

Benefits

Increase in capacity by about 35%Higher frequency of train services during

peak hoursReduction in journey timeImprovement in the flow of passengers and

vehicles in and selected stations

Rail ProjectRail Project

Cont…Cont…

Non-Rail ProjectsNon-Rail Projects

Reduction in traffic congestion, increase in vehicular speeds and reduction in delays

Increased carrying capacity for bus usersSafe and smooth flow of vehicular and

pedestrian trafficMinimizing delays and accidentsImproved environment through reduction in

air pollution

Comparison between different modes of transport

In terms of land usage railway is 24 times more efficient than road.

Railway transport are 6 times more energy efficient than road transport.

Bus travel is 5 times more costlier than railways.

Road traffic is a major source of air pollution and noise pollution.

Bus takes about 50% more time during peak hours as compared to rail.

S.No Project Category Cost1 5th line between Santacruz and Borivali on W R. Augmentation 161.98

 2 Extra pair of lines between Kurla-Thane. Augmentation 368.69

 3 Borivali-Bhayandar additional pair of line. Augmentation 180.29

 4 Bhayandar-Virar additional pair of line. Augmentation 406.40

 5 Optimization of WR including 12 car on through

lineOptimization 564.70

 6 Optimization of CR including 12 car on through line Optimization 613.63

 7 Optimization of Harbour line. Optimization 292.698 DC AC Conversion   601.00

9 EMU Remanufacture   450.00

10 5th line Kurla-Dadar-CSTM. Augmentation 229.2011 W R 6th line Borivali-Santacruz. Augmentation 209.8312 Western Railway 12-car rake on local line. Optimization 254.00

 13 Central Railway 12-car rake on local line. Optimization 250.00

 14 East-West Bandra-Kurla link. Augmentation 974.95

5618.35618.3TotalTotal

List of projects and their costs ( in crores of rupees)List of projects and their costs ( in crores of rupees)

MMRDAMMRDA

MTS Alignment “C”

C1 – CST to Mahalaxmi C2 – Mahalaxmi to Bandra C3 – Bandra to Andheri station C4 – Andheri to Charkop village C5 – Andheri station to Ghatkopar C6 – Mulund to Sahar Airport

Alignment “C” is split into following 6 sectionsAlignment “C” is split into following 6 sections

Salient Features

Maximum link flow is 51,000 per direction per hour.

Network length is 57 km.

Elevated section – 45 km

Underground section – 12 km Total cost is Rs 118,885 million.

Andheri-Ghatkopar Alignment Length - 9 kmLength - 9 km

Elevated section - 8.1 kmElevated section - 8.1 km

Underground section – 0.9 kmUnderground section – 0.9 km

Investment cost - Rs. 820 croresInvestment cost - Rs. 820 crores

Operating cost - Rs. 31 croresOperating cost - Rs. 31 crores

Peak hour ridership passengers – 40,000Peak hour ridership passengers – 40,000

Investment cost Rs. Per pass km – 40,091Investment cost Rs. Per pass km – 40,091

Output pass-km per million Rupees – 24.94Output pass-km per million Rupees – 24.94

Economic internal rate of return – 11.14%Economic internal rate of return – 11.14%

Thane is one of the fastest growing cities. The city, spread over an area of 128 sq.km. has a population of 15.5 lakhs.

High travel demand.

Population doubling every decade.

City expected to hit 30 lakhs by 2031.

Development has increased the traffic tremendously.

Need:Need:

An MRTS that is….

• Convenient Convenient

• Comfortable Comfortable

• Fast Fast • Environment friendly Environment friendly

duringduringconstruction and construction and operationoperation

Existing Traffic Scenario Traffic Volumes at entry/ exit to Thane City

– LBS Marg - 31758 PCUs

– Eastern Expressway - 53481 PCUs

Modal Split in Thane

IPT

Car

Bus

2-WCycle

Bus & IPT together cater to about 65% trips

(30.46 %)(33.28 %)

(12.75 %)(8.15 %) (15.36 %)

Rapid industrial development and population growth in Thane has resulted in large scale traffic movements.

Population Growth: 14.5 lakhs in 2001.

Demand for bus transportation is on the rise, but has Limitations due to.

heavy congestion

limited accessibility

This has resulted in increase in personalized & IPT modes, thereby aggravating congestion & pollution levels.

Government of Maharashtra has therefore envisaged the need for efficient, economical, equitable and environmental friendly

Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) for the city.

30m wide circular MRTS corridor proposed through major work and industrial area

Total Route Length - 21 kmElevated - 12.25 kmSurface Level - 8.75 km

Total stations - Eleven (11)On ground - 8Elevated Stations - 3

Estimated Project Cost: Rs 1000 crores

Modern Traffic Management & Surveillance Systems

Environmentally better system

Cross-sectional view of Sky Bus

Salient Features of Sky BusSalient Features of Sky Bus

Maximum traffic carrying capacity: 15000 pphpd

can be upgraded to 30000 pphpd.Dimension of Sky Bus (L*W*H): 8*2.8*2.4 Capacity of Sky Bus: 250 passengerMaximum permissible speed: 100 KmphAcceleration: 1.3 m/sec2 Minimum clearance above road level: 6 meters

Proposed route of Sky Bus

Meeting the demand Reducing the demand East west corridors Worli area Rail connection Colaba area Rail connection Churchgate-CST connection Integration of these systems to meet the total

travel demand

To Summarize…