1 Talon cusp on the palatal surface of 22 in a 9 year old girl of German-Asian parentage

2 X-ray of 22 with pulpal involvement

4 Human mtDNA Haplogroup Migration

6 Simplified mtDNA lineages

L* (L0, L1, L2, L4, L5, L6)

Africa

L3

I

X

U

K

H

V

T J

W Europe

HV R N

A

Y

B

F

P Z

C

D G

M

Asia

Q

E

JT

O S

= rCRS (GenBank NC_012920)

Portuguese

Indian

Hungarian

Inuit

Native American

Malaysian

Japanese

Chinese

Prevalence of Talon cusp and its genetic link between ethnic groups and the autosomal dominant trait in recent mixing Schulzahnklinik des

Kantons Schaffhausen SwitzerlandCatherine V.A. Witt, Peter Kerschot, Martin Lüthi

3 Human mtDNA Migrations

Human mtDNA MigrationsHuman mtDNA Migrationsfrom http://www.mitomap.org

M t ti t 2 2 2 9% / MYRMutation rate = 2.2 – 2.9% / MYRTime estimates are YBP

Note: the separation of continents has been exaggerated in order to better show the different migrations across the Bering Strait.

Mutation rate = 2.2 – 2.9% / MYR. Time estimates are YBPNote: the separation of continents has been exaggerated in order to better show the different migrations across the Bering Strait.

speaking tribal populations (Lodha (~18%), Santal(~10%)) possessed higher frequencies of thishaplogroup. The tribal populations (Irula, Kota,Kurumba, Lodha, Santal, Munda, Muria, Tripuri)studied by Roychoudhury et al. (2000) were furtheranalyzed for three additional RFLPs (HpaI np 3592,AluI np 7025 and AluI np 13262) and HVI regionby Roychoudhury et al. (2001) and a frequency ofabout 10% (in the pooled sample) for haplogroupU was reported. Frequency of U was found tovary according to the linguistic affiliation of thepopulations, viz., with highest frequency observedamong Austro-Asiatic (13.56%) followed byDravidian (9.17%) and then by Tibeto-Burman(6.7%) speaking populations. Also, U2i and U1(subclusters of U) were observed among thestudied tribals with frequencies of 77.3% and 9.1%,respectively, of U.

Edwin et al. (2002) analyzed 160 individuals

from five Dravidian tribal populations (Kadar,Paniya, Irula, Kota and Kurumba) of southernIndia for ten RFLPs (HaeIII np 663, AluI np 5176,DdeI np 10394, AluI np 10397, HinfI np 12308,HincII np 13259, HaeIII np 16517, HpaI np 3592,AluI np 7025 and AluI np 13262) and one insertion/deletion polymorphism (COII/tRNALys intergenic9-bp deletion). The study reported a pooledfrequency of 14% for haplogroup U with highestfrequency (~ 23%) among the Irula tribe of TamilNadu. Paniya, Kurumba and Kadar exhibited afrequency of around 7% for haplogroup U,whereas this haplogroup was completely absentamong Kota tribe. Bamshad et al. (2001) performedHVI sequencing and RFLP (HpaI np 3592, DdeInp 10394, AluI np 10397, AluI np 13262, BamHInp 13366, AluI np 5176, HaeIII np 4830, AluI np7025, Hinf I np 12308, AccI np 14465, AvaII np8249, AluI np 10032, BstOI np 13704 and HaeII

Caste # Populations

Tribe

Fig. 2. Indian map showing region wise distribution of mitochondrial DNA diversity ofmacrohaplogroup N and its subgroup U among castes and tribes.

8 mtDNA diversity of macrohaplogroup N in India7 mtDNA Haplogroup of the World

As a Paediatric dentist our knowledge of rare dental anomalies like talon cusp, that are usually confined to people of a certain heritage, can now be seen in other parts of the world due to recent migration and mixing, which can still express itself in an autosomal dominant pattern.

5 Evolutionary tree of mtDNA haplogroups

9 Prevalence of Talon cusp in permanent dentition in published studies

Ethnic group and location Author Examined Prevalence

Southern ChineseHong Kong Present study 725 2.5 %Hong Kong Ling (1992) 459 1.5 %MongoloidJapanese Ooshima et al. (1996) 745 0.9 %CaucasianNorth India Chawla et al. (1983) 1’083 7.66 %Israel Dankner et al. (1996) 1’350 1.0 %Pakistan Sobhi et al. (2004) 450 2.4 %NegroidUganda Barnes (1969) 1’797 2.5 %Nigeria Onyeaso and Oneyeaso (2006) 361 1.9 %OthersMexico Sedano et al. (1989) 32’022 0.6 %Malaysia Meon (1991) 536 5.2 %Hungary Mavrodisz et al. (2003) 600 2.5 %Portugal Simoes et al. (2014) 283 6.3 %

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L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6

M N

CZ D E G Q O A S R I W X Y

C Z B F R0 pre-JT P U

HV JT K H V J T

Population Sex Tooth affected * Reference Origin Associated condition(s)Deciduous Maxillary Teeth

1 Swedish F Left i2 Batra et al. Modern Right cleft lip and palate, left partially cleft lip

2 Swedish F Left i2 Batra et al. Modern Left cleft lip and partial cleft palate3 Indian F Right i2 Jeevarathan et al. Modern Bilateral cleft lip, lingual talon cusp

4 Turkish M Supernumerary be-tween left i1 and i2 Siraci et al. Modern Labial and lingual talon cusps

5 Argentinean ? Left i1 Present study Archaeol.Deciduous Mandibular Teeth – no reports foundPermanent Maxillary Teeth1 Japanese F Left I1 Tsutsumi & Oguchi Modern Incontinentia pigmenti achromians2 African American F Right I1 Jowharji et al. Modern3 Irish F Right C McNamara et al. Modern4 Australian F Left I1 Abbott Modern Lingual and labial talon cusps5 Native American (Anasazi) F Left I2 Turner Archaeol.6 Native American (Anasazi) F Supernumerary I Lee et al. Modern7 Native American (Late Woodland) ? Left I1 Mayes Archaeol.8 Native American (Late Woodland) ? Left I1 Mayes Archaeol.9 Croatian M Left I1 Glavina and Skrinjaric Modern

10 Croatian M Left I1 Glavina and Skrinjaric Modern11 Indian F Left I1 Patil et al. Modern12 Malaysian M Right I2 Ma Modern

13 Indian F Left I1 Shashikiran et al. Modern Double labial talon and lingual trace talon

14 North American F Right I2 Dunn Modern Lingual talon cusps bilaterally on maxillary I2s

15 British F Right I1 Sumer and Zengin Modern Labial and lingual talon cusps16 British F Right I1 McKaig and Shaw Modern Labial and lingual talon cuspsPermanent Mandibular Teeth1 German ? Right I1 Schulze Modern2 Irish M Left I1 McNamara et al. Modern3 Native American (Pima) F Left I1, Right I1 Lee et al. Modern4 Native American (Pima) F Left I1 Lee et al. Modern5 Native American (Pima) M Left I1, Right I1 Lee et al. Modern6 Native American (Pima) M Left I1, Right I1 Lee et al. Modern7 Native American (Pima) M Left I1 Lee et al. Modern8 Native American (Caddo) M Left I1, Right I1 Lee et al. Archaeol.9 Japanese (Ainu) M Left I1, Right I1 Lee et al. Archaeol.

10 Spanish M Left I2 Llena-Puy and Forner-Navarro Modern

11 Nigerian M Left I1 Oredugba Modern

12 Chinese M Right fused I1 and I2 Ekambaram et al. Modern Double tooth with labial and lingual talon cusp

10 Reported cases of labial talon cusps

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* I = permanent incisor i = deciduous incisor C = permanent canine