preterite[1]
TRANSCRIPT
Gramática LibroGramática Libro
By Jeremías MossBy Jeremías Moss
Table of ContentsTable of Contents1.1. Present TensePresent Tense2.2. Stem ChangersStem Changers3.3. Irregular “Yo” FormIrregular “Yo” Form4.4. Saber Vs. ConocerSaber Vs. Conocer5.5. Reflexive VerbsReflexive Verbs6.6. ““Se” ImpersonalSe” Impersonal7.7. Verbs Similar to GustarVerbs Similar to Gustar8.8. Irregular Verbs Ending in -guir/-uir, -ger/-gir, & -cer/-cirIrregular Verbs Ending in -guir/-uir, -ger/-gir, & -cer/-cir9.9. Hacer ExpressionHacer Expression10.10. ImperfectImperfect
1.1. IrregularIrregular2.2. Trigger WordsTrigger Words
11.11. Preterite Tense Preterite Tense 1.1. Irregular (-car/gar/zar, spock, cucarcha, & snake/snakeys)Irregular (-car/gar/zar, spock, cucarcha, & snake/snakeys)2.2. Trigger WordsTrigger Words
12.12. Comparatives/SuperlativesComparatives/Superlatives13.13. FutureFuture
1.1. IrregularIrregular2.2. Trigger WordsTrigger Words
Present TensePresent Tense
Used to express a past action that continues to Used to express a past action that continues to have importance until the present. have importance until the present.
-ar-ar Nadar (to swim)- nado, nadas, nada, nadamos, Nadar (to swim)- nado, nadas, nada, nadamos,
nadàis, nadannadàis, nadan -er-er
Comer (to eat)- como, comes, come, comemos, Comer (to eat)- como, comes, come, comemos, coméis, comencoméis, comen
-ir-ir Vivir (to live)- vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivis, viven Vivir (to live)- vivo, vives, vive, vivimos, vivis, viven
Stem ChangersStem Changers These verbs don’t change only in the nosotros/vosotros formThese verbs don’t change only in the nosotros/vosotros form ““e” se convierte a “ie”e” se convierte a “ie”
Ex. Pensar- pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensàis, Ex. Pensar- pienso, piensas, piensa, pensamos, pensàis, piensanpiensan
More words: cerrar, despertar, divertirse, empezar…More words: cerrar, despertar, divertirse, empezar… ““e” se convierte a “i”e” se convierte a “i”
Ex. Pedir- pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, pidenEx. Pedir- pido, pides, pide, pedimos, pedís, piden More words: conseguir, despedir, seguir, servir…More words: conseguir, despedir, seguir, servir…
““o” se convierte a “ue”o” se convierte a “ue” Ex. Poder- puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, puedenEx. Poder- puedo, puedes, puede, podemos, podéis, pueden More words: acostar, colgar, devolver, dormir…More words: acostar, colgar, devolver, dormir…
““u” se convierte a “ue”u” se convierte a “ue” Jugar has “u” to “ue” stem change in all except Jugar has “u” to “ue” stem change in all except
nosotros/vosotrosnosotros/vosotros Incluir and destruir have an “I” to “y” stem change except in Incluir and destruir have an “I” to “y” stem change except in
nosotros/vosotros nosotros/vosotros
Irregular “Yo” FormIrregular “Yo” Form ““Go” verbs- coer, decir, oír, poner, hacer, Go” verbs- coer, decir, oír, poner, hacer,
tener, traer, venir…tener, traer, venir… Tener- tenTener- tengogo, tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis, , tienes, tiene, tenemos, tenéis,
tienentienen Decir- diDecir- digogo, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen, dices, dice, decimos, decís, dicen Oír- oiOír- oigogo, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen, oyes, oye, oímos, oís, oyen
““Zco” verbs (-cer/-cir)- conocer, producir, Zco” verbs (-cer/-cir)- conocer, producir, conducir…conducir… Conocer- conoConocer- conozcozco, conoces, conoce, , conoces, conoce,
conocemos, conocéis, conocenconocemos, conocéis, conocen
Saber Vs ConocerSaber Vs Conocer
They both mean “to know”They both mean “to know” Both are verbs with a irregular “yo” formBoth are verbs with a irregular “yo” form Saber is used in the context of Saber is used in the context of knowing knowing
information or ideas.information or ideas. Ex. Sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, sabenEx. Sé, sabes, sabe, sabemos, sabéis, saben
Conocer is used in the context of knowing a Conocer is used in the context of knowing a person or a placeperson or a place. . Ex. ConoEx. Conozcozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, , conoces, conoce, conocemos,
conocéis, conocenconocéis, conocen
Reflexive VerbsReflexive Verbs Verbs that require a reflexive pronoun when used.Verbs that require a reflexive pronoun when used.
Reflected upon ones self Reflected upon ones self
Identified by –se suffixIdentified by –se suffix Ex. LaverEx. Laversese (to wash)- lavo, lavas, lava, lavamos, lavàis, (to wash)- lavo, lavas, lava, lavamos, lavàis,
levanlevan Ex. CaerEx. Caersese (to fall)- caigo, caes, cae, caemos, caéis, caen (to fall)- caigo, caes, cae, caemos, caéis, caen
Reflexive pronouns before the verb: me (myself), te Reflexive pronouns before the verb: me (myself), te (yourself), se (him/herself, themsleves), nos (yourself), se (him/herself, themsleves), nos (ourselves)(ourselves) Ex. Me Lavo, Te Lavas, Se Lava, Nos Lavamos, Se Lavan Ex. Me Lavo, Te Lavas, Se Lava, Nos Lavamos, Se Lavan
““Se” ImpersonalSe” Impersonal
To form the “Se” impersonal, verbs are To form the “Se” impersonal, verbs are always 3rd person singular and are always 3rd person singular and are commonly followed by a direct object.commonly followed by a direct object.
Formula: se + 3rd person singularFormula: se + 3rd person singular Ex. Ex. Se habla Se habla español aquí. español aquí. (Spanish is (Spanish is
spoken here.)spoken here.) Ex. Ex. Se diceSe dice que va a llover mañana. que va a llover mañana. (It's (It's
said it is going to rain tomorrow.)said it is going to rain tomorrow.)
Verbs Similar to GustarVerbs Similar to Gustar
I.O. + “gusta verb” + nounI.O. + “gusta verb” + noun I.O- me, te, le, les, nos, osI.O- me, te, le, les, nos, os
Ex. Me encantan los deportesEx. Me encantan los deportes Te fascina la músicaTe fascina la música Le molesta el arteLe molesta el arte Les intersan los estudios Les intersan los estudios
Irregular Verbs Ending in -Irregular Verbs Ending in -guir/-uir, -ger/-gir, & -cer/-cirguir/-uir, -ger/-gir, & -cer/-cir Verbs whose infinitive form ends in Verbs whose infinitive form ends in -gir-gir change the change the gg to to
jj before an before an aa or an or an oo. . Ex. Proteger (to protect)- proteEx. Proteger (to protect)- protejojo (yo) (yo) Ex. Exigir (to require)- exiEx. Exigir (to require)- exijojo (yo) (yo) More words: dirigir, escoger, recoger, encoger, fingir, More words: dirigir, escoger, recoger, encoger, fingir,
elegir, corregir…elegir, corregir… ““Zco” verbs (-cer/-cir)- conocer, producir, conducir…Zco” verbs (-cer/-cir)- conocer, producir, conducir…
Conocer- conoConocer- conozcozco, conoces, conoce, conocemos, , conoces, conoce, conocemos, conocéis, conocenconocéis, conocen
Incluir and destruir have an “I” to “y” stem change Incluir and destruir have an “I” to “y” stem change except in nosotros/vosotros except in nosotros/vosotros
Hacer ExpressionsHacer Expressions
The verb "hacer" can be used in a number of ways to indicate the length The verb "hacer" can be used in a number of ways to indicate the length of time an action has been taking placeof time an action has been taking place HaceHace + time + + time + queque + present tense form of the verb + present tense form of the verb Ex. Ex. Hace un año que estudio español.Hace un año que estudio español.
To make this type of expression negative, just add the word "no“To make this type of expression negative, just add the word "no“ HaceHace + time + + time + queque + + nono + present tense form of the verb + present tense form of the verb Ex. Hace un año que no estudio español.Ex. Hace un año que no estudio español.
Present tense form of the verb + Present tense form of the verb + desde hacedesde hace + time + time Ex. Estudio español desde hace un añoEx. Estudio español desde hace un año
To make this type of expression negative, just add the word "no“To make this type of expression negative, just add the word "no“ NoNo + present tense form of the verb + + present tense form of the verb + desde hacedesde hace + time + time
Imperfect Tense Regular Imperfect Tense Regular VerbsVerbs
Imperfect tense is used to express a past Imperfect tense is used to express a past event that was outgoing for an event that was outgoing for an indeterminate length of timeindeterminate length of time
The imperfect generally means “used to The imperfect generally means “used to do” or “was doing” when talking about do” or “was doing” when talking about actions that happened in the past actions that happened in the past
Rules of ImperfectRules of Imperfect1.1. To express what was in the middle of happening at To express what was in the middle of happening at
the time of narration, what use to happen, or what the time of narration, what use to happen, or what happened repeatedly in the pasthappened repeatedly in the past
2.2. To describe people or things in the pastTo describe people or things in the past3.3. To describe a state of mind, an opinion, or a To describe a state of mind, an opinion, or a
feeling the pastfeeling the past4.4. To describe the time of day in the pastTo describe the time of day in the past5.5. When describing an action that was in the process When describing an action that was in the process
of happening when interrupted by another actionof happening when interrupted by another action6.6. To set the stage, describe a situation To set the stage, describe a situation
Imperfect Conjugations Imperfect Conjugations
Yo Yo
-aba-aba
NosotrosNosotros
-àbamos-àbamos
Tú Tú
-abas-abas
VosotrosVosotros
-abais-abais
Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.
-aba-aba
Ello(a)s/Ello(a)s/Uds.Uds.
-aban-aban
Yo Yo
-ía-ía
NosotrosNosotros
-íamos-íamos
TúTú
-ias -ias
VosotrosVosotros
-íais-íais
Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.
-ía-ía
Ello(a)s/Ello(a)s/Uds.Uds.
-ían-ían
-ar -er/-ir
Imperfect Trigger WordsImperfect Trigger Words a menudo (often) a veces (sometimes) cada día (every day) cada semana (every week) cada mes (every month) cada año (every year) con frecuencia (frequently) de vez en cuando (from time to time) en aquella época (at that time) frecuentemente (frequently) generalmente (usually) muchas veces (many times) mucho (a lot) nunca (never) por un rato (for awhile) siempre (always) tantas veces (so many times) todas las semanas (every week) todos los días (every day) todo el tiempo (all the time) varias veces (several times)
Imperfect IrregularsImperfect Irregulars
IrIr Iba, ibas, ibamos, ibais, ibanIba, ibas, ibamos, ibais, iban
SerSer Era, eras, éramos, erais, eranEra, eras, éramos, erais, eran
VerVer Veía, veías, veíamos, veíais, veíanVeía, veías, veíamos, veíais, veían
Verbos Irregulars En El Verbos Irregulars En El PresentePresente
ir (to go)ir (to go) Ex. Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, vanEx. Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van
Estar (to be)Estar (to be) Ex. Estoy, estàs, està, estamos, estàis, estànEx. Estoy, estàs, està, estamos, estàis, estàn
Ser (to be)Ser (to be) Ex. Soy, eres, es, somos, sois, sonEx. Soy, eres, es, somos, sois, son
Dar (to give)Dar (to give) Ex. Doy, das, da, damos, dais, danEx. Doy, das, da, damos, dais, dan
Ser Vs EstarSer Vs Estar
Ser & Estar both mean –to be ,but they are Ser & Estar both mean –to be ,but they are used in different situations.used in different situations. Estar (temporary)- health, emotion/mood, location, Estar (temporary)- health, emotion/mood, location,
present condition, appearance and civil state present condition, appearance and civil state (married, dead, etc.)(married, dead, etc.)
Use present progressive tense (-o to –ing) during Use present progressive tense (-o to –ing) during state of motionstate of motion -ar to –ando -ar to –ando
Ex. I am angry (Estoy enojada)Ex. I am angry (Estoy enojada) -er/-ir to –iendo/yendo-er/-ir to –iendo/yendo
Ex. I read (Leyendo)Ex. I read (Leyendo)
Ser Vs Estar Cont.Ser Vs Estar Cont.
Ser (Permanent)- physical description, Ser (Permanent)- physical description, personality and character, nationality, race, personality and character, nationality, race, gender, profession, origin, What things are gender, profession, origin, What things are made of, Dates, days, seasons, time, made of, Dates, days, seasons, time, events, concerts, and parties events, concerts, and parties Origin and possession are followed by “de.”Origin and possession are followed by “de.”
Ser/Estar ConjugationSer/Estar Conjugation
YoYo
SoySoy
NosotrosNosotros
SomosSomos
Tú Tú
EresEres
VosotrosVosotros
SoísSoís
Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.
EsEs
Ello(a)s/Ello(a)s/Uds.Uds.
Son Son
YoYo
EstoyEstoy
NosotrosNosotros
EstamosEstamos
Tú Tú
EstàsEstàs
VosotrosVosotros
EstàisEstàis
Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.
EstàEstà
Ello(a)s/Ello(a)s/Uds.Uds.
EstànEstàn
Ser/Estar RapSer/Estar Rap
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=lY10_T_ROq4
Verbs w/ Accents in the Verbs w/ Accents in the Present Indicative TensePresent Indicative Tense
The vowels The vowels ii and and uu are “weak vowels” in are “weak vowels” in contrast to the “strong vowels” contrast to the “strong vowels” aa, , ee, and , and oo. . When they come in contact with any other When they come in contact with any other vowel they normally form a diphthong.vowel they normally form a diphthong. Diphthong is when a weak vowel (i/y, u) and a Diphthong is when a weak vowel (i/y, u) and a
strong vowel (a,e,o) or two weak vowels come strong vowel (a,e,o) or two weak vowels come together.together.
Ex. Esquiar (to ski)- esquío, esquías, esquía, Ex. Esquiar (to ski)- esquío, esquías, esquía, esquiamos, esquiàis, esquíanesquiamos, esquiàis, esquían
Ex. Continuar (to continue)- continùo, continùas, Ex. Continuar (to continue)- continùo, continùas, continùa, continuamos, continuàis, continùan continùa, continuamos, continuàis, continùan
PreteritePreterite Preterit tense is used to express a totally Preterit tense is used to express a totally
completed past action, a past determinate completed past action, a past determinate action, or an action that lasted for a specific action, or an action that lasted for a specific length of time.length of time.
A perfected action in the past (beginning and/or A perfected action in the past (beginning and/or ending)ending) Past tensePast tense
““Snapshot” of timeSnapshot” of time Song: é, í, aste, iste, ó, ió, amos, imos, aron, Song: é, í, aste, iste, ó, ió, amos, imos, aron,
ieron, esto es el preterito ieron, esto es el preterito
Preterite Conjugation Preterite Conjugation
YoYo
-é-é
NosotrosNosotros
-amos-amos
Tú Tú
-aste-aste
VosotrosVosotros
-asteis-asteis
Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.
- ó- ó
Ello(a)s/Ello(a)s/Uds.Uds.
-aron-aron
YoYo
- í- í
NosotrosNosotros
-imos-imos
Tú Tú
-iste-iste
VosotrosVosotros
-isteis-isteis
Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.
-ió-ió
Ello(a)s/Ello(a)s/Uds.-ieronUds.-ieron
-ar -er/-ir
Los IrregularsLos Irregulars Prefix (1Prefix (1stst person only yo) person only yo)
-gar to –gué (verbs with –gué in the “yo” form)-gar to –gué (verbs with –gué in the “yo” form) Pagar to PaguéPagar to Pagué More words: apagar, jugar, llegar…More words: apagar, jugar, llegar…
-car to –qué (verbs with –qué in the “yo” form)-car to –qué (verbs with –qué in the “yo” form) Sacar to saquéSacar to saqué More words: buscar, practicar, tocar…-zar to –cé (verbs with –cé in the More words: buscar, practicar, tocar…-zar to –cé (verbs with –cé in the
“yo” form)“yo” form)
-zar to –cé (verbs with –cé in the “yo” form)-zar to –cé (verbs with –cé in the “yo” form) Cruzar to CrucéCruzar to Crucé More words: empezar, lanzar…More words: empezar, lanzar…
Includes Spock Words, Cucaracha Verbs, and Snake/ysIncludes Spock Words, Cucaracha Verbs, and Snake/ys
Spock WordsSpock Words
Preterite Tense Irregular Verbs Preterite Tense Irregular Verbs Hacer (hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron)Hacer (hice, hiciste, hizo, hicimos, hicieron) Ir/ser (fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron)Ir/ser (fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fueron) Dar/ver (-i, -iste, -io, -imos, -ieron)Dar/ver (-i, -iste, -io, -imos, -ieron)
Cucaracha VerbsCucaracha Verbs Preterite Tense Irregular VerbsPreterite Tense Irregular Verbs
Andar/anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, Andar/anduve, anduviste, anduvo, anduvimos, anduvisteis, anduvieron - (to walk)anduvisteis, anduvieron - (to walk)
Estar/estuve…- (to be)Estar/estuve…- (to be) Poder/pude…- (to be able to)Poder/pude…- (to be able to) Poner/puse…- (to put into lace)Poner/puse…- (to put into lace) Querer/quise…- (to want/wish)Querer/quise…- (to want/wish) Saber/supe…- (to know facts or info)Saber/supe…- (to know facts or info) Tener/tuve…- (to have)Tener/tuve…- (to have) Venir/vine…- (to come)Venir/vine…- (to come) conduconducircir/conduje…- (to conduct/drive)/conduje…- (to conduct/drive) ProduProducircir/produje…- (to produce)/produje…- (to produce) TradaTradacircir/traduje…- (to translate)/traduje…- (to translate) TraTraerer/traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron /traje, trajiste, trajo, trajimos, trajisteis, trajeron
-(to bring) -(to bring) DecDecirir/dije…- (to say)/dije…- (to say)
If it has a –j than you omit the –i in -ieronIf it has a –j than you omit the –i in -ieron
Snake/Snake-ySnake/Snake-y
Snakes are Preterite Tense Irregular Snakes are Preterite Tense Irregular Verbs Verbs
Snakeys are Preterite Tense With Snakeys are Preterite Tense With Spelling ChangesSpelling Changes
Stem changers & -y changersStem changers & -y changers
Snake/Snake-y Cont. Snake/Snake-y Cont. Example of -o to –uExample of -o to –u
Dormir- (dormí, dormiste, dDormir- (dormí, dormiste, dúúrmió, dormimos, rmió, dormimos, ddúúrmieron)rmieron)
Example of -e to –iExample of -e to –i Pedir- (pedí, pediste, pPedir- (pedí, pediste, piidió, pedimos, pedisteis, dió, pedimos, pedisteis,
ppiidieron)dieron) More words: conseguir, despedirse, divertirse, More words: conseguir, despedirse, divertirse,
hervir, mentir, prefirir, seguir, sentir, servir, sugerir, hervir, mentir, prefirir, seguir, sentir, servir, sugerir, vestirse, morir…vestirse, morir…
Example of verbs with -y Example of verbs with -y Leer- (lei, leiste, leLeer- (lei, leiste, leýýo, leimos, leo, leimos, leýýeron)eron) More words: caer, contribuir, creer, destruir, More words: caer, contribuir, creer, destruir,
influir…influir…
Preterite Trigger WordsPreterite Trigger Words Ayer- yesterdayAyer- yesterday Anoche- last nightAnoche- last night Anteayer- day before yesterdayAnteayer- day before yesterday La Samana Pasada- last weekLa Samana Pasada- last week El Dia Anterior- the day beforeEl Dia Anterior- the day before El Lunes/Martes/Jueves/etc. Pasada- last (day)El Lunes/Martes/Jueves/etc. Pasada- last (day) El Fin De Semana Pasado- last weekendEl Fin De Semana Pasado- last weekend El Mes Pasado- last monthEl Mes Pasado- last month Ayer Por La Manana- yesterday morningAyer Por La Manana- yesterday morning Ayer Por La Tarde- yesterday afternoonAyer Por La Tarde- yesterday afternoon El Otro Dia- the other dayEl Otro Dia- the other day Una Vez- one timeUna Vez- one time Esta Tarde- this afternoonEsta Tarde- this afternoon Esta Manana- this morningEsta Manana- this morning Esta Noche- tonightEsta Noche- tonight
Comparatives/Comparatives/superlativessuperlatives
Comparatives are the comparison of one person or thing to another Comparatives are the comparison of one person or thing to another (more, less, or as... As)(more, less, or as... As) MMás/menos- adj/adv/noun + queás/menos- adj/adv/noun + que
Ex. Menos intersantes- less interestingEx. Menos intersantes- less interesting ““de” used instead of “que” w/ numbersde” used instead of “que” w/ numbers
Verb + Verb + MMás/menos queás/menos que Ex. Comen mEx. Comen más que- eat more oftenás que- eat more often
Tan + adj/adv + comoTan + adj/adv + como Ex. Tan delicioso como- as delicious asEx. Tan delicioso como- as delicious as
Tanto/as + singular/plural noun + comoTanto/as + singular/plural noun + como Ex. tantas menzanas como- so many applesEx. tantas menzanas como- so many apples
Verb + tanto comoVerb + tanto como Ex. Duermo tanto como- sleep as much as Ex. Duermo tanto como- sleep as much as
Comparative/Superlative Cont.
Superlatives indicate that one person/thing is the most, best, least, or Superlatives indicate that one person/thing is the most, best, least, or worst of all.worst of all.
Two types of superlative: relative and absoluteTwo types of superlative: relative and absolute The relative superlative describes a noun within the context of some The relative superlative describes a noun within the context of some
larger group.larger group. definite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + dedefinite article + noun + más (menos) + adjective + de Ex. Juan es el chico más inteligente de la clase.Ex. Juan es el chico más inteligente de la clase.
The absolute superlative does not describe the noun in the context The absolute superlative does not describe the noun in the context of a larger group.of a larger group. muy + adjectivemuy + adjective sumamente + adjectivesumamente + adjective adjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as)adjective + ísimo (-a, -os, -as) Ex. Ex. muy guapo/ sumamente guapo/ guapísimomuy guapo/ sumamente guapo/ guapísimo
Future TenseFuture Tense
Used to express an action that will take Used to express an action that will take place after the present moment place after the present moment
Infinitive + e, as a, emos, anInfinitive + e, as a, emos, an Infinitive- “Infinitive- “willwill” I ” I willwill eat eat
Ex. Vive, viviras, te amare*Ex. Vive, viviras, te amare*
-ir + -a + infinitive (immediate future)-ir + -a + infinitive (immediate future)
Future ConjugationsFuture ConjugationsYoYo
-é-é
NosotrosNosotros
-emos-emos
Tú Tú
-às-às
VosotrosVosotros
-éis-éis
Él/ella/Ud.Él/ella/Ud.
-à-à
Ello(a)s/Uds.Ello(a)s/Uds.
- àn- àn
Future IrregularFuture Irregular Their endings are regular, but their -yo stem Their endings are regular, but their -yo stem
changes.changes. Infinitive + ending (-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án)Infinitive + ending (-é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án)
Ex. Caber/ yo cabEx. Caber/ yo cabréré Ex. decir/ yo diEx. decir/ yo diréré Ex. Resaber/ yo resabEx. Resaber/ yo resabréré
Future Irregular TenseFuture Irregular Tense
Tener (to have): tendré, tendràs, tendrà, tendremos, Tener (to have): tendré, tendràs, tendrà, tendremos, tendréis, tendràntendréis, tendràn
Decir (to say): dir-Decir (to say): dir- Hacer (to do): har-Hacer (to do): har- Haber (to have): habr-Haber (to have): habr- Saber (to know): sabr-Saber (to know): sabr- Poder (to be able to): podr-Poder (to be able to): podr- Querer (to want): querr-Querer (to want): querr- Salir (to exit): saldr-Salir (to exit): saldr- Poner (to place): pondr-Poner (to place): pondr- Venir (to come): vendr-Venir (to come): vendr-