Presented by:

Mrs Y UdithPitlochry Primary School Educator

Dear Grade 7 Learners,Welcome to part 4 of your English learning programme. We are very proud of how well you have been keeping up with your school work so far. In this part you will find the following:

• Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

• Active and Passive Voice

• Figurative and Literal meaning

• Direct and Indirect Speech

• Synonyms and Antonyms

* Reading Class novel - Holes* Reading / Viewing:Poetry Analysis* Visual Text Interpreting: Comic Strips

• Poem• Email

All work is to be completed in your exam pad and filed in your flip file.As always: REMEMBER STAY SAFE AND KEEP WASHING THOSE HANDS.

What did E.T.'s mother say to him when he got home? "Where on Earth

have you been?!"☺

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

All of the verbs in the above

sentences are transitive because an

object is receiving the action of the

verb.

But, what about the sentence: “The

bird sang.” Is the verb in that

sentence a transitive verb? No, in

this case the verb sang is an

intransitive verb.

Transitive verbsare action verbsthat have anobject to receivethat action.

Intransitive verbs are action verbs,but unlike transitive verbs, they do not have an object receiving the action. Notice, there are no words after the verb sang.

More examples of intransitive verbs:

I laughed.

I cried.

The book fell.

The horse galloped.

The sun set.

In all of the above cases the subject is

performing the action of the verb and nothing

is receiving the action.

What about this sentence?

I walked to the park today.

Is walked transitive or intransitive? Think about

the rules. Since walked has words coming after

it, the verb must be transitive, right? WRONG!

The phrase to the park is a prepositional phrase

and today is an adverb. There is no object

receiving the action of the verb walked so the

verb is intransitive.

To recap, a transitive verb

must be an action verb plus

there must be an object to

receive that action.

ACTIVITY 30: UNDERLINE THE VERB IN EACH

SENTENCE AND STATE WHETHER IT IS

TRANSITIVE OR INTRANSITIVE.

1. She was crying all day long

2. We showed her the photo album.

3. The doctor advised me to exercise regularly.

4. It was raining at that time.

5. She laughed at the joke.

6. She gave a cookie to the child.

7. They slept in the street.

8. I ate the cherries.

9. My father doesn't drink coffee.

10. He always keeps his money in a wallet.

ACTIVITY 31: WRITE THESE PASSIVE VOICE SENTENCES

INTO ACTIVE VOICE.

1. This book was written by an Irishman

2. Football is played by the children

3. She is being called by her mom to go home.

4. Blue jeans were invented by Levi Strauss.

5. Many computer games were bought by our regular client.

ACTIVITY 32: STATE WHETHER THE SENTENCE HAS A

LITERAL OR FIGURATIVE MEANING.

1. My sister and I fight like cats and dogs all of the

time.

2. The feet of my baby brother are chubby.

3. Hans is funny. He always cracks me up with his

jokes.

4. Mom’s cooking always works like a charm on dad.

5. Watson laughed like a hyena when I wore my mask.

6. Mom gave me a tongue lashing when she found out I

had broken the computer.

7. I have a ton of paperwork to finish before the week

ends.

8. Yao Ming is so tall his head almost touched the ceiling.

ACTIVITY 32: REWRITE THE MADAM AND EVE CARTOON IN DIRECT SPEECH

ACTIVITY 33: ADD PREFIXES TO THE

FOLLOWING WORDS TO CHANGE THEM INTO

ANTONYMS

1. convenient 2. logical

3. considerate 4. advantageous

5. loyal 6. truthful

7. mobile 8. movable

9. worthy 10. popular

11. relevant 12. frequent

ACTIVITY 34: THINKING ABOUT THE

THEMES1. What do you think is the main theme of Holes? What are

some other themes in the book?

2. What are some of the things—either positive or negative—

that have been passed down in your family?

3. Have you ever bullied anyone, or been the

victim of a bully?

THE CHARACTERS:Since there are a few different story lines in this book, there

are a lot of different characters, many of whom are related to one

another or whose lives somehow cross. The main characters are Stanley Yelnats and Hector Zeroni (“Zero”).Stanley Yelnats: The protagonist, or main character, of Holes, Stanley, is a

quiet, friendless boy who has grown up in a poor family with loving parents. You

may have noticed that many of the characters in the book have a “signature”—

a habit, gesture, or phrase they repeat throughout the story, which tells you

something important about them. (For example, how many times does Mr. Sir

say, “This isn’t a Girl Scout camp”?) Stanley’s signature is his shrug. When you

read the book again, pay attention to how often the author mentions that

“Stanley raised and lowered one shoulder.” A shrug lets Stanley respond

without really committing himself. Stanley often uses this gesture as a way to

deal with other people. After the Warden scratches Mr. Sir with her poisonous

fingernails, Stanley keeps quiet about what he witnessed in the cabin: “Out on

the lake, the other boys asked Stanley what he knew about Mr. Sir’s face, but

he just shrugged and dug his hole. If he didn’t talk about it, maybe it would goaway.”

At the middle school he attends, Stanley gets teased for being overweight. He has

no friends and although he is big, Stanley is frequently bullied by smaller kids.

Even his teachers treat him unkindly. Stanley can’t seem to stick up for himself,

which is one reason he winds up at Camp Green Lake. Stanley comes from a

poor family. Unsuccessful inventors like Stanley’s father don’t earn much money,

and Stanley and his parents are “crammed in a tiny apartment” because they

cannot afford a bigger home. As a child, Stanley had fantasized about going to

summer camp, a luxury beyond his family’s means. When Stanley is sent to

Camp Green Lake, he and his parents “tried to pretend that he was just going away to camp for a while, just like rich kids do.”

It’s clear that Stanley has been raised in a loving environment, and he is a loving

and dutiful son. He promises his mother that he will write home once a week, and

he keeps that promise. “Today was my first day at camp, and I’ve already made

some friends. We’ve been out on the lake all day, so I’m pretty tired. ..” The little

lies that Stanley tells in his letters from camp seem to be as much for his mother’s

benefit as for his own: He doesn’t want her to worry about him. When Stanley

thinks he may die at Camp Green Lake, his main concern is how this will affect his

folks: “For him, at least, it would be over. For his parents, the pain would never

end.” In the Yelnats family, bad luck is an inherited trait, but so is the ability to

remain hopeful. His hope that Zero may still be alive prompts Stanley to set out

after him: “It’s too late, he told himself. Zero couldn’t have survived. But what if it

wasn’t too late?” Hope keeps Stanley heading toward Big Thumb, even when all

logic says there can be no water there. Stanley’s decision to go after Zero is a

critical moment in the evolution of his character. His willingness to commit himself

to Zero, the first real friend he has ever had, shows us that Stanley is finallycapable of taking control of his own destiny.

Hector Zeroni (“Zero”): Like Stanley, Zero is sent to

Camp Green Lake for stealing a pair of shoes.

(As it turns out, he actually stole the shoes Stanley is

accused of stealing.) A homeless African-American boy

abandoned by his mother in a city park, Zero is a thief by

necessity rather than by choice. While at first Zero might

seem like a minor character, he becomes important in the

second half of the book when a friendship develops between Stanley and him. If

Stanley’s signature is a shrug, Zero’s signature is his silence.

When you reread Holes, notice how often the narrator tells you “Zero said

nothing.” By repeatedly calling attention to Zero’s silence, Sachar makes the

reader very aware of it. Zero is the smallest of the campers in Group D. His size

and his silence make him easy to overlook. Everyone at Camp Green

Lake underestimates Zero, especially Mr. Pendanski. While the counselor

appears friendly enough at first, his true nature emerges in response to Zero.

“You know why his name’s Zero?” asks Mr. Pendanski. “Because there’s nothing

inside his head.” Even Stanley dismisses Zero at first: “He didn’t care what Zerothought. Zero was nobody.”

Zero turns out to be extremely smart, however. Although he cannot read, he has

a natural talent for mathematics that quickly impresses Stanley. One early clue

to Zero’s intelligence is his eyes, which seem to look right into people’s souls. In

fact, Zero has the same dark and penetrating eyes as his great-great great-

grandmother, Madame Zeroni. “When she looked at you, her eyes seemed to

expand, and you felt like she was looking right through you.” Zero can see right

through Mr. Pendanski’s act and recognize him for the heartless person he

really is. “If anybody had X-Ray vision, it was Zero.” When Stanley finally agrees

to give him reading lessons, Zero makes rapid progress. By the end of the book

Zero can read well enough to know that the letters on the suitcase spell out

Stanley’s name. As the relationship between the two boys develops, Zero

proves he can be a loyal, brave, and generous friend. He defends Stanley

from Zigzag’s attack even though he is much smaller than Zigzag. Later, when

Stanley finds him under the overturned rowboat, Zero gives Stanley half of his

last jar of sploosh. When they climb out of the lakebed, Zero helps hoist Stanley out with his shovel, even though it means injuring his own hands.

Zero’s memories of his childhood make up some of the saddest passages in

Holes. Up on the mountain Zero tells Stanley about the day his mother

disappeared.

“And then one day she didn’t come back,” Zero said. His voice sounded

suddenly hollow. “I waited for her at Laney Park.”

“Laney Park,” said Stanley. “I’ve been there.”

“You know the playscape?” asked Zero.

“Yeah. I’ve played on it.”

“I waited there for more than a month,” said Zero. “You know that tunnel that you

crawl through, between the slide and the swinging bridge? That’s where I slept.”

Yet despite these hardships, Zero shows that he, like Stanley, can still be

hopeful, even under the worst circumstances.

“When you spend your whole life living in a hole,” he said, “the only way you can go is up.”

Here is a list of characters, divided into those in the present and those in the past:

Characters in the present

Stanley Yelnats IV - tall, heavy, camper in Group D, main character

Hector Zeroni (“Zero”)- small camper in Group D

X-Ray - leader of the Group D campers, wears thick glasses

Armpit- tall camper in Group D

Magnet - camper in Group D

Zigzag - Group D camper with frizzy blond hair

Squid - camper in Group D

Twitch - fidgety camper in Group D

Mr. Pendanski - counselor for Group D

The Warden, Ms. Walker - woman who runs Camp Green Lake

Mr. Sir - camp director

Stanley’s father - inventor

Stanley’s mother - homemaker

Derrick Dunne - middle-school bully

Clyde “Sweet Feet” Livingston - famous baseball player

Ms. Morengo - patent attorneyAttorney General- head lawyer for the state of Texas

Characters in the past

In Latvia

Elya Yelnats - Stanley’s great-great-grandfather

Myra Menke - beautiful but empty-headed girl

Madame Zeroni - Zero’s great-great-great grandmother

Myra’s father - decides who Myra will marry

In America

Sarah Miller - Stanley IV’s great-great grandmother

Katherine Barlow - a.k.a. Kissin’ Kate, schoolteacher turned outlaw

Sam “Onion Sam,” - an onion seller

Mary Lou - Sam’s donkey

Charles “Trout” Walker - rich manLinda Walker - Trout’s wife

Why do the French eat snails? They don't like fast food.☺

Ten Steps to Analyse a Poem:

Now let’s give you some tools to better analyse poetry in the future

Figurative Language is a tool that an author uses, to help the

reader visualize, or see, what is happening in a story or poem. For more information why not visit: https://youtu.be/ls00WrpTp88 -LEARNING FIGURATIVE LANGUAGEhttps://youtu.be/Ijb6B2dgiX8 – FUN QUIZZ USING POPULAR SONGS

• Simile is a comparison using like or as. It usually compares

two unlike objects. Example: His feet are as big as boats. Feet and boats are being compared.

• Metaphor states that one thing is something else.

It is a comparison, but does NOT use like or as to

make the comparison.

Example: Her hair is silk. Hair and silk are being compared.

ACTIVITY 35: DECIDE WHETHER EACH SENTENCE CONTAINS A SIMILE OR A METAPHOR AND WRITE WHAT THE SIMILE OR METAPHOR MEANS. 1. The giant’s steps were thunder as he ran toward Jack. 2. The pillow was a cloud when I put my head upon it. 3. The bar of soap was a slippery eel during the dog’s bath. 4. I felt like a cheetah when I ran the race.

* Personification is giving human

qualities, feelings, actions, or

characteristics to inanimate (not

living) objects.

Example 1: The house stared at me with looming eyes. The verb,

stared, is a human action. A house is a non- living object. Therefore,

we have a good example of personification.

Example 2: The ancient car groaned into first gear. The verb,

groaned, is a human action. A car is a non-living thing.

ACTIVITY 36: FOR EACH SENTENCE, CIRCLE THE OBJECT BEING PERSONIFIED AND WRITE THE MEANING UNDER IT. 1. The delicious smell of cookies pulled me into the kitchen.

2. The microwave timer told me it was time to eat my TV dinner. 3. The china danced on the shelves during the earthquake. 4. The rain kissed my cheeks as it fell. 5. The daffodils nodded their yellow heads at the walkers.

The future, the present and the past walked into a bar. Things got a

little tense.☺

* Alliteration is the repetition of the initial consonant. There should be at least two repetitions in a row.

Example: Peter Piper

picked a peck of pickled

peppers. The first letter,

p, is a consonant. Its

sound is repeated many

times.

* Onomatopoeia is

the imitation of

natural sounds in

word form. These

words help us form

mental pictures, or

visualize, things,

people, or places

that are described.

Sometimes a word

names a thing or

action by copying

the sound.

Example: Bong! Hiss

Buzz!

* Symbolism occurs when

one thing stands for or

represents something else.

Example: The dove

symbolizes peace.

* HYPERBOLE IS

INTENTIONALLY

EXAGGERATED FIGURES

OF SPEECH.

Examples:

1. He was so tired that he could have slept for a month.

2. The water was a million feet deep.

3. I’m so hungry I could eat a horse.

4. She was as slow as a sloth on a hot day.

* Imagery involves one or more of your five senses – the abilities to hear, taste, touch, smell, and see. An author uses a word or phrase to stimulate your memory of those senses and to help create mental pictures.

* Idioms An expression

that means something

other than the literal

meanings of its individual

words. They are overused

expressions. (remember

we discussed idioms in part 3)

How does one analyse comics?

Below a rather famous comic strip by Bill Waterson, Calvin and

Hobbes.

Remember, we did a comprehension exercise on this cartoon in

Part 2.

The labels and terminology below help you understand some of

the key aspects for understanding this text type.

Calvin and Hobbes deconstructed

This comic strip by Bill Waterson stars Calvin, a 6 year old with a wild imagination and his

stuffed animal, Hobbes.

1. Panel – At first glance you will notice that comics are divided into multiple frames or panels.

These panels help build a sense of time and space. Some panels do not have a frame. Other

panels are large, like the opening panel in the above comic strip. This may be considered a

‘splash’ panel. It acts as a title page.

2. Blank space – Any time you analyse a piece of art or design, it is important to comment not only

on what is included, but what is left out. The use of blank space in the opening splash makes the

readers eyes move quickly from left to right, setting up the joke that happens in the second panel

on the right.

3. Camera angle – Although comics do not literally involve a camera, one can use the same idea

to discuss the angle at which the cartoonist depicts his subjects. In the fourth frame the reader

views Hobbes (the tiger) at eye level, which places the focus on his quizzical expression. Frame

seven places the reader at a distance from the subjects, making the reader feel like he or she is

looking in or eavesdropping.

4. Gutter – What happens between the sixth and seventh panel? In comics, the reader actively has

to ‘fill in the gap’, and make assumptions about what happens between frames or panels. This

space between panels is known as the ‘gutter’. If we follow the design principle of ‘what is left out

is as important as what is included’, then the gutter plays a key role in constructing meaning. The

gutter involves the reader, because the reader has to guess what happens between panels.

5, Symbol – What do the darts stand for? Cartoons and comics often include symbols to convey

meaning effectively. Calvin’s helmet stands for ‘war’. The dart guns might symbolise boyhood and

innocence.

6. “Emanata” – In the sixth panel there are little lines coming out of the dart guns that indicate

action and movement (sound effects or character’s mood). Such lines are known as ‘emanata’

and are typical of comics as a medium. When analysing comics, you may see question marks

above a characters head, tear drops flying from eyes or straight lines trailing behind running

characters. What is the effect of its inclusion? In the example above, emanata is used to indicate

that Calvin and Hobbes shoot each other quickly and simultaneously, leaving both each other and

the reader confused as to who was hit first.

7. Speech bubble – In comics, readers read characters’ dialogue through their speech bubbles.

Thought bubbles, often depicted with cloud-like bubbles, can let the reader know what a character

is thinking. Voice-over, a term often used in film, can also be used in comics with narrator’s words

appearing above or below the panel. Remember comic strip writers do not have much space,

literally, for long texts in comics. Any time you analyse the text or words in a comic, ask yourself if

the meaning of these words depends on what is depicted. And, you can ask yourself if the images’

meaning depends on what is written.

8. Punch line – Comic strips traditionally appear in newspapers, where they offer the reader a

moment of comic relief. They may comment on life, tell a story or seek a good laugh. Meaning

tends to culminate in the final frame. The final line of a joke, known as a punch line, is important

for analysing comics as well.

ACTIVITY 37: READ THE COMIC STRIP ABOVE AND ANSWER

THE FOLLOWING

1. What is the subject of the comic strip?

2. Is Garfield's owner satisfied with its condition?

3. What is Garfield's owner request?

4. Does it seem that Garfield is interested in the conversation?

Why?

5. Does Garfield really do what his owner tells it to? What

does it do?

WHY DON’T YOU TRY CREATING YOUR OWN COMIC STRIP?

Personification Poem

ACTIVITY 38: Use the lists below to write a poem about nature. Choose a word from List A (or a different word that names something in nature.) Next, choose a word from List B (or another word that names a human action). Write it next to column A.

List A List BSun dances 1. Example: flower listensMoon cries Stars sings 2. Then expand it into a

sentence. Sky teaches You can write it as a statement

(a) or as if you were speaking toSea listens the object in nature (b). Stone leaps (a) The flower listens to the

wind blow. Night remembers (b) Sun, listens to the messages

of the cloudsMountain whispers

Dawn dreams Morning takes Flower runs

"Doctor, there's a patient on line 1 that says

he's invisible." "Well, tell him I can't see him

right now."☺

How to write an emailThe basic parts of an email are:

Greeting—Always start an emailwith a greeting. Greetings dependon the level of formality:

Dear Susan Martinez, (mostformal)

Dear Ms. Martinez, (formal) Dear Susan, (formal/informal) Hi Susan, (informal) Hey Susan, (most informal)After you write your initial greeting itis nice to write something shortrelated to time/weather/etc., suchas “I hope that you had a niceweekend.” or “I hope that you arestaying cool this summer.”

Body—In the body of the email tryto be very simple. Emails shouldn`tbe too long!

Closing—Your email closing also depends on the level of formality: Thank you for your time, (most formal) Warm Regards, (formal) Thank you, (formal/informal) Catch you later (informal) No closing! (most informal)Sometimes when sending an email to a good friend no closing is used.

ACTIVITY 39: Let`s Practice Write a short email based on

one of the email situationsLast night you went to dinner with your good friend. You had a really nicetime, and you are sending an email to say thank you.

This is a work email. You need to cancel tomorrow`s meeting with a clientand reschedule it for Friday. The client`s name is Thomas Jones.

This is an informal email. Your friend recommended a movie to you, butyou can`t remember the name of the movie.

This is a work email. Your boss emailed you a report, but he forgot toattach the report. Email him and ask him to attach the report.

This is an email to your friend who lives in Florida. There was a hurricanethat just hit Florida, and you want to make sure she is OK.

This is a work email. You will make a PowerPoint presentation next week,and you want your coworker to check your presentation.

The first computer dates back to Adam and Eve. It was an Apple with

limited memory, just one byte. And then everything crashed.☺

ACTIVITY 22 -

PREPOSITIONS

1. UP

2. AROUND

3. UNDER

4. OVER

5. BETWEEN

6. TO

7. ABOARD

8. TOWARD

9. AGAINST

10.ACROSS

ACTIVITY 23 – NUMERICAL

ADJECTIVES

1. FIRST

2. TWO

3. FEW

4. SEVERAL

5. EIGHT

6. ALL

7. FIFTY

8. LAST

9. MOST

10. FIVE

ACTIVITY 24 – ACTIVE TO PASSIVE VOICE

1. The entire stretch of highway was paved by the crew. (past

tense)

2. The whole suburb was destroyed by the forest fire. (past

tense)

3. The novel was read by mom in one day. (past tense)

4. Every Sunday the house will be cleaned by me. (future

tense)

5. The entire house was painted by Tom. (past tense)

6. Two dozen cupcakes will be baked by Susan. (future tense)

7. The comet was viewed by the science class. (past tense)

8. The video was posted by Alex on Facebook. (past tense)

9. The baby is being carried by the kangaroo in her pouch.

(present tense)

10. Instructions will be given to you by the director. (past tense)

ACTIVITY 25 – APOSTROPHE

1. Couldn’t

2. Can’t

3. Wouldn’t

4. I’ll

5. It’s

6. Mother’s

7. Player’s

8. Friend’s

Why did the students eat their homework?

Because the teacher said that it was a piece of

cake.☺

ACTIVITY 26 – IDIOMS

1. A wreck e.g. He was a “basket case” after being expelled from

school.

2. An intuition that something is going to happen.

3. To be cheated e.g. You spent R300 on that dress! What a “rip

off”.

4. A pest/ an annoying person

5. Something very expensive

6. Feeling too scared to do something

7. To think you are better that others

8. Thinking again about a decision

9. To tell a secret

10. Pretend not to want something you desperately wanted when

someone else gets it.

11. To agree

12. To have a headache

ACTIVITY 27 – HOLES

1. The story takes place in Stanley’s home town, Camp Green

Lake where Stanley is sent to serve out his sentence, the town

of Green Lake in the past and Latvia, where Stanley’s great-

great grandfather came from.

2. Your opinion- most of the setting in Holes was made up by the

author, however, they are based on real places from the author’s

life.

3. The town of Green Lake in the past was lush and “green” and

everyone prospered there. There was even a real lake that

“sparkled like emeralds”. Then it became a wasteland – Camp

Green Lake. The boys there had a hard life just like the hard

ground they dug up daily.

ACTIVITY 28 – POEM: A GOOD PLAY

1. Something is going to give someone fun and pleasure.

2. A ship made of chairs and pillows

3. A saw, several nails, water in pails (buckets), an apple, a slice of

cake

4. Tom

5. Tom fell out and hurt his knee.

6. The person telling the poem.

7. /8. Own answer

8. Billows – large ocean waves

9. Till – short for until

10. Your opinion with a good reason for your answer.

11. Couplet – a pair of lines in poem/ verse usually rhyming and of

the same length.

Stanza – a grouped set of lines in a poem (like a paragraph).

Quatrain – a stanza of 4 lines having alternate rhymes.

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