Presidential Election of 1812

War breaks out again between the United States and

Britain in 1812.

War Hawks

New members of Congress, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want war why Great Britain….Why?

•U.S. must defend its neutrality•Stop impressment•British forts•Tecumseh•Desire for Canada and Florida•Called 2nd War of Independence

War Hawks

New members of Congress, John C. Calhoun and Henry Clay want war why Great Britain….Why?

•U.S. must defend its neutrality•Stop impressment•British forts•Tecumseh•Desire for Canada and Florida•Called 2nd War of Independence

madwar

Henry ClayKentucky

Henry ClayKentucky

John C. CalhounSouth Carolina

John C. CalhounSouth Carolina

PRINCIPLES WE FOUGHT

•Defend our neutrality•Freedom of the seas

•Defend our self interest

madwar

President James Madison

President James Madison

Madison brought the US into this war to defend the neutrality

of the US.

Would this be a violation of President Washington’s policy

of keeping the US out of war and neutral?

“Mr. Madison’s War”“Mr. Madison’s War”

Why Britain, not France? Impressment: destroying US economy British forts Arming of Indians (Tecumseh) Desire for Canada No respect from British

Was convinced by the War Hawks that this was a needed war.

“Mr. Madison’s War”“Mr. Madison’s War”

June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war with England. Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London

repealed impressment policy 2 days prior to war

New England opposed to war but Southern/western states supported the war

US at war vs. most powerful nation, but US divided Poorly equipped US army initiated military action

in 1812 by launching a 3-part invasion of Canada The British easily repulsed the Americans

Map war1812

•US unprepared for war.

•Failed invasion into Canada.

•Blockade hurt US economy…

The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813

The Battle of Thames River, Oct. 5, 1813

US military victory led by General William H. Harrison Tecumseh was killed during this battle

Naval BattlesNaval Battles

The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval battle of the war After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry

declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours” Thomas Macdonough defeated a British fleet on

Lake Champlain which resulted in a British retreat US Naval tradition develops during the War of 1812

Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814 Washington, D.C. burned by British, 25th of August 1814

highlights

Dolly Madison escaped from White House and

took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the

British destroyed it.

Dolly Madison escaped from White House and

took many pieces of art, furniture from the White House before the

British destroyed it.

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star

Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star

Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814

highlights

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

Battle of Fort Battle of Fort McHenry,McHenry,

18141814

•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.

•7,000 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 7,000 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of

Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

•10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi 10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.River and were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.

•7,000 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were 7,000 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of defeated on January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of

Ghent was negotiated to end the war.Ghent was negotiated to end the war.

New orleans

•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that

time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained

respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana

Purchase under the control of the U.S.

•Considered greatest U.S. victory to that

time•Defeated British’s best without help from any country•Countries gained

respect for the U.S. after this battle.•Kept Louisiana

Purchase under the control of the U.S.

New orleans

The Treaty of Ghent The Treaty of Ghent War of 1812 is considered a

“stalemate”…Dec. 1814 Peace commissioners in Ghent

devised the following terms of peace A halt to the fighting The return of all conquered

territory to the prewar borders Recognition of the prewar

boundary between Canada and the United States

Treaty was ratified by the Senate

Radical NE Federalists met to discuss their grievances & find solutions to their problems:

•U.S. Govt. fighting an unnecessary war against the wrong enemy

•Sought financial assistance from Washington since their trade was at a standstill because British had placed a blockade

around the Atlantic coastline of US•New Englanders continued to trade with the British during the

war•Talked of secession or a separate peace proposal with England

Resolutions adopted by the convention resemble a modern day political platform:

•Constitutional amendments lessening the powers of Congress

•restoring Federalist influence by a minority veto•2/3’s vote before an embargo, new western states could

be admitted and war could be declared.

The War’s Legacy The War’s Legacy

U.S. gained the respect of other nations U.S. came to accept Canada as a neighbor

and a part of the British Empire The Federalist party came to an end as a

national force Talk of nullification and secession in New England set a precedent that would later be

used by the South Gained our neutrality and became isolated

from Europe

The War’s LegacyThe War’s Legacy

Native Americans in the West were forced to surrender large areas of land and move west.

More U.S. factories were built War heroes such as Andrew Jackson and

William Henry Harrison would eventually become Presidents.

Growth of American nationalism Enter a time period in our history called the

“Era of Good Feelings”

Spirit of Nationalism in US patriotism or national oneness Country is united, confident, and growing 1791-1819, 9 states joined the original 13.

One political party---Republican party Respect from Europe Monroe first president to visit all states since

Washington. Boston newspaper declared an “Era of Good

Feelings” had begun. But, time period was not free of problems.

Cultural Nationalism Patriotic themes infused every aspect of American society

from books and paintings of Revolutionary heroes to Noah Webster’s blue-backed speller that promoted patriotism

Economic Nationalism Running parallel with cultural nationalism was a political

movement to support the growth of the nation’s economy--------AMERICAN SYSTEMAMERICAN SYSTEM

Political Nationalism Movement to bring about the support for national

government is over the states. Supreme court decisions support the concept of national government over the states.

Congress’s attempt to unite the US National transportation system of

roads, canals, steamships and rivers.

Henry Clay’s American System

Provide economic growth Americans buying American

goods American self-sufficiency.

Protective Tariff to promote infant industry Tariff of 1816

2nd BUS to promote a stronger economy Rechartered in 1816

National Transportation system Cumberland Road and Erie Canal first internal

improvements to unite the US the first steamboat on western waters was in 1811. 1800 to 1850 roads, canals and rivers first forms of

transportation 1850 to 1860 the railroad is added

The Land Act of 1820 gave the West its wish by authorizing a buyer to purchase

80 acres of land at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash; the West demanded transportation.

Map roads/canals

•Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and

the infant industry….

•Because of the British

blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for

internal transportation improvements.

Population shift from the east to the West Acquisition of Native Americans’ lands

Land easy to obtain Economic pressures

Improved transportation Immigration

New Questions and Issues Greatest importance to western

states were: “Cheap money” (easy credit) from state banks rather

than from the Bank of the United States Land made available at low prices by the

government Improved transportation

Westerners could not agree whether to permit slavery or exclude it

The Panic of 1819 Largely the fault of the Second Bank

of the United States’ tightening of credit in an effort to control inflation Many state banks closed The value of money fell There were large increases in unemployment,

bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debtDepression was most severe in the

WestThe economic crisis changed many

Western voters’ political outlook

City growth

Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by

1850

• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)– Limits naval presence on Great Lakes for U.S.

and Great Britain• Anglo-American Convention (1818)

• Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years• the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana

Territory at the 49th parallel

• Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817)– Limits naval presence on Great Lakes for U.S.

and Great Britain• Anglo-American Convention (1818)

• Shared Oregon Territory for 10 years• the setting of the northern limits of the Louisiana

Territory at the 49th parallel

• Florida Becomes Part of US– After War of 1812, Spain had

difficulty governing Florida

– Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border

• Florida Becomes Part of US– After War of 1812, Spain had

difficulty governing Florida

– Seminole Indians, runaway slaves, and white outlaws conducted raids into U.S. territory and retreated to safety across the Florida border

•President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders

–Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs

–Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor

•President Monroe commissioned General Andrew Jackson to stop the raiders

–Jackson led a force into Florida, destroyed Seminole villages, and hanged 2 Seminole chiefs

–Jackson captured Pensacola and drove out the Spanish governor

• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)–Spain turned over

• western Florida along with all to the east

• Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.

–US agreed• to pay $5 million to Spain

• to give up any territorial claims to Texas

• Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)–Spain turned over

• western Florida along with all to the east

• Claims in the Oregon Territory to the U.S.

–US agreed• to pay $5 million to Spain

• to give up any territorial claims to Texas

Rush-Bagot Treaty and

Anglo-American

Convention of 1817-1818

with Great Britain

Adams-Onis Treaty of

1819 with Spain

49th Parallel

Texas

•In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name,

Monroe Doctrine.•Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her

former Latin American colonies.

•In foreign affairs Monroe proclaimed the fundamental policy that bears his name,

Monroe Doctrine.•Monroe was responding to the threat that Europe might try to aid Spain in winning back her

former Latin American colonies.

monroe doctrine

•Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western

Hemisphere.•Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-

conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off."

•Monroe and Secretary of State John Quincy Adams wanted to protect new “republics” in the Western

Hemisphere.•Great Britain, with its powerful navy, also opposed re-

conquest of Latin America and suggested that the United States join in proclaiming "hands off."

•Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our

principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of

the British man-of-war." •Monroe accepted Adams's

advice.

•Adams advised, "It would be more candid ... to avow our

principles explicitly to Russia and France, than to come in as a cock-boat in the wake of

the British man-of-war." •Monroe accepted Adams's

advice.

monroe doctrine

•Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific

coast. ". . . the American continents," •He stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be

considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power."

•Not only must Latin America be left alone, he warned, but also Russia must not encroach southward on the Pacific

coast. ". . . the American continents," •He stated, "by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be

considered as subjects for future colonization by any European Power."

• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.

• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and

isolationist policies.

• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas

off-limits to Europe

• Referred to as America’s Self Defense Doctrine.

• It is a continuation of President Washington’s neutrality and

isolationist policies.

• Past problems with Europe led the US to declare the Americas

off-limits to Europe

US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere

No European Colonization in the Americas

US protector of new democracies in the Western Hemisphere

No European Colonization in the Americas

US will stay out of European

affairs

US will stay out of European

affairs

Monroe Doctrine

US recognized existing

European Colonies

US recognized existing

European Colonies

EconomyEconomyLeaderLeader

________________________

Role ofRole ofGovernmentGovernment

NORTHEASTNORTHEAST

•Business and ManufacturingDaniel Webster

_______________

•Wanted Tariffs

•Backed internal improvements

End to cheap public land

•Increasingly nationalistic

•Against Slavery and believed the U.S.

Govt. must abolish it.

SOUTHSOUTH

•Cotton-growingJohn C. Calhoun

_______________

•Opposed tariffs and government

spending on American System

•Increasingly supportive of states’ rights

•Pro-slavery and opposed any steps of the U.S. Govt. to try and abolish it.

WESTWEST

•Frontier agricultureHenry Clay

______________

•Supported internal improvements and American System.

•Wanted cheap land

•Loyal to the U.S. Govt.

•Against slavery but some supported

letting the people decide the slavery

issue

U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with U.S. was becoming divided into 3 separate sections with each trying to promote their self-interest.each trying to promote their self-interest.

In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood

– Threatened balance of power in Congress • 11 free states• 11 slave states

– The Tallmadge amendment• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed

at the age of 25.• Passed by the House, not in the Senate.• The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block

it in the Senate.

In 1819, Missouri, first part of the Louisiana Purchase to apply for statehood

– Threatened balance of power in Congress • 11 free states• 11 slave states

– The Tallmadge amendment• prohibited the further introduction of slaves into Missouri• All slaves born in Missouri after the territory became a state would be freed

at the age of 25.• Passed by the House, not in the Senate.• The North controlled the House, and the South had enough power to block

it in the Senate.

– Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state

– Maine was to be admitted as a free state

– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

– Missouri was to be admitted as a slaveholding state

– Maine was to be admitted as a free state

– In the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 3630', slavery was prohibited

After months of heated debate in Congress,

Henry Clay won majority support for 3 bills that

represented a compromise