presentation r castro
TRANSCRIPT
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A LOOK AT
PHOTOVOLTAICS Rui Castro, [email protected]
IST – Technical University of Lisbon, Power Systems Group
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The sun
Passive heat This is heat which we receive from the sun naturally; this can be
taken into account in the design of buildings so that less additional heating is required
Solar thermal Uses the sun’s heat to provide hot water for buildings
Photovoltaic (PV) energy Converts energy from the sun into electricity
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Some figures
Renewables 3
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Some figures
Wind 4
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Some figures
PV 5
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Some figures
PV annual increase
Source: IEA Trends in Photovoltaic Applications
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Europe: Global PV market leader
Source: Global Market Outlook for PV until 2013
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How does PV work
Photovoltaic effect
Phenomenon that certain materials produce electric current when they are exposed to light
Discovered in 1839 by 19 year old Alexandre Edmond Becquerel French physicist
1873: Willoughby Smith discovered the photoconductivity of selenium
1923: Albert Einstein received the Nobel Prize for his theories explaining the photoelectric effect
1954: The PV effect in Cadmium was reported; primary work was performed by Rappaport, Loferski and Jenny
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How does PV work
PN Junction and Semiconductors
One pure silicon crystal is doped with two
different dopants (e.g. arsenic, gallium,
aluminum, phosphorus)
One half of the crystal is left electron
deficient: p-type layer and the other half has
an excess of electrons: n-type layer
There is an electric field across the junction
between the two halves
Electrons in the crystal can only travel in one
direction - from the electron rich half to the
electron poor half
Where the two halves of the crystal meet is
called a PN junction, and this doped crystal
is a semiconductor
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How does PV work
Energy from sunlight
The light from the sun is made up of
packets of energy called Photons
When a visible light photon strikes a
solar cell it can pass straight through, be
reflected, or be absorbed
If the photon is absorbed its energy is
absorbed by an electron enabling it to
cross the junction and fill a hole
Electrons are physically moving across
the PN junction and the holes are
moving in the opposite direction
DC current is established around the
load circuit
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PV power
The power that a PV produces depends on
The amount of incident sunlight (irradiance)
The efficiency of the PV at converting this light to
electricity
Peak power (Wp)
Output power at Standard Test Conditions (STC)
STC: teta=25ºC; G=1000W/m2
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PV electricity potential in Europe 12
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Annual frequency of hourly irradiation
Lisboa
4170
1093
598 568484 523
322 332 275 235159
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
0 0-100 100-200 200-300 300-400 400-500 500-600 600-700 700-800 800-900 900-1000
Radiação (W/m2)
Fre
qu
ên
cia
de o
co
rrên
cia
(h
)13
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Average monthly irradiation
77,0
111,9
177,2
217,2
262,9
300,2307,0
273,9
209,6
135,5
87,8
63,6
0
100
200
300
400
Jan Fev Mar Abr Mai Jun Jul Ago Set Out Nov Dez
Rad
iação
so
lar
incid
en
te G
(W
/m2)
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Some simple technical calculations
Global yearly irradiation @ Lisbon: H=1600kWh/m2
Sample PV module: Pp=200Wp, A=1,5m2
Average efficiency: Ef=12%
Yearly PV energy production: Ea=12%*1600*1,5=288kWh
Yearly utilization factor (equivalent hours @ peak power) ha=Ea/Pp=1440h
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Renewables utilization factor
Large Hydro
Wind
PV
Portugal
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PV technologies
Crystalline silicon technology
Efficiency ranges between 12% and 17%
This is the most common technology representing
about 90% of the market today
Types of crystalline cells
Monocrystalline (Mono c-Si)
Polycrystalline (or Multicrystalline) (multi c-Si)
Ribbon sheets (ribbon-sheet c-Si)
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PV technologies
Thin film technology
Depositing extremely thin layers of photosensitive materials onto a low-cost backing such as glass, stainless steel or plastic
Lower production costs compared to the more material-intensive crystalline technology
Price advantage is currently counterbalanced by lower efficiency (5% to 13%)
Types of thin film modules depend on the active material Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
Cadmium telluride (CdTe)
Copper Indium/gallium Diselenide/disulphide (CIS, CIGS)
Multi junction cells (a-Si/m-Si)
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Thin films 19
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PV technologies
Other cell types
Concentrated photovoltaic (CPV) Designed to operate with concentrated sunlight
Built into concentrating collectors that use a lens to focus the sunlight onto the cells
Use very little of the expensive semiconducting PV material while collecting as much sunlight as possible
Efficiencies are in the range of 20 to 30%
Flexible cells Based on a similar production process to thin film cells, when
the active material is deposited in a thin plastic, the cell can be flexible
This opens the range of applications, especially for Building integration (roofs-tiles)
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MST Ltd. (Israel) is developing a novel concentrating PV (CPV) technology.
The basic unit is the solar tracker, with an output power of about 50 kWp.
The system's lenses concentrate sunlight to 500 suns on multi-junction highly-efficient (37 %) solar
cells.
CPV 21
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Flexible cells 22
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PV applications
Grid-connected domestic systems
Most popular type for
homes and businesses
in developed areas
Connection to the local
electricity network
An inverter is used to
convert the DC power
to AC
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London City Hall, 67 kWp PV system 24
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Woking Station (UK), 73 kWp PV 25
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Chicken farm, 160 kWp solar tiles,
Switzerland 26
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PV housing community, Malaysia 27
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PV applications
Grid-Connected power plants
Production of a large
quantity of
photovoltaic electricity
in a single point
The size ranges from
several hundred
kilowatts to several
megawatts
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Solar farm, 23 MW PV, Spain 29
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Solar farm, 20 MW PV, Spain 30
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PV applications
Off-grid for rural electrification
Where no mains electricity is available
The system is connected to a battery via a charge controller
An inverter can be used to provide AC power
Use of normal electrical appliances
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PV applications
Off-grid industrial applications
Repeater stations for
mobile telephones
Traffic signals
Marine navigation aids
Security phones
Remote lighting
Highway signs
Waste water treatment
plants
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PV in Portugal
Source: IEA Report 2008 - Portugal
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Moura PV Power Plant
One of the world largest centralized PV plants, with 45,6 MWp installed power
Located @ Amareleja, east Alentejo and owned and operated by Acciona Energy
Built in about 13 months
262 080 PV modules
2520 solar trackers (azimuthal)
Area occupied 250 ha
The estimated annual output is 93 GWh
Final yield slightly over 2000 kWh/kWp
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Source: IEA Report 2008 - Portugal
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Moura power plant
Aerial view 35
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Moura power plant
Sun tracking system 36
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WS Energia developed and patented the DoubleSun® Technology which duplicates the annual
energy yield of commercial PV modules by combining extremely light flat mirrors with easy-to-
mount, quick-to-install tracking systems.
Double sun (Portugal) 37
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Costs
Feed-in tariff vs market prices
Market price
Renewables feed-in tariff
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Source: Energy Services Regulatory Authority
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Costs
Renewables feed-in tariff
PV
Wind
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Source: Energy Services Regulatory Authority
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Some simple economic calculations 40
PV
• Investment=5€/Wp
• Utilization =1500h
• Cost=370€/MWh
Wind
• Investment=1€/W
• Utilization=2200h
• Cost=70€/MWh
Energy cost
Investment
Energy cost
Utilization