pretest review scientific method collaborate share info build upon other work
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Pretest Review
Scientific Method
CollaborateShare info Build upon other work
Direct Relationship
variable increases and other variable increases
0 1 2 302468
1012
pHColumn1
Inverse Relationship
variable increases and other variable decreases
1 2 3 40
1
2
3
4
5
6
Series 1Column1Column2
Linear Relationship
each unit change in the x variable will bring about the same change in the y variable
1 2 3 4 50
1
2
3
4
5
6
Series 1Column1Column2
Non Linear
10 20 30 400
20
40
60
80
100
120
Series 1Column1Column2
1000 g = 1 kg
Kilo – 1000Centi – 1/100Milli – 1/1000
44 ml X 1 L 1000ml
It prevents wastes, which would cause problems, from accumulating. It assures that the ecosystem will not run out of essential elements.
1. Begin with a CO2.
2 Photosynthesis
3. Food chains
4. Cell respiration
Phosphorus Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
All organisms are made of roughly the same organic
molecules in similar proportions
A measure of their dry weight is a rough measure of the
energy they contain.
BiomassA census of the population, multiplied by the weight of an
average individual in itGives an estimate of the weight of the population.
A production pyramid explains why meat is a luxury for humans
A field of corn Can support many more human vegetarians than
meat-eatersTrophic level
Secondaryconsumers
Primaryconsumers
Producers
Humanvegetarians
Corn
Humanmeat-eaters
Cattle
Corn
Figure 37.14
Biomagnification The increase of the concentration of a substance that occurs in the food chain.
Substances - pesticides or heavy metals The substances become concentrated in
tissues or internal organs because the substances are very slowly metabolized
or excreted.
Eutrophication
Occurs when a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients (phosphates and
nitrates). This increases amount of algae in water.
As the algae die/decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing
organisms deplete the oxygen from the water. This causes the death of other organisms
(fish).
Greenhouse Gases Carbon Dioxide – fossil fuels, solid waste,
trees Methane – production and transportation of
coal, natural gas, and oil Nitrous Oxide – agricultural and industrial Fluorinated gases – industrial, commercial,
and household uses
Fossil Fuels
Fuels formed from remains of plants and animals
Ex: Natural gas, oil coal
Ozone Layer
•Ozone - 0₃ - naturally occurring in the stratosphere
•Ozone layer - Protects earth from ultra violet rays
•CFC’s –– destroy ozone by releasing chlorine into the atmosphere
Atmospheric CO2 is reflecting heat back down to the planet’s surface.
Only by phasing out coal use, ending deforestation and reducing the use of other fossil fuels can the numbers be
reversed.
Other Causes Clear cutting of
forests Increased use of
fossil fuels
Methane pollution
Greenhouse EffectCar in summer
Greenhouse gases absorb some the energy radiated from the earth and
trap it in the atmosphere.Human activities have INCREASED
the amount of greenhouse gases
Robert Hooke
Coined the name cellLooked at cork cells under
microscope
Photosynthesis
Carbon Dioxide + Water Glucose + Oxygen
Photosynthesis Recap
Primary Productivity
is the production of organic compounds from atmospheric
or aquatic CO2 through the process of photosynthesis
MeiosisOccurs in plants and animals
that reproduce sexually.Usually occurs in specialized
sex organs - Ovaries, Testes
Prophase IChromosomes form
Homologous pairs come together
Crossing Over occurs
Frederick Griffith - studying 2 strains of bacteria
1 causes pneumonia, 1 harmless When killed pathogenic bacteria and mixed
with living healthy bacteria - some converted Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey - showed that
DNA was genetic material Used radio isotopes to label DNA and protein
in Phage T2 and ecoli cells Sulfer - protein Phosphate - DNA
The direct manipulation of genes for practical
purposes
Genetic Engineering
Nuclear Transplantation: replaces the nucleus of an egg cell or a zygote with a nucleus of an adult
somatic cell Cells divides creates blastocyst
Reproductive Cloning: If animal is a mammal, the blastocyst is implanted into uterus for further
development Therapeutic Cloning: Produce embryonic stem
cells for therapeutic treatments
Cloning
Combining genes from different sources into a single DNA
moleculeCan use different species
Often uses plasmids
Recombinant DNA Technology
DNA from two different sources are combined into the same DNA
Recombinant DNA
Polymerase Chain ReactionDNA is copied many times in a
test tube.Process can generate 100 billion
copies of DNA in 4 hours
PCR
Gel Electrophoresis
Human Genome Project
The main goals were to provide a complete and accurate sequence of the 3 billion DNA base pairs that make up the human genome and to find all of the estimated 20,000 to 25,000 human genes.
SpeciationEvolution of a new
species
Allopatric Speciation
Speciation due to being separated by a geographic
barrier
Sympatric Speciation
New species develop without geographic isolation
Formation of a new species as a result of a genetic change that produces reproductive barriers
Mostly in plants
Parapatric Speciation
Speciation that occurs due to variations in the mating habits
or rituals of a population within a continuous geographical area.
Punctuated Equilibrium
Abrupt Changes in species within very long periods of equillibrium
Evolutionary changes happens radidly
Trilobites, some dinosaurs
Divergent Evolution
The process by which an interbreeding population or species diverges into two or more descendant species.
Occurs when a group from a specific population develops into a new species
Ex: Human foot vs Monkey foot
Animal: Heterotrophs – consume food
Plants: Autotrophs – make their own food
Fungus: Heterotrophs/ Decomposers – absorb food