pretreatment fundamentals

8/7/2019 Pretreatment Fundamentals

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Pretreatment Fundamentals

Bruce E. Dale, Richard T. Elander, Mark T. Holtzapple,Rajeev Kumar, Michael R. Ladisch, Yoon Y. Lee, Nate Mosier,Jack Saddler, Mohammed Moniruzzaman, Charles E. Wyman

CAFI

BIO 2006

Annual International ConventionChicago, Illinois

April 12, 2006

Biomass Refining CAFI


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Biomass Refining Consortium for Applied

Fundamentals and Innovation (CAFI):

Who we are.

Pretreatment researchers working together in acoordinated, disciplined way to understand the

fundamentals underlying lignocellulosic biomass

pretreatment and hydrolysis. Organized in 1999 -2000

CAFI recognizes that pretreatment is part of a system that

includes hydrolysis and fermentationpretreatmenteffects on downstream processes must be understood



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USDA IFAFS Project:

September 2000 to 2003

USDA Initiative for Future Agriculture and Food Systems Program forcomparative information on leading cellulosic biomass pretreatmentswith common source of corn stover and identical analytical methods Aqueous ammonia recycle pretreatment - YY Lee, Auburn University

Water only and dilute acid hydrolysis by co-current and flowthroughsystems - Charles Wyman, Dartmouth College

Ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) - Bruce Dale, Michigan StateUniversity

Controlled pH pretreatment - Michael Ladisch, Purdue University

Lime pretreatment - Mark Holtzapple, Texas A&M University

Logistical support and economic analysis - Rick Elander/Tim Eggeman,

NREL through DOE Office of the Biomass Program funding Emphasis on quality not quantity

Concluded September, 2003



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DOE USDA Project:September 2004 to 2007


Enzymatic Digestion of Corn Stover and Poplar Woodafter Pretreatment by Leading Technologies

Water, AFEX, acid pretreatments

Hydrolysis characteristicsMixed sugar fermentations using yeast

Researchers: Charles E. Wyman, Dartmouth College/University of California, Rajeev

Kumar, Dartmouth College, Bruce E. Dale, Michigan State University, Richard T.Elander, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Mark T. Holtzapple, Texas A&M

University, Michael R. Ladisch, Nate Mosier, Nancy Ho, Purdue University, Y. Y. Lee,

Auburn University, Mohammed Moniruzzaman, Genencor International, John N. Saddler,

University of British Columbia


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CAFI 1: Corn Stover

1.2 %Non-structural Sugars

3.6 %Uronic Acid

7.1 %Ash

3.2 %Acetyl

4.0 %Protein

17.2 %Lignin

2.5 %Galactan

1.8 %Mannan

3.5 %Arabinan

21.4 %Xylan

36.1 %Glucan


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Component Composition (wt %)

Glucan 43.8

Xylan 14.9Arabinan 0.6

Mannan 3.9

Galactan 1.0

Lignin 29.1Protein nd

Acetyl 3.6

Ash 1.1

Uronic Acids nd

Extractives 3.6

CAFI 2 Standard Poplar


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Key Comparisons: Per 100 lbs

Poplar Corn StoverGlucan (cellulose) 43.8 36.1

Xylan (hemicellulose) 14.9 21.4

Lignin 29.1 17.2

Ash 1.1 7.1

Energy in Lignin (est) 116,000 86,000

Ethanol (at 90% Yield) 4.9 4.8


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Ethanol

Fermentation

Pretreatment is neededto get us there

Feedstock

Preparation

Biomass

Pretreatment

Enzyme

hydrolysis


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Crystalline

Region

AmorphousRegion

CelluloseLignin

Hemicellulose

Effect of Pretreatment

Pretreatment


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Pretreatment Modeling

C

C*

Gn G Degradation

k1

k2

k3 k4K

k2, k3, >> k1


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Pretreatment Converts Cellulose toReactive Form

C

C*

Gn G Degradation

k1

k2

k3 k4K


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Enzymes convert cellulose to glucose andxylan to xylose (no degradation products)

C

H,C*

Gn X,GDegradationProducts

k1

k2

k3k4

C = native celluloseH = hemicellulose (xylan)C* = hydrated celluloseGn = glucans (oligosaccharides)G = glucose (monomer)X = xylose (monomer)

k2 > k1


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Yeast Metabolism: pentose fermentationGlucose

Glucose-6-P

Fructose-6-P

3-Phosphoglycerate

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Pyruvate Acetaldehyde

Ethanol

TCA Cycle

Xylose

Xylitol

Xylulose

Xylulose-5-PGlyceraldehyde-3-P

NAD(P)H

NADH

NADH

NADH NAD+

NAD+

NAD(P)+NAD+

PPP

Ho et al


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Several Pentose Fermenting

Microbes

Yeast (Ho et al)

E. coli (Lonnie Ingram et al)

Zymomonas (NREL)


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1 Bale = 970 lbs = 2000 miles

Using Hay

Assuming 50 gal x 40 mpg

pretreatment fundamentals

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