primary funding is provided by the spe foundation through member donations
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Primary funding is provided by The SPE Foundation through member donations and a contribution from Offshore Europe The Society is grateful to those companies that allow their professionals to serve as lecturers Additional support provided by AIME. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Primary funding is provided by
The SPE Foundation through member donations and a contribution from Offshore Europe
The Society is grateful to those companies that allow their professionals to serve as lecturers
Additional support provided by AIME
Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Programwww.spe.org/dl
Heat Mining at The Geysers Geothermal Field Using Reclaimed Wastewater
Marina Voskanian, P. E.California State Lands CommissionSociety of Petroleum
Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Programwww.spe.org/dl
The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect those of the State Lands Commission or its staff.
Overview• History
• Need for innovative solutions
• Government-industry collaboration
• Two injection projects
• Effect on induced seismicity
• Environmental benefits
• Worldwide applications2
The Geysers Geothermal Field History
• Discovered in 1847
• Largest geothermal field in the world
• Peak field development in 1987 generating 1500 Megawatts
• Steep production decline:Reservoir pressureSteam source
4
• 450 wells • 50 injection wells• 18 power plants
• 1000 Megawatt capacity • Equivalent to 60% of the power
demand for the Coastal Region
Current Status
The Geysers Geothermal Field
5
Geothermal Heat Mining System
H2O
Surface Power Plant
Microseismic Monitoring
Fractured Reservoir
Deep Wells
Injection Well
Production Well
6
Additional Water Injection
• Need for pressure maintenance
• Plant condensate not sufficient for heat mining • Injection reduces Non-Condensable Gas production
(NCG)
• Tracer tests confirm water injection supplements steam production
7
Government-Industry Collaboration
• Need for discharge of treated sewage water:• Lake County• City of Santa Rosa• Other Municipalities
• Environmental benefits of disposing effluent water into the Geysers
• Partnership between public and private sectors
8
Two Injection Projects
• Southeast Geysers Effluent Pipeline (SEGEP)
• Santa Rosa Geysers Recharge Pipeline (SRGRP)
9
Southeast Geysers Effluent Pipeline Project (SEGEP)
• Delivered lake water and secondary treated water from Lake County Sanitation District
• Increased field wide mass replacement from 28% to 50%
• Benefit estimated at 69 MWe of additional power
11
Santa Rosa Recharge Geysers Pipeline (SRGRP)
• Delivered tertiary treated water from treatment plant from City of Santa Rosa for injection
• Benefit estimated at 85 MWe of additional power
• Increased mass replacement to 85%
• Remaining water used for:• Agriculture• Urban irrigation
12
Combined Generation History of All Calpine Geysers Plants- GWh
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
01/01/91
01/01/92
12/31/92
12/31/93
01/01/95
01/01/96
12/31/96
12/31/97
01/01/99
01/01/00
12/31/00
12/31/01
01/01/03
01/01/04
12/31/04
12/31/05
01/01/07
01/01/08
12/31/08
12/31/09
01/01/11
Year
Ann
ual G
ener
atio
n, G
Wh
Entire Geysers FieldGain = 154 mw
Extrapolation at 3% harmonic based on 99-2000 data
Calpine Fieldwide Benefits
13
Calpine Geysers Production and Injection History
14
5,6
7,89,10
1112
13,14 17
18Son
20, 16
WFFBC
Aid
0
50
100
150
200
250
1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011
BIL
LIO
N P
OU
ND
S
CALPINE GEYSERS PRODUCTION AND INJECTION HISTORY
TOTAL PRODUCTION CONDENSATE CREEK SEGEP SRGRP
Cal
Injection Management Techniques
• Fracture characterization
• Heat mining modeling
• Reservoir temperature/pressure• Production decline
• NCG concentration
• Location and operational efficiencies
• Proximity to power plant and water pipeline
16
Induced Seismicity
• Seismically active prior to injection
• Public concern with increasing micro-earthquakes (MEQ)
• Ongoing monitoring by two seismic arrays:United States Geological SurveyLawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
17
Summary of “Earthquake Potential” Studies
• Earthquakes cannot be predicted
• Earthquake magnitudes depend on surface area of fault that can slip
• Large earthquakes occur mainly in large faults
• No large faults mapped at The Geysers
• It is extremely unlikely that injection activities at The Geysers will lead to large earthquakes
20
Environmental BenefitsClean Energy
13 million gal/day of recycled water injection
100 megawatts
1 million barrels of oil per year
100,000 households21
Environmental BenefitsClean Energy
49 million liters/day of recycled water injection
100 megawatts
119 million liters of oil per year
100,000 households21
ConclusionWorldwide Application
• Successful application of petroleum engineering tools
• Sustained steam production through heat mining
• Additional power generation and revenue
• Identifying opportunities for environmental benefits
• Successful government-industry collaboration
22
Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Programwww.spe.org/dl
26
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Induced Seismicity Potential in Energy Technologies
Published byNational Academy of Sciences
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=13355#orgs