presented by austin prater, iii. plants and animals both use products of photosynthesis (glucose)...
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION: How our cells make energy
Presented by Austin Prater, III
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Harvesting Chemical Energy
Plants and animals both use products of photosynthesis (glucose) for metabolic fuel.
Heterotrophs: must take in energy from outside sources. They cannot make their own food, like animals which must eat.
When we take in glucose (or other carbs), proteins, and fats-these foods don’t come to us the way our cells can use them.
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Cellular Respiration Overview
Transformation of chemical energy in food into chemical energy cells can use: ATP
These reactions proceed the same way in plants and animals. Process is called cellular respiration
Overall Reaction:C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
Carbohydrates + Molecular oxygen yields> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy in the form of ATP
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Cellular Respiration Overview
Breakdown of glucose begins in the cytoplasm: the liquid matrix inside the cell
At this point life diverges into two forms and two pathways Anaerobic cellular respiration (aka
fermentation) Aerobic cellular respiration
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C.R. Reactions
Glycolysis= Glyco-(sugar)+Lysis(spliting) Series of reactions which break the 6-carbon
glucose molecule down into two 3-carbon molecules called pyruvate
Process is an ancient one-all organisms from simple bacteria to humans perform it the same way
Yields 2 ATP molecules for every one glucose molecule broken down
Yields 2 NADH per glucose molecule
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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Some organisms thrive in environments with little or no oxygen Marshes, bogs, gut of animals, sewage treatment ponds
No oxygen used= ‘an’aerobic Results in no more ATP, final steps in these
pathways serve ONLY to regenerate NAD+ so it can return to pick up more electrons and hydrogens in glycolysis.
End products such as ethanol and CO2 (single cell fungi (yeast) in beer/bread) or lactic acid (muscle cells)
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Oxygen required=aerobic 2 more sets of reactions which occur in a
specialized structure within the cell called the mitochondria 1. Kreb’s Cycle 2. Electron Transport Chain
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Kreb’s Cycle
Also called the Citric Acid cycle Completes the breakdown of glucose
Takes the pyruvate (3-carbons) and breaks it down, the carbon and oxygen atoms end up in CO2 and H2O
Hydrogen ions and electrons are stripped and loaded onto NAD+ and FAD to produce NADH and FADH2, electron carrier molecules.
Production of only 2 more ATP but loads up the coenzymes with H+ and electrons which move to the 3rd stage
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Electron Transport Chain
Electron carriers loaded with electrons and protons from the Kreb’s cycle move to this chain-like a series of steps (staircase).
As electrons drop down stairs, energy released to form a total of 32 ATP
Oxygen waits at bottom of staircase, picks up electrons and protons and in doing so becomes water
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Energy Tally
36 ATP for aerobic vs. 2 ATP for anaerobic
Glycolysis 2 ATP
Kreb’s 2 ATP
Electron Transport 32 ATP 36 ATP
Anaerobic organisms can’t be too energetic but are important for global recycling of carbon
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