primary classes- facilitator's manual(1)
DESCRIPTION
trrrtrtrtrtTRANSCRIPT
1
Facilitator’s manual
CLASS 3, 4, 5
2
BOX 1(Page 6-26)
Name of Chapter
Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity
My Body Myself & organ
System
Kidney Model Printed corrugated
Sheet 1
LED based Body Model Printed corrugated
Sheet 1
LED Based deficiency disease Model
Printed corrugated Sheet
1
LED Probes 4
LED's 30
LED Based Digestive System Printed corrugated
Sheet 1
LED Based Brain Model Printed corrugated
Sheet 1
My Body Body Structure
Lungs Model
Straws 2
Big Balloons 2
Small Balloons 2
Rubber band 2
Thread 1
Nuts and Bolts 2 each
Plastic Box 1
Kidney Model
Funnel Plastic 1
Plastic Box 2
Connecting pipes 2
Filter paper 12
Skeleton System Puzzle pieces 14
Teeth model Clay 100 Gms
BOX 2(Page 27-31)
Name of Chapter
Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity
Earth & Universe
Eclipse Phases of Moon Phases of Moon Setup 1
Day & Night Day and Night Model Day and Night Setup 1
Seasons Season Model
Big Ball with LED Setup 1
Small ball with Straw and Bolt 1
Rubber band 1
Elliptical Wooden Base 1
3
BOX 3(Page 32-35)
Name of Chapter
Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity
Shelter and Community
Shelter Wooden house House Puzzle Set 1
Safety
Splint Making
18 cm Long wooden Stick
4
Cotton Bandage 1
Rectangular Wooden base
2
Thread 1
First Aid kit
Antiseptic liquid 1 Bottle
Cotton Roll 1
Cotton Bandage 1 Roll
Nature of clothes Cloth Heat Model
Fabric Sample 3
metal Ball 3
Thermometer 1
BOX 4(Page 36-57)
Name of Chapter
Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity
Weather , Soil, Rocks & Environment
Layer of Soil Soil Profile Plastic Box with different layers of soil
1
Properties of Soil Soil samples
Soil samples 3
Empty plastic Boxes 4
Types and Characteristics of
rock Volcanic Eruption
Plastic base 1
Baking Soda 4 test tubes
Vinegar 1 Plastic Bottle
Weather Phenomenon
Weather kit
Wooden base 1
Syringe 1
Funnel 1
Wooden Base 1
Bolt & Nut 1
Wooden Stick 1
Pieces of corrugated Sheet
4
BOX 5(Page 54-57)
Name of Chapter
Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity
Weather , Soil, Rocks & Environment
Types and Characterstics of
rock Rock Samples Rock Sample Sheet 1
BOX 6(Page 58-67)
Name of Chapter
Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity
States of Matter
Float And Sink Balloon Boat
Plastic Box without lid 1
Balloon 2
Nozzle 1
Straw 1
Solid, Liquid & gases
Matter Model
Small Rectangular Plastic Boxes 3
Thread 1
Beads 1 Box
Float And Sink Scuba diver
Plastic Bottle 1
Scuba Weight 1
BOX 7(Page 68-71)
Name of Chapter
Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity
Air And Water
Water Cycle Water Cycle Kit
Zipper bags 6
Dropper 1
Methylene Blue 1 Test Tube
Purification of Water
Water Filter
Plastic box 1
Filter paper 2
Funnel 1
Cotton 1 g
Properties of Air Components of Air sticker 1
Circular corrugated Sheet 1
5
BOX 8(Page 72-84)
Name of Chapter
Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity
Simple Machines
Simple Machines, Force, Work and
Energy
Balloon Car
Corrugated Rectangular base
1
Nozzle Support 1
Nozzle 1
8cm Long Straw 2
Wheels 6
Allen Bolts 4
Balloons 3
Cable Car
Half Cut Ball 1
Threads 4 Pieces
Hook 1
Types of Lever-Lever making
Simple Machine- lever Sling Shot 1
Simple Machines, Force, Work and
Energy
Simple Machines
Wooden Sticks' Stand 1
Corrugated Sheet 1
Gear 1
Pulleys 2
4cm Long Straws 2
Golden Bolts 4
Catapult
Wooden base 1
Wooden Sticks 3
Allen Bolts & nuts 3
chisel Bolts 2
Half cut Ball 1
Sling Shot 1
BOX 9(Page 85-88)
Name of Chapter
Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity
Food
Diet Pyramid Diet pyramid ( 2 Setups) Trapezium Shaped Wooden Bolcks
8
Components of diet Balanced diet Wooden Blocks
10
BOX 10(Page 89-98)
Name of Chapter
Topic Activity Kit Content Quantity
Plants and Animals
Animals Animal Game Printed Cards 20
Ecosystem Food Chain and Food Web
Wooden base with bolts 1
Rubber Bands 4
Corrugated Stickers 9
6
MY BODY
Learning outcomes:
Cell
Internal and External organs
Important internal organs
7
Human Body:
The human body refers to the entire structure of a human being and comprises a head,
neck, trunk (which includes the thorax and abdomen), arms and hands, legs and feet. Every
part of the body is composed of various types of cell.
The Cell:
Building blocks of our body:
INTERNAL ORGANS EXTERNAL ORGANS
Brain
The human brain is like a powerful computer that
stores our memory and controls how we as
humans think and react. It has evolved over time
and features some incredibly intricate parts that
scientists still struggle to understand. The brain is
the centre of the human nervous system,
controlling our thoughts, movements, memories
and decisions.
Our body
SMALL INTESTINE
LARGE INTESTINE
STOMACH
KIDNEY
LIVER
EAR
NOSE
EYES
LIMBS
8
Lungs
The human lungs are a pair of large, spongy
organs optimized for gas exchange between our
blood and the air. Our body requires oxygen in
order to survive. The lungs provide us with that
vital oxygen while also removing carbon dioxide
before it can reach hazardous levels.
Intestines
Ever wondered where your food goes after
it leaves your stomach? It enters the
intestines: long, ropey tubes that break
down the food and get all the nutrients and
water out of the food. We have two
intestines: A small Intestine and A large
intestine. The small intestine is broken into
3 parts, and each part absorbs different
nutrients. The large intestine, which is the
last place the food, goes before it leaves
the body.
Stomach
Stomach is a stretchy bag of muscle that is very important in digesting food. It is part of our digestive system. When we have chewed and swallowed our food, our stomach mixes and
churns it like a blender, then adds stomach acid and enzymes, which speed digestion up.
Let us understand our body in a better way through an activity.
Activity: You will be given a corrugated sheet with the diagram of the human body along with a battery. Different parts of the body will be drawn on the sheet. Each part will have an L.E.D. fitted with it. You will have to connect the battery and now all the L.E.D.s will glow!
9
Observation
Why do you think the organs are arranged in such a manner? List the internal and external
organs that you can identify in this activity below.
Observation table
10
ORGAN SYSTEM
Learning outcomes:
Formation of Human Body
Nervous System
Digestive System
Circulatory System
Organ System
11
The cell is the basic unit of life, a group of cells make tissue. Group of tissues together form
organ! Group of organs form an organ system and these systems together make a
complete organism or body.
There are different organ systems in our body. Let’s know more about them!
The Nervous System
The body has connectors neurons that communicate signals
throughout the body. Messages are sent through nerves called
neurons that are responsible for communication in the body. The
nervous system controls the body's sense of smell, hearing,
tasting, seeing and touching. The brain and the spinal cord make
up the central nervous system. The brain lies protected inside the
skull and from there controls all the body functions by sending and
receiving messages through nerves.
The Digestive System
The start of the process - the mouth: The digestive
process begins in the mouth.
On the way to the stomach: the oesophagus -
After being chewed and swallowed, the food enters
the oesophagus.
In the stomach - The stomach is a large, sack-like
organ that churns the food and bathes it in a very
strong acid.
In the small intestine - In the small intestine, bile,
pancreatic enzymes, and other digestive enzymes
produced by the inner wall of the small intestine
help in the breakdown of food.
In the large intestine - After passing through the
small intestine, food passes into the large intestine.
In the large intestine, some of the
water and electrolytes are removed from the food.
BRAIN
SPINAL
CORD
12
Respiratory System
The respiratory system brings oxygen into
the human body and gets rid of carbon
dioxide. The body needs oxygen to live. The
organ used in the respiratory system is the
lungs.
Inside the lungs are tiny sacs. When the
body takes in air, the lung sacs fill with air.
The heart pumps blood inside the lungs and
takes in oxygen and releases carbon
dioxide.
Every breath the body takes consists of
taking in oxygen and releasing carbon
dioxide.
Circulatory System
he primary job of the circulatory system is
transporting materials through the body. It carries
nutrients, oxygen and water to different cells in the
body and removes wastes the cells create. The main
parts of the circulatory system are the heart, blood,
and blood vessels. The heart beats three billion times
in an average life span and its primary goal is
keeping the blood flowing through the body.
Excretory System
Toxins are expelled through the excretory system. The
most important organs of the excretory system are the
kidney, liver and skin. The liver works as a filter helping to
catch wastes and remove them from the body. Excess
salt is removed out of the body by the kidneys. The skin
secretes salt, water and other toxins out of the body by
sweating. The excretory system is very important for
keeping the body clean.
13
Let us do an activity to understand these systems better.
Activity: You will be given a corrugated sheet on which various organ systems will be
drawn on one side and their descriptions will be written on the other side having metal
connections. On the top the names of the organ systems will be written with an L.E.D. fitted
along with each name. You will be given crocodile clips with which you will connect the
right picture with the right description and the correct L.E.D. will glow!
Observation
What happens when you connect the correct picture to the correct description? What
happens when a set of wrong picture and description are matched. Record your
observations below.
Observation table
14
KIDNEY MODEL
Learning Outcomes:
Urinary System : Kidneys
Parts of Urinary System
Functions of Kidneys
Working of Kidneys
Keeping the Kidneys Healthy
Interesting Facts
15
When we drink a lot of water we need to go to the washroom many times after that! There
is an organ which makes us use the washroom so many times in a day, called the Kidney.
Our kidneys are two of the most important organs in your body. They filter our blood and
help get rid of waste products from our body.
First let’s see where are our kidneys in the body and how do
they work?
They are found just under your back ribs, but you can't feel
them with your hands. They have an unusual shape - kidney
beans are named after them because they have the same
shape.
Kidneys: Kidneys are reddish brown, bean shaped structures situated in the abdominal
cavity.
Each human has two kidneys, one on the right side, and one on the left side, at the back
which is both protected by the rib cage.
Size of the Kidneys: Each kidney of an adult human measures 10-12 cm in length, 5-7 cm
in width, 2-3 cm in thickness with an average weight of 120- 170 g.
Kidneys are a part of our Urinary System. Let’s see what the different parts of the urinary
system are and what their functions are:
The kidneys, the bladder, and their tubes are together called the urinary system. Here's a
list of all of the parts of the urinary system:
The Kidneys: filters that take the waste out of the
blood and make urine
The Ureters: tubes that carry the urine from each
kidney to the bladder
The Bladder: a bag that collects the urine
The Urethra: a tube that carries the urine from the
bladder out of the body
16
Now let’s make the kidney model and learn more about our kidneys and how they work.
Working:
Observe the way the two bottles are filtering the water and sending the waste to the bladder
through the ureters or pipes. This happens due to the working of the kidneys to filter the
blood and remove the impurities from it. The urine is then carried to the bladder through the
ureters.
When the bladder is full, the brain signals the body to go to the washroom. When we
urinate, the urine is passed through a tube called urethra from the bladder out of the body.
The kidneys are very important for us; they are a part of the waste disposal team. They
send back the minerals, vitamins and other nutrients that you get from your food and pass
into urine anything that is not needed by the body or the wastes from the body. The kidneys
keep getting rid of all the unwanted things from our body all day long.
17
Keeping the Kidneys Healthy: It is important to take good care of our kidneys, for that we need to:
Drinking 6 - 8 glasses of water or other drinks (such as milk drinks or fruit juice)
each day. Your kidneys like water best.
Eating a healthy diet so that you get all the minerals and vitamins that your body
needs
Not eating a lot of 'sometimes' treats.
Staying away from drugs like tobacco and alcohol - these make the kidneys' job
more difficult.
Did you know?
Inside each kidney there are about a million nephrons. They are tiny filters catching
all the stuff that your body doesn't need and sending it out as waste.
The average person has 1 to 1½ gallons of blood circulating through his or her body.
The kidneys filter that blood as many as 400 times a day!
If you don't take in a lot of fluids or if you're exercising and sweating a lot, your urine
has less water in it and it appears darker. If you're drinking lots of fluids, the extra
fluid comes out in your urine, and it will be lighter.
18
LUNGS MODEL
Learning outcomes:
Lungs
Functions of lungs
Mechanism of working of lungs
19
Lungs are the respiratory unit of our body. They are air filled organs that are located on
either side of chest.
Function of Lungs
Primary function of lungs is to transport oxygen to all body parts and taking away carbon
dioxide.
Interesting Facts about lungs
1) Left and right lungs are not same. Left lung is slightly smaller, allowing room for our
heart.
2) Every person breathes in about 11000 litres of air every day.
3) We can live without one lung but it limits our physical ability.
Lungs
When oxygen enters through nose it pass through trachea (wind pipe) then it reaches
bronchus which is further divided into bronchioles. At the end of bronchioles, balloon like
structures called alveoli are present that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide from blood
vessels.
20
Mechanism
When we breathe in, the muscle under our lungs (Diaphragm) pulls the lungs down and
when we breathe out, the muscle relaxes and lungs collapse that throw air outside the
body.
Let us do an activity to understand how our lungs work.
Activity: You will be given a transparent box with hole at the base, three balloons,
thread, rubber bands and two small straws. You will need to assemble the kit as shown
in the picture below, with the guidance of your teacher. Now blow air into the straws and
see what happens.
Observations
What happened when you blew air into the straws? Try doing so without the outer balloon
which acts as the diaphragm. What happens now? Is there any difference? Record your
observations in the table given below.
21
TEETH MODEL
Learning outcomes:
Teeth
Types of teeth
Teeth model
22
Do you remember about falling of your teeth some years ago?
The first set of teeth grows during infancy and they fall off at the age between six to eight
years. These are termed milk teeth.
The second set that replaces them are the permanent teeth. The permanent teeth may last
throughout life or fall off during old age or due to some dental disease.
The teeth are the hardest substances in the human body. Besides being essential for
chewing, the teeth play an important role in speech.
A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth, which have erupted by about age 13:
The four front teeth in each arch are called incisors, and their function is to cut food with their sharp thin edges.
Let us now do an activity to understand the different types of teeth.
Canines have one cusp, or pointed edge, and are used for holding or grasping food, and are very strong, stable teeth.
Premolars are designed for holding food like the canines because they have cusps, but they also function to crush food.
The teeth farthest back in the mouth are the molars. These teeth have broad chewing surfaces with four or five cusps, and are designed for grinding food.
Activity: You will be given the teeth model as shown in the picture. Observe the model
and see where the different teeth are placed in the jaw.
Touch the different teeth and look at their formation and features.
23
Observations
Is the formation of incisors the same as that of molars? What is the difference? What would
happen if the teeth at the front were flat like molars? Would we be able to bite something as
easily as with sharp incisors? Think and record your observations in the table below.
Observation table
24
SKELETON SYSTEM
Learning outcomes:
Parts of skeleton system
Functions of skeleton system
25
Touch your hand or legs or head …can you feel something hard inside? This is your
Skeleton. It is made of many bones joined together.
How would you look without your bones? Funny and blobby like a jelly or a worm!
All the bones in your body make up your Skeleton system. Skeleton system is not just a
structure of bones but it consist tendons, cartilage and
ligaments also.
Tendons: A tough inelastic band of fibrous tissue
that connects bone with muscles.
Ligaments: A band of Strong tissue that connects
bones to other bones.
Cartilage: A connective tissue which is softer than
a bone. It is found in many areas of the body
including ends of the ribs, between the vertebrae
and the spine, ears and nose, joint between bones
e.g. Elbows, knees and ankles
Functions:
Support- it gives support to our body otherwise our body would collapse into a heap.
Movement: it gives structure to muscles and enables us to move them.
Protection: it gives protection to our inner and delicate organs like skull protect our
eyes and brain, rib cage protects our heart and Lungs, vertebrae protects our spinal
cord.
Blood cell production: our blood cells produce inside the bones.
Storage of calcium.
Let us do a fun activity to understand our skeletal system in a better way.
Activity: You will be given a kit that contains different parts of our skeleton system separated
from each other in a puzzled form. Identify these parts and join them together to get a
framework of human skeleton system. Assemble them on a board or a chart and label all the
parts on the chart.
26
Observations
Do the different parts fit into each other when you put then in the wrong place? Why is that
so according to you? Experiment with the different parts and record your observations in
the table given below.
Skull
Humerus
Vertebral
column
Knee
Ankle
Ribcage
Wrist
Pelvis
Femur
27
DAY AND NIGHT
Learning Outcomes
What is Sun, Earth
Motions of Earth
How are days and nights
caused
28
Do you see a big bright ball in the sky, when you wake
up in the morning..?
What do you call that big bright ball?? Is it sun??
Sun is a star which is made up of hot gases. It doesn’t
look like a normal star as it is comparatively near to the
earth than the other stars. It gives heat and light to our
planet- Earth.
Earth- Earth is the only planet which has life on it. The
heat received by Earth from sun is suitable for the
survival of all living beings. This is because of the
appropriate distance of the Earth from the sun.
Rotation Revolution
Rotation: The Movement of earth along its axis is known as Rotation.
Movements of Earth
Planet: A body which directly orbits the sun
29
Earth rotates around its own axis from west to east. It takes around 23 hours 56 minutes
and 4 seconds to rotate around its own axis.
Along with the rotation, the earth also revolves around sun.
Revolution: The movement of Earth around Sun in a fixed path is known as Revolution.
This fixed path in which the earth revolves around the sun is known as Orbit.
To complete one orbit, Earth takes about 365 days which makes one year
How are days and nights caused??
When the earth rotates on its axis, one part of the earth faces the sun.
This part of the earth experiences daytime.
The part of the Earth which is not facing the Sun experiences Night Time.
That’s how, Days and Nights are formed.
Axis: An imaginary line around which earth spins
Sunlight
30
But if you noticed, the amount of light, brightness changes as the day passes.
On the basis of that, we have these parts of a day
To understand this, let us mark a point on this diagram-
The above diagram shows, the rotation of earth from west to east-
The point which is on the other side of the earth just started getting rays and
experiences daytime
When the earth rotates, the same point comes in the front of the sun and experiences
noon
On further rotation, The point comes sideways and again gets very less light from sun
and experiences evening
And when the point goes to the side which is not receiving light at all, then it
experiences night.
This process repeats and every day we experience morning, noon, evening and night.
What will happen if you will rotate the ball very fast? Write your observation.
Day
Evening Noon Morning
Morning Evening Noon Night
Point is on the other side
of the earth this time
31
What will happen if you decrease the distance between earth and sun?
What will happen if you increase the distance between sun and earth?
32
CLOTH HEAT MODEL
Learning Outcomes:
Need of wearing clothes
Types of clothes – Cotton, Silk and Woollen
Sources of clothes – Natural sources
Clothes for different seasons – Summers, Winters and
Rainy
Heat absorption capacity of different types of clothes
WOOL COTTON SILK
33
We wear clothes all the time! In school you wear your uniforms, at home you wear your
casual clothes, and in parties you wear your special clothes.
Why do we need to wear clothes?
Clothes protect us from dust, heat, cold, insects, sunlight etc. We wear clothes to protect
our bodies. But not all the clothes are same. They look different because of their colours
and the material from which they are made.
Observe this piece of cloth closely and try to draw the pattern you see in the box below.
As you can see the cloth is made up of many threads which are arranged in a crisscross
manner. These threads are made up of fibres. All the clothes are made up of fibres.
FIBRE TO FABRIC
Fibre Threads (yarn) Fabric
34
Clothes are made from cotton, silk or woollen fibres. That’s why we have clothes of different
types.
From where do we get these fibres? The fibres are obtained from natural sources like
plants and animals.
Complete the following table:
S.no SEASON CLOTHES YOU WEAR
1
Winters
2
Summers
3
Rainy
We wear different clothes in different seasons. In summers we wear loose and light
coloured clothes, to keep us cool; they are mostly made from cotton.
In winters we wear dark-coloured clothes which keep us warm. These are called woollen
clothes, they are made from wool.
In rainy season we need clothes to protect us from rain. So we wear raincoats made from
water-proof material.
COTTON
•Cotton is obtained from the cotton plant
SILK
•Silk is obtained from the silkworm
WOOL
•Wool is obtained from the hair of sheep
35
Activity 1: Heat Absorption Capacity of Different Clothes
Why do some clothes keep us warm while others keep us cool? Let’s perform an activity
where we will test the heat absorption capacity of different clothes.
Keep the cloth samples in sunlight for equal amount of time. Take the sample one by one
and touch them. Record your observations in the table below:
Observation Table 1
Arrange the cloth samples according to their heat absorption capacity from highest to
lowest in the box given below:
Working:
Every cloth is made from some kind of material. Cotton has the property of soaking sweat
and it lets the air pass through it. Cotton clothes are worn in summers due to this property.
They keep the body cool by allowing air to pass through and it also absorbs the sweat from
our body. Cotton clothes absorb the least amount of sunlight.
Woollen clothes have the property of absorbing heat and it also traps the air, by not letting it
to pass through. Woollen clothes trap the heat from the body and keep us warm due to this
reason. Woollen clothes absorb the maximum amount of sunlight in the experiment.
S. No. CLOTH SAMPLE
HEAT ABSORPTION CAPACITY
(How hot or warm are the sample)
1
Cotton (White)
2
Woollen (Black)
3
Silk
4
5
36
WEATHER KIT
Learning outcomes:
Difference between weather and climate
Use and working of wind vane
Use and working of rain gauge
Use and working of thermometer
37
Many of our daily activities are planned based on the weather predicted for that day. There
are daily reports of the weather on the television and radio and in the newspapers.
The weather report carries information about the temperature, humidity and rainfall during
the past 24 hours. It also predicts the weather for the day.
But do you know what this weather really is?
Let us understand this through an activity.
Activity 1: Cut out the weather reports of the last week from any newspaper. If you
do not get a newspaper at home borrow from your neighbours or friends and copy
these reports in your notebook. You can also collect weather reports from a library.
Now record the information from the weather reports collected by you in the table
given below.
Date Minimum
temp.
Maximum
temp.
Minimum
humidity
Maximum
humidity
Rainfall
Observation table no. 1
38
Do all the seven days have the same maximum and minimum temperatures, humidity and
rainfall?
The maximum and minimum temperatures recorded may be the same for some of the days.
However, all the parameters are not the same on any two days. Over a week there may be
considerable variation.
The day to day condition of the atmosphere at a place with respect to the
temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind speed, etc., is called the weather at that place.
The temperature, humidity, and other factors are called the elements of the weather. The
weather of a place changes day after day and week after week.
Climate
Meteorologists record the weather every day. The records of the weather have been
preserved for the past several decades. These help us to determine the weather pattern at
a place.
The average weather pattern taken over a long time, say 25 years, is called the
climate of the place.
If we find that the temperature at a place is
high most of the time, then we say that the
climate of that place is hot. If there is also
heavy rainfall on most of the days in the
same place, then we can say that the climate
of that place is hot and wet.
39
Similarly if we find that the temperature at a place is low most of the time, then we say that
the climate of that place is cold.
Factors affecting Weather
Wind
A wind vane, a weather vane, or weathercock is an instrument used for showing the
direction of the wind. For accurate readings, a wind vane should be located high above the
ground and away from buildings, trees, or any objects that could interfere with the true wind
direction.
Let us do an activity to understand the wind vane.
Activity 3: You will be given a wooden base, a wooden stick, a corrugated sheet, a
big bolt, two allen bolts and some nuts. Assemble your wind vane as shown in the
picture with the guidance of your teacher.
40
Record your observations in the table below.
Observation table no. 2
Rainfall
You must have observed that rainfall does not
occur every day. But how do we measure
rainfall when it happens?
We do this using a rain gauge.
A rain gauge is a device that measures liquid
precipitation (rain), over a set period of time. It is a small tube of glass or plastic with the
upper end open. A measuring scale is usually attached to the tube, so that the amount
of precipitation can be measured in inches or centimetres.
Let us do an activity to see how a rain gauge works.
Activity 2: You will be given a wooden base, two syringes, a funnel and a connecting
pipe. Assemble your rain gauge as shown in the picture with the help of your
teacher.
Now put your rain gauge outside into the rain or yourself pour some water into the
funnel. Record your observations in the table given below.
Time of Observation Wind Direction Notes
41
You must have seen that the water travels through the connecting pipe to the other syringe.
Read the observation on the syringe and that is the amount of rainfall.
Thermometer
A thermometer is an instrument for measuring or indicating temperature (how hot or cold
something is). One type of thermometer is a narrow, concealed glass tube containing
mercury or alcohol which extends along the tube as it expands. Another type is a digital
thermometer, which uses electronics to measure temperature.
42
Working of a Thermometer
For knowing the temperature of anybody the thermometer is kept in their mouth or armpit.
The metallic end of the thermometer should touch the mouth of the person.
The liquid inside the thermometer heats up according to the temperature of the person and
becomes equal to the temperature.
You should hold the thermometer for a few minutes to get an accurate reading.
Measure the temperature of your own body at different times of the day and record it in the
table below:
Time of Observation Temperature Activity
Woke up
After playing
43
Wind Vane
Learning Outcome:
A brief introduction of wind vane
Uses of Wind vane
Observation
44
Wind Vane Wind vane is an object that helps to find the direction of the wind i.e. to know which side the wind blows. It is also called as weather vane, weather cock etc It should be placed in a high place without any obstacles. It should be placed away from trees, buildings etc
How does wind occur? The sun warms the Earth's surface and the atmosphere also warms. Some parts of the Earth receive direct rays from the sun all year and are always warm. Other places receive indirect rays, so the climate is colder. Warm air which weighs less than cold air rises upwards. Cool air then rushes in and fills the gap left by the rising warm air. This movement of air is what makes the wind blow. Knowing and observing a change in wind direction is an essential part of predicting weather because wind brings us our weather.
Wind vane and its uses: It helps us to generate electricity It gives us the direction of the wind It also gives us a weather report
Observation on the activity:
Use a compass to figure out which way is North. Mark this direction on the cardboard.
Let your wind vane blow in the wind. Observe the direction toward which the wind vane points.
If the tip of the wind vane arrow is narrow enough and the back wide enough, the wind vane should point in the direction the wind is blowing.
If your wind vane is not giving good results, try designing another arrow shape.
Use your wind vane to observe the wind direction over a period of time.
Record your wind data in the table below
Time Direction of wind
Morning
Noon
Evening
Night
45
SOIL PROFILE
Learning Outcomes:
Soil and its importance
Soil Profile – Layers of Soil
A – Horizon, B – Horizon and C - Horizon
46
Soil is an inseparable part of our life. Soil is one of the most important natural resources. It
supports the growth of plants by holding the roots firmly and supplying water and nutrients.
It is the home for many organisms. Soil is essential for agriculture.
Make a list of the uses of soil that you see around:
Layers of Soil
When we start digging the soil, we can see that as we go deeper the soil changes. Small
pebbles start coming out, later large stones come out. This happens because the soil is
present in different layers.
Soil is composed of distinct layers. Let’s perform the following activity to find out how the
different layers are arranged.
Activity 1: Soil Layers
To do this activity you will have to take your soil profile kit. Empty all the contents of your kit
into a clear glass. Mix well and add water to the mixture.
Mix it thoroughly and keep the glass on a smooth surface. Let it rest. Observe what you see
in the glass after a few minutes.
Now keep the glass untouched for a day. Again observe what you see in the glass.
Write your observation in the space provided.
47
S.
No.
CONTENT OF GLASS AFTER FEW
MINUTES CONTENT OF GLASS AFTER A DAY
48
A vertical section through different layers of the soil is called the soil profile. You can
observe soil profile near a construction site, at the sides of a road on the hill or at steep
river bank.
The rotting dead matter in the soil is called humus. It is called the topsoil or the A-horizon
The next layer is generally harder and more compact and is called the B-horizon or the
middle layer.
The third layer is the C-horizon, which is made up of small lumps of rocks. Below this layer
is the bedrock, which is hard and difficult to dig with a spade.
A – HORIZON
B – HORIZON
C - HORIZON
49
SOIL SAMPLE
Learning Outcomes:
Soil and its importance
Types of soil – Clayey, Sandy and Loamy
Water retention property of different soil
samples
Crops grown in different soils
50
Soil is an inseparable part of our life. Soil is one of the most important natural resources. It
supports the growth of plants by holding the roots firmly and supplying water and nutrients.
It is the home for many organisms. Soil is essential for agriculture.
Make a list of the uses of soil that you see around:
Types of Soil
The mixture of rock particles and humus is called the soil. Living organisms, such as
bacteria, plant roots and earthworm are also important parts of any soil. The soil is
classified on the basis of the proportion of particles of various sizes.
If soil contains greater proportion of big
particles it is called sandy soil. If the
proportion of fine particles is relatively
higher, then it is called clayey soil. If
the amount of large and fine particles is
about the same, then the soil is called
loamy. Thus, the soil can be classified
as sandy, clayey and loamy.
Go out in the field and pick up some different soil samples; try to classify them according to
their texture as clayey, sandy and loamy. Fill the following table based on your
observations:
51
S. No. Type of Soil Sample Taken From Colour and Texture
of Soil Sample
1. Clayey Soil
2. Loamy Soil
3. Sandy Soil
Observation Table 1
As you can see based on your observations soil is of different types and they differ
according to their physical appearance and size of particles.
Properties of Soil
Based on these differences each type of soil has its own properties. One such property is
the water retention capacity or the ability of the soil to absorb and hold water.
Do all the soil samples absorb water to the same extent? Let us find out with the help of the
following activity:
Activity 2: Water Retention in Soil
For doing this activity, you would need the water retention kit. Arrange the setup with the
help of your teacher.
Prepare the three funnels with different soil sample: clayey, sandy and loamy. Now pour
water in them one by one and observe what happens. Note down the time taken for water
to seep down and drop into the bottle cap. Also, measure the amount of water collected in
the bottle cap.
52
Perform the activity for the different soil samples,
observe and record the measurements. By measuring
the amount of water collected in the bottle cap you can
arrange the soil samples according to the increasing
capacity of water retention.
The soil sample with the least amount of water in the
bottle cap will have the highest water retention capacity.
Record your observations in the following table:
S.No. Soil sample Time taken for water
to start dropping
Amount of
water poured
in funnel
Amount of
water collected
in cap
1. Clayey soil
2. Sandy soil
3. Loamy soil
Observation Table 2
Arrange the soil samples in increasing order of water retention capacity in the box given
below:
53
Crops Grown in Different Soils
Different types of soils are found in different parts of India. Each type of soil has its own
properties as we observed in the above activity. Based on these properties each soil is
suitable for growing certain crops.
Let’s look at the table below to understand which soil is best for growing which crops:
Clayey Soil
Wheat
Gram
Rice
Sugarcane
Sandy Soil
Wheat
Gram
Cotton
Loamy Soil
Pulses
Cotton
54
Volcanic Eruption
Learning Outcomes:
Types of rocks- Sedimentary, igneous and
metamorphic
Formation of Sedimentary rocks
Formation of Igneous rocks
Formation of metamorphic rocks
Volcanic Eruptions
Volcanic Eruption prone areas
55
We all know that our houses are made up of bricks and cement. But what are these things
made up of?
Do you know what is the raw material used to make bricks? Is it a rock?
Well, the answer is yes..!! Bricks are made up of rocks.
A rock is simply a solid mixture of two or more minerals. For example, most of the
sandstones are a mixture of feldspar, quartz and clay. Over a period of time, these rocks
can be transformed from one type to another. This transformation forms a cycle known as
rock cycle. Rock cycle explains how rocks form, break down and again regain their original
form over a period of time.
According to the course of this cycle, rocks are generally classified into three categories:
Let us study about these types of rocks.
1. Igneous Rocks:
Igneous rocks are formed from directly cooling of magma. Magma is a molten rock that is
formed inside the earth which melts due to intense heat and pressure. As it melts, it rises
towards the earth’s surface and sometimes comes out of the surface. When it reaches the
earth’s surface it is known as lava.
When it comes out of the surface through an opening, it is known as volcanic eruption.
To see how volcanoes erupt, you have been given Baking soda, Vinegar and food coloring to give it a real touch.
When you put the baking soda in the vinegar, you will see a reaction taking place. Till the time, the liquid is inside the crust ( that you have made), it is known as magma. When it reaches the surface, it is known as Lava.
Rocks
Metamorphic
Rocks
Sedimentary
rocks
Igneous
Rocks
56
Science behind Volcanic Eruption:
Due to intense heat inside the earth, the rocks start melting. When this heat reaches the maximum and pressure inside the earth increases, magma comes out of the earth’s surface and becomes lava.
This lava cools down slowly and become hard. Such lava made rocks are known as igneous rocks.
Igneous rock that forms at the surface of the earth is referred to as extrusive or volcanic rock. Basalt is a good example of extrusive igneous rock. Igneous rock formed before it reaches the earth's surface is named intrusive rock. These rocks cool over long periods of time and, thus, develop large crystal structures, as we see in granite.
2. Sedimentary rocks:
Sedimentary rocks are formed by sediments that are deposited over time, usually as layers
at the bottom of lakes and river valleys. Sediments are pieces or particles of weathered
rocks, plants and animal matter, minerals etc. Examples: Sandstone, limestone, chalk, flint
etc.
3. Metamorphic rocks
A metamorphic rock is a result of a transformation of a pre-existing rock. The original rock is subjected to very high heat and pressure, which cause obvious physical and/or chemical changes. Examples of these rock types include marble, slate, gneiss, schist. They can be formed by pressures deep inside the Earth, by tectonic processes such as continental collisions, or when they are heated up by an intrusion of hot molten rock called magma from the Earth's interior. Examples of metamorphic rocks include anthracite, quartzite, marble, slate, gneiss and schist.
Igneous Rocks
57
Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks
58
MATTER MODEL
Learning Outcomes:
What is Matter
Types of Matter: Solids, Liquids and Gases
Properties of Solids
Properties of Liquids
Properties of Gases
59
When we look around we see numerous things. Like a chair, water in the bottle, tree, board
etc. this list can go on and on.
Is there something which you cannot see but still feel around you?
The wind coming from the fan can only be felt, not seen by the eyes. The air is also present
around us, but we can only feel it. The things that are present around us all called matter.
All the examples that are given above are examples of matter.
What do you see around you? List some things in the box given below:
Types of Matters: Solids, Liquids and Gases
To know more about the different types of matters, let us try to find out
the different types of matter–
The hard things: The things that you see around which are hard
and have a fixed shape for example- chair, table, books, trees, cars
etc. are all called solids.
The things which flow: The things which can flow from one place to
another, and don’t have a fixed shape i.e. they can change their
shape according to the container’s shape for example- water, juice,
milk, tea, coffee etc. are all called liquids.
60
The things which we feel: The things which we take in while
breathing, which is filled in balloons, which we feel around when
we sit under a fan, the thing filled in cycle tires etc. are all called
gases.
Look at the examples of solids, liquids and gases in the above figure. Observe them
carefully; what is common in them? Note your answers in the table below:
S. No. SOLIDS LIQUIDS GASES
1 Fixed shape
2 Flow easily
3 Takes shape of container
61
There are certain properties of solids, liquids and gases. Let’s find out the reason behind
these properties.
All solids are made in the same manner, so are liquids and gases. The reason for these
properties is the structure of the solids, liquids and gases.
Let’s make the Matter model and try to understand the structure of the solids, liquids and
gases.
Observe the lack of spaces between the particles (beads) due to which their movement is
almost impossible in solids.
Similarly the availability of space between liquids and gases particles (bead) provides the
space for movement. As the shape is not fixed so it can change according to the shape of
the container.
Properties of Solids
Solids stay in one place and can be held.
Solids keep their shape. They do not flow like liquids.
Solids always take up the same amount of space. They do not spread out like gases.
Even though they can be poured, sugar, salt and flour are all solids. Each particle of
salt, for example, keeps the same shape.
62
Properties of Liquids
Liquids can flow or be poured easily. They are not easy to hold.
Liquids change their shape depending on the container they are in.
Even when liquids change their shape, they always take up the same amount of
space.
Properties of Gases
Gases often cannot be seen.
Gases do not keep their shape or always take up the same amount of space. They
spread out and change their shape and volume to fill up whatever container they are
in.
Gases can be squashed.
63
Balloon Boat
Learning Outcomes:
Concept Of Boat
Concept Of Float and Sink
Working of Balloon Boat
64
Sitting in a boat, traveling through water is such an amazing experience..!
So, we can say boat is kind of watercraft that floats on water and used for traveling
purpose.
There are different kinds of boats:
Unpowered or human-powered boats:
Unpowered boats include rafts and floats meant for
one-way downstream travel.
Human-powered boats include
canoes, kayaks, gondolas and punt. They are
propelled by paddles.
Sailboats: These boats are propelled solely by
means of sails.
Motorboats: These boats are propelled by
engines
But do we ever think how these boats float on water..?? What makes them float??
How do boats float On Water?
Most of you would know the answer of the above question.
65
There are some objects which float and there are some objects which sink.
Let us have a look!!
When the density of an object is less than that of water, it floats on its surface
When the density of an object is equal to that of water, it remains submerged under
water
When the density of an object is more than that of water, it sinks
The material that is used to make a boat has a special property of floating on water.
Some Objects float in water like polythene, log of wood etc..
Some objects sink in water like pebbles, coins etc..
Some objects neither float nor sink like Submarines..!!
66
We Make Boat with such materials that float on water. Like in our boat we used a plastic
box. But how does our boat move??
Working of a Balloon Boat:
In the Balloon boat, you inflate the balloon; put
your thumb on the nozzle so that the air doesn’t
come out.
Now, when you keep it in the water you see that
air escapes out from the straw. And the boat
starts moving in the direction opposite to that of
straw.
Due to the shape and the material used, the boat
floats on the water.
Change the direction of the straw and write your observation in the box given below.
Yeah..!!
This one is
sinking
Ohh..!! Its Floating
67
Use different size balloons and observe that change in distance travelled. Write your
observation.
68
WATER FILTER
Learning Outcomes:
Importance of Filtering Water
Filtration and Filtrate
Parts of Water Filter
Working of Water Filter
Interesting Facts About Water
69
One of our most valuable resources is water but water in lakes, rivers and other sources
contains impurities that make it look and smell bad. The water also may contain
microorganisms that can cause disease. We need to make the water fit for use before using
it.
Importance of water
1) It is used by plants for making their food.
2) It is used for drinking, washing clothes, bathing.
3) It is used for cooking food
4) It is the habitat of aquatic organisms.
Water can be purified by filtering it through a water filter. It is very important to filter water
before using it for all these above mentioned uses.
Can you name some methods of filtering water?
Filtration and Filtrate
Filtration is a process of removing solids from a liquid
substance by a physical process by passing the liquid
through porous substance called filter. Any or a
combination of filter can be used depending on the type of
impurities for e.g. Cloth, sand, cotton wool or paper.
The liquid obtained after filtration is called the Filtrate. In
this case the filtrate is clear water.
70
Water Filter
Water filter can be designed using easily available
materials. In this water filter to filter the water we will be
using a filter paper and cotton. In this filter, both filter paper
and cotton layer will act as a sieve.
The filter paper will separate all the big and small impurities
of water. In case some small particles get through the
paper, the cotton will stop them.
Working Of Water Filter:
The Water Filter that we have made has two layers working as a Sieve.
When we pass dirty water containing impurities of different sizes then the uppermost layer
(filter paper) traps the biggest impurities. Then the water passes from the second layer the
cotton which traps comparatively smaller impurities.
So the water we get is comparatively very much
cleaner. The impurities are trapped in the filter paper
as you can see in the picture.
71
Fun Water Facts
1) Nearly 97% of water is salty and undrinkable.
2) 2% of water is in the ice caps and glaciers.
3) Only 1% of water is available for human consumption.
4) Every glass of water brought to our table in a restaurant requires another two glasses of
water to wash and rinse the glass.
5) Another layer of Coal can be used in the above filter as it removes certain unwanted
colours, odours and some bacteria from the water. This technique was used by Egyptians
in 13th century.
6) Further treatment of the above water can be done by adding chlorine tablets to kill the
germs in water to make it safe for drinking.
72
Air and Its Properties
Balloon car
Learning Outcomes:
Air and its properties
Simple Machines
Wheel and axle- A simple Machine
Working Principle of a balloon car
73
There is one thing which is present around us but we cannot see it and that is Air.
Air is a mixture of many gases. It is mainly made up of Nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Air shows us many properties such as
We can feel it but we can’t see it
Air can be compressed
Air has weight
Air occupies space
Let us understand about these properties with the help of an activity. Take out balloon from
your kit and inflate it.
What did you observe??
It occupied the space inside the balloon. Does it prove the property that air occupies
space?
Now fill in the table that how would you show ‘air can be compressed’ using the same
inflated balloon?
Now take the second balloon. Tie both the balloons to the ends of the green fluorescent
straw with threads. Tie one more thread exactly at the centre of the straw and suspend the
arrangement in the air by holding the thread tied at the centre (as shown in the fig).
74
What did you observe? Write your observation in the following table.
Now with the help of your teacher, assemble the model of balloon car.
Parts of balloon Car
While assembling the model of your balloon car, you used a green fluorescent straw to join
the wheels. These wheels along with the fluorescent straw are known as Wheel and Axle.
Wheel and axle is a kind of simple machine. Simple machines make our work easier.
In our model of balloon car, axle is used to join the two wheels together.
Working of a balloon Car:
Nozzle
support
Nozzle
Balloon
Base
Wheel
Axle
75
First of all, you inflate the balloon and put your thumb on the nozzle so that the air doesn’t
come out. Now keep the car on the ground and let the car move.
What did you observe?? Is the direction of air and the car same??
Observation:
Testing of a Balloon Car:
1. Blow the air in the balloon and fill the observation table:
S. No. Size Of Balloon Distance Covered
1 Small
2 Medium
3 Large
The air comes out in backward
direction (Action) and car moves
in forward direction (Reaction)
76
2. Try your balloon car on different surfaces like smooth, rough, and slippery and write your
observations like how a car moves on the following surfaces. How much distance does it
cover?
Surface Motion of car Distance covered
Rough
Smooth
Slippery
77
TROLLEY CAR
Learning Outcomes:
Trolley Car System
Trolley Car System In
Mountains
Trolley Car Model and its Parts
Working of trolley car Model
78
1. Trolley Car System
There are so many kinds of transport
systems around us like land transport, water
transport and air transport system.
But is there any other kind of transport
system? The answer is yes..!! Most of you
must have visited hill stations and if you
have not, then you must have seen the
mountains and hill stations in movies, books
etc…
Actually to construct roads in mountains is very difficult and it requires lot of money also.
So, there we use a different kind of transport system that is cable/ trolley car system.
2. Trolley Car System in Mountains
When you go to hill stations, you may see
trolleys suspended from cables take people
and things from one hill top to another.
So, trolley car (also known as cable car) is a
kind of transport system or a means of
transport relies on Cables or Ropes. It
doesn’t run on roads like a normal car.
Apart from using this system in hilly areas, it
can be used to cross River valleys and Water
bodies etc…
3. Working of Trolley car
In this kind of system, trolleys or cable cars are suspended from above by cables. One
cable supports the trolley. Then there are two more cables attached to it which are used to
pull the trolley to one of the sides.
It is a two way transit system.
79
4. Trolley Car Model and Its Parts
In the model f trolley car, you use half cut ball as a trolley and threads as cables. To
suspend the trolley from the cables, you use a hook. One end of the cable is tied to the
hook and the other end of the cable is tied to the legs of two chairs, tables or to any two
corners. Then there are two more threads which are shorter in length and are tied to the
hook. These threads are used to pull the trolley to each side.
5. Working of Trolley Car Model
Trolley car is used to carry things from one place to another by way of cables. In this model
we tie two threads with the hook. Two students stand on each side and pull the thread to
pull the trolley towards them.
This is a manually operated trolley car. In actual, trolley cars are operated by using
electricity.
Cables
Trolley
Model of Trolley Car
80
Simple Machine Lever
What is a Simple Machine
Learning Outcome:
Simple Machine
Advantages of Simple Machine
Types of Simple Machine
A brief About lever
Parts of Lever
Classes of Lever
81
Since the beginning of time, humans have searched for ways to make their work easier. Simple machines are the most basic of the machines that we use daily to make the work easier. There are machines like car, AC, Computers. But these are complex ones. Levers, Inclined Planes and Pulleys, wedges are some examples of simple machines. So, Simple machines are machines which make our work easier.
Types of Simple Machines
Simple machines and their Work
Picture
Lever- Levers are used to lift up heavy things with less effort
E.g. In a see-saw you lift your friend up very easily
Pulley- A pulley is used to pull things up in an easier manner.
E.g. Pulling a bucket full of water from a well
Inclined Plane- An inclined plane is used to load the things from high place to a low place by just rolling them on a
slide E.g. loading a motorcycle in a truck
Wheel and axle- Wheel help us to carry goods and people with less effort and
axle joins the two wheels together E.g. wheel and axle of a bicycle
82
A Brief about the Lever:
Levers are one of the most common types of simple machines we use. They are used
everywhere, from door handles to dinner utensils, scissors, see-saws, crowbars and more.
However, not every lever is created equally. There are three different classes of lever.
Parts of lever There are three parts of lever- Fulcrum, Load and Effort.
Fulcrum is the part that supports the lever arm and acts as a pivoting point.
Effort is the part where you apply force to move or lift the object.
Load is the part where object is placed so that it can be moved or lifted up.
Classes of Lever
There are three different kinds of levers.
A first-class lever is a stick where the fulcrum is in between the load and effort. Some
common first-class levers are see-saws, crowbars, pliers, scissors (which use two first-
class levers together), and a hammer pulling a nail.
Wedges- It is just a plane thing which is thick at one end and thin at the other
end. It is used to cut things very easily
E.g. Knife, axe
Screws- A screw is a pointed nail with grooves in it
83
A second-class lever is a stick where the fulcrum is at one end of the stick, you push
on the other end, and the weight is in the middle of the stick. Some common second-
class levers are doors, staplers, wheelbarrows, and can openers.
A third-class lever is a stick where the fulcrum is at one end of the stick, you push on
the middle, and the weight is at the other end of the stick. With a third-class lever, you
have to put in more energy than you would just lift the weight, but you get the weight to
move a longer distance in return. Some common examples are a broom, a hoe, a
fishing rod, a baseball bat, and our own human arms.
Load Effort Fulcrum
Load Effort Fulcrum
84
Effort Load Fulcrum
85
DIET PYRAMID
Learning outcomes:
Balanced diet
Components of balanced diet
Diet pyramid
86
Your food choices each day affect your health — how you feel today, tomorrow, and in the
future. Good nutrition is an important part of leading a healthy lifestyle.
A balanced diet is one that gives your body the nutrition it needs to function properly. This
means eating a wide variety of foods in the right proportions, and consuming the right
amount of food and drink.
The food we eat can be divided into the following four groups:
Intake of these types of food in the right quantity fulfils the needs of our body and keeps us
health.
Carbohydrates
The role of carbohydrate in the body includes
providing energy for working muscles, providing fuel
for the central nervous system, enabling fat
metabolism, and preventing protein from being used
as energy.
We get them from foods like cereal, rice, oats etc.
Fats like oil or butter
Proteins like milk, fish
Fruits and vegetables rich in fibre, vitamins and minerals
Carbohydrate rich food like cereal, rice
We need least fats,
than proteins, than
fruits and
vegetables and
most carbohydrates
87
Vitamins, minerals and fibre
These are needed by the body to perform
various functions and also to strengthen the
immune system, protect itself and remain
healthy.
We get vitamins, minerals and fibre mainly
from fruits and vegetables and also from
cereals.
Proteins
Proteins are the building blocks of life.
Every cell in the human body contains
protein. The basic structure of protein
is a chain of amino acids. You need
protein in your diet to help your body
repair cells and make new ones. They
also keep our skin and hair healthy.
We get proteins from food items like
milk, fish, eggs, soya etc.
Fats
Fat is a backup source of energy to fuel your
workout when carbohydrates are not available.
Fat is an essential part of your diet. It provides
energy, absorbs certain nutrients and
maintains your core body temperature.
The sources of fat are oil, butter, cream etc.
Now let us do an activity about the right kind of diet.
Activity: You will be given four wooden blocks of varying size cut at an angle. They will
have double tape stuck to them on one side each. You will have to take the blocks and
write on them the components of diet we need in their order. Then you will take off the
covers of the tape and paste them on to one another in the proper order. Your food
pyramid is ready!
88
Observation
Why do you think we placed cereals and rice at the bottom most level of the food pyramid?
Why does our body need them in more quantity? Why are fats needed in such less
quantity. Think and write your observations below.
89
ANIMAL GAME
Learning Outcomes:
Wild Animals
Examples of Wild Animals
Herbivores, Carnivores and Omnivores
Animal Game
90
We share this planet earth with animals and plants. Some animals are kept as pets in our
homes like dogs, cats, sheep, horses etc. They are known as Pet Animals.
While some animals are found in forests or kept in zoos, national parks, etc. These animals
are non-domesticated, so they can’t be kept in houses. They need natural surroundings to
survive. Lions, tigers, hippopotamus, elephants are all Wild Animals, because they live in
the wild.
PET ANIMALS WILD ANIMALS
List some pet and wild animals that you can see in the above pictures in the table below:
PET ANIMALS WILD ANIMALS
In a forest animals need food to survive and grow. Some eats plants, while others eat the other animals.
Can you name an animal which eats other animals?
91
HERBIVORES, CARNIVORES AND OMNIVORES
Animals are divided in groups on the basis of what they eat. Some animals eat only plants,
some eat other animals and some eats both animals and other plants.
Herbivores: They eat plant and other producers.
Example: Zebra, Deer, Cow etc..!!
Carnivores: They eat only animals.
Example: Tiger, Lion, Vultures, Eagles etc.
Omnivores: They eat both plant and animals.
Example: Crow, Bear etc.
Take out a card from your animal game kit and find out what that animal eats from the
card’s backside.
92
ELEPHANT HERBIVORE
LION
CARNIVORE
PARROT
OMNIVORE
ACTIVITY 1: ANIMAL CARD GAME
To play this game you will need the animal card kit. Make pairs with your partner. Both of
you will take turns in drawing out a card with your eyes closed from the bundle.
Show the animal to your partner and say the name and weight of the animal. For example if
you draw out the card of parrot, you will say PARROT 4000gms (4kgs).
Your partner will call out the name of his/her animal and the weight. For example if they
have a card of the cat, they will say CAT 4.5kgs.
REMEMBER
1000gms = 1kg
So, 4000gms = 4kg,
5500gms = 5.5kg
93
The card of the cat is heavier so that person wins in this round. The player gets 1
point.
The player with the parrot card gets 0 point for this round.
Both the players need to fill the table to keep record of their turns. At the end the one
with higher score wins the game.
Total score = __________
S.No. Name of Animal Weight Type of Food Eaten Score
1 Parrot 4kgs Omnivore 0
94
FOOD CHAIN
Learning Outcomes:
Food Chain
Examples of food chains
Producers, consumers and decomposers
Herbivores, Carnivores and Omnivores
Food Web
95
All living things need energy to grow, move etc. They get it by eating food. What do these
living things feed on? Smaller insects feed on green plants, and bigger animals feed on
smaller ones and so on. A food chain is a path in which nutrients and energy move
through an ecosystem. Food chains are usually in a sequence, with an arrow used to show
the flow of energy.
Plants → Deer → Lion
In a forest ecosystem, grass is eaten by a deer, which in turn is eaten by a lion. The grass, deer and lion form a food chain. In this food chain, energy flows from the grass to the deer to the lion. The ultimate source of this energy is the sun.
Some common food chains are mentioned below:
Plants → Deer → Lion
Plants → Worm → Bird → Cat
Plants → Grasshopper → Frog→ Snake→ Hawk
Aquatic Plant → Small animal → Small fish → Big fish → Bird
Producers, Consumers and Decomposers
Organisms are grouped into categories called trophic level.
These levels are divided into producers, consumers and
decomposers.
Producers: They make up the first trophic level and are
also known as Autotrophs. They make their own food by
the process of photosynthesis.
Consumers: The next trophic level is made up of consumers that eat producers.
Consumers are of three types: herbivores, carnivores, omnivores.
96
Herbivores: they eat plant and other producers.
Example: Zebra, Deer, Cow etc..!!
Carnivores: They eat only animals.
Example: Tiger, Lion, Vultures, Eagles etc.
Omnivores: They eat both plant and animals.
Example: Crow, Bear etc.
Decomposers: They make up the last trophic level. They turn organic wastes such
as decaying plants into inorganic material such as nutrient-rich soil.
Producers like green plants use solar energy to make food. When a primary consumer eats the producer, a part of this energy is passed on to it.
The primary consumer is then eaten by a secondary consumer. And the secondary consumer may be eaten by a tertiary consumer, and so on. In this way energy gets transferred from one consumer to the next higher level of consumer.
97
A food chain always begins with producers. Herbivores (plant-eaters) come next in the chain. They are consumed by carnivores (flesh-eaters). A few food chains can be long and may extend to the fourth, fifth or even sixth order of consumers.
Food web
One producer is eaten by several primary consumers which are further eaten by several
secondary and tertiary consumers.
For example a plant is eaten by deer, rabbits and many more consumers. A deer can be
eaten by a lion, tiger etc.
We can say that there are many food chains which are present in our ecosystem. These
complex food chains together are called Food Web.
Food web: A food web consists of all food chains in an ecosystem.
Observe the following diagram of a food web and identify as many food chains as you can:
List the food chains in the space provided below and identify the producers, consumers and
decomposers:
98
Use your food chain kit and make a food web. After completing the food web, fill the
following observation table:
S.No. Name of Animal Tropic Level of Animal Type of Consumer
1 Deer Primary Consumer Herbivore