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Page 1: Presentation Slides Template - Print Media in Myanmar

L A N D

S H A D O W S

OF

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Land that is caught between

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I S O L A T I O N

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and...

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I N T E G R A T I O N

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Land that is caught between

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R E P R E S S I O N

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and...

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R E F O R M A T I O N

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Land that is caught between

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DARK

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and...

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LIGHT

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MYANMAR [PRINT]Land of Shadows

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Research Topic

Analysis of media landscape in Myanmar; a country that is transiting from military rule to democracy political system.

Explore the opportunities and challenges of print media that transiting countries like Myanmar will have in the near future.

Research Topic

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Contents

Part 1 [Introduction]

• Brief Country Profile

• Timeline of Print Media

Part II [Landscape of Print Media]

Comparison between Pre-media Reformation Efforts and Present

• Overview

• Global Perspective

• Print Media Landscape

• Media - Government Relations

• Print Media Structure and Policies

• Print Media Ownership

• Roles of Print Media

• Comparative Print Media Coverage

• Impact on Journalists in Myanmar

Part III [Road to Freedom]

• Opportunities & Challenges

• Conclusion

• References

Page 17: Presentation Slides Template - Print Media in Myanmar

Population of 48 Million

4th Poorest Nation in SEA

135 Different Ethnic Groups

58.2% has Basic Education

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18th Largest Producer of Sunflower Seeds

Ranked 21st out of 177 Countries as a Failed State

Key industries include illegal drug trafficking, gemstones, oil and gas and tourism

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Nominally Civilian Government (2011)

50 Years of Military Dictatorship (1962 - 2010)

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0.2% Internet Penetration

1% Main Line and 2 % Cell Line Penetration

Poor Telecommunication Infrastructure and Unreliable Power Supply

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Post-colonisation Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Civilian Government

1948 - 1961 1962 - 1987 1988 - 2004 2005 - 2007 2008 2011 - Present

Timeline of Print Media

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Print Media in Post-colonisation 1948 - 1961

‣ Temporary period of democracy - “Free” Press

‣ No. of print publications increased steadily

‣ No strict censorship regulations were in place

Post-colonisation Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Civilian Government

1948 - 1961 1962 - 1987 1988 - 2004 2005 - 2007 2008 2011 - Present

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Print Media during Junta Period1962 - 1987

‣ 1969: Privately-owned newspapers were nationalized. Became state-owned papers

‣ Burma Press Council was formed (many editors were arrested during government retaliation)

Post-colonisation Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Civilian Government

1948 - 1961 1962 - 1987 1988 - 2004 2005 - 2007 2008 2011 - Present

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Print Media during Junta Period1988 - 2004

‣ 8888 uprising resulted in only 3 daily newspapers

‣ Tightest censorship and control of print media

‣ Licenses were issued to publications

‣ Privately owned publications had to hire/apply licenses

Post-colonisation Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Civilian Government

1948 - 1961 1962 - 1987 1988 - 2004 2005 - 2007 2008 2011 - Present

Page 25: Presentation Slides Template - Print Media in Myanmar

Post-colonisation Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Civilian Government

1948 - 1961 1962 - 1987 1988 - 2004 2005 - 2007 2008 2011 - Present

‣ Press Scrutiny and Registration Department (PSRD) was established and controlled by military intelligence

‣ Newspaper drafts to be submitted to PSRD prior to publishing

‣ Strict censorship rules

‣ Heavy penalties implemented: serious warning, ban, and revocation of license

Print Media during Junta Period2005 - 2007

Page 26: Presentation Slides Template - Print Media in Myanmar

Print Media during Junta Period2008 (Relaxation of Censorship)

‣ Constitutional rights were brought into the picture

‣ examine existing practice of press policies and define how it should be changed

Post-colonisation Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Civilian Government

1948 - 1961 1962 - 1987 1988 - 2004 2005 - 2007 2008 2011 - Present

Page 27: Presentation Slides Template - Print Media in Myanmar

Print Media during Civilian Government2011 - Present

‣ Efforts to reform print media landscape commences

‣ Gradual removal of censorship by Ministry of Information for publications

Post-colonisation Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Junta Period Civilian Government

1948 - 1961 1962 - 1987 1988 - 2004 2005 - 2007 2008 2011 - Present

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OVERVIEW OF PRINT MEDIA LANDSCAPE

Global Perspective

Print Media Landscape Media-Govt Relations

Comparative Print Media Coverage

Implications on Journalists

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GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE

2011

169. Burma170. Sudan171. Yemen172. Vietnam173. Bahrain174. China175. Iran176. Syria177. Turkmenistan178. North Korea179. Eritrea

2007

164. Burma165. Cuba166. Iran167. Turkmenistan168. North Korea169. Eritrea

Reporters without Borders

Press Freedom Index

Junta Period (1962 - 2010) VS Civilian Govt Period (2011 - Present)

Reporters without Borders recognised the efforts (softening of censorship laws, release of imprisoned journalists, return of exiled journalists) to reform print media landscape in Myanmar. Hence, the increase in ranks since 2007.

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Freedom of the Press

Freedom House

Myanmar remains as a country with “Not Free” status by Freedom House. Despite the reformation efforts, there is still tight control by the government (registration of publication, sole source of news from Myanmar News Agency)

GLOBAL PERSPECTIVEJunta Period (1962 - 2010) VS Civilian Govt Period (2011 - Present)

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COMMITTEE TO PROTECT JOURNALISTSWORLD’S WORST JAILERS OF JOURNALISTS

Myanmar2007: 72008: 142009: 92010: 13

2011: 12

Global Perspective

CPJ ranked Myanmar 4th in the World’s Worst Jailers. Majority of the journalists who were imprisoned were undercovers for exiled media (Democratic Voice of Burma). Minimal no. of journalists who works for domestic media were arrested.

Junta Period (1962 - 2010) VS Civilian Govt Period (2011 - Present)

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LANDSCAPE OF PRINT MEDIA

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LANDSCAPE OF PRINT MEDIA (JUNTA PERIOD)

1962 - 2010

• Strict authoritarian media system since military coup in 1962

‣ State controls main publications and privately-owned are forced to do weekly or monthly publications. Limited no. of international publications. Thai and Indian publications may appear at times but are removed most of the time

‣ All publications (poetry, books, journals, magazines, newspaper) must pass through the censor board at the Press Scrutiny and Registration Division set up by the Ministry of Information

• Instrumental use of media by Junta

‣ News covers activities of the ruling generals and progress in the implementation of policies

• Readers read newspapers for advertisements, weddings and obituaries

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LANDSCAPE OF PRINT MEDIA (CIVILIAN GOVERNMENT)

2011 - PRESENT4 Phases of Reformation

Phase 1 (June 2011): Publications were divided into 2 groups

Grp A: Showbiz, entertainment, children and sports need not pass through censorship prior to publishing

Grp B: News, politics, religion, business, education and crime need to pass through censorship prior to publishing

Phase 2 (Dec 2011): Business, Crime and law journals, magazines and publications need not pass thru censorship

Phase 3 (Feb 2012): Education related journals and magazines need not pass thru censorship.

Phase 4 (May 2012): All fictions were excluded from censorship

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3-step Media Reform Process (Current and Future)

• Phase 1 - Publish without prior approval from the Press Scrutiny and Registration Department

• Phase 2 - New print media law that ensures press freedom in accord with the Constitution and replace the existing Registration of Printers and Publishers Law (1962)

• Ministry of Information will support the private media sector

LANDSCAPE OF PRINT MEDIA (CIVILIAN GOVERNMENT)

2011 - PRESENT

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MEDIA-GOVERNMENT RELATIONS

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MEDIA-GOVERNMENT RELATIONS (PRINT MEDIA STRUCTURE)

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Media Ownership

State-Owned Privately-Owned Exiled

New Light of Myanmar

Founded: 1914Language: Burmese, EnglishCirculation: 10k

The Mirror Kyaymon

Founded: 1957Language: BurmeseCirculation: 180k

Myanmar Ahlin

Founded: 1914Language: BurmeseCirculation: 220k

Owner: Myanmar Consolidated Media Co. LtdEditors: Dr Tin Tun Oo & Bill CloughFounded: 2000Language: Burmese and EnglishCirculation: 25k in Burmese and 3k in English

Mandalay Gazette

Owner: Group of Exiled JournalistsFounded: 2006Language: EnglishType: Monthly Burmese NewsTA: Overseas BurmeseCirculation: 12k Countries: US, Canada, Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and Japan

PRINT MEDIA OWNERSHIP300 FORMS OF PRINT MEDIA

Page 39: Presentation Slides Template - Print Media in Myanmar

ROLES OF PRINT MEDIA (POLITICAL)

‣ Portrays the government in good light and covers activities of the government and military officials, and progress in the implementation of various policies

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Social

Human/Lifestyle Stories. (Local and International) Sports, Movie Reviews etc.

Cultural interests like Buddhism etc. (89% of Population are buddhists)

News that impact the society negatively about racial riots (between muslims and buddhists) were not covered extensively.

Economic

Advertisements. “Some say” readers actually read the newspapers for its advertisements and sports news.

Initiatives and development by local investors.

ROLES OF PRINT MEDIA(SOCIAL & ECONOMIC)

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COMPARATIVE PRINT MEDIA COVERAGE

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COMPARATIVE PRINT MEDIA COVERAGENews  Coverage  during  Junta  Period  (1962  -­‐  2010)

The Saffron Revolution (August/September 2007)

The ruling Junta announced the removal of fuel subsidies which caused the price of diesel and petrol to suddenly rise as much as 66% and the price of compressed natural gas for buses to increase by fivefold in less than a week.

Approximately 15,000 Buddhist monks led and were at the forefront of the protest against Junta ruler.

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COMPARATIVE PRINT MEDIA COVERAGENews  Coverage  during  Print  Media  Reforma?on  Period

Opposition Leader, Aung San Suu Kyi won by-elections (April 2012)

Total of 45 seats were contested and Aung San Suu Kyi, leaded of National League for Democracy had a landslide win and for the first time has a place in parliament.

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COMPARATIVE PRINT MEDIA COVERAGENews  Coverage  a@er  Abolish  of  Censorship  

Opposition Party Leader, Aung San Suu Kyi for President in 2015 (September 2012)

Press conference was held in New York on 29 September 2012.

BBC asked President Thein Sein if he would accept Aung San Suu Kyi as president if the people vote for her in the election in 2015.

President Thein Sein said that the will of people will be respected whoever they choose in an election due in 2015

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IMPLICATIONS ON JOURNALISTS

(LOCAL, EXILED, FOREIGN)

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ROSS DUNKLEYMYANMAR TIMESEDITOR

IMPLICATIONS ON JOURNALISTS JOURNALIST IMPRISONED (LOCAL)

• Founder and editor of Myanmar Times was arrested in February 2011

• He was convicted for assault of a prostitute and for breaching immigration laws

• Dunkley’s business partners said the arrest had come amid a dispute with Burmese colleagues over the newspaper ownership, future direction and senior leadership roles

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IMPLICATIONS ON JOURNALISTS JOURNALIST IN EXILE

AUNG ZAWTHE IRRAWADDYFOUNDER

• Aung Zaw was a student activist who was arrested in Rangoon University campus during one of the student rallies against the Junta

• Detained for a week in Rangoon’s notorious Insein prison where he was severely tortured during interrogation

• Continued to work with other underground student groups and took part in student protests

• Fled to capital after being tipped off by neighbours who told him the military intelligence officers were going to arrest him. He hid in remote villages in the countryside and finally left for Thailand

• Few years later, he launched The Irrawaddy Newsmagazine in Bangkok covering Burma affairs.

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• Killed by Burmese troops cracking down on antigovernment demonstrations in Rangoon.

• Nagai appeared to be deliberately targeted by a Burmese soldier, according to video footage shown on Japan's Fuji News Network. The footage shows Nagai filming near a group of demonstrators before being pushed to the ground and shot at near point-blank range.

•The Japanese embassy in Burma confirmed the killing and said that the path of the bullet through Nagai's body was inconsistent with Burmese authorities' claims that Nagai died as a result of a stray shot.

IMPLICATIONS ON JOURNALISTS JOURNALIST KILLED (FOREIGN)

KENJI NAGAIAPF NEWS

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CHALLENGES & OPPORTUNITIES

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CHALLENGES• Lack of Journalism Capacity Building Efforts

• Lack of practical skills, training and formal degree courses for journalism

• Journalists learned from older journalists and through books written by their seniors

• One institution (University of Yangon) offers a degree in Journalism

• What is Good Ethics after 50years of Military Dictatorship

• Objectivity vs. Emotional Reporting

• Lack of examples of good ethics practiced by journalists

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CHALLENGES• Democratic Transition

• Opening up to privately owned media agencies

• Capitalistic Media Approach (Profit-driven) or Libertarian Approach (Watchdog of Public Interests)

• Balance between media independence with accountability (Higher demand of accountability with lax in press policies in democratic transition)

• Will Media Imperialism Take Place with Influx of Investments from the West?

• With the influx of foreign investments and the lift of economic sanctions, will Myanmar be influenced by western media?

• Will they be lost in finding their very own identity in the midst of transition to democracy?

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OPPORTUNITIES

• Road to Press Freedom

• Lifting of censorship system marks a positive step for print media landscape in Myanmar, as it transits towards democracy

• It is a door to many more opportunities of making social, economic and political change

• Myanmar may not be as free as the Philippine press, but it is optimistic in making the big step of change towards press freedom

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• Print Media for Democratic Discourse

• Reformation efforts hope to offer more diverse types of print publications. Possibly, a more knowledgeable society with the exposure of different publications and perspectives. Foreign investments may bring about more international publications into Myanmar, hence, offering diverse perspectives of the world and empowering burmese to better their lives and eventually, make social change

OPPORTUNITIES

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• Return of Exiled Journalists/Print Media

• With the return of exiled journalists, will they value-add and increase the existing standards of print media landscape in Myanmar? With their vast experience to less or no restriction to print media censorship from all over the world, how will they improve the underdeveloped media landscape in Myanmar

• Reform state media along public services lines, with full editorial independence and a pluralism of content that reflects all sections of society, including the weakest

OPPORTUNITIES

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OPPORTUNITIES

• Will One of the Theories from Critical Media Approach Take Place?

• Critical theory teaches that knowledge is power. To understand the ways one is oppressed enables one to take action to change and bring about a more equal and fairer society

• Print media for democratic discourse plays an important role in political, economic and social change in Myanmar

• With the knowledge that the burmese may acquire from consumption of diverse print media publications, will they want to take action and bring about a more equal and fairer society?

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CONCLUSION• Myanmar is the land of shadows. It is caught between the transition from authoritarian to

democracy political system

• Vast opportunities for its underdeveloped media system to evolve

• Overcoming challenges that it faces will not be an easy task. However, it’s exciting to contemplate on what the future of print media in Myanmar might be

• Will they adopt the Libertarian Model? Or will they adopt Developmental Approach if they are not able to release sole ownership of major news outlet in Myanmar

• It’s an exciting future for Myanmar

Fun Fact: Did you know that Junta is pronounced as Hoon-Ta? :) ala Javier is pronounced as Ha-Vier

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REFERENCESUNICEF. (2012). Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Available: http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/myanmar_statistics.html. Last accessed 5 Oct 2012.

The Myanmar Times. (2010-2012). Online Burma/Myanmar Library.Available: http://www.burmalibrary.org/show.php?cat=1687. Last accessed 8 Oct 2012.

Jakubowicz, K, Sukosd, M (2008). Finding the Right Place on the Map: Central and Eastern European Media Change in a Global Perspective. UK/USA: Intellect Books. p95-101.

C. Hallin, D, Mancini, P (2004). Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. UK: Cambridge University Press. p66-78.

Ko Ko, Chairman, Yangon Media Group. (2012). The Fourth Pillar In Myanmar: Journey to Free Press. Available: http://www.iseas.edu.sg/myan_forum/Ko%20Ko.pdf. Last accessed 9 Oct 2012.

Union of Myanmar, Ministry of Education. (2008). Country Report: Myanmar Education Development Strategy Focusing on Inclusive Education. Available: http://www.ibe.unesco.org/National_Reports/ICE_2008/myanmar_NR08.pdf. Last accessed 10 Oct 2012.

D. H. Downing, J. (2011). Independent Media (Burma/Myanmar). In: John D. H. Downing Encyclopedia of Social Movement Media. USA: Sage Publications Ltd. p242-243.

Committee to Protect Journalists (2011). Attacks on the Press in 2011: A Worldwide Survey by the Committee to Protect Journalists. USA: United Book Press. p74-77.

Larmer, B. (2011). Land of Shadows. Available: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/08/burma/larmer-text. Last accessed 6 Oct 2012.

Lee Arpon, Y. (2012). No media freedom yet, only self-censorship in Myanmar. Available: http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/08/22/no-media-freedom-yet-only-self-censorship-myanmar.html. Last accessed 5 Oct 2012.

Ministry of Information and Culture. (2012). Conference on Media Development in Myanmar. Available: http://www.i-m-s.dk/files/publications/myanmar-conf-report-2012-final.pdf. Last accessed 6 Oct 2012.

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REFERENCESPhanida. (2012). Burma removes prior censorship. Available: http://www.mizzima.com/gallery/media-alert/7800-govt-removes-prior-censorship-on-all-publications.html. Last accessed 7 Oct 2012.

Free Press. (2012). Transparency and Accountability. Available: http://www.freepress.net/transparency-and-accountability. Last accessed 4 Oct 2012.

Al Jazeera. (2012). 'Mass graves' for Myanmar's Rohingya. Available: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/08/201288114724103607.html. Last accessed 4 Oct 2012.

Fuller, T. (2012). Myanmar lifts censorship of private publications.Available: http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/myanmar-lifts-censorshipprivate-publications/483885/. Last accessed 8 Oct 2012.

UNICEF. (2012). A country of contrasts. Available: http://www.unicef.org/myanmar/overview_1343.html. Last accessed 8 Oct 2012.

BBC. (2012). Burma profile. Available: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-12990563. Last accessed 9 Oct 2012.

The New York Times. (2012). World: Myanmar. Available: http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/myanmar/index.html. Last accessed 9 Oct 2012.