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Lesson

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A proper noun is the name of some particular person,

thing ,object,place,country, book,day,month,etc.

Examples:Rabindranath,Ramayan,Sunday,March,Agartala,I

ndia, etc. Proper nouns are always written with a capital letter at the

beginning.

The Proper Noun

S ROY

Definition: 1.A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun or

clause. 2.A pronoun is a word used instead of a noun.

Thus, pronoun means for- a- noun.

The pronouns

Look, here you have some pronouns

Pronouns may be divided into following eight classes.

1.Personal . 2.Demonstrative.

3.Relative. 4.Interrogative. 5.Distributive. 6.Reflexive or Emphasizing.

7.Indefinite. 8.Reciprocal.

Kinds of pronouns

Personal pronouns stands for persons.

The form of personal pronouns varies according to their

use in the sentence as subject or object.

To indicate ownership or other relationship, they take

possessive forms.

Personal pronouns

•Subject Pronouns - I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they function as the subject of a sentence: I live in Kanchanpur.Do you like to play?He doesn't want to come this evening.She works in Kailasahar.It won't be easy.We are studying pronouns at the moment.You went to Kolkata last year, didn't you?They bought a new car last month.

•Object Pronouns - me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them serve as the object of a verb. Give me the book.He told you to come tonight.She asked him to help.They visited her when they came to Nagichera.She bought it at the store.He picked us up at the airport.The teacher asked you to finish your homework.I invited them to a party.

•Possessive Pronouns - mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs show that something belongs to someone. Note that the possessive pronouns are similar to possessive adjectives (my, his, her). The difference is that the object follows the possessive adjective but does not follow the possessive pronoun. For example - Possessive Pronoun: That book is mine. - Possessive Adjective: That is my book. That house is mine.This is yours.I'm sorry, that's his.Those books are hers.Those students are ours.Look over there, those seats are yours.Green will be Theirs.

1ST PERSON AS –SUBJECT,OBJECT & POSSESSIVE

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrate (verb): to show; to indicate; to point to

A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things-near in distance or time (this, these) far in distance or time (that, those)

near far

singular this that

plural these those

DEMONSTRATIVESDemonstrative adjectives and pronouns point out which object the speaker means. They agree in number with the object(s) being identified, and vary depending on distance from the speaker.This, These: Point out objects close to the speaker.This square is green. These squares are blue. That, Those: Point out objects far from the speaker.That square is red. Those squares are yellow.

This is my house.

That is our car over there.

These are my friends in this room.

Those are beautiful flowers in the next field.

A Relative Pronoun is a word that not only refers to some Noun or Pronoun mentioned before but also joins two sentences or parts thereof.

The principal Relative Pronouns are who, which,that,what. As and but are also used as Relative Pronouns.

Who and whom refer only to people. Which refers to things, qualities, etc.

The word to which the Relative Pronoun refers is called the Antecedent.

Relative pronouns

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Use of relative pronouns

Use of Relative Pronouns

Relative Pronoun Refers to Examples

Who Whom Whose

Persons I know the man who called me.

He knows the man whom I saw.

This is the girl whose father is a teacher.

Which

Things Animals Babies preceding a clause This is the book which he bought.

This is the dog which I saw.The baby which was crying is now quiet.

He passed the examination which pleased us.That Persons Animals Things

This is the man/dog/book that I saw.

What Things I know what you say

Interrogative Pronouns are similar in forms to Relative Pronouns. But they work in a different way.They are used for asking questions, and are, therefore, called as Interrogative Pronouns.

There are four main interrogative pronouns: who, whom, what, which .

The possessive pronoun whose can also be an interrogative pronoun

Interrogative pronouns

  subject object  

person who whom  

thing what  

person/thing which  

person whose (possessive)

Notice that whom is the correct form when the pronoun is the object of the verb, as in "Whom did you see?" ("I saw Jaggu.") However, in normal spoken English, we rarely use whom. Most speakers would say (or even write): "Who did you see?“

Look at these example questions.

WhoWe use who when the answer is the subject of the verb.Examples:Who broke the cup? Paul broke the cup.

  WhomWe use whom when the answer is the object of the verb.Examples:Whom is she talking to? She is talking to Pinki.Whom did you see? I saw Poulomi.Take note that although whom is the correct form for the object of the verb, it is rarely used in normal spoken English. Usually who is used instead of whom.Whose We use whose when we want to ask about ownership.Examples:Whose is this house?Whose car did you drive here?

WhatWhat is an interrogative pronoun that asks for names of things.Examples:What is the time?What is your cat’s name?

Which Which is an interrogative pronoun that asks for a specific person or thing from a group. Examples: Which of these bags is yours? Which of them is the shortest ?

DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUN

Distributive pronouns refer to people or things taken one at a time. Examples are: each, either and neither. Since they refer to a single person or thing at a time, distributive pronouns are always singular and are followed by singular verbs.

Each Each refers to everyone of a group of persons/things taken separately. Each boy was given a present. She had a child hanging on to each hand. Before a noun with a determiner (the, my, this etc.) we use each of. Note that each

of is followed by a plural noun and a singular verb. Each of the boys was given a present. Each can have different positions in a sentence . Each of the boys was given a present. The boys were each given a present. The boys were given a present each

Either and neitherEither and neither can be used only when speaking about two persons or things. Either means one or the other of two. Neither means not one nor the other of two.•Either answer is correct.•Either road will lead to the railway station.•Neither team could win a decisive victory.When speaking about more than two persons or things any, no one or none should be used.•I don’t like any of these three shirts. (NOT … either of these three shirts.)•No one offered to accompany him.•None but the brave deserves the fair.

Reflexive (adj.) : reflecting back on the subject, like a mirror

We use a reflexive pronoun when we want to refer back to the subject of the sentence or clause. Reflexive pronouns end in "-self" (singular) or "-selves" (plural).

A personal pronoun compounded with -self to show the agent's action affects the agent.

Reflexive Pronouns

  singular myself

yourselfhimself, herself, itself

plural ourselves

yourselvesthemselves

There are eight reflexive pronouns

I saw myself in the mirror.

My dog saw itself in the mirror

Why do you blame yourself?

Joy sent himself a copy.

Mira sent herself a copy.

My dog hurt itself.

We blame ourselves.

Can you help yourselves?

They cannot look after themselves

Look at these examples:

Reflexive & Emphatic Pronouns both are formed by adding self to my,your,him,her,it and selves to our,your,them.

Though the same in form they are different in use: a)They are Reflexive when the doer is both the subject

and the object of the action expressed by the verb. Examples: 1.I hurt myself. 2.He lost himself. 3.He looked at himself in the mirror.

Use of Reflexive & Emphatic Pronouns.

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b)They are Empathic when used with nouns or pronouns for the sake of emphasis. Examples:

I myself did the work.I saw the man himself.The town itself is very large

Note :Emphatic Pronouns can never stand alone as subjects.Hence it is incorrect to write : “His brother and myself were present”. “ Myself will do it”

But we can write: “His brother and I myself went there. “I myself will do it”

Tell which pronouns in the following sentences are reflexive and which are emphatic.

1.    I will do it myself.2.    Joy hurt himself while he was jogging in the park.3.    He himself made the remark.4.    I wash myself when I get up.5.    The boys fooled themselves.6.    We have got ourselves into a mess.7.    Simi pinched herself.8.    We enjoyed ourselves at the party.9.    You have set yourself an unattainable goal.10.    I myself did the job..

Reflexive and Emphatic Pronouns Exercise

1.    Emphatic2.    Reflexive3.    Emphatic4.    Reflexive5.    Reflexive6.    Emphatic7.    Reflexive8.    Reflexive9.    Reflexive10.  Emphatic

Answers

An indefinite pronoun refers to something that is not definite or specific or exact. The indefinite pronouns are all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, each, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, nobody, none, one, several, some, somebody, someone, These indefinite pronouns can also be used as indefinite adjectives in some cases

Indefinite pronoun

All are welcome to attend the concert. Maria gave the book to another. I don't have any. Does anybody have a clue? Anyone can play that game. Arindam didn't see anything suspicious. Each brought a dish to pass. Everybody left town for the weekend. Everyone enjoyed the movie. Everything is taken care of. Few visited that park. Many called for information. Jyoti told nobody her secret. None came forward to claim the prize. One could see the mountains from miles away. Several signed the card.

The examples in the sentences below show the indefinite pronouns .

Reciprocal pronoun

RECIPROCAL PRONOUNS are pronouns that

express mutual action or relationship. In English the

reciprocal pronouns are each other and one another.

Examples: The children waved goodbye to each other as they

parted. The students helped one another study before the test.

Reciprocal pronoun

THANK YOU