primary energy consumption for the efficiency comparison ... · below usd 0.5 / m3, life cycle...
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Primary Energy Consumption for the Efficiency Comparison of all
Desalination ProcessesMuhammad Wakil Shahzad
(Research Scientist)Water Desalination & Reuse Center,
King Abdullah University of Science & Technology,Saudi Arabia
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Overview
Desalination in GCC
Performance Ratio Definition: whole World is wrong?
Desalination Energy: Derived & Primary
CCGT+Desalination Analysis
Universal Performance Ratio (UPR)
Desalination Hybrids
Lab to Industry: A way Forward
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Bahrain currently produces 142 million gallons of water a day.
33% increase and 400 million investment predicted.
Water Scenario in Bahrain
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Desalination in GCC
Condenser
TBT 70oC
MED operation limit
Stage-1 ΔT
for M
ED
op
eration
Stage-n
Cooling tower operation limit
40oC
30oC
Q, in
Q, out
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𝑃𝑅 =
𝐸quivalent ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡≅
2326
3.6 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑚3 + 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
𝑚3
Performance Ratio (PR)
Inherent Weaknesses No distinction between grade of energy Susceptible to conversion efficiencies Predicted on an arbitrary constant, 2326
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Rabigh Reverse Osmosis PlantThe world's first 3-stage RO plantTotal Capacity: 192,000 m3/day
Yanbu MED Desalination Plant5 effects, PR=9, TBT=60CTotal Capacity: 68,190 m3/day
Yanbu-3 MSF Desalination Plant25 fashing stages, 9-units, TBT=114CTotal Capacity: 288,000 m3/day/unit
Reverse Osmosis Multi-Effect Distillation Multi-Stage Desalination
Electricity (kWh_elec/m3) 5.2 Electricity (kWh_elec/m3) 2.6 Electricity (kWh_elec/m3) 3.75
Thermal Input(kWh_ther/m3)
- Thermal Input (kWh_ther/m3 at 60oC)
76.0 Thermal Input(kWh_ther/m3 at 114oC )
79.5
Questions: (1) Which of the three processes is more efficient ? (2) Are the derived units, kWh, a suitable units to be used for the efficiency comparison ?
Desalination Energy
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Primaryenergy
Derivedenergy
2.12 kWhpe1 kWhelec
Primaryenergy
Derivedenergy
1 kWhpe29.5 kWhther
𝑈𝑃𝑅 ≅ℎ𝑓𝑔
3.6 𝐶𝐹𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑚3 + 𝐶𝐹𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
𝑚3
Derived Energy to Primary Energy
Primary Energy to Electricity Primary Energy to Thermal
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑆𝐹 120𝐶 , 𝐶𝐹𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 =1
18.5
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝐸𝐷 (𝑎𝑡 65𝐶), 𝐶𝐹𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 =1
29.5
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Each process have thermodynamic lost work to produce useful effect.
𝒊𝒏
𝑶𝒖𝒕
𝑬𝒙 = 𝒎 𝒊𝒏
𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝒉 − 𝑻𝒐 𝒊𝒏
𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝒔
These losses must be charged to corresponding useful effect.
Process
Conventional Energetic
method (%)(Ignoring lost
work)
Proposed Exergy
method (%)
% over/less charged as
compared with exergy method
GT (including combustor, air compressor)
43.67 73.17 -40.32%
ST (HRSG, HP, MP and LP)
39.58 23.43 +68.92%
MED Desalination 16.75 3.4 +393%
Desalination over-charged by energy method 393%
Water cost (Opex) by exergy method 0.213 $/m3
Water cost (Opex) by energy method (conventional)
1.049$/m3
Water over-charged by energy method 0.837 $/m3
Savings for a 30.8x106 m3/day desalination capacity of the GCC countries (2015)
= 9.16 billion $/yr
*Fuel cost used for calculation= US$5 per thousand cu ft or 1055 MJ.
CCGT+ Desalination Process
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Des
alin
atio
n p
roce
sses
Derived
energy
Conversion efficiency
Pri
mar
y en
erg
y
KW
hp
e/m
3 =
.
UP
R=
hfg
/{3.
6x
(kW
hp
e/m
3 )}
Ele
ctri
cal
en
erg
y co
nsu
mp
tio
n(k
Wh
elec
/m3 )
Th
erm
al e
ner
gy
con
sum
pti
on
(k
Wh
ther
/m3 ) Exergy destruction of primary
energy
Wei
gh
ted
fa
cto
r f
or
CC
GT
Ste
am f
or
ME
D p
roce
sses
=
SWRO 3.5 NA
47.0% 3.4%
7.45 86
MSF 3.0 80.6 9.1 71
MED 2.3 71.7 7.36 87
MEDAD 2.5 36 47.0% 3.4% 6.56 98
Universal Performance Ratio (UPR)
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UPR contd..
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Desalination Hybridization to Overcome Limitations
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MED+AD Pilot at KAUST
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2.1LPM 3.1+1.0*=4.1 LPM
*Last stage vapors adsorbed on AD beds
KAUST Pilot Experimentation
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Desalination Processes Comparison
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Conclusions
All desalination technologies must be compared on common platform,primary energy consumption.
Performance ratio must be defined based on primary energy, not on derivedenergy basis.
Currently, all desalination processes are operating 10-13% of TL, notsustainable for future water supplies.
Future sustainability can only be achieved with 25-30% of TL, by innovativehybrid desalination processes.
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MEDAD Technology winner of Aramco-GE “Global Innovation Challenge” Award .Below USD 0.5 / m3, life cycle costing.
H.E. Prince Turki bin Abdullah (former governor of Riyadh) presenting award to Professor Kim Choon (KAUST),
H.E. Abdullah Al Hussayen, Minister of Electricity of SA,H.E. Dr Abdulrahman Al Ibrahim, Governor of SWCC,Professor Jean-Lou Chameau, President of KAUST,Dr. Adil Bushnak, Moya Bushnak
A Global Award Technology
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Translation to Industry:Inauguration of KACST AD Plant (Feb 21, 2017)
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Yanbu MEDAD Hybrid MOU
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