PREVALENCE, PREDICTABILITY, AND INTERVENTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF BULLYING

K E L L I B O U R N E , H E A LT H & S C I E N C E E D U C AT O R

L A K E S I D E M I D D L E S C H O O L , I RV I N E , C A L I F O R N I A

R E S E A R C H C O N D U C T E D AT C A L I F O R N I A S TAT E U N I V E R S I T Y , F U L L E RT O N ( M A S T E R ’ S O F S C I E N C E I N S E C O N D A RY E D U C AT I O N )

C O N TA C T: K E L L I B O U R N E @ I U S D . O R G

RESEARCHER INTERESTS•Found a gap in research that focused on middle school student perceptions of bullying interventions•Found a gap in research on predictability of bullying (versus just physical violence) •Was curious to see if the school’s trends regarding the prevalence of bullying were similar to those at the state and national level•Wanted to contribute to the creation of a more positive climate for students at school

RESEARCH QUESTIONS1. What is the prevalence of bullying at

Lakeside Middle School?2. Is the time and place of bullying

predictable?3. What do students perceive are the most

effective bullying prevention strategies?

My hypotheses…

SCHOOL PROFILE• Located in Irvine, California (231,117

population)• 7th and 8th grade student body• 693 total students (2012/2013)• 32 certificated positions; 18 classified

positions• Student/family population:• Very ethnically diverse (~ 50 languages)• Middle to upper socioeconomic status majority• Title 1 School: 15% on free or reduced lunch

SURVEY DETAILS• Data from 643 7th & 8th grade

students• Balance between grades and

gender• 45 questions about bullying•From the beginning of 2012/2013 school year•Definitions & privacy given to support accurate responses

• 4 demographic questions

PREVALENCE OF BULLYING: • 38.3% of students report being bullied one or

more times• 65.6% have witnessed/seen bullying• 95.7% of teachers reported a perception that

there is more bullying than they are aware of• 86.2% teachers reported a moderate to

severe concern regarding bullying• Forms: verbal emotional physical (from

most to least common)• Most common places: lunch areas, snack

areas, classrooms • Most common times: lunch, break,

classrooms, after school

I have n

ot

been b

ullie

d.

On t

he w

ay t

o s

chool

On t

he w

ay h

om

e f

rom

sch

ool

Hallw

ays

befo

re/a

fter

school

Hallw

ays

duri

ng p

ass

ing p

eri

od

Bath

room

Cafe

teri

a

Cla

ssro

om

(w

hen t

he t

each

er

was

in t

h...

Cla

ssro

om

(w

hen t

he t

each

er

was

not

in...

Media

Cente

r

Where

I g

o d

uri

ng b

reak

Where

I g

o d

uri

ng lunch

Bik

e r

ack

P.E

. lo

cker

room

(in

side)

P.E

. lo

ckers

(outs

ide)

Oth

er

(ple

ase

speci

fy)

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%Question: If you have been bullied, WHERE has it

taken place?

Campus Locations

Perc

enta

ge o

f Stu

dents

I have n

ot

wit

ness

ed b

ullyin

g.

On m

y w

ay t

o s

chool

On m

y w

ay h

om

e f

rom

sch

ool

Hallw

ays

Bath

room

Cafe

teri

a

Cla

ssro

om

(w

hen t

he t

each

er

was

in t

he r

oom

)

Cla

ssro

om

(w

hen t

he t

each

er

was

not

in t

he r

oom

)

Media

Cente

r

Where

I g

o f

or

snack

Where

I g

o f

or

lunch

Bik

e r

ack

P.E

. lo

cker

room

(in

side)

P.E

. lo

ckers

(outs

ide)

Oth

er

(ple

ase

speci

fy)0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

Question: If you have witnessed bullying, WHERE has it taken place?

Campus Locations

Perc

enta

ge o

f Stu

dents

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ot

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ull...

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he w

ay t

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chool

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ay h

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ays

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re/a

ft...

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ays

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as.

..

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om

(w

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om

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r

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...

Where

I g

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uri

ng l...

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ack

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s...

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(outs

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er

(ple

ase

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fy)

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

Q: If you have been bullied, WHERE has it

taken place?

I have n

ot

wit

ness

...

On m

y w

ay t

o s

c...

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y w

ay h

om

e ...

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ays

Bath

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om

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om

(w

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Media

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r

Where

I g

o f

or

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er

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ase

spec.

..

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

Q: If you have wit-nessed bullying,

WHERE has it taken place?

Language/a

ccce

nt

Money

Appeara

nce

Cult

ure

Sexual pre

fere

nce

Race

/etn

icit

y/s

kin

colo

r

Frie

nds/

who t

hey h

ang o

ut

wit

h

Dis

abilit

y

Soci

al aw

kw

ard

ness

/act

diff

ere

nt

Religio

n

New

to t

he s

chool

Ath

leti

c abilit

y

Heig

ht

Gender

Bein

g o

verw

eig

ht

Clo

thin

g/h

ow

they e

xpre

ss t

hem

selv

es

Hobbie

s/in

tere

sts

Oth

er

(ple

ase

speci

fy)

36.1%

10.9%

59.9%

23.1%19.3%

31.3%

36.3%

23.5%

51.8%

16.1%13.8%

28.5%

21.9%

7.3%

53.5%

40.4%

22.3%

11.9%

Reasons Students are Bullied

PREDICTABILITY OF BULLYING• Common theme: unstructured,

unsupervised times and places• Students who have been bullied:•Time: 66% report it is random, 34% report some degree of predictability•Place: 55% report it is random, 45% report some degree of predictability•Form: 25% report it is random, 75% report some degree of predictability

PREDICTABILITY OF BULLYING• Common theme: unstructured,

unsupervised times and places• Students who have witnessed bullying

report:•Time: 48.8% report random, 25.2% report some degree of predictability•Place: 46.5% report random, 26% report some degree of predictability•Form: didn’t ask

STUDENT PERCEPTIONS: SOLUTIONS• Vast majority (96%) feel it is their

duty to help someone being bullied• However, when students are being

bullied…• They are walking away (21%) • They are telling someone (15.4%)• They are standing up for themselves (14.5%)• But 20% aren’t doing anything about it…

STUDENT PERCEPTIONS: SOLUTIONS• Students are more likely to tell the

following people, in the following order:• Friend• Parent• Teacher/school counselor

• However, students want independence with preventing and coping with bullying

STUDENT SUGGESTIONS• How bullying can be prevented:

•Anonymous reporting (68.7%)•Train students to help each other (47.9%)•Get help from an adult (44.2%)•Train students to help themselves (42.7%)•Offer activities that encourage student connectedness (37.9%)

More

stu

dents

gett

ing help

fro

m a

n a

dult

at

school

More

stu

dents

gett

ing h

elp

fro

m a

pare

nt

More

adult

superv

isio

n

An a

nonym

ous

way t

o r

eport

bullyin

g

Tra

in s

tudents

to h

elp

each

oth

er

Tra

in s

tudents

to h

elp

them

selv

es

Have a

ctiv

itie

s th

at

enco

ura

ge s

tudent

connect

edness

&

belo

ngin

g

Have s

chool-

wid

e a

ssem

blies

Have m

ore

dis

cuss

ions

in c

lass

Oth

er

(ple

ase

speci

fy)

44.2%

32.7% 35.5%

68.7%

47.9%42.7%

37.9%29.1%

35.8%

7.8%

Student Perceptions of Effective Bullying Intervention Strategies

STUDENT SUGGESTIONS• Lakeside school wide connectedness can

improve by:•Consequences should be more clear (48.1%)•Teachers should create a more positive classroom atmosphere (46.8%)•Offer more student training (46.4%)•More clubs and lunchtime activities (45.5%)•Make school rules more clear (40.8%)•More education on the consequences of bullying (40.8%)

Allow

stu

dents

to b

e m

ore

involv

ed w

ith s

ett

ing b

ehav-

ior

rule

s and s

tandard

s

More

clu

bs

and o

ther

lunch

tim

e a

ctiv

itie

s

Make m

ore

cle

ar

the s

chool's

rule

s on b

ullyin

g

More

educa

tion o

n t

he e

ffect

s and c

onse

quence

s of

bul-

lyin

g

More

stu

dent

train

ing o

n h

ow

to d

eal w

ith b

ullyin

g

if/w

hen it

happens

An o

ngoin

g a

nti

-bullyin

g p

rogra

m a

t sc

hool

Pro

vid

e a

foru

m f

or

students

to t

alk

openly

about

what'

s goin

g o

n a

t th

eir

sch

ool

Allow

stu

dents

to e

xpre

ss t

hem

selv

es

and e

duca

te

oth

ers

about

their

religio

ns,

cult

ure

s, s

exual id

enti

tes,

etc

.

More

sch

ool-

wid

e a

ssem

blies

that

corr

ect

inacc

ura

te

perc

epti

ons

and c

over

topic

s like r

aci

sm, cu

lture

, re

-ligio

n, se

xis

m, etc

.

Pro

vid

e m

ore

opport

unit

ies

for

people

to m

eet

oth

ers

outs

ide o

f th

eir

regula

r gro

up o

f fr

iends

Teach

ers

should

cre

ate

a m

ore

posi

tive e

nvio

rnm

ent

in

their

cla

ssro

om

s

The c

onse

quence

s fo

r bullyin

g s

hould

be m

ore

cle

ar

and

consi

stent

Oth

er

(ple

ase

speci

fy)

40.6%45.5%

40.8% 40.8%46.4%

33.2% 33.7%38.3%

31.9%

40.0%

46.8% 48.1%

8.6%

Student Perspectives on Improving School Wide Culture

STUDY IMPLICATIONS• One study has found that targets of bullying are

more likely to seek help if the bullying is chronic versus it being a short-term or one-time occurrence (Unnever & Cornell, 2004)

• Recent headlines inform us of students ending their lives or the lives of others (as a result of bullying)

• Research documents the known negative health consequences for both targets and bullies

• In response, schools cannot play a passive role and wait for targeted students and bullies to come forward seeking their assistance

STUDY IMPLICATIONS• Schools must be proactive in knowing the needs of

their students and having an awareness of their schools’ trends about bullying so that they can appropriately address them

• Schools must also do a fair job of educating their staff to recognize and intervene with bullying when they see it, and must provide training and encouragement in the establishment of positive and sensitive climates in their classrooms

• Lastly, teachers’ and students’ perspectives, perceptions, and ideas should be included and supported when planning and implementing a bullying prevention program, as they play a primary role in the establishment of acceptable versus unacceptable behavior within the culture and context of their school and within the classroom

STUDY IMPLICATIONS• On a larger level, bullying should not be viewed as an

isolated issue for schools alone to deal with – appropriate community and family involvement should be put in place. According to Pack et. al (2011), bullying is rooted in “social-ecological theory” in that this type of aggressive behavior is influenced by the “interaction of individual, family, peer, and community factors” (p. 128).

• Resources, funding, and professional guidance to help schools establish effective prevention and intervention programs that meet the needs of their varying student populations are significant elements, as well.

• Greater funding should be allocated to schools to reduce class sizes and student body sizes so that a greater relationships can be built between students, teachers, and their schools.

LAKESIDE’S CURRENT EFFORTS…• School-wide bullying awareness campaign

• Student-created slogans “Be Nice to People” and “Bullying. Just. Don’t. Do. It.”

• “Starting a Movement” for Kindness Campaign from Ted Talk (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V74AxCqOTvg)

• Assemblies on tolerance and coping strategies• “Lunch Bunch” to promote social inclusion

• Bullying curriculum in 7th grade health class• “Let’s Get Real” Documentary• Building empathy and intervention strategies

• PBIS (Positive Behavior Intervention System)• Nationally-recognized, research-based framework for student

social/emotional development• Comprehensive in nature: school, classroom, parent

components• School-wide and classroom plans in development phases for

Fall 2014 rollout

“LET’S GET REAL” – HUMAN RELATIONS MEDIA

STUDY LIMITATIONS & A CALL FOR MORE RESEARCHResearch Limitations

• Not possible to confirm accuracy of reported claims regarding the prevalence of bullying as survey was anonymous

• Students may have a skewed or inaccurate perception of the definition of bullying, possibly invalidating some of their responses

• Findings from the study emphasize descriptive statistics, describe trends in attitudes and behaviors, are based upon percentile ranking, and do not demonstrate actual correlations or relationships

• Difficulty in predicting accuracy students’ actual behavior regarding bullying reporting and intervention due to hypothetical situation findings

Research Needs• Predictability of form of bullying (to assist with intervention

strategies development)• Effectiveness of anonymous reporting as a student-centered

intervention and prevention strategy (virtual vs. paper)• Effectiveness of student-recommended interventions (does

student buy-in and ownership increase the likelihood of a school wide cultural shift?)

THANK YO

U FOR YO

UR

TIME!

Kelli Bournekellibourne@ius

d.org