Presented by Sandra Cruz-Pol, Professor Electrical and Computer Engineering

UPRM CASA PI

Aug 9, 2006 ONR Visit to UPRM

CASA an NSF ERC

“There is insufficient knowledge about what is actually happening (or is likely to happen) at theEarth’s surface where people live.” [NRC 1998]

CASA: dense networks of low power radars

10,000 ft

tornado

wind

earth surface

snow

3.05

km

3.05

km

0 40 80 120 160 200 240RANGE (km)

Colorado State University

Commonwealth of Massachusetts

IBM

Mount Holyoke College

National Science Foundation

NOAA/National Weather Service

Oklahoma Climatological Survey

OneNet

Raytheon Company

Rice University

Texas Medical Center

University of Delaware

University of Massachusetts

University of Oklahoma

University of Puerto Rico

University of Virginia

Viasala

Vieux and Associates

Year 3 of a 10 year program

Initial 5 year investment $42 M

(includes $17M Engineering Research Center grant from NSF)

$6-7M per year annual cash budget

Critical site visit review April 2006 in MA

Today’s Radar NetworksToday’s Radar NetworksComprehensive Coverage > 3 km

10,000 ft

tornado

wind

earth surface

snow

3.05

km

0 40 80 120 160 200 240RANGE (km)

Horz. Scale: 1” = 50 kmVert. Scale: 1” -=- 2 km

5.4

km

1 km 2

km

4 km

gap

> 3 km - 100%

2 km - 67%

1 km - 33%

500 m - 11%

“Keyhole” Coverage

Coverage at different heights

# Sensors Required for US Nation-Wide Coverage

300 m floor

3 km floor

NetRad -OTG

NetRad - @TG

Projects IP1, IP2, IP3

Rain, Urban Flooding (Houston)

Wind, storm prediction (Oklahoma)

Rain, mountainous terrain (Puerto Rico – student led)

Wind mapping (100’s m resolution, 10’s second update) for detecting, pinpointing, forecasting wind events; 30 km node spacing.

Rain mapping, distributed hydro. modeling, flood predicting & response in urban zone.

Off-the-Grid Radar Network for QPE over complex terrain, student-led project

IP2

IP1

IP3

Project IP1 - Initial 4-Node Test Bed

Annual storm climatology for 7,000 sq km test bed region:

• 4 tornado warnings (2 touchdowns)

• 50 thunderstorms

User Driven System Design Users: NWS Forecast Office, Emergency Managers, & atmospheric scientists

will use the Oklahoma test bed Severe weather [severe thunder storms, hail, and tornados] impacts 90% of

EMs in Oklahoma. Tornado Pinpointing cited by EMs as important for managing deployment

and protection of first responders. Tornado Anticipation cited by NWS and EMs as most important for

increasing lead time. All users cited more frequent updates of radar data as a critical need. There is a need for lower troposphere, high resolution data for detecting:

convergence lines, gust fronts, straight line winds.

Sources: Structured surveys (N=72) of Oklahoma Emergency Managers; In-Depth Interviews (N=37) of EMs and NWS using snowball sampling and content analysis to extract information; test bed user group.

3 km

NEXRAD

NEXRAD: Map winds, rain above 3 km (10,000’)

> 3 km covered by current technology

3 km

25 km

NetRad System “underneath” NEXRAD

NetRad IP1 Goal: Map winds below 3 km with 500 m resolution

Water spout at Mayaguez, PR- Sept 2005

3 km

6 km

25 km

NetRad Elevation coverage

1234567

Goal: IP1 - Map winds below 3 km.

2o “pencil beam” antenna yields median 500 m resolution

7 elevation beam positions scan 0-14 degrees

3 km

25 km

“Cone of silence” observed by neighboring radar

1234567

Goal: Map winds below 3 km.

7 elevation beam positions scan 0o-14o

Neighbor radars map “cone of silence” above a radar.

Multiple-Doppler wind measurement throughout.

R1 R2

R1 configurations R2 configurations

Sit-and-Spin Mode

Limited sector Mode

NetRad Sampling Modes

Samples the Atmosphere When, Where the End-User Need is Greatest

NetRad: adaptive data pull

End users: weather services,

emergencyresponse

streamingstorage

storage

queryinterface

data

Resource planning,optimization

data policy

resource allocation

SNR

Meteorological DetectionAlgorithms

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9A G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3B G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3C G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3D G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3E G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3F G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3G G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3 G3H R1 R1 R2 R2 R1 G3 C2 G3 G3I R1 F1 F2, R1 F2,H2 R1 G3 C2 G3 G3J R1 H1,F1 H1,F1 T2,R1 R1 G3 C2 G3 G3K R1 H1 T2,H1 T2,R1 R1 G3 G3 G3 G3

Feature Repository

MC&C: Meteorological command and control

Meteorological Task

Generation

an end-to-end system

Elevation Scan

Ball-screw linear actuator

Range: - 5o to + 30o

Scan: 20o/sec

Azimuth Scan

Mfr: Kollmorgan

Scan: 120o/sec

Acceleration

Prototype IP1 Radar

11x14x23 in.

100”(8’4”)

99” (8’3”)

Tour of the IP1 Sites• Avg. Separation 25.3 km• Coverage 6947 km2

• 98% coverage below NEXRAD• 41% coverage is dual-Doppler (2850 km2)• 25% coverage below 250 m • Avg. AGL NetRad – 364 m• Avg. AGL NEXRAD – 1000 m

RushSprings

Chickasha

Lawton

WOSC Altus

Snyder

Cameron

Lawton Repeater

USAO Chickasha

RushSprings

Velma

Radio tower

Newcastle

OU Engineering

DS-3

DS-3 DS

-3

DS-3

DS-3

DS

-3

DS-3

DS-3

DS-3

OneNetHub-Altus

Tower-Altus

100MbTower-Snyder

OneNetHub-

Lawton

Tower-Lawton

Tower-RushSpri

ngs

Tower-Velma

Tower-Ardmore

OneNetHub-

Ardmore

100 Mb

Tower-Newcast

TowerChickash

OneNetHub-Chick

DS-3 SONET

OneNetHub-OKC

45Mb-Ethernet

WesternHeights

Tower Lexington

802.11B

3550

Each Hub Has existingFiber Based DS-3 to

OneNethub-OKC

DS-3

DS-3DS-3DS-3

Cyril

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Where are we now?IP1 Project: End-to-End DCAS network of 4 rapid scan radar nodes. -2 pol magnetron Radars cost $200k in parts; replacement cost insurance coverage was $1.5 M for 4 radars during shipment to OK.

- Custom towers & tower-top positions to host radars.

-Infrastructure:

-Weight: 1,500#

-Site: tower top

- HVAC, radome

- Ethernet, fiber, 802.11 access to node

- Software: closed-loop, MC&C, policy mechanism but no

decision-based policy as yet.

NetRad – prototype

Est. $500k to buy & install these radars

IP3: Student Led Test Bed in Puerto Rico :The Off-the-Grid Network

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

IP3: Student Led TestBed in Puerto Rico The Off-the-Grid Network

2-D video disdrometer deployed at SJ –NWS and at

UPRM to characterize rain statistics during normal rain

and T.S. Jeanne and Frances

R-Z relation cal

Puerto Rico Testbed IP3

• Update:1st radar is here http://casa.ece.uprm.edu

*Recent interest from Argentina

Weather Research and Tracking (“WeatherRats” K12 Initiative)

CASA’s Vision

touching people’s lives...

… saving lives/property, reducing vulnerability, providing economic benefits through improved warning and response to hazards

… diverse education, outreach

… industrial opportunities, commercial development

Revolutionize our ability to observe, understand, predict and respond to weather hazards by creating DCAS networks that  sample the atmosphere where and when end-user needs are greatest.

1/041/03 1/05 1/06 1/07 1/08 1/09 1/10 1/11 1/12 1/13

IP2 – Rain & Urban Flooding

IP1 – Wind and storm prediction

IP5 - 2nd Gen. NetRad System

IP4 - CLEAR

IP3 – OTG/Complex Terrain

OK System Test-Bed

FR Technology Test-Bed

PR Technology Test-Bed

MA Technology Test-Bed (and PR Tech Test-Bed)

OK System Test-Bed

Goal: System build-out beyond 4 nodes.

Plans for next 5 years

Goal: 1st end-to-end system; use rapid mscan to quantify value of DCAS (ie, extra 10 dB)

Goal: QPE, closed DCAS loop via hydro models; reduce infra. costs

Goal: QPE in irregular terrain; minimal infrastructure system; energy balance; education

Technology Goals: escan panel radars; bistatic, Fabry

We are open to collaboration

Mi CASA es tu CASA

Contacts• Dr. Sandra Cruz-Pol- Microwave Remote Sensing and

atmospheric attenuation• Dr. José Colom – Microwave Radars & Circuits• Dr. Rafael Rodríguez – Microwave Antennas• Dr. Wilson Rivera- Wireless networks• Dr. Walter Díaz – Social Sciences• Dr. Mario Ierkic – Atmospheric phenomena• Dr. Héctor Monroy – EM propagation• Dr. Lionel Orama – PowerAll emails & webs are on http://ece.uprm.edu

RF Hardware Cost

10,000

100,000

1,000,000

1 10 100 1000

# of Radars

Dol

lars

/Rad

ar

Phase Phase Si(Low estimate)

Phase Phase Si(High estimate)

Freq Phase GaAs

Freq Phase GaAs-Si

Si wafer mask design & setup

Very Low Cost Phased Array Radars - Semiconductor Cost

$30k

$80k

100 Radar Buildout Semiconductor Cost: $8M GaAs vs. $3M Si