pressoo: a formal ontology for continuing resources

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PRESSOOA formal ontology for continuing resources

Clément OuryHead of Data, Network and Standards departmentISSN International [email protected]@ISSN_IC

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Summary of the presentation

- The origins of PRESSOO

- Main features of PRESSOO

- Describing resources according to PRESSOO

- PRESSOO: now, soon and later

PRESSoo – Clément Oury – Meeting at Deutsche Nationalbibliothek, Frankfurt, 8th December 2015

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The origins of PRESSOO

FRBR, CIDOC-CRM and FRBROO


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The origins: FRBROO

- FRBR: a model for libraries (1998)• Identify minimum functional requirements of bibliographic data• Ensure that they meet user requirements• Outcome: a model for bibliographic information: Work, Expression, Manifestation,

Item- CIDOC-CRM: Conceptual Reference Model for museums (1998, now

ISO 21127:2006)• An ontology for very diverse objects of cultural heritage• Object-oriented• Objective: facilitate exchange of information from heterogeneous sources and

improve resources discoverability


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FRBROO: an extension of CIDOC-CRM- 2000: first discussions on harmonisation of both models (European

Library Automation Group, Paris)- 2003: International WG on FRBR-CIDOC harmonisation

• Expressing FRBR with concepts, tools, mechanisms and notation conventions from CIDOC CRM

• Aligning (or even merging) the two object-oriented models- Successive versions of FRBROO

• Version 1.0: 2010• Currently 2.2 (to encompass FRAD and FRSAD models)

- Original FRBR is now FRBRER (to be replaced by FRBR-LRM)


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Basic structure of CIDOC CRM


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Why PRESSOO?- A specialized and detailed model was needed to represent serials and ongoing

resources• “features” (frequency, medium...)• changes that affect them over the time (continuations, absorptions, splits...)• relationships they can have with other serials (linguistic editions...)

- Provide a linked-data friendly data model• To improve interoperability with other datasets

- PRESSOO for the ISSN registry• Prepare the publication of (a subpart of) the registry in the LOD• Deal with the differences of description from various national centres (e.g. “date of publication”)• Mapping of NCs’ MARC records to PRESSOO may be customized according to national

practices


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PRESSOO: an extension of FRBROO

- PRESSOO: “FRBROO for serials and other continuing resources”• “An ontology which aims to represent the underlying semantics of

bibliographic information about continuing resources, and more specifically about periodicals”

- FRBROO chosen as reference standard• For its object-oriented approach: convenient for linked data• As it allow interoperability with other cultural fields (as a CIDOC-CRM

extension)• Because FRBRER was not perfectly adapted for serials


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Shortcomings of FRBRER

- FRBR Final Report, 1998: • “Certain aspects of the model merit more detailed examination. (…) In particular,

the notion of “seriality” and the dynamic nature of entities recorded in digital formats merit further analysis”.

- FRBRER: rigidly hierarchical (WEMI structure): lack of flexibility• In FRBRER, the WORK entity is defined as a “distinct intellectual or artistic creation” • Various editions of a serial are seen as so many EXPRESSIONS (e.g. Western

and eastern editions of The Wall Street Journal)• Some situations create severe inconsistencies• N.B.: this approach is now disregarded in FRBR-LRM


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Example of a complex but frequent enough case


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PRESSOO as FRBROO-based model

- FRBROO model defines a “serial work” class (F 18)• Each serial is regarded as a WORK, including all local, linguistic, etc. editions• By ignoring the Expression and Manifestation entities, FRBROO definitively

circumvents the logical inconsistencies mentioned earlier- FRBROO and of CIDOC-CRM models are able to express the

dynamic nature of serials• or at least, to provide a framework for creating additional classes and

properties which express this “dynamic nature”• E.g,: the CIDOC-CRM classes “E 29 Design or Procedure” that accounts for

planned behaviours


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Some aspects of FRBROO

- F1 Work: a sum of concepts- F2 Expression: a sum of signs- 3 meanings for "Work":

• all concepts conveyed by each individual Expression:F14 Individual Work

• all concepts common to various Expressions and serving to identify “bibliographic families”:F15 Complex Work

• the concept of adding something to Expressions (e.g. by aggregating them):F16 Container Work

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Serial works in FRBROO

F1 Work

F15 Complex Work F16 Container Work

F19 Publication Work

F18 Serial Work"There is no single expression or manifestation representing a complete serial work, unless the serial work has ended."

is a

is a

is a is a

is a

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The publication process* in FRBROO

*: for physical items; digital publishing is modelled slightly differently (no F3)

F24 PublicationExpression

F3 ManifestationProduct Type

F5 Item

CLR6 should carry

R7 is example of

F19 PublicationWork

R3 is realised in

R6 carries

F30 PublicationEvent

F32 CarrierProduction Event

R23 created a realisation of

R24 created

R27 used as source material

R26 produced things of type

R28 produced

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PRESSOO: the making of - April 2012: issues of FRBR serial description discussed «in an ISSN perspective»

during a technical meeting in Paris- January-March 2013: 7 meetings

• Examination of the semantics of each single data element in the ISSN Manual• Can this semantics be expressed using existing FRBROO and CIDOC CRM classes and

properties?• If not, then declare specific classes and properties

- PRESSOO = sum of specific classes and properties declared through that process• A mapping from the ISSN data elements to PRESSOO is provided in the model

- April 2014: 0.5 version submitted to IFLA FRBR review group- June 2014: amended version (endorsed by the FRBR RG) published as 1.0 version

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Main features of PRESSOO

Or: “A good serial is a dead serial”


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PRESSOO: key principles- Descriptive information of a serial makes statements about the past

and assumptions about the future• “There is in general no single expression or manifestation representing a

complete serial work, unless the serial work is ended” (FRBROO)• “The sum (at a given point of time) of all the expressions of all past issues

published so far does not represent the serial work, but can be thought as a “component” of a virtual complete expression that does not exist yet” (PRESSOO)

- PRESSOO models the many changes that are likely to occur over time in the life of a serial

• What is actually described is a set of issuing rules (publication plan)


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A continuing resource still being publishing according to PRESSOO

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Periodical, issue, article in PRESSOO

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Title

Die *bayerische Landwehr / Hersg. von Angehövigen des bayn. landw. Inf. Régt. 2 Erfs for die Hinterbleibenentrasse des RegtsNr. 1 (Sept. 1916)-Colmar : Druck A. Jess, 1916-

Secondary author Bibliothek für Zeitgeschichte (Germany) Adam Matthew Digital (Firm)

Germany : Heer : Bayerisches Landwehr-Infanterie-Regiment, 2

Publication Date 1916 – 1918

Language German

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Bayerische Landwehr Flieger

kampf

N°1, Sept. 1916

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PRESSOO classes (sample)- Mostly related to events (subclasses of E7 Activity, F27 Work

conception, or F30 Publication events)• Z1 Serial transformation• Z2 Absorption• Z3 Separation• …• Z6 Starting of publication• Z7 Ending of publication• …• Z12 Issuing Rules


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PRESSOO properties (sample)


- Properties of Z1 Serial transformation• Y1 provided a continuation to (was continued through)• Y5 split (was split through)• Y7 merged (was merged through)• Y9 absorbed (was absorbed through)

- Properties of Z12 Issuing rule• Y21 foresees use of language (is language foreseen in)• Y23 foresees dimension (is dimension foreseen in)• Y26 foresees edition (foresees to be another edition of)

- Properties of F18 Serial work• Y33 was merged with• Y42 has current place of publication (is current area of publication of)

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Remember the many editions of Le Petit Phare?


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A PRESSOO rendition of Le Petit Phare


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Describing resources according to PRESSOO

The wildlife of periodicals


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Colour codes

- In the following slides


F…

R…, CLP… or CLR…

E…

P…

Y…

Z…

= a class from CIDOC CRM

= a property from CIDOC CRM

= a class from FRBROO

= a property from FRBROO

= a class from PRESSOO

= a property from PRESSOO

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Chronological boundariesF18 Serial Work

F30 Publication Event


Z6 Starting ofPublication

Z7 Ending ofPublication

= Publication of earliest known issue = Publication of latest known issue

P116 startsP115 finishes

Y17 launched Y18 ended

When didit begin?

When didit end?

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Describing a periodical

F18 Serial Work Y37 has former or current issuing rule (is former or current issuing rule of) Z12 Issuing Rule Y26 foresees other edition (foresees to be another edition of) (Y26.1 has type: E55 Type {instance: other edition in a different language}) Z12 Issuing Rule Y37 is former or current issuing rule of (has former or current issuing rule) F18 Serial Work

F18 Serial Work Z12 Issuing Rule

Z12 Issuing Rule

Y38 has current issuing ruleY37 has former or current issuing rule

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Describing a periodical:aspects of a publication plan

Z12 Issuing Rule

Z12 Issuing Rule

Y24 foresees use of title

Z12 Issuing Rule

Z12 Issuing Rule

Z12 Issuing Rule

Z12 Issuing Rule

Z10 Sequencing Pattern

Z11 URL

E35 Title

E56 Language

E54 Dimension

E55 Type

Y21 foresees use of language

Y22 foresees sequencing pattern

Y23 foresees dimension

Y20 foresees type

Y28 foresees URL

(of frequency, carrier, digital format, content, medium…)

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Describing a periodical:changes in a publication plan

Z12 Issuing RuleZ12 Issuing Rule

Y15 replaced

Z5 Issuing RuleChange

Y16 replaced with

E52 Time-Span

E50 Date

P4 has time-span

P78 is identified by

From what? To what?

When?

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Relationships among periodicals

Z12 Issuing Rule

Z12 Issuing Rule

Y25 foresees association with

Z12 Issuing Rule

Z12 Issuing Rule

Z12 Issuing Rule

Z12 Issuing Rule

Y26 foresees other edition

Y27 foresees translation in

(supplement, insert…)

(different type of carrier, abridged edition,local edition…)

(Not expressed directly from F18 Serial Work to F18 Serial Work, as the relationship can be stopped at any time without loss of identity for the involved serials: the relationship is therefore viewed as part of the production plans for the two serials involved in the relationship)

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Relationships between periodicals and monographs

Y39 is enhanced by monograph

Y40 enhances monograph

(special issue,supplementing monograph…)

(base volume for an updating loose-leaf,supplemented monograph…)

(Expressed directly from F18 Serial Work to F19 Publication Work, as the relationship remains valid at any point in time throughout the life of the periodical)

F18 Serial Work

F18 Serial Work



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Continuations

F18 Serial WorkY29 evolved into

P119 m

eets

in tim

e with

Z1 Serial Transformation

F18 Serial Work

F27 Work Conception



Y1 pr

ovide

d a

cont

inuati

on to

Y2 initiated as

continuation

R23 created a realisation of R23 created a realisation of

P134 continued

Z7 Ending of Publication

Z6 Starting of Publication

P115 finishes

P116 starts

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‘Supersedes’ relationship

F18 Serial WorkY31 was superseded by


F18 Serial Work



Y3 pr

ovide

d a

repla

cemen

t to Y4 initiated as

replacement


P134 continued



P115 finishes

P116 starts

F27 Work Conception

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Absorptions

F18 Serial Work

Y35 was absorbed inP119

meets

in tim

e with

Z2 Absorption

F18 Serial Work



Y9 a

bsor

bed

Y10 enhancedR23 created a realisation of R23 created a realisation of

P10 falls within

E7 Activity


P115 finishes

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Separations

F18 Serial Work

Y30 was partially continued by

Z3 Separation

F18 Serial Work



Y12

sepa

rate

d fro

mY11 separated


P10

falls

with

in

F27 Work Conception


P116 starts

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Mergers

F18 Serial WorkY34 was merged to form


F18 Serial Work



Y7 merged

R23

crea

ted

a re

alisa

tion

ofR23 created

a realisation of

P134 continued

F18 Serial Work


R23

cre

ated

are

alis

atio

n of

Y7

mer

ged

Y33 was merged with Y34

was

mer

ged

to fo

rm

P134 continued

Y8 merged into

F27 Work Conception



P115 finish

es

P116 starts

Z7 Ending of Publication P115 finishes

P119 meets in time with


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Splits

F18 Serial WorkY11 was split into


F18 Serial Work



Y5 split Y6 initiated

R23

crea

ted

a re

alis

atio

n of R23 created a realisation of

P134 continued

F18 Serial Work



Y6 initiated

P134 continued

Y32 was split into



P115 finish

es

P116 starts


P116 starts


F27 Work Conception

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Temporary replacements

F18 Serial Work

Z4 TemporarySubstitution

F18 Serial Work



P9 co

nsist

s of


R23 created arealisation of

Y36 had surrogate

F27 WorkConception


F30 Publication

Event

Y14 substituted with

Y13

prov

ided

surr

ogat

e to

R23 created arealisation of

R16 initiated

P9 consists of

P9 consists of

P134 P134

P10 falls within(if the replacing serial pre-exists)

P20 had specific purpose(if the replacing serialis created specifically

to replace the other one)

4141

PRESSOO: now, soon and laterImplementers wanted


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PRESSOO: an IFLA standard- World-wide review ended successfully on March 2015- PRESSOO Review Group Created by cataloguing section SC in

August 2015 (IFLA meeting in Cape Town)• Review and maintain PRESSOO on an ongoing basis • Liaise with other standardisation bodies (IFLA, RDA…)

- Current project: declare PRESSOO element sets on open metadata registry

• Under iflastandards.info domain name• Foster implementations of the model


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Implementing PRESSOO

- ROAD, Directory of open access scholarly resources• Bibliographic records of journals, book series, scholarly blogs, conference

proceedings, repositories• Subset of ISSN registry• Dump accessible under CC-BY-NC license

- PRESSOO model used for the ROAD database RDF serialization• Applied to 13 000+ ISSN records• Home-made ROAD ontology for some ISSN record specificities (title

proper, variant title, etc.)


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Thank you for your attention!

And special thanks to Patrick Leboeuf for providing many slides for this presentation


pressoo: a formal ontology for continuing resources

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