presentations skills - department of economics and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Presentations Skills
HPCFinance PhD course Ole Lauridsen
Center for Teaching and Learning
BSS – Aarhus University
What it is not about
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Agenda
• Elements of a Presentation
• Preparation
• The PowerPoint-presentation
• The Presenter: Body Language and Speech
• Moving on
Intended Learning Goals
• After this presentation you should be able to:
– Prepare your presentation in a structured way.
– Create a well functioning PowerPoint-presentation.
– Identify and work with important parts within the field of body language and speech and deliver your presentation effectively.
– Develop yourself and your presentation skills.
Elements of a Presentation
Content
Layout
Materials
The Presenter:
Performance
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Agenda
• Elements of a Presentation
• Preparation
• The PowerPoint-presentation
• The Presenter: Body Language and Speech
• Moving on
Preparation (1)
• Who is my audience?
– Family, colleagues, experts, laymen, customers, …
• Important for your personal performance on the whole, for the selection of items, and for the ‘delivery’ .
• How much time have I got?
– What must be covered in the presentation – and what not necessarily?
• It is like packing a suitcase for a holiday: discard all the nice-to-have items and concentrate on the need-to-have ones.
• Less is more.
Preparation (2)
• Write down key concepts on index cards.
– Organize the cards.
– Change the order of the cards in order for you to create a strong structure and a good flow in your presentation.
• This procedure will also help you find and discard some nice-to-know items – or make you aware of nee-to-know items you might have forgotten in the first place.
• Get started!
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Agenda
• Elements of a Presentation
• Preparation
• The PowerPoint-presentation
• The Presenter: Body Language and Speech
• Moving on
Why PowerPoint?
• ”PowerPoint is evil!” thunders Edward Tufte from
Yale University.
• And there are bad examples, indeed.
• But a presentation is never better than the person
who has designed it.
• A PPP can be designed so that it hits the bull’s eye.
• And it’s easy!
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Do I Have to Use PowerPoint?
• No, of course not – there are other tools such as Prezi.
• But: do always use visual materials of some kind to support the information you deliver orally.
– Only few adults are good auditive learners whereas many learn well by using visual input.
– Generally, presenters should address as many sensory channels as possible to support the learning of the attendees.
Learning Styles – Definition
• The ways we go when we:
– Concentrate on new (and often) difficult
information,
– Take in this information,
– Process it into knowledge and/or adjust our
existing knowledge,
– Store this knowledge,
– Use this knowledge again (remember).
Dunn’s og Dunn’s læringsstilsmodel
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© OL – ASB/HHÅ – 16-01-2013
Which LS Elements Are Directly Addressed in a PowerPoint-Presentation?
Analytic: (1) The presentation, (2) The hand-out. Global: (1) The hand-out, (2) The presentation.
Auditory: The presenter‘s „speak“. Visual: The screen and the hand-out. Tactile-kinesthetic: The hand-out.
+Structure: The presentation and the hand-out. - Structure: The people present can make their own structure afterwards.
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PowerPoint – How? (1)
• General rules:
• A PPP always consists of the following three elements:
– The presentation as such.
• Layout.
– The handout.
• Layout.
– The performance.
A unified whole
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PowerPoint – How? (2)
• The interaction between presentation and handout:
– A presentation in which information is presented step by step benefits the analytic learner.
– For a global, this is lethal. S/he, therefore, should learn how to create an overview of the information to be presented by skimming through the handout; thus s/he is able to concentrate on the screen slides.
PowerPoint – How? (3)
• The interaction between presentation and handout:
– The analytic learner should learn to use the
handout to create an overview when the last
information on the slide has been presented.
– Therefore the presenter holds a slight pause when
s/he has launched the last bullet of the slide – i.e.
before s/he goes to the next slide.
PowerPoint – How? (4)
• It is important to keep the amount of information on each slide to a minimum.
• Follow the rule of 7±2: Our working memory processes information step by step and can never handle more than 5-9 information units at the time. In other words, 7 is the average that we should use as our guideline.
George A. Miller The Psychological Review, 1956, vol. 63, pp. 81-97.
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PowerPoint – How? (5)
• ‘Information unit’ is obviously an ambiguous concept.
• It is linked to the learner’s existing knowledge and the way we present the material.
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PowerPoint – How? (6)
• Colors are also information.
• If the presenter restricts him/herself to 5
information units per slide, i.e. 5 ”bullets”, s/he
can use 4 colors:
– 2 colors for the background (more to come).
– Further 2 colors for other purposes.
As to colors, fonts and font size
• Read my booklet:
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What About the Handouts?
• Always bring handouts, or even better publish them at least 24 hours before the presentation – preferably 3 pics per page with lines (as the one you got).
• Bring also separate copies of printed text, graphs, tables etc. …
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A Final Word – and Warning
• Avoid spelling errors including punctuation errors.
• Avoid layout inconsistences.
• Your language and your material contribute to the impression you give of yourself.
• - which leads on to the part on to the presenter and body language and speech.
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Agenda
– Elements of a Presentation
– Preparation
– The PowerPoint-presentation
– The Presenter: Body Language and Speech
– Moving on
The Presenter: Body Language and Speech
Speech • What you say
• How you say it
Body Language
• Appearance
• Facial expression
• Pose
• Motion
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• Your size, shape and your looks.
• Your clothing.
• Your facial expression.
• Extremely difficult to change.
• Easy to change.
• You can try – and you must try.
• Smile at least!
Appearance
Body Language: Facial expression
• Your facial expression should match your message:
• Keep eye contact.
– If you are uncomfortable with this, look at people’s foreheads.
You are too kind, thanks a lot!
Your are fired, get out here – now!
Pose
• Two Donts – among many, but these illustrate common problems (often connected with facial expression):
1. Don’t cross your arms – this signals hostility or defense (though a smile helps).
• If you don’t know what to do with them, put them behind your back or fold your hands in front of you.
2. Don’t put your hands in your pockets – this signals lack of interest.
• If you want to get rid of them, put only one hand int the pocket or let your thumbs stick out.
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Motion • Move:
– use the “stage”,
– alter distance and closeness, but steer clear of the caged tiger.
• Talk with your hands but don’t shout:
– “This is important!”
– “ There are two central messages … “
Try not to turn your back
towards the audience
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Don’t cover what you have written. Stand to the right.
Write legibly. Only in capitals when stressing something
Turn on the blackboard
lamps
If you feel naked … best not to hide behind paper…
… try to hide behind a pen instead.
Speech
• What you say counts.
• How you say “it” matters.
• Be sure about “what”
– If you are not sure about the “what”, any “how” will be superficial and shallow – and embarrassing.
– The performance is important as an ‘eye opening wrapping’, but the contents should match it.
– The performance should support the contents of the presentation.
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Starting your speech
• Briefly present yourself (less is more!) – or thank whoever has presented you.
• Await silence.
• Create attention:
– Refer to some relevant event/incident or refer to a headline in a newspaper; show a relevant picture/illustration/graph/video clip – an eye catcher.
– Give away a few exiting points first and perhaps some conclusions – subsequently elaborate.
What you say …
• Create relevance:
– Use examples your audience can relate to.
• Avoid technical jargon (or translate at least).
• If appropriate start a dialogue.
• Never ask “Are the any questions?”
– If you want to answer questions during the presentation, then let people ask when they need to.
– Usually “Are the any questions?” is nothing but an empty phrase.
What you say: Rhetoric’s 101
• Repetition – as much as possible.
• Dramatic pause – don’t overdo it.
• Rhetoric question – don’t overdo it.
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Always State Your Intended Goals
• In order for the attendees to create understanding (to learn) is it important to give them navigation tools, among other things the intended (learning) goals of your presentation:
– ”After this presentation you should understand/know/see…”
– ”After this presentation you should be able to…”
• In writing!
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Use signposting (1) Words/expressions that guide the audience and create structure:
• Starting:
– Thank you for giving me this chance to speak to you about...
• Introducing the topic:
– I have divided my presentation into two/…/several parts:…
• Respect for the listeners:
– As you may know… – As you can see… – As you may be aware…
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Use signposting (2)
• Transitions:
– Let me start by explaining the background – So I’ll start with... – Let’s get started: First... (Second… Third…)
– Next I’ll talk about...
• Referring backwards and forwards:
– As I mentioned earlier...
– More on this later on.
• Finishing:
– Thank you very much for your attention.
– That was all from me today. It’s been a great pleasure to share this with you.
Pitch, Speed, and Volume
• There are three recommendations:
1. Find the right level: Don’t shout and don’t mumble.
2. Don’t talk too quickly (You do in fact get tickets for speeding.
3. Jazz it up - use variation.
Speech Don’ts
• The wrong start: “Ahm, Right, hmm, let me see, o.k. the Danish taxes are …”.
• Do not ask for pity:
– “I’m so sorry, but I’m very nervous”.
– “I just came in this morning, so I’m very tired.”
– “My children kept we awake the whole evening, so I am sorry to say that I am not as well prepared as you might wish.”
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Agenda
– Elements of a Presentation
– Preparation
– The PowerPoint-presentation
– The Presenter: Body Language and Speech
– Moving on
Moving on
• Being nervous is normal and good.
– “Blackouts” seam much longer to you than to the audience.
– Take a draught of water – or squeeze in a time out.
– Develop your technique little by little:
– Do not try every new presentation skill idea at the same time.
– Rehearse and let others evaluate you if you feel the need – supervision is a strong development tool.
– Watch others and watch television to pick up tips ands tricks.