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PRIME TOEIC READING

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MINH

What is TOEIC?

TOEIC is short for Test of English for International Communication. It is an English language test designed specifically to measure

the everyday business English skills of non-native people working in an international environment. It also allows employers to

make hiring decisions, promotions, or transfers depending on job seekers’ qualifications and English language proficiency.

The TOEIC test

The TOEIC test is a paper-and-pencil, multiple-choice assessment. There are 200 questions in total. Before doing the test,

candidates are given an orientation on what is required in the test room.

Below is the structure of the TOEIC test.

Section Task Number of

Questions

Time Maximum

Score

Part 1 Photograph Descriptions 10

Listening Part 2 Questions & Responses 30 45 minutes 495

Comprehension Part 3 Short Conversations 30

Part 4 Short Talks 30

Part 5 Sentence Completion 40

Reading Part 6 Text Completion 12 75 minutes 495

Comprehension Pärt 7 Single Passages 28

Double Passages 20

Total 7 Parts - 200 120 minutes 990

About TOEIC 5

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U n i t \ Testing Points

Pronouns, Possessives

A Subject pronouns

Subject pronouns include I, you, he, she, it, we, you, and they. They start a sentence and come before the main verb

in the sentence.

B Object pronouns

Object pronouns include me, you, him, her, it, us, you, and them. They come right after a verb or a preposition in a

sentence.

C Possessives (Possessive adjectives)

Possessive adjectives include my, your, his, her, its, our, your, and their. They come before a noun and modify that

noun.

Exercises

1. Mr. Matthews received a call from

conference. (A) he (C) his

(B) its (D) it

2. The floor manager should advise

schedule comes in. (A) they (C) them

(B) their (D) themselves

Key 1.(C) 2.(C)

coworker while in the middle of an important

of the schedule changes as soon as the shift

Adverbs

A Functions

An adverb is usually formed by adding -ly to an adjective. It modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, and a

whole sentence.

B Positions

An adverb comes in different positions in a sentence.

Q before an adjective/adverb: It is extremely difficult to solve the problem.

Q at the beginning of a sentence: Unfortunately, we didn’t receive a raise.

Q right before a verb: They finally reached a firm decision.

Q at the end of a sentence: The man shook his hand violently. E o U

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c fT3

sz c 5

§

Part 5 | Unit 1 Testing Points 13

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Exercises 1. Because the budget was approved, the designers should be ready to resume their

project.

(A) final

(B) finally (C) finality

(D) finalize

2. The state government

(A) close

(B) closed (C) closely

(D) closing

controls the manufacturing industry to protect consumers.

A Functions

A noun can function as the subject, object, complement, and appositive in a sentence.

B Positions

A noun comes in the position of the subject of a sentence or a clause, the object of a verb or a preposition, after an adject ive,

after a determiner, and in a compound.

Exercises 1. This dictionary lists more than one for the word.

(A) define (C) definition

(B) definite (D) defining

2. should be submitted by the end of the month at the latest.

(A) Apply (C) Applicable

(B) Applications (D) Applied

A Functions

An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying it. It can also function as a subject

complement or an object complement in a sentence.

B Positions

An adjective usually comes before or after the noun or pronoun it modifies.

£| Before a noun/pronoun (one, ones) -* They finally reached a firm decision. / This is a new one. Q After be/linking verb ->

They are happy. / They look happy.

Exercises 1. The company is looking for experienced managers whose proposals are

(A) origin (C) originally

(B) original (D) originality

14 PRIME TOEIC READING



2. The candidate will receive an invitation for a

(A) formal (C) formalize

(B) formalness (D) formally

dinner honoring Dr. Mark Tyson.

Key 1.(B) 2. (A)

Conjunctions

A Subordinating conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate clause to a main clause. Grammatically, that starts a noun clause, and when,

before, after, since, till, if, though start an adverb clause.

B Coordinating conjunctions

A coordinating conjunction joins two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be words,

phrases, or clauses.

Below is the table that lists common connectors together with their uses in English.

Subordinating

conjunctions

Addition

Time

Cause/Result

Purpose

Concession/

Contrast

Condition

before after

while when

since until

as soon as

because/since/as

now that so...(that)

such...(that)

so (that) in order that

although though

even though

whereas while

if

suppose (that) in

case unless

providing/provided

Coordinating

conjunctions

and

for so

but

yet

or (else)

Adverbs

besides

furthermore in

addition

after that

afterwards

consequently

therefore as a

result

Prepositions

nevertheless

nonetheless

however

otherwise

besides

in addition to

after before

in during

at until

since by

on

because of

owing to

as a result of

due to

for

despite in

spite of

in case of in the

event of


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Exercises 1. the price of fuel rose last week, more people used public transportation such as buses and subways.

(A) Although (C) Because

(B) While (D) Before

2. The doctor said one patient remained seriously ill in the hospital the other two had

been released. (A) because (C) despite

(B) since (D) while

(0BEHE1

Conjunctions vs. Prepositions

□ A preposition comes before a noun, noun phrase, pronoun, or gerund, whereas a conjunction starts a clause.

Prepositions Conjunctions

in spite of, despite although, though, even though

because of, owing to, because, since, as, for

due to, on account of

during while

without unless

according to according as

in case of in case, if

Exercises 1. his supervisor was on sick leave, Mr. Andrews was entirely alone in the office for one week.

(A) Because (C) Because of

(B) Although (D) During

2. The marketing director decided to spend more on the advertising campaign a recent

slump in profits for the company. (A) although (C) unless

(B) despite (D) during

Key 1. (A) 2. (B)




JEH

Positions of Adjectives & Adverbs with Linking Verbs

& Modals

A Adjectives after linking verbs

Adjectives are used after the verb be and linking verbs such as become, remain, turn or verbs of perception like feel, look,

taste, sound.

B Adverbs between modals and main verbs

An adverb comes between a modal and a main verb in a sentence.

Exercises

1. Robert had to remain during the meeting because he had no idea what was on the

agenda. (A) silent (C) silence

(B) silently (D) silentness

2. The personnel manager said that he would examine all of the applications before the

final decision. (A) close (C) closer

(B) closely (D) closest

Key 1. (A) 2. (B)

Correlative Conjunctions

I Correlative conjunctions connect two equal grammatical items. They come in pairs, and both are used in different places in a

sentence.

Correlative conjunctions include:

either A or B

neither A nor B

not A but B both A

and B

not only A but also B (= B as well as A) between A and B

Exercises

1. my supervisor or I have to participate in the conference in New York.

(A) Either (C) Both

(B) Neither (D) But

2. Neither the state government the tourist bureau expected more tourists to come

from all around the world than last year. (A) or (C) nor

(B) but (D) and

Key 1.(A) 2.(C)


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Agreement Between Subjects & Possessive Adjectives

□ Possessive adjectives must agree in number and gender with their corresponding nouns. e.g. The team wants to improve

its productivity. • its refers to the team.

Exercises

1. The company’s new incentive policy will be announced by the spokesman at board

meeting.

(A) its (C) his

(B) their (D) her

2. Workers can only take vacation time if they notify

advance.

(A) its (C) his

(B) them (D) their

Key 1. (A) 2. p)

supervisors at least a month in

IWH Sentences

A A complete sentence must have at least a subject and a main verb.

B Verbals (to-infinitives, present participles (verb-ing), past participles, gerunds) cannot be the

main verb in a sentence.

Exercises

1. According to the terms of the contract, the project manager

finish the project on time.

(A) express (C) to express

(B) expressed (D) expressing

his commitment to

2. The research results

(A) indicate

(B) indicating

Key 1.(B) 2. (A)

the survey that was conducted last month was effective.

(C) to indicate

(D) indication

Active & Passive Verb Forms

□ The main verb in a sentence must be in the correct active or passive form.

e.g.

Active: They gave us some information.

Passive: We were given some information.


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Exercises

1. The board members are

productivity.

(A) consider (C) considered

(B) considering (D) consideration

2. The economic recession caused by increased interest rates is

(A) discourage (C) discouragement

(B) discouraged (D) discouraging

Key 1. (B) 2. (D)

a change of policy in employee wages in order to increase

investment in Europe.

Comparatives

A The comparative form of long adjectives: more + adjective + than B

The comparative form of short adjectives: adjective-er + than

Exercises

1. In competitive markets, maintaining regular patrons is ones. (A) more (C) as

(B) better (D) well

2. Businessmen seem to have a greater desire for money

(A) than (C) very

(B) as (D) much

Key 1. (A) 2. (A)

important than attracting new

they have ever had before.

Superlatives

A The superlative form of short adjectives: the + adjective-est B The

superlative form of long adjectives: the + most + adjective

Exercises 1. The community center offers the

(A) wide (C) widest

(B) wider (D) more widely

2. Designing the new library was the

(A) so (C) such

(B) most (D) much

Key 1- (C) 2.(8)

variety of products produced locally.

challenging project they had ever worked on.


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■ When we want to emphasize the receiver of an action, not the doer or performer, we use the passive voice. Grammatically,

only transitive and ditransitive verbs can be used in the passive voice.

The form of the passive voice: be + past participle

Exercises 1. According to the policy, the identification numbers should be on the front of the card.

(A) type (C) typed

(B) typing (D) to type

2. Access to the premises during evening hours, so visitors need special permissionto

enter. (A) restricts (C) restricted

(B) is restricting (D) is restricted

A An uncountable noun never has a plural form. It does not follow the indefinite article a/an, either.

B A quantifier such as much, little may be put before an uncountable noun.

C A number cannot be put right before an uncountable noun. We instead have to add a number

+ a countable noun + the preposition “of” to show the quantity of an uncountable noun; e.g.

a cup of, a piece of, a pound of.

D Below are the most common uncountable nouns that are frequently given in the TOEIC test.

information equipment baggage luggage furniture

evidence resistance news permission merchandise

advice weather scenery mail seating

clothing processing access assembly

Exercises 1. The company received some on the new product that was just launched last week.

(A) information

(B) informations

2. The new

(A) equipment

(B) equipments

(C) inform

(D) informative

shipped from Singapore will be the only items on sale this month.

(C) equip

(D) equipped

Key 1.(A) 2. (A)




1

Countable Nouns

A A countable noun can have singular and plural forms.

B An article (a/an/the) must be put before a singular countable noun.

C A number may precede a countable noun.

D A quantifier such as many, a few, several may precede a plural countable noun.

Exercises

1. The company has recently created some new , which it will advertise in

newspapers

and magazines soon. (A) medical (C) medicare

(B) medicines (D) medicative

2. The board members won’t see employees unless they have

(A) appointment (C) appointed

(B) appointments (D) appointing

Compound Nouns

I Words can be combined to form compound nouns. They normally have two parts. The second part identifies the object or

person in question. The first part modifies the second part.

Below are common compound nouns in the TOEIC test.

maintenance staff delivery schedule

assembly line research program

attendance record pay increase

employee participation account number

hotel reservation dress code regulation

opening speech (remark) utility charge/utility bill

service desk consumer loan

customer satisfaction customs clearance

customs regulation production facility

customs declaration product availability

production schedule safety standards

product recognition accounting certification

safety precaution media coverage

expiration date insurance coverage

news coverage communication skill

job opening price index

earnings growth profit margin

heating equipment

sales/marketing/advertising/investment strategy


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Exercises

1. Every employee in the Sales Department should be trained to recognize how skills

can increase sales. (A) community (C) communicated

(B) communication (D) communal

2. The state government has subsidized the chemical institute’s program for more than

three years. (A) researcher (C) researched

(B) research (D) researching

Key 1 - (B) 2. (B)

IgSUgfcjUsI Gerunds After Prepositions

B A to-infinitive cannot come after a preposition but a gerund (-ing form of a verb) must be used.

Exercises 1. The residents tried to prevent hazardous waste from its way into a local reservoir.

(A) find (C) finding

(B) to find (D) found

2. The foreign language institute is devoted to finding new methods for every student’s

English ability. (A) improve (C) to improve

(B) improving (D) improved

Key 1.(C) 2. (B)

A A reflexive pronoun is formed by adding the suffix -self (or -selves in a plural form) to an object

pronoun or a possessive adjective.

B It is used to show that the object of the verb is the same person or thing as the subject of the

sentence. It is also used to emphasize the subject of the action.

Q Used as an appositive for emphasis

The mayor himself welcomed guests to the hotel.

Q Used as an object of a verb

The boys watched themselves on TV.

C Common expressions

by oneself = alone

for oneself = for one’s own sake; without other’s help of itself =

spontaneously

beside oneself = unable to control oneself because of some strong emotion in spite of oneself =

without intending or expecting to do something




Exercises

1. Some of the students majoring in English often ask why they chose sucha difficult

subject to major in.

(A) they (C) their

(B) them (D) themselves

2. The director of the department usually deals with all of the paperwork by

(A) she (C) herself

(B) her (D) themselves

Key 1. (D) 2.(C)


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□ The comparison of equality of adjectives or adverbs is formed by as + adjective/adverb + as.

1. The manager himself will deal with the problems as as possible in order not to upset

the boss.

(A) efficient (C) efficiency (B) efficiently (D) more efficient

2. Business in the industry has never been as asit is now.

(A) well (C) better

(B) good (D) best

fK Pre*er»t simpVe

The present simple tense is often used to express habits, repeated actions, states, or the truths. An adverb of frequency like

sometimes, often, usually, every day usually goes with this tense, eg. He takes a shower every day.

B Present perfect

Adverbs that usually go with the present perfect tense:

so far (= up till now) since recently these days for 10 years

in the last (past) few months (days, years...)

&g. We have known her for five years. C Past

simple

Adverbs that usually go with the past simple tense:

last past 2 months ago yesterday previous the other day in + (a time in the past)

&g. I worked for the company a few years ago.

Future simple

El Adverbs that usually go with the future simple tense:

next month in an hour

e.g. She will be 22 years old next year.

Q Expressions showing future time:

be going to be about to be likely to be ready to be due to be willing to




E Future perfect

Q Form: will + have + past participle Q Adverbs that usually go with the future perfect tense:

by next August by the end of next year by the time + clause

e$. By the end of May, the workers will have gone on strike at least once.

F Past perfect

The past perfect tense expresses the idea that something occurred before an action in the past. It can also show that

something happened before a specific time in the past. e.g. He was told that many manufacturing workers had been fired.

Tenses in Main Clause and Subordinate Clause

I The verb in the subordinate clause may be in any tense when the verb in the main clause is in

the present tense, but when the verb in the main clause is in the past tense, the verb in the

subordinate clause must be in either the past simple or the past perfect tense.

Exercises

1. The university students submitted their reports when the professor in.

(A) come (C) comes

(B) came (D) to come

2. Many economic experts envisioned that the IT-related market its peak by the fourth

Exercises

1. This warranty customers who buy the products coverage for up to two years.

(C) offered

(D) has offered (A) offers

(B) is offering

2. Three more employees to the satellite branch in a month.

(A) will send (C) will be sent

(D) have sent (B) are sending

quarter.

(A) reach

(B) will reach (C) would reach

(D) reaching


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Equivalents of If

□ Connectors that can be used in place of if include: I

i provided (that) providing (that) suppose (that) supposing (that)

in case without once

Exercises

1. interest rates are lowered, manufacturing companies will recover more quickly than expected.

(A) Once (C) Unless

(B) Though (D) While

2. Without the rain, we have had apleasant party in our garden.

(A) can (C) would

(B) need (D) must

Commands or Requests

□ The form of a command is: Verb...

The form of a request is: Please + verb...

Exercises

1. Please your registration card and security number to the Personnel Department in

order to update the file.

(A) send (C) sent

(B) sending (D) to send

2. Whenever you need our help, just us, and we will get the work done quickly and

efficiently.

(A) asks (C) ask

(B) to ask (D) asking

El An infinitive without to is known as a bare infinitive and it always comes after modal verbs.

Exercises

1. Visitors to the museum can the new exhibit which is located on the third floor.

(A) to see (C) sees

(B) seeing (D) see




2. Every employee should hisor her travel vouchers to the Accounting Department

after returning from a business trip.

(A) submit (C) submitted

(B) submitting (D) submits

To-lnfinitives

I In a to-infinitive, the base form of a verb must come after to.

Exercises 1. Both parties are going to the agreement, which will be in effect as of next month.

(A) implemented (C) implement

(B) implementing (D) implements

2. The supervisor asked all of the employees to energy whenever they are in the office.

(A) conserve (C) conserves

(B) conserved (D) conserving

I The -ing form of a verb must follow the expressions below.

be used to -ing/be

accustomed to -ing

look forward to -ing

object to -ing

be devoted to -ing

contribute to -ing

be opposed to -ing

Exercises

1. Our team members are looking forward to

(A) see (C) seeing

(B) to see (D) be seen

2. The board members and the CEO objected to

session. (A) raise (C) raising

(B) to raise (D) raised

Key 1- (C) 2. (C)

you again.

the issue at the initial negotiation


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ESwj To-lnfinitives After a Passive Verb

B A to-infinitive follows a verb in the passive form.

Exercises

1. You are invited the first press conference for high-tech engineers in Seoul.

(A) attending (C) attend

(B) to attend (D) attended

2. The manufacturing plant is predicted within the next few weeks.

(A) move (C) to move

(B) moving (D) moved

Key 1. (B) 2.(C)

Verbs + Object + To-lnfinitives

□ After the following verbs, a to-infinitive must be used.

advise enable allow ask encourage expect

force persuade permit require request invite

tell urge want cause

Exercises

1. The state government encouraged the local banks the interest rates at the beginning of every

month.

(A) post (C) posted

(B) posting (D) to post

2. My parents and teachers have always advised

me to graduate school.

(A) go (C) to go

(B) going (D) to have gone

Key 1.P 2.(0

The Relative Pronouns Who & Which

A Who

u | Antecedent Subjective case Objective case Possessive case

<u

>

1 person/people who/that whom/that whose

fjj Q Subjective case: The boy who is studying here is my student,

c Q Objective case: The man whom you met was my uncle.

| Q Possessive case: Here is a professor whose class is very informative.

S



B Which

I Antecedent Subjective case Objective case Possessive case

thing(s) which/that which/that whose/of which

Q Subjective case: I have a pencil which is short.

Q Objective case: The house which she lives in is very expensive. Q Possessive case:

I entered the house whose roof was blue.

C Non-defining relative clause starting with "which”

The non-defining relative clause starting with “which” modifies the whole clause before it.

Exercises

1. The Advertising Department is looking for candidates are qualified to be supervisors.

(A) who (C) which

(B) whom (D) whose

2. The directory provides the names and numbers of participants must not be used for

business purposes. (A) who (C) whose

(B) what (D) which

3. Kimberly dressed carelessly for work, drew unfavorable criticism from her supervisor.

(A) that (C) what

(B) while (D) which

Key 1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (D)

I A gerund (+ its object) can be the subject in a sentence and the verb that follows it must be in the singular form.

Exercises

1. new products on a regular basis is important for a company to survive in a competitive market. (A) A launch (C) Launched

(B) Launching (D) Launch of

2. the objective of the program clearly is important to achieve what we want.

(A) Know (C) Knew

(B) Knowing (D) Known

Key 1- (B) 2. (B)


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my Participles as Adjectives

B In English, some past and present participles function as adjectives showing emotions and states, e.g. excited, interested,

pleased, embarrassed, bored, astonished, frightened, exhausted, confused, discouraged, interesting, embarrassing, exciting,

frightening, confusing.

Exercises

1. Molly, a chemical engineer, is really in taking part in the seminar which will be held

this coming Saturday.

(A) interested (C) interesting

(B) interest (D) interests

2. The country’s political situation was , so most foreign investors didn’t want to join the

expansion project.

(A) discourage (C) discouraged

(B) discouraging (D) discouragement

IBWKB Participial Phrases

□ A participial phrase functions as an adverb clause of time, reason, condition, entailment, etc. It is formed by omitting the

conjunction and the subject in the adverb clause [conjunction + subject + verb], and the verb is changed into a present

participle or past participle.

Exercises

1. After , the receipt was handed over to the deliveryman as soon as possible.

(A) sign (C) signing

(B) signed (D) to sign

2. their repairs to the entrance, the repairmen will now begin their work on the sky lounge restroom.

(A) Finish (C) Finisher

(B) Finishing (D) Finished

( 93 That vs. What

□ Both that and what are relative pronouns but before that, there must be an antecedent, whereas what starts a relative

clause that is the object or complement of another clause.

e.g. This is the pencil [that I bought yesterday].

The shop didn’t have [what I want].




Exercises

1. The investigators are interested in the CEO did in his office yesterday.

(A) that (C) who

(B) what (D) which

2. During the peak season, it is very difficult to get the same airline tickets are usually

easy to get during the off-season.

(A) who (C) that

(B) what (D) whose

Key 1. (B) 2.(C)

Possessive Pronouns

I A possessive pronoun is used to substitute a noun phrase that indicates a possession relation.

Q Possessive adjectives must be followed by a noun.

-> my book, her pencil

Q There is no noun after a possessive pronoun.

-> mine, hers, his, yours

Exercises

1. The watch that Jane found on the street will be if the owner doesn’t claim it in one

week.

(A) she (C) hers

(B) her (D) herself

2. The reserved parking spaces next to the entrance are my manager’s and

(A) my (C) myself

(B) me (D) mine

Key 1. (C) 2. (D)

To-lnfinitives as Objects

□ Below are some verbs that must be followed by a to-infinitive as their object.

agree decide expect wish fail plan

manage refuse afford ask choose want

Exercises

1. My friend decided me some money when I told him thesituation I was in.

(A) to lend (C) by lending

(B) lending (D) lent


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r J

2. Tommy could not graduate from his university since he failed his final examin political

science.

(A) passing (C) passed

(B) to pass (D) passes

ESBSHU

□ Below are some verbs that must be followed by a gerund as their object.

admit avoid consider delay deny

enjoy finish suggest include discontinue

recommend advise reject postpone quit

Exercises

1. When Amber finished her report, she made herself a cup of coffee.

(A) to write (C) wrote

(B) writing (D) written

2. The company is considering the newly developed project in one month.

(A) launch (C) launched

(B) launching (D) to launch

EB8IKI1

The Possessive Relative Pronoun Whose

A The possessive relative pronoun whose both shows a possession relation with the

antecedent and modifies the following noun.

B Its antecedent may be a person or thing, singular or plural, and it is always followed by a

noun.

Exercises

1. I know a great architect

(A) his (C) whom

(B) whose (D) that

2. There is a student main

university.

(A) who (C) whose

(B) he (D) which


Key 1:

designs are very bold and original.

goal in his life is to become a politician after graduating from



Gerunds as Prepositions

B Below are some gerunds that function as prepositions.

regarding considering following

including excluding barring

concerning

Exercises

1. Employees who have any questions our new insurance policy can learn all they want

by participating in the orientation.

(A) regard (C) regarding

(B) to regard (D) regarded

2. At the staff meeting, several employees asked questions the new software that had

just been installed.

(A) barring (C) demanding

(B) following (D) concerning

Key 1.(C) 2. p

Confusing Adverbs

B Below are some adverbs that easily cause confusion about form and meaning.

hard/hardly late/lately

near/nearly clear/clearly

high/highly

Exercises

1. By the end of the month, all of the orders will have been shipped.

(A) near (C) nearby

(B) nearly (D) nearing

2. This new machine is not difficult to operate and requires any maintenance.

(A) hard (C) too

(B) hardly (D) enough

Key 1.(B) 2. (B)

Which/Whichever & Who/Whoever

A The relative pronoun which or who is preceded by an antecedent.

B The relative pronoun whichever or whoever is not preceded by an antecedent.


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Exercises

1. The Personnel Department has provided a manual about new vacation plans for one. (A) who (C) which

(B) whoever (D) whose

needs

2. The team to

Cuba. (A) which

(B) whichever

wins tonight’s game will receive a trophy and an all-expenses-paid vacation

(C) whose

(D) what

Key 1.(B) 2. (A)

For/Of + Object + To-lnfinitive Phrase

A Below are some adjectives that are followed by for in the structure: ~ + for + somebody + to-infinitive

phrase.

easy, difficult, natural, possible, necessary, hard

B Below are some adjectives that are followed by of in the structure: ~ + of + somebody + to-infinitive

phrase.

rude, nice, kind, polite, wise, stupid, foolish, silly, generous

Note: The first structure is more frequently given in the TOEIC test than the second one.

Exercises 1. Your donation made it possible us to continue offering free education to disabled

people. (A) of (C) with

(B) in (D) for

2. The newly installed machine will make it possible the team toincrease its daily output.

(A) for (C) with

(B) of (D) at

Key 1. (D) 2. (A)

Some & Any

A Any/anyone/anything/anybody/anywhere is used in negative statements and questions.

B Some/someone/something/somebody/somewhere is used in positive statements.

e.g. Do you have any money? (question)

-> Yes, I have some money, (positive)

— No, I don’t have any money, (negative)




C Some is especially used in questions to offer somebody something to eat or drink.

e.g. Do you want some milk?

Exercises

1. No one is scheduled for 1:00 P.M., but there will be

(A) anybody (C) somebody

(B) anyone (D) everybody

stopping by at 2:10 P.M.

2. In the IT industry, '

(A) another (B) other

companies have succeeded while others have failed.

(C) some

(D) any

Conjunctive Adverbs

I Below are some conjunctive adverbs that are used as a way of showing how a sentence or clause is related to what has

already been said.

therefore however otherwise

nevertheless moreover

Exercises

1. The economic vision looks good;

expansion plans. (A) therefore (C) moreover

(B) however (D) nevertheless

2. This package must be received by Mr. Roberts by the end of this month;

to complete the project without it. (A) unless (C) whenever

(B) except (D) otherwise

the investment company is going ahead with its

, he will have

Key 1. (A) 2. (D)

Very & Much

A Very is used as an adverb to modify an adjective or adverb.

B Much and its equivalents such as far, still, even, a lot are used to modify a comparative structure.

Exercises

1. Aluminum is now a

endurance and light weight.

(A) very (C) so

(B) much (D) too

more versatile construction material than before because of its

<L) >

C A3


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(C) lowest

(D) lowers

than those of any other supplier.

Present Subjunctives

SI Form

Note: The present subjunctive is not noticeable in the verb form of the first person, the second person and the third

person plural, but it is clear in the verb form of the third person singular.

Q Use

The present subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. It is used after certain verbs and expressions.

A The present subjunctive is used after the following verbs.

to advise (that) to desire (that) to request (that)

to ask (that) to insist (that) to suggest (that)

to command (that) to propose (that) to urge (that)

to demand (that) to recommend (that)

The present subjunctive is used after the following expressions.

It is best (that) It is imperative (that) It is vital (that)

It is crucial (that) It is important (that) It is a good idea (that)

It is desirable (that) It is recommended (that) It is a bad idea (that)

It is essential (that) It is urgent (that)

Exercises 1. The floor manager that all employees be familiar with the manual of a particular

machine in order to operate it efficiently.

(A) insisted

(B) expressed

(C) explained

(D) thought

2. It is imperative that all members their identification cards when at work.

(A) carried

(B) had carried

(C) would carry

(D) carry




'\

j0SSB Already/Yet/Still

A Already Q used in positive

statements

Q used with the past perfect and present perfect tenses (had already p.p./have already p.p.) e.g. When she arrived at

the airport, the bus had already departed. She has already applied for the managerial position.

B Yet

Q used in negative statements and questions e.g. Have you finished the report yet?

I have not yet finished the report.

Q used as a conjunction connecting two words, phrases, or clauses e.g. The weather was cold, yet bright and sunny.

Her advice seems strange, yet I believe she’s right.

C Still

Still is used in positive statements for saying that a situation continues to exist up to and including a particular time,

especially when this seems surprising.

e.g. I stilj have to finish it.

Exercises

1. The CEO and the board members have not decided how to cope with the new

problems.

(A) already (C) still

(B) yet (D) before

2. They were putting up decorations when the guests started to arrive.

(A) already (C) yet

m (B) still (D) any more


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B Conditional sentence - Type 2 Q

Form

If + Subject + Verb (past simple), Subject + would/could/might + bare infinitive

Q Use

The conditional sentence - Type 2 is often called the “unreal conditional in the present’’ because it is used for unreal,

impossible or improbable situations. This conditional provides an imaginary result for a given situation. e.g. If he were at

home, I would tell him about it.

Note: The verb ‘to be’, when used in the 2nd conditional, is always conjugated as ‘were’.

C Conditional sentence - Type 3 Q

Form

If + Subject + Verb (past perfect). Subject + would/could/might + have + past participle

Q Use

The conditional sentence - Type 3 is often referred to as the “unreal conditional in the past”

because it concerns only past situations withhypothetical results. It is used toexpress a

hypothetical result of a past given situation. e.g. If she had helped me, I could have finished it.

Exercises 1. If Tommy had found the proper ingredients, he Japanese food for us last night.

(A) had cooked (C) cooked (B) would have cooked (D) would be cooking

2. If Julia closer to my office, she could often drop by to visit me.

(A) lived (C) live (B) had lived (D) would live

Key 1.P) 2. (A)

PRIME TOEIC READING


Nouns, Adjectives & Adverbs

Nouns

Functions & Positions of Nouns

I Functions & Positions

Q Functions: A noun can function as the subject, object, complement, and appositive. Q Positions: A noun can

come in any position according to its function in a sentence, e.g. English is an important language, (subject)

We study English as a second language, (object)

The mother tongue of the country is English, (complement)

I signed up for the language course, English, last month, (appositive)

OTOEIC Questions

1. should be made at least two weeks in advance.

(A) Notified (C) Notify

(B) Notification (D) Notifying

2. The floor manager proposed the use of visual aids to enhance the

(A) effective (C) effectiveness

(B) effectively (D) effecting

A n s w e r s o n p a g e 3 0 6

of presentations.

3. The base of Colombia’s economy is the

exports. (A) production (C) productive

(B) producing (D) produced

of coffee beans that accounts for 50% of its

Countable Nouns

A Countable nouns have the following characteristics:

•Countable nouns have two forms: singular (a teacher) and plural (teachers).

• Singular countable nouns cannot be used alone. They must follow a determiner: the book, that English teacher, a wish, my

latest idea

• -s/-es is added to make a plural noun: book - books, school - schools, friend - friends

•Some common nouns have irregular plurals: man - men, woman - women, child - children, foot

■ feet, person - people

• Plural countable nouns do not have a determiner when they refer to people or things as a group e.%. Computers are

very expensive.

Do you sell old books?

Part 5 | Unit 2 Nouns, Adjectives & Adverbs 39

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B Below are some countable nouns that are frequently given in the TOEIC test.

regulations relations suppliers standards directives

steps procedures measures an employer statements

features a bonus funds an incentive a charge

a cost an expense a discount a fee a fine

a price a profit a request

— Q _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A n s w e r s o n page 306

1. I am writing to you with that you send any business letters and monthly statements

to my private office.

(A) request (C) a request

(B) requesting (D) requested

2. Some new were made last month and then were advertised in newspapers and

magazines, but they are not popular yet. (A) medicines (C) medicine

(B) medical (D) medicare

Uncountable Nouns

A Uncountable nouns are concepts, substances, etc. that cannot be divided into elements; they cannot

be counted, for example: water, wood, ice, air, oxygen, English, Spanish, traffic, furniture, milk, wine, sugar, rice, meat,

flour, soccer, sunshine. They have the following characteristics: • Generally, they cannot be pluralized.

• They work both with and without an article (a, an, or the), depending on the context of the sentence.

s Sugar is sweet. s Would you like a

coffee? s The wood is burning.

• They work with expressions such as some, any, enough, this, that, and much.

B Below are some uncountable nouns that are frequently given in the TOEIC test.

money evidence resistance equipment information

advice furniture mail seating baggage (= luggage)

clothing access assembly news weather

machinery merchandise advertising processing permission

o TOEIC Questions Answers on page 306

1. We received some

(A) informative

(B) information

on the new production line last week.

(C) informations

(D) inform




2. Passengers who lost

their help first. (A)baggage (B)bagging

should check with the Lost-and-Found Department for

(C) baggages

(D) bagged

Compound Nouns

A Definition

A compound noun is a noun that is made up of two or more words. Most compound nouns in English are formed by nouns

modified by other nouns or adjectives.

e.g. Customer satisfaction is our priority.

B Below are some compound nouns that are frequently given in the TOEIC test.

account number insurance coverage

application form job opening

application fee marketing strategy

attendance record media coverage

communication skill opening speech

advertising strategy pay increase

bank account information price index

consumer loan product availability

customer need product recognition

customer satisfaction production facility

Customer Service Department production schedule

customs regulation profit margin

customs clearance research program

dress code policy safety precaution

employee participation safety procedure

energy efficiency safety standards

expiration date service desk

health plan shipping charge

heating equipment utility bill

hotel reservation utility charge

C Most compound nouns form the plural by adding -s/-es to the second noun.

e.g. grocery stores, seat belts, department supervisors Compound nouns with -s/-es added to the first noun:

customs declaration

savings account

Sales Department

electronics company

telecommunications company

oTOEIC Questions Answers on page 306

1. The process for the position includes an interview with the executives.

(A) applicable (C) applicants

(B) application (D) applied


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2. It will require a much shorter timesince all of the assembly linesin the factory willbe

automated as of next month.

(A) production (C) producing

(B) productive (D) produced

Hundred /Hundreds of, Thousand/Thousands of

A Quantifiers like dozen, hundred, thousand, million, billion, trillion preceding a noun will

never be in the plural form.

e.g. Three hundreds students are studying in the big classroom, (x)

Three hundred students are studying in the big classroom, (o)

В When a specific quantity is not known, expressions like hundreds of, thousands of are used.

e.g. There were two thousands of people on the street, (x)

There were thousands of people on the street, (o)

Answers on page 306

(oTOEIC Question^

1. They have spent of dollars on improving the house.

(A) thousand (C) thousands

(B) a thousand (D) two thousands

2. The Internet has of uses as a research and information tool for both untrained

amateurs and veteran computer programers.

(A) hundreds (C) sorts

(B) total (D) many

Nouns Preceded by an Article, an Adjective or a Possessive

Adjective

□ A noun comes after an article (a, an, or the), an adjective, or a possessive adjective.

foTOEIC Questions'! Дп„«»м,з»

1. We need to make every effort to maintain our customers’ in our service.

(A) confident (C) confide

(B) confidence (D) confiding

2. The author’s novels are being published with an by the new magazine Heaven Press

this spring.

(A) introduces (C) introductory

(B) introduced (D) introduction

3. Korean banks are expected to step up the important of Japanese financial institutions.

(A) acquire (C) acquired

(B) acquisitions (D) acquiring




{BD Common Nouns

I Most common nouns are usually given in the TOEIC test. It is a good idea for you to learn their forms and meanings to have

no difficulty in your actual test.

(0 TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306

1- The ______________ at the National Theater was received more enthusiastically by critics.

(A) perform (C) performers

(B) performance (D) performing

2. We are going to begin the of our new line of men’s clothing in April.

(A) produce (C) production

(B) producer (D) producing

3. While many private donors keep the office running, the most helpful ________________________________ has been the

Greenpeace Organization.

(A) contribution (C) contribute

(B) contributor (D) contributing


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Pf Frequently Tested Nouns

• The expansion of the project is expected.

• Any future correspondence should be sent.

• Extreme caution should be exercised.

• The inspection of imported meat is mandatory.

c?f mandatory = obligatory, compulsory

• Enrollment requires permission.

• the reports on anticipated operating costs

• The flight from Chicago will arrive as scheduled.

• take into account

• the application process for the position

The recommendation of the committee will be the key factor.

• The board of directors overwhelmingly approved the increase.

• the announcement made over the public-address system

• the latest economic forecast

• The upcoming film is an adaptation of the book.

• volunteers from the community

• The team consists of talented experts.

• check if we have it in stock

• the documents in duplicate

• schedule lectures on Wednesdays

• reduce the duration

• provide our relocation employees ' give us

one day’s notice

• store policy to offer a complete refund

• complete the registration process

• accept credit cards

• Travelers are advised to bring cash.

• create a warm atmosphere for clients

• have an interest in

• be proud to announce the opening

• resolve an issue

- violate rules

• recall the defective merchandise

■ issue refunds to customers

• improve productivity

• have an opportunity to read and sign

• face hardship initially

• find success

• ease air traffic congestion

• comply with the safety regulations




X,

• The consultants need accommodations.

• request a hotel closer to public transportation

• submit a request directly to the purchasing director

• develop different versions of resumes

• examine their primary goal

• reach a consensus on a proposal

• present their evaluation of the new system

• express satisfaction with

• have a rewarding discussion

• reach an agreement

• guarantee delivery in seven days

• in the beginning stage of development

• develop the security system in cooperation with

• thanks to his efforts

• We appreciate your small contribution.

• It shows a significant source of

• a revised procedure

• They offer a limited warranty.

• Its profits have risen 16 percent.

• act as temporary director

• a suitable replacement

• common influenza symptoms in older patients

• next year’s production

• address consumers’ concerns

• have a good suggestion

• in order of preference

• come to a conclusion

• focus on immediate results

• within 15 days of purchase

• taxes on certain purchases

• due to a lack of interest

• its new line of products for evaluation

• in complete agreement

• two forms of identification

• for his years of service

• in search of new merchandise

• the reason for treatment

• go through a licensing process

• rapid improvement in technology

• have no effect on car sales in the last quarter


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- be put into effect

• as a result of reductions in music licensing fees

• discuss employee benefits

• increase employee participation

» Increasing worker productivity is important.

• complete the evaluation form

accounting certification

« pay the application fee

• finish customs clearance

• fill out a customs declaration form

• heating and cooling system ’

ask for a pay increase

' pay a utility charge

• improve the production facilities

• set the safety standards

' call the maintenance office

• possess basic computer skills

The emergency equipment is frequently tested.

• Discount tickets for the concert are available.

• handle customer complaints effectively ‘ plan our

advertising strategy

• a meeting for all department supervisors

• a complete schedule and registration instructions

• to improve energy efficiency

< Conference participants will be met at the airport.

■ sales figures for the next two months

• more production problems than analysts expected

• attend an awards ceremony

• apply to an electronics company

• the special advisory committee

generate a lot of interest from the conference attendees




Adjectives

Functions & Positions of Adjectives

A Functions of adjectives

Adjectives are used to modify nouns and are necessary to make the meanings of sentences clearer or more exact.

B Positions of adjectives Q An attributive adjective comes right before the noun it modifies. e$. He gave me

some advice on a legal case.

Please choose a good book.

Q A predicate adjective follows a linking verb and modifies the subject of the linking verb. An adjective can also come after

the direct object and function as an object complement modifying that object.

e.g. The homework proves difficult for her.

His proposal made her happy.

Answers on page 306

way to convey your sense of style.

^TOEIC Questions j

1. Adding some decorations to your home is the

(A) perfect (C) perfectly

(B) perfects (D) perfection

2. The newly opened city park offers outdoor activities.

(A) numbering (C) number

(B) numerously (D) numerous

3. It is a very method of heating the building.

(A) economy (C) economist

(B) economical (D) economies

4. The Korean movie was a wonderful film but not exactly a success.

(A) financial (C) finance

(B) financially (D) finances

5. He was so that they offered him the position after the interview.

(A) impress (C) impressive

(B) impression (D) impressing

Ï1

Post-Positive Adjectives

I Post-positive adjectives are adjectives that follow the nouns they modify. Below are some

common adjectives that come after nouns.

alive

alike

alone

afraid

asleep

possible

aware

available

drunk

e.g. She was the most important pianist alive. Man

shall not live by bread alone.


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PTOEIC Questions} Answers on page 306

1. The shareholders voted against the chairman.

(A) presenting (C) presence

(B) present (D) presents

2. The construction companies are advertising luxury apartments for successful young

executives. (A) valid (C) liable

(B) responsible (D) available

QE99 Predicative Adjectives

□ A predicative adjective follows a linking verb and modifies the subject of the linking verb.

Q Predicative adjectives follow such linking verbs as be, rise, lie, stand, run, hang, remain, stay, seem,

become, get, grow, come, go, fall, turn.

e.g. Your daughter is pretty.

The national economy still remains unstable.

The long-term loans for small businesses are running short.

Their security system seems reliable.

a Predicative adjectives follow such verbs of perception as look, sound, taste, smell, feel. e.g. The new

project sounds applicable.

QTOEIC Questions) An,.,.»»,«.®

1. Exercising regularly is a key way for you to stay

(A) health (C) healthily

(B) healthy (D) be healthy

2. Employees who are working in the field of semiconductors have to remain to survive

in the tough job market. (A) competition (C) compete

(B) competitively (D) competitive

3. In the field of marketing, it is to developa variety of ways to communicate with clients.

(A) advice (C) advise

(B) advisable (D) advisor

Quantity Adjectives

Adjectives showing the quantity of nouns or pronouns are called quantity adjectives.

A Below are quantity adjectives that precede countable nouns.

many a number of a great many a large number of

several various a variety of few (*few - fewer - fewest)

a few quite a few




B Below are quantity adjectives that precede uncountable nouns.

much a large amountof a great deal of a little

little (»little - less - least)

C Below are quantity adjectives that precede both countable nouns and uncountable nouns.

a lot of lots of

(oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306

1. I went to America last year, and I had problems there because of the language.

(A) little (C) a little

(B) a few (D) much

2. The smaller companies are successful than last year because there are new

regulations that are of great advantage to big companies. (A) few (C) fewer

(B) little (D) less

3. The company received suggestions from the workers.

(A) much (C) a large number of

(B) little (D) a good deal

Q5B The Adjectives High /Low & Large/Small

A Below are nouns that are often preceded by the adjective HIGH or LOW.

cost price rate fare

speed wage standard

Csf objects or things: expensive, inexpensive, cheap B Below are nouns that are often

preceded by the adjective LARGE or SMALL.

salary sale amount income

number family profit change

(oJOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306

1. The price at the store was very , so Idecidedto go to another place across the street.

(A) expensive (C) large

(B) high (D) little

2. Orders for raw materials from construction companies in South America have decreased to a

much level than before since there were many obstacles. (A) less (C) lower

(B) fewer (D) smaller


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QS99 Confusing Adjectives

■ Below are pairs of adjectives that easily cause confusion about their forms and meanings.

considerable considerate

economic economical

successful successive

responsible responsive

sensible sensitive

industrious industrial

healthy healthful

satisfactory satisfied

impressive impressed

jo TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306

1. Korea is expected to increase its assistance to third-world countries because it

considers its relationships with them to be very important. (A) economical (C) economically

(B) economic (D) economy

2. The young executive has an important role at thecompany,and all of his

superiors

believe that he can deal with this large acquisition. (A) successive (C) successful

(B) succession (D) success

3. A number of people attended the event held by the government.

(A) considerate (C) considerable

(B) comprehensive (D) conceivable

QEESB Common Expressions with Adjectives

□ Below are some common expressions with adjectives that are often found in the TOEIC test.

be absent from be eligible + (to do sth)

be accustomed to + (sth/doing sth) be eligible for + (sth)

be acquainted with be emphatic about

be based on be familiar to + (sb)

be bound + (to do sth) be familiar with + (sth)

be commensurate with be ignorant of [about]

be committed to + (sth/doing sth) be responsible for + (sb/sth)

be concerned for [about, with] be qualified for

be conscious of + (sth/doing sth) be subject to

be consistent with be suitable for + (sth/sb)




—(ÔTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306

1. Ail employees will soon be _____ ___________ for membership at the sports complex in the city.

(A) illegible (C) eligible

(B) permissible (D) allowable

2. The production manager was extremely concerned ___________________________ the production system.

(A) about (C) from

(B) to (D) in

‘Q5SS9' Adjectives Ending in -ly

I Below are some common adjectives ending in -ly that are often found in the TOEIC test.

likely unlikely friendly costly timely

silly lovely yearly monthly weekly

daily manly womanly orderly

e.g. It is costly furniture for a student.

We are likely to meet the deadline.

• likely most nearly means probably

(o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306

1. The new fashion for this fall which has set a trend is ______________________ __ to continue until the end of the year.

(A) seemed (C) likely

(B) potential (D) safety

2. The raw discs are to sell for $10 or less.

(A) like (C) cost

(B) likely (D) costly

3. All of the members have to take part in the meeting in order to build an community.

(A) order (C) orderly

(B) cost (D) costly

Participles Used as Adjectives

■ Below are some common present and past participles used as adjectives.

exciting tired qualifying

interesting pleased overwhelming

boring experienced challenging

disappointing excited surprised

embarrassing interested concerned

confusing bored dedicated

working impressed


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l#'-

Ä? Frequently Tested Adjectives

be more efficient be critical of customers be eligible to enter the

contest be called progressive be emphatic about be convenient

for

be accessible to the public

Ccf have access to the data

be optimistic about

be as reliable as others

be valid for one year

be secured in a safe place

be reluctant to invest

feel insecure about the current economy

become the strongest force

customers are responsible for

All passengers should be considerate of others.

prove to be profitable

It is essential that

The research remains confidential. = be kept confidential The schedule is

still considered tentative Materials are readily available.

The documents were illegible.

The packaging is not adequate.

remain aware of rapidly changing technology

feel less apprehensive about

the accepted regulations

innovative products

a difficult case

in a timely manner

a rival faction

a broad knowledge of

a bold and original design

both informative and interesting

protective clothing

substantial savings

substantial pay increases

a financial success

probable investors




• considerable time

• for a nominal fee

• a satisfactory wage level

• the fiscal year

• in the foreseeable future

• existing equipment

• bring a disposable camera

• express their unanimous support

• present persuasive arguments

• expect marginal interest

• need a secretarial service

• give sufficient time

• send the relevant document

• set manageable goals

• remove every stored item

• arrive in damaged condition

• features the most extensive selection

• discuss additional approaches

• seek interested individuals

• use genuine и Electronics accessories

• increase its entire product line

• receive outstanding service

• deserve special recognition

• register for the annual conference

• improved customer relations

• known for his regular editorial column

• solve accidental construction problems

• an expansive view

• a chemical composition

• specific information

• a noticeable effect

• a critical review

• secondary effects of environmental pollution

• a formal dinner

• economic growth

• his local supporters

• a physical fitness program

• most extensive systems

Part 5 Ị Unit 2 Nouns, Adjectives & Adverbs 53

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• applicable sales tax

• carefully screened companies

• the most highly regarded people

• for a limited time

• inaccurate and questionable information

• a valuable reference

• a viable alternative

• a poor performance

• following an unprecedented rise

• an original carton

• an instructional video

• a discount fare for longer routes

• an ideal place

• surrounding cities

• the property of their respective authors

• colorful fireworks displays

• numerous outdoor activities




Adverbs

f

Functions & Positions of Adverbs

A Functions: Adverbs are words that modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

B Positions: Adverbs may come in different positions in a sentence.

Q We have had an extremely good year, (before an adjective)

Q Unfortunately, we will not be receiving a prize, (at the beginning of a sentence)

B We finally reached a firm decision, (before a verb)

Q The man shook his hands violently, (at the end of a sentence)

Qj The water leakage problem is now totally under control, (before a prepositional phrase)

foTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 306

1, Whenever you have a chance to give a talk in front of a large congregation, be sure to speak

while looking at the audience.

(A) clearly (C) cleaning

(B) cleanness (D) cleaned

2. Before starting to use the device, make sure that the batteries are inserted

(A) correct (C) correctly

P correction (D) correctness

3. Ms. Sandra

was

miss meetings. (A) evident

(B) evidently

not notified about the meeting because she is very careful never to

(C) evidential

(D) evidence

4. Good communication between professors and assistants is

science project. (A) extreme (C) extremeness

(B) extremely (D) extremity

important for the new

Already, Yet & Still

A Already is used in positive statements for saying that a situation started to exist before now or

before a particular time in the past.

have + already + p.p.

e.g. I have already finished the report.

Yet is used in negative statements and questions for talking or asking about something that has

not happened or is not true at a particular time but will probably happen or be true in the future.

have not + yet + p.p.; have + Subject + p.p. + yet?


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e.g. Have you finished the report yet?

I have not yet finished the report.

C Still is used in positive statements for saying that a situation continues to exist up to a particular

time.

e.g. We still request assistance from the authority.

They were still cleaning the house when the guests started to arrive.

(o TOEIC Questions)

1. They have not

again soon. (A) yet

(B) still

Answers on page 3

made a decision about the handbook, but they are going to discuss it

(C) already

(D) soon

2. We expected the package to be delivered early this morning, but it is almost 3 P.M., and we are waiting for it to arrive. (A) once (C) next

(B) still (D) until

3. The engineers

(A) yet

(B) still

fulfilled the clients’ requests for larger display screens.

(C) already

(D) ever

Confusing Adverbs

A hard/hardly e.g. Steve works hard.

Steve hardly works.

B near/nearly e.g. The deadline is drawing near.

The room had been nearly empty all day.

C late/lately e.g. I had to work late yesterday.

I've been feeling ill lately.

D high/highly e.g. He can jump very high.

The book is highly recommended.

E clear/clearly e.g. Stand clear of the doors, please.

You have to pronounce it clearly.




o TOEIC Questions Answers on page 306

1. The student who is taking the famous lecturer’s class studies very and is always at

the school library. (A) hardly (C) hard

(B) lately (D) clearly

2. By the end of the day, all of the orders had been shipped.

(A) near (C) hard

(B) nearly (D) hardly

3. This software is very easy to use and requires any maintenance.

(A) hardly (C) highly

(B) quite (D) clear

Very & Much

A Very is an adverb preceding an adjective to modify it.

e.g. It was very cold, but we went shopping.

B Much is an adverb preceding a comparative adjective to modify it.

e.g. Our prices are much lower than any other store’s.

<Jf much too + adjective (much modifies the adverb too).

-> The box is much too heavy for students to lift.

o TOEIC Questions

Answers on page 306

1. The prices of this year’s new smartphones are higher than last year’s.

(A) too (C) so

(B) very (D) much

2. Our office space is now small because we have more employees than in the past.

(A) too little (C) too much

(B) little too (D) much too

Too & Enough

A too + adjective + to-infinitive is used to express the idea of so much of a particular quality that something is not possible.

B adjective + enough + to-infinitive is used for saying that someone or something is as good, big, fast, etc. as necessary, or

does something as much as is necessary. e.g. I couldn’t get close enough to see properly.

Note: A to-infinitive phrase, not a gerund phrase, must be used in these two structures.

^The storage room was big enough to fit all of the items, (o)

The storage room was big enough for fitting all of the items, (x)


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o T0EIC Questions Answers on page 306

1. The new project suggested by the consulting company involves attractive to

potential buyers. (A) so (C) almost

(B) very (D) too

much risk to be

2. The design is not good

(A) too little

(B) a lot

EHBB Always

to be presented to the client.

(C) too much

(D) enough

, Ever, Never & Hardly ever 7

A Always is used in positive statements. e.g. He’s always been kind to me.

B Ever

Q used in negative statements: He’s not ever been very kind to you.

Q) used in if-clauses: If he ever behaves badly toward you, let me know.

Q used in comparisons: It’s the finest dress I’ve ever seen.

C Never is usually used in the perfect tenses and put between the verb have and past participle of the

main verb. e.g. He’s never been kind to me.

D Hardly ever is used in positive statements and means "almost never”. e.g. He’s hardly ever kind.

,o TOEIC Questions)

1. This new vending machine is very reliable and

(A) hardly (C) much

(B) just (D) nearly

Answers on page 306 ever needs repairs or

maintenance.

2. He’s been punctual since he started working for the firm.

(A) ever (C) always

(B) hardly (D) hard




w, m

I Frequently Tested Adverbs

B Adverbs that come after verbs

■ speak clearly

• reflect periodically on the approach

• compete strategically in a highly competitive market

• reduce one’s expenses significantly

• rely solely on labor cost cutting

• rely heavily on

• The economy is growing rapidly.

I • have yet to finalize a timetable

• examine the goal thoughtfully

• handle customer complaints effectively

• operate more efficiently

• begin promptly at 2:30

• start immediately after the talk by the vice president

• check carefully prior to publication

• test frequently

• react calmly

• report orders directly to headquarters

• work cooperatively

• be received more enthusiastically by critics

• be very difficult to use efficiently

• make cash withdrawals frequently

B Adverbs that come before verbs

• narrowly miss the deadline

• The reporter promptly wrote it down.

• The request expressly states that

• The directors overwhelmingly approved an increase.

• realistically expect

• correctly predict

• ultimately reach 20 people

• carefully prepared for the presentations

• accurately account for

• initially remove it from

• eventually need to be modernized


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□ Adverbs that come between be and a past participle

• be strictly limited

• be not yet estimated

• be accurately estimated

• be securely closed

• be strongly encouraged to take advantage of be

recently promoted

• be typically determined by a department head

• be skillfully constructed

• be widely advertised

• be clearly posted be

just released

• be securely anchored to

• be conveniently located

- be cordially invited

• be strictly prohibited

• be promptly answered be

voluntarily recalled

• be closely matched

' be finally distributed to all staff members

• be severely reprimanded

• be happily employed at

• be concurrently developed be

separately made

• be gracefully executed

• be only minimally impacted during the construction

□ Adverbs that modify adjectives

- The stock investment seemed relatively safe.

• an exceptionally sharp rise in the cost

• an increasingly popular item

• unfairly raised rent

• significantly more positive

• unless items are particularly small

60 PRIME T0E1C READING



TOEIC Practice Nouns, Adjectives & Adverbs

1. The president and I couldn’t focus on the

bid proposal due to interrup

tions by other managers.

(A) frequent

(B) frequently

(C) frequencies

(D) frequency

2. The commission began an into

Harper LLC after it was found that they had violated

accepted accounting principles.

(A) investigator

(B) investigate

(C) investigation

(D) investigative

3. The ship’s captain accepts full

for any mishaps that may occur during the voyage.

(A) responsibly

(B) responsible

(C) responsibility

(D) responsiveness

4. For a department to be successful, managers must

find new ways to mo

tivate their employees to do their utmost.

(A) continue

(B) continually

(C) continuing

(D) continued

5. Punctuality is but one essential characteristic of any

publisher working under deadlines.

(A) tight

(B) tightly

(C) tighten

(D) tightness

6. Despite the promises that Giant Shipping had made,

the distributors were obviously

about signing the new

contracts.

(A) hesitant

(B) hesitancy

(C) hesitantly

(D) hesitation

7. We have only a few hours in which to make

a of final candidates for the

position.

(A) select

(B) selective

(C) selection

(D) selectively

8. Our field manager has very strong

to the company’s plan to lay off thirty percent of his

inspection staff.

(A) objections

(B) objects

(C) objectives

(D) objected

9. The panel has asked us to draw up a list of

measures that might be considered

when addressing the problem.

(A) specifying

(B) specification

(C) specify

(D) specific

10. As it turned out, the Marketing Team did not forecast

last quarter’s sales figures very

(A) predictably

(B) accurately

(C) thoroughly

(D) agreeably

11. Rachel couldn’t bear the thought of wasting

money, so she adhered to a

budget that allowed her to look only for things on

sale.

(A) scarcely

(B) ever

(C) always

(D) rarely

12. All of the work done here is valuable; how

ever, every year Arcon Labs likes to recognize

important made by individ

uals.

(A) contribution

(B) contributions

(C) contributing

(D) contributes


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13. Donald’s credit history was not

so the bank was cautious about loaning him the money

he asked for.

(A) favor

(B) favorably

(C) favorite

(D) favorable

14. In spite of the low interest rates, Sheila

tried to find a better deal on a

mortgage.

(A) ever

(B) never

(C) always

(D) often

15. Both 3-day and 5-day tour are

available at affordable rates throughout the year with the

Sierra Hiking Association.

(A) option

(B) options

(C) optional

(D) optionally

16. The musical with colorful costumes and beautiful songs

performed by students from Madison Elementary

delighted audiences of

ages.

(A) all

(B) mostly

(C) the most

(D) almost

17. Companies seek employees with more

successful job experience because they are able to

exhibit in the work

place.

(A) leader

(B) leading

(C) leadership

(D) a leader

18. Our manager has mentioned that

the current room rates would be quotable only until the

end of the month.

(A) just

(B) before

(C) soon

(D) yet

19. Experts explain that a in the

prime interest rate has a strong impact on the stock

market.

(A1) rise

(B) raise

(C) rising

(D) raised

20. When the plan was established,

its design automatically allocated a substantial

portion of all contributions to older workers.

(A) pensions

(B) pensioned

(C) pensioner

(D) pension

21. every teacher we interviewed seemed to think that it

was impossible to adjust to the new methods.

(A) Virtual

(B) Virtually

(C) To be virtual

(D) Being virtual

22. The director will be meeting with the architects to

discuss the of building

a new wing onto the branch office.

(A) prospect

(B) prospecting

(C) prospective

(D) prospectively

23. For product sales to rebound to their previous

of last year, we will have to

cut costs and increase advertising.

(A) high

(B) highly

(C) height

(D) be high

24. The presence of a wisdom tooth was not

until the dentist started to

examine the patient.

(A) evidence

(B) evident

(C) evidently

(D) evidentially




25. Customers using the two-for-one coupons for

Hairbrite Shampoo will be limited to four bottles per

(A) purchase

(B) purchases

(C) purchasing

(D) purchased

26. Construction noise outside the building

proved to workers in the office.

(A) disturb

(B) disturbing

(C) disturbance

(D) disturbingly

27. We have about serving food

and alcohol in the museum.

(A) regulate

(B) regulation

(C) regulations

(D) regulatory

28. At the job interview, the last applicant

responded to the question quite

than we had expected.

(A) differ

(B) difference

(C) different

(D) differently

29. Studies have found that smokers are twice

as as nonsmokers to suffer

from heart diseases.

(A) like

(B) much

(C) likely

(D) often

30. The video game they were selling at the

auction site had sold well that

they decided to open a store.

(A) too

(B) so

(C) much

(D) enough

31. It was reported this morning that because

oil prices are too high, inflation has risen to its highest

level in ten years.

(A) hardly

(B) well

(C) ever

(D) nearly

32. Among the sponsors commit

ted to making this year’s event a success are

Hanley’s Fish Market, Arbor Hardware, and WKRD.

(A) ever

(B) yet

(C) shortly

(D) already

33. Due to low participation, the fundraising

event was successful than last

year.

(A) fewer

(B) little

(C) enough

(D) less

34. To remain , we should continu

ously introduce innovative products to the market.

(A) compete

(B) competition

(C) competitive

(D) compatible

35. Rising unemployment is one of the items

that will be under at the sym

posium.

(A) discuss

(B) discussing

(C) discussed

(D) discussion

36. Several staff members reacted

to management’s decision to hire more part-time

employees.

(A) strong

(B) strongest

(C) strongly

(D) be strong

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37. General Shipping signed a purchasing

with Common Wealth, Inc. ten years ago

and has enjoyed a prosperous relationship with them

since then.

(A) agree

(B) agreed

(C) agreeing

(D) agreement

38. One couldn’t ask for a more advertising campaign

than what Nortel Music had last year.

(A) excite

(B) excited

(C) exciting

(D) excitement

39. This certificate is recognized as

the minimum requirement for being able to work as a

freelance computer technician.

(A) general

(B) generally

(C) generality

(D) generalized

40. Some critics contend that the most needed

is to reduce management costs.

(A) revise

(B) revision

(C) revisable

(D) to revise

PRIME TOEIC READING


3 Pronouns & Determiners

Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun and refers to a specific person or thing.

Below is the table showing all kinds of pronouns in English.

Number Person Subject pronoun Object pronoun Possessive pronoun Reflexive pronoun

First 1 j me mine myself

Singular - Second you you yours yourself

Third he, she, it him, her, it 1 his, hers himself, herself, itself

First we us ours ourselves

Plural Second you you yours yourselves

Third they them theirs themselves

gggSSIUU Subject /Object /Possessive Pronouns

A Subject pronouns

A subject pronoun is used as the subject of a sentence. e.g. He is my teacher, (subject)

B Object pronouns An object pronoun is used as the object of a verb or a preposition. e.g. I love him, (object)

C Possessive pronouns

A possessive pronoun is used to substitute a noun phrase that indicates a possession relation. e.g. This is your car and that is

hers.

He’s a friend of mine.

— --------- ; -------- s Answers on page306

joTOEIC Questions)

1. Most banks charge clients a fee whenever they cash a check.

(A) they (C) them

(B) their (D) theirs

2. The sales manager went to Europe for a business trip after delivering proposal to the

board of directors. (A) he (C) him

(B) his (D) himself

3. In full consideration of his workers, Mr. Alan, the president of the company, has offered higher salaries and better

incentives. (A) themselves (C) them

(B) theirs (D) they

U n i t

Part 5 | Unit 3 Pronouns & Determiners 65

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4. Job applicants should be punctual if want to have a good interview.

(A) they (C) theirs

(B) their (D) them

Noun-Pronoun Agreement

□ A pronoun must agree with the noun it replaces.

^TOEIC QueStiÖns) Answers onpage

306

1. ________________________________________________ The company wants to improve „ productivity.

(A) their (C) they

(B) it (D) its

2. Workers are required to report to supervisor by 6:30 P.M.

(A) his (C) their

(B) its (D) our

3. While large companies are struggling to survive the competition, many small companies are

desperately trying to keep doors open to the public as well. (A) it (C) they

(B) its (D) their

Reflexive Pronouns

A A reflexive pronoun is formed by adding the suffix -self lor -selves in a plural form) to an object

pronoun or a possessive adjective.

It is used to show that the object of the verb is the same person or thing as the subject of the sentence. It is also used to

emphasize the subject of the action.

e.g. He looked at himself in the mirror, (object - the same person as the subject)

The boys are old enough to look after themselves, (object - the same person as the subject) The job itself is not bad,

but the salary is poor, (emphasizing the subject)

B Common expressions with reflexive pronouns

for oneself (= on one’s own; for one’s own sake) by oneself (=

alone) of itself (= spontaneously)

beside oneself (= unable to control oneself because of some strong emotion) in spite of oneself (=

without intending or expecting to do somehitng) to oneself (= exclusively)

(oTOElC Questions) Answers on page 306

1. On the opening day of the new plaza, the mayor will be there to welcome everyone.

(A) he (C) him

(B) his (D) himself




2. Ordering without checking the inventory, we supplied year.

(A) us (C) them

(B) ours (D) ourselves

3. She prefers to travel throughout the country by __________________

that gives her more free time.

(A) she (C) herself

(B) her (D) hers

with enough labels to last a

rather than on a group tour because

Possessive Case

I The possessive case is formed by adding -’s to a singular noun or -s’ to a plural noun.

It is generally used to indicate a relation of ownership or association with a person, rather than a thing.

•Possessive case: noun’s/nouns’ + noun

• Possessive pronouns: mine, hers, his, ours, yours, theirs

{oTOEIC Questions)

1. The computers that are in need of upgrades are the manager’s and

(A) I (C) me

(B) my (D) mine

2. Ms. Davis believes that the bag Mr. Thompson found is

visually.

(A) she (C) hers

(B) her (D) herself

Answers on page 306

, but she needs to confirm it

Determiners

Another, Other(s) & The Other(s)

A Another is a general determiner coming before a singular noun to refer to an additional person or

thing. e.g. another project, another conference; Would you like another glass of wine?

B The plural form of another is other which is a determiner followed by a plural noun.

e.g. He doesn’t like other people interfering; She invited all her other friends.

Others is a plural pronoun which means other persons or things:

e.g. Some systems are better than others; They’d rather have others, not these.

C The other is a singular pronoun and the others is its plural form.

e.g. He swerved from one side of the road to the other; Have you told the others?; Take these and leave the others.


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It is easier to understand the meanings of these by looking at the table of summary below.

One..., the other... (the remaining one in a group of two of which one has been specified) One..., the others... (the

remaining ones in a group of more than two of which one has been specified)

One..., others... (different ones from those specified or understood)

One..., another... (an additional one)

D Common expressions

Each other (each member of a pair does something to or for the other one)

One another (each member of a group of more than two does something to or for the other ones) One after the other

(continuously; without interruption)

One after another (used for saying that actions are done or things happen with very little time between them)

jOTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 307

1. A member of your staff quoted me a price of $25, but told me it was $35.

(A) other (C) either

(B) another (D) any

2. Among the three suggestions, two are unrealistic, but will be on the agenda for the next

conference. (A) other (C) others

(B) another (D) the other

3. While Mr. Sanders wanted to attend another lecture at the conference, wanted to

take a short break. (A) any (C) another

(B) either (D) the others

4. We gathered into groups to discuss our situations and to learn from

(A) one another (C) one other

(B) another (D) others

Both, Neither & Either

A Both is used to refer to two people or things, regarded and identified together. e.g. We need an accountant and a designer. Both will be hired as regular workers.

B Neither means not one nor the other of two people or things; not either. e.g. Neither

Sean nor Tom can drive.

C Either: one or the other of two * A singular verb follows either.

e.g. Either of them is able to do the job capably.




yOTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 307

1, Mr. Nelson and Ms. Lee are eligible for retirement, but of them isplanningto quit

working.

(A) both (C) neither

(B) all (D) either

2. of these two applicants is qualified to serve as a distributor for the new product line.

(A) Either (C) Both

(B) All (D) Any

Most vs- Almost

A Most means the largest part of something, or the majority of people or things. When coming

before a noun, it is a determiner; when coming before "of the/possessive”, it is a pronoun. e.g. Most

business meetings are held at the company’s Bristol office. Johnson spent most of his life in London.

B Almost means nearly but not completely. It is an adverb, so there cannot be a combination like

"almost + noun" or "almost of the + noun”. It can occur in the expressions "almost all (of) the +

noun”, "almost anyone”, "almost every day", etc.

The examples below can help you easily understand the uses and the meanings of these two confusing words.

= Most members in the meeting room can speak English.

= Most of the members in the meeting room can speak English.

= Almost all the members in the meeting room can speak English.

= Almost all of the members in the meeting room can speak English.

ioTQEIC Questions) Answers on page307

1. all of the members were for higher wages and increased benefits, but the floor managers were

against them. (A) Most (C) The most

(B) Almost (D) Mostly

2. In Korea, it is a growing concern that of the intelligent students avoid entering

engineering departments. (A) the most (C) mostly

(B) almost (D) most

3. Although some small magazine companies are funded by nonprofit organizations, publications rely on

advertising revenue.

(A) the most (C) almost

(B) most (D) mostly


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Some & Any

A Some: some, somebody, someone, and something are used in positive statements. e.g. I have

some money.

B Any: any, anybody, anyone, and anything are used in negative statements and questions. e.g. Do you have any money?

I don’t have any money.

C Exceptions:

Q Any is used in positive statements when it is not important which person or thing is chosen. e.g. Any students can use the

books.

a Some is used in questions to offer somebody something to eat or drink. e.g. Would you like some milk?


1. Do you have information on the financial condition of that construction company?

(A) some (C) more some

(B) any (D) somewhat

2. The personnel manager will be happy to handle questions that you might have.

(A) something (C) somebody

(B) any (D) anybody

3. The participants didn’t have any water left, but other people gave them

(A) another (C) some

(B) other (D) any

4. After a long walk in the field, the event participants wanted to drink cold.

(A) something (C) somebody

(B) any (D) anybody

BBS This/These & That /Those

□ This and its plural form these, that and its plural form those are both determiners (followed by a noun) and demonstrative

pronouns (without a following noun). Especially, those is often used when you are referring to a particular group of people or

things.

P TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 307

1. This particular wrapping paper will distinguish our products from of other stores.

(A) those (C) that

(B) these (D) this

2. Not only our marketing members but also in other departments are welcome to join

the party on April 5. (A) this (C) these

(B) that (D) those




A No is a determiner used for saying that there is not even one person or thing.

e.g. There was no hospital in the town.

B Not is an adverb used for making negatives.

e.g. He would not listen to anything she said.

C None is a pronoun meaning not one of a group of people or things, or no amount of something.

e.g. I asked for some more cake, but there was none left.

It can be followed by “of”.

e.g. None of my friends will help me.


1. The product that we ordered yesterday has arrived yet, and it is already afternoon.

(A) no (C) none

(B) not (D) often

2. Rachel’s credit history was favorable, so the bank was cautious about lending her

money. (A) not (C) just

(B) no (D) none

3. I had hoped that James would have some news on market trends, but, unfortunately, he had

(A) no (C) not

(B) none (D) any

A Each and every are both determiners. In case there are more than two objects, either of the two may be used.

e.g. He wanted each /every item on the catalogue.

There is a bathroom in each/every room.

B There are differences between the two:

1. Each is used when there are two objects; here every is not used. e.g. He wore

multiple bracelets on each hand (note: singular noun).

There were two of them. They each carried backpacks, and each backpack (note: singular noun) contained invaluable

souvenirs.

2. Each can be used as a pronoun, but every cannot. Note the difference between the following sentences:

e.g. Each /Every student has his own textbook.

Each of the students has his own textbook.

Part 5 j Unit 3 Pronouns & Determiners 71

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3. With adverbs such as practically, nearly, almost, only every is used. In the following sentences, every cannot be replaced by

each. e.g. She knew practically every detail of his daily routine.

Nearly every fruit on the cart was spoilt.

U . Every is used to refer to repeated, regular events, as in the following cases: e.g. We meet every so often.

I get a health check-up done every six months.

I had to take a water break after every other set.

In the above examples and any similar instances, each cannot be used, every two days [each two days (x)] every other

month [each other month (x)]


1. The Olive Tree Café is open break. (A) every

(B) all

weekday and provides a friendly setting for a lunchtime

(C) each

(D) some

2.

(A) Every

(B) Each

of the workers must punch his own timecard at the beginning and the end of his shift.

(C) All

(D) Both




TOEIC Practice Pronouns & Determiners

1. The members of the planning committee

suggested that proposal to re

duce costs by just 10% was the most practical.

(A) they

(B) them

(C) their

(D) theirs

2. Requests by individuals researching their

family history outnumber for

any other type of information we carry in our

database.

(A) their

(B) they

(C) them

(D) those

3. Some of our chefs have multiple ways to

improve a dish’s flavor without compromising quality,

but of them still

draw on traditional methods.

(A) most

(B) mostly

(C) almost

(D) the most

4. The government will penalize taxpayers

who try to evade paying fair

share of taxes.

(A) its

(B) them

(C) their

(D) themselves

5. Although I disagreed with the decision, it was

understandable that our company gave

a full refund for the damaged

product.

(A) her

(B) hers

(C) she

(D) herself

6. can take books out of a public library, but there is a

limit on the number.

(A) Somebody

(B) Nobody

(C) None

(D) Anybody

7. As our customer agents now have access to your

account, please feel free to contact

with any further inquiries.

(A) they

(B) them

(C) their

(D) those

8. The City Art Center initiated a music class

specially designed for who like

country and western music.

(A) this

(B) these

(C) that

(D) those

9. Analysts will compare the anticipated sales

results with previously project

ed by the Marketing Division.

(A) them

(B) they

(C) those

(D) themselves

10. is critical to be aware of legal

issues at the planning stage so as to avoid confusion

during the design stages.

(A) That

(B) Which

(C) Those

(D) It


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U n i t

This unit will help you revise the three forms of comparison: comparison of equality, comparatives, and superlatives.

HB Superlatives

□ We can use superlative adjectives when talking about three or more things (not two things). Below are the structures that often

go with the superlative form.

Forms:

short adi.-est in (ti- the + ^+ noun +

most + long adj. ever

of all (the) + plural noun in

(the) + singular noun

(that) + Subject + have/has ever + past participle

e.g. Henry is the kindest boy in the class.

This is the best restaurant I have ever been to in the city. She is the most

beautiful girl ever.

She is the most beautiful girl I have ever met.

(oTOEIC Questions)

1. I have been told that yesterday was the

(A) colder (C) coldest

(B) cold (D) more cold

Answers on page 307

day of the year.

2. The new office building which is being built is much

(A) big (C) biggest

(B) bigger (D) more big

than ours.

3. Oil prices rose to their

problems in the Middle East.

(A) high

(B) highest

levels in years as reserves decreased because of the political

(C) higher

(D) more high

||| 99 Comparatives

□ When we talk about two things (not three or more things), we can compare them by using comparative adjectives to

describe the differences.

Forms:

short adj.-er + than ~ more

+ long adj. + than less +

adj. + than ~ .




e.g. Mr. Thompson is two inches taller than Mr. Johnson. She is more

beautiful than her sister.

He is less diligent than he once was.

Answers on page 307 —(o TOEIC Questions)

1. His argument was practical than that of his boss.

(A) far (C) more

(B) most (D) as

2. Elaine’s information about the surrounding area is more helpful that of the local real

estate agent. (A) like (C) as

(B) although (D) than

Parallelism in Comparisons

l In sentences of comparison, the two components compared must be grammatically the same or similar in their construction.

e.g. It is better to be honest than to try to obtain favors through deception.

(o~rOEiC^Question?j Answers on page 307

1. Being polite to the customers is more important than as many products as possible.

(A) to sell (C) sell

(B) selling (D) sold

2. Mr. Lee’s immediate supervisor says that it is better to go to headquarters than to the

president. (A) report (C) reporting

(B) reported (D) to report

The Article The in Superlatives

■ The article the is normally used in the superlative structure. A possessive adjective or -’s may sometimes be used in place

of the.

e.g. The Antarctic icecap is the largest source of fresh water in the world.

His best essay was read aloud to all his classmates.

(oTOEl CQue stlonsj Answers on page 307

1. Of all the candidates, Dr. Roberts has the support from the voters.

(A) stronger (C) more strongly

(B) strongest (D) most strongly

2. Tourists from all over the world think the Grand Canyon is America’s natural treasure.

(A) great (C) greatest

(B) greater (D) more great

Part 5 | Unit 4 Comparisons 75

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3. As the best salesman at the company, John received the bonus among the

entire

sales force.

(A) big (C) biggest

(B) bigger (D) more big

4. There will be an art exhibition of his works at the Glorious Gallery beginning this

Monday.

(A) more recent (C) more recently

(B) most recent (D) most recently

The Article The in Comparatives

□ As a rule, the article the is never used in the comparative structure, but in the following examples, the does exist.

the + comparative

• the + comparative ~, the + comparative

e.g. The longer a sermon is, the less effective it is.

The more, the better.

• (all) the + comparative + prepositional phrase of reason: :

e.g. I like him all the better for his kindness. j

• S + V + the + comparative + of the two (+ plural noun) = Of the two (+ plural noun) + S + !

V + the + comparative ;

e.g. Tom is the taller of the two (boys). = Of the two (boys), Tom is the taller. i

tpTOEIC Questions)

1. The higher the altitude is, the

(A) low

(B) lower

Answers on page 307

the temperature is.

(C) lowest

(D) more low

2. you live to a city, the more expensive your cost of living will be.

(A) The closer (C) Closer

(B) The closest (D) Closest

3. The more customers complained, the the sales manager became.

(A) most unpleasant (C) more unpleasant

(B) unpleasant (D) more unpleasantly

4. Of the two candidates, the board members chose

(A) better (C) best

(B) the better (D) good

one for the post.




Other Forms of Comparatives

l Besides the usual forms of comparatives, there are other forms as follows.

prior to superior to inferior to

senior to junior to prefer A to B

(sf anterior posterior

e.g. His rank is superior to mine.

She is a woman inferior to none in unselfish service.

yQTOEIC Questions)

1. Her score is to mine because she studied very hard for the final exam

(A) superior (C) senior

(B) prefer (D) inferior

2. to the final exam, we have to hand in our term papers.

(A) Early (C) Ahead

(B) Prefer (D) Prior

3. Surprisingly, the oldest member of the staff is 5 years junior me.

(A) than (C) for

(B) as (D) to

Answers on page 307

Comparison of Equality

A If two things are equal in some way, we can use a comparison of equality.

Form:

as + adjective/adverb + as

B As a rule, an adjective is used if the sentence contains the verb be or linking verbs such as

get, become, stay, remain, seem. An adverb is used if the sentence contains action verbs such

as sing, kick, write, draw, talk.

e.g. She is as beautiful as her cousin.

He is as honest as a priest.

He writes it as carefully as he can.

She studies as well as her cousin.

{oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 307

as the new one. 1. The old copy machine was not as

(A) fast (C) fastest

(B) faster (D) more faster

2. Some people say that living near a nuclear power plant is as

factory. (A) dangerous (C) more danger

(B) dangerously (D) more dangerously

as living near a chemical


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3. I wrote the application as asI could, but I made so many mistakes.

(A) careful (C) more careful

(B) carefully (D) more carefully

Modifiers for Comparatives and Superlatives

A Below are some adverbs that are used to modify the comparative structure.

much far even still a lot a little considerably significantly

e.g. I speak English much better than she.

B Below are some words or phrases that are used to modify the superlative structure.

much very by far far and away possible single

e.g. This is the very lowest price.

He wanted to get the best possible result from it.

(5T0EIC0u«tos'l A™»»««.«-

1. The computer we saw at the shop was cheaper than we had expected.

(A) a lot (C) very

(B) the very (D) more

2. The prices of this year’s new laptop computers are much than last year’s.

(A) high (C) highest

(B) higher (D) highly

3. Eric drove very to the conference hall in Minneapolis, but he arrived too late.

(A) fast (C) fastest

(B) more fast (D) faster

QBB Fixed Expressions of Comparatives and Superlatives

A Expressions of comparatives

no more than = only no later than = by

no longer rather than

more or less for the better / worse

what is worse

B Expressions of superlatives

at (the) least at the latest / earliest

at the earliest convenience do one’s best (= utmost)

to the last to the best of my knowledge




{oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 307

1. You must submit the report no than this weekend.

(A) rather

(B) latter

(C) later

(D) longer

2. I was disappointed to find that most of my old coworkers were working here.

(A) no longer

(B) not more

(C) still more

(D) not longer

3. An individual must apply no

(A) longer

(B) later (C) rather

(D) more

than four weeks prior to the start of the summer semester.

m|j| Special Adjectives of Comparatives and Superlatives

Below are some adjectives that form the comparative and superlative structures in special ways.

A Regular cases

Q -er & -est

• One-syllable adjectives

old - older - oldest

young - younger - youngest

• Two-syllable adjectives ending in -er, -le, -ly, -some

clever - cleverer - cleverest

handsome - handsomer - handsomest

Q more & most + long adjective

• Adjectives of two or more syllables

useful - more useful - most useful

polite - more polite - most polite

interesting - more interesting - most interesting

• Adjectives of predicative use only

He is more fond of coffee than green tea.

• Adjectives mostly used with more/most in daily life

strange, false, wrong, right, real, etc.

B Irregular cases

Q many/much, good/well, bad/ill

many / much - more - most

good / well - better - best

bad / ill - worse - worst

Q old & late

old - older / elder - oldest / eldest late - later / latter - latest / last

Part 5 I Unit 4 Comparisons 79

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TOEIC Practice Comparisons

—

>

c nj

1. Knowledge is acquired by

experience than by books or other materials.

(A) more easily

(B) easiest

(C) easier

(D) more easy

2. The majority of the people felt the first picture wasimpressive of the two

that were displayed.

(A) more

(B) most

(C) the more

(D) the most

3. Dr. Platt is available to meet with patients any time

after 10 A.M., so schedule an appointment for the time

convenient for you.

(A) better

(B) best

(C) most

(D) well

4. The preparatory work for doing my taxes is

time-consuming than filling out

the forms.

(A) most

(B) as

(C) more

(D) little

5. to working at Stanley Tools,

Mr. Joiner worked as an engineer at Zeon Calibrated

Equipment.

(A) Prior

(B) Ahead

(C) Earlier

(D) Formerly

6. The customer service representative dealt

with the mistakes as as possi

ble so as not to upset the company’s customers.

(A) efficient

(B) efficiently

(C) efficiency

(D) more efficiently

7. He had worked in the factory for such a long time

that not even the noises distracted him.

(A) loud

(B) louder

(C) loudest

(D) loudly

8. Sales of the new MP3 player showed a

stronger performance in the third quarter than had

been expected.

(A) very

(B) so

(C) too

(D) far

9. Regal Caviar promotes its products as the

of any produced in Europe and

Russia.

(A) fine

(B) finer

(C) finest

(D) finely

10. The reduction of commercial taxes has

attracted business to the area

than was previously anticipated.

(A) more

(B) much

(C) most

(D) many

11. Andrew’s latest accomplishment was inventing a

way to burn oil more efficiently while at the same

time creating harmful byproducts.

(A) little

(B) least

(C) smaller

(D) fewer

12. Our employees are the highly

skilled in the field of semiconductors.

(A) so

(B) most

(C) such

(D) much



13. Unfortunately, driving to work often takes

time as taking the bus.

(A) further

(B) most

(C) as much as

(D) just as much

14. Casio Lumber Products has provided us

with moldings of quality than

those made by our previous supplier.

(A) high

(B) higher

(C) highest

(D) highly

15. The remote cabin in the woods can only be

reached by car; train stationis

more than 100 miles away.

(A) nearly

(B) the nearer

(C) as near

(D) the nearest

16. With multiple locations in every major city,

the dominant hotel chain offers services at rates as

as possible.

(A) low

(B) lower

(C) lowly

(D) lowest

E o U a;

c ro JZ c

<: £

5


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U n i t

In English, a complete sentence has at least two elements: subject + verb. There must be an agreement in number between

the subject and the main verb.

EES B Nouns/Noun Phrases as Subjects

□ As a rule, a singular subject goes with a singular verb, and a plural subject goes with a plural verb.

e.g. The prospectus of our company provides a clear explanation of the development that is underway.

o TQEÏC Questions) Answers on page 307

1. Each document to be thoroughly proofread by the experts before being submitted.

(A) need (C) are

(B) needing (D) needs

2. The reduction in office staff made itnecessary toautomate more job functions.

(A) be (C) being

(B) has (D) have

3. The president, along with the other members of the board, going to sign the

contract this evening.

(A) is (C) be

(B) are (D) have

4. This is one of the oldest buildings that built in Scotland during the 19th century.

(A) is (C) was

(B) are (D) were

5. The most frequent question that English teachers receive from students about how

to improve their written English.

(A) is (C) has

(B) are (D) have

Gerund Phrases, To-lnfinitive Phrases, Noun Clauses as Subjects

□ When a gerund phrase, a to-infinitive phrase, or a noun clause is the subject of a sentence, the main verb is in the singular

form.

e.g. Riding a bike is interesting, (gerund phrase)

Growing flowers is her job. (gerund phrase)

To build a house takes lots of time, (to-infinitive phrase)

What they bought was very expensive, (noun clause)

fpTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 307

1. Reducing air pollution levels reducing the amountof leaded gasoline sold in gas stations.

(A) require (C) requiring

(B) requires (D) to require




2. Knowing the goals of the project clearly

(A) is (C) are

(B) be (D) has

essential for achieving what we want.

3. Finding experienced people to provide in-service training

(A) is (C) be

(B) are (D) has

challenging for any company.

BEB Determiner + Noun as Subjects

A Determiner + singular noun

a an one each every another a single this that

eg- Every boy has his own dream.

Each week has 7 days.

Another student has his own textbook.

B Determiner + plural noun

other both many several these those

a few a variety of a couple of a number of hundreds of

e.g. Both men are dead.

Several houses are under repair.

Answers on page 307

1. The new software program offers all of the benefits of the previous version plus several

convenient extra ________________ . (A) feature (C) features

(B) featured (D) featuring

2. Students should always respect opinions because disagreeing does not always

mean that others are wrong. (A) another (C) each

(B) other (D) every

3. Unlike regular employees, all temporary workers are forced to present their ID cards when they

use computers. (A) this (C) its

(B) that (D) these

4. Employees under constant scrutiny tend to perform worse than freedom. (A) another (C) those (B) one (D) that

who have more

Part 5 | Unit 5 Subject-Verb Agreement 83

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A /The Number of + Plural Noun as Subjects

El A number of

A number of + plural noun + plural verb

e.g. A number of students were late for school.

A number of students in this class speak English.

□ The number of

The number of + plural noun + singular verb

e.g. The number of students was counted by the teacher.

The number of students who came late was counted by the teacher.

Note: A modifier (phrase or clause) between the subject and verb in a sentence does not affect the subject -verb

agreement in number.

CofOEIC Questions)

1. According to the Korean Census Center, the number of babies who were born

decreasing since 1990. (A) has (C) have

(B) to have (D) having

2. The number of qualified and experienced professionals taking early retirement

which is not good for the future of the manufacturing industry. (A) has (C) is

(B) have (D) are

Answers on page 307

been

large,

3. A number of complaints about mishandled deliveries

(A) to be (C) have been

(B) has been (D) was

received in the last six months.

4. A number of hours. (A) issue (B) issues

were detected when the assembly line was shut down for a couple of

(C) issued

(D) issuing

(ggfibKB Subject-Verb Agreement with Correlative Conjunctions

□ In sentences with correlative conjunctions, the subject closest to the verb determines the verb form. If the subject closest

to the verb is singular, the verb takes the singular form. If the subject closest to the verb is plural, the verb takes the plural form.

This holds true for all correlative conjunctions except both...and.... The correlative conjunction both...and... doesn’t require much

thought as far as subject-verb agreement is concerned because the verb is always plural.

£1 both A and B

Both Jane and I are good students.

Q either A or B

Either you or Tom is supposed to come here.




Q neither A nor B

Neither he nor I am interested in music.

Q not A but B

Not I but you were punished.

Q not only A but also B

Not only you but also Mary is happy.

Answers on page 307 {oTOEIC Questions}

1. Both my sisters and my brother to go to the meeting.

(A) want (C) wanting

(B) wants (D) to want

2. This year, the heating bill, as well as other expenditures, much higher than that of last

year. (A) was (C) be

(B) were (D) am

3. Although the play had been widely praised in the press, neither the story nor the acting

as convincing as I had anticipated. (A) was (C) being

(B) is (D) were

1

Subject-Verb Agreement with Quantifiers

A The form of the verb will depend on the form of the noun after the following quantifiers in the

sentence.

all, some, any, half, most + singular noun + singular verb + plural noun

+ plural verb

e.g. All of the money has been stolen.

All of the students have to take a test in the class.

In the presence of the following quantifiers, the form of the verb will always be in the singular form

regardless of the noun preceding it.

one each either neither much little

e.g. One of my friends is coming to visit me this Sunday.

Either of these promotional projects js acceptable.

C In the presence of the following quantifiers, the form of the verb will always be in the plural form

regardless of the noun preceding it.

many both few several

e.g. Several of the pencils were broken when the pencil case fell down.

Part 5 I Unit 5 Subject-Verb Agreement 85

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»


1. Most of the students studying hard in the classroom their own textbooks.

(A) has

(B) have

(C) is

(D) are

2. One of the two employees who had passed the examination in charge of the project.

(A) was

(B) were

(C) has

(D) have

iStiQp Special Cases of Subject-Verb Agreement

A Collective nouns

If a collective noun acts as a unit, a singular verb is used. If the sentence indicates more individu-

ality, a plural verb is used.

e.g. My family is large. My family are enjoying the summer vacation.

B Special nouns ending in -s such as mathematics, news, the United States go with a

singular verb.

e.g. Mathematics is not easy to learn.

The United States is a large country.

The news was very surprising.

C The following nouns which are always used in the plural form must gowith a plural verb.

arms clothes damages goods savings glasses

e.g. The goods on the shelf are selling well. My glasses are broken.

D A group of/the total of/a sample of + (the) + noun + singular verb

e.g. A sample of curtain materials was sent to our client. The total of net profit amounts to ten dollars.

E Everyone/everybody, everything, anything,something + singular verb

e.g. Everybody was happy with that result.

Everyone in the class has his own textbook.




TOEIC Practice Subject-Verb Agreement

1. The trees along the street

watered at least once a month.

to be

(A) needs

(B) need

(C) needing

(D) to need

2. Not every company that deals in consumer

electronics its stock on the

stock market.

(A) listing

(B) have listed

(C) has listed

(D) having listed

3. Pro Footwear said its most recent quarterly

earnings ______________ the highest ever.

(A) was

(B) were

(C) are

(D) has been

4. We are now typing up the report that

why worker productivity has fallen

over the past six months.

(A) show

(B) shows

(C) has shown

(D) are showing

5. Dramatic changes taking place in the business

environment unprece

dented challenges for today’s management leaders.

(A) generates

(B) is generating

(C) have generated

(D) generating

A few of the retailers mentioned the fact that deliveries

of our products often

arrived late.

(A) is

(B) being

(C) are

(D) have

8. Doing a physical count of the inventory

a tedious job, but it is crucial to make

sure the computer records accurately reflect our

holdings.

(A) is

(B) are

(C) has

(D) have

9. The 44-percent return on the new stock

far more than the stockbroker had

anticipated.

(A) is

(B) being

(C) are

(D) was

10. The ability of our engineers to produce intricate parts to

customers’ specifications one of our most valuable

assets.

(A) is

(B) are

(C) were

(D) being

6. Everyone working in the administrative offices to hear that the bomb

threat was really just a prank call.

(A) was relieved

(B) are relieved

(C) have relieved

(D) were relieved

Part 5 | Unit 5 Subject-Verb Agreement 87

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U n i t 0 Tenses

Verb tenses are tools that English speakers use to express time in their language. In other words, tenses simply show the time of

an action or state of being as shown by a verb.

Present simple I study English every day.

Past simple I studied English 5 days ago / yesterday / last week / this morning.

Future simple I will study English in 5 days.

Present perfect I have studied English for 20 years / since 1995.

Past perfect I had studied English for 5 days before I took the exam.

Note: The English grammar has 12 tenses in total:

Present

© Present simple (?) Present continuous (5) Present perfect '*) Present perfect continuous

Past

© Past simple (J'> Past continuous (D Past perfect (4) Past perfect continuous

Future

© Future simple © Future continuous ® Future perfect (4; Future perfect continuous

Simple Tenses

Present Simple

□ The present simple tense is used to express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and

wishes. Adverbs that usually go with this tense include every day, often, usually, always.

He likes to play the piano, (an emotion) It is cold

today, (a present state)

I take a shower every day, (a routine) Light

travels faster than sound, (a truth)

tpTOEIC Questions)

1. Warranty coverage

(A) offer

(B) is offering

Answers on page 308

customers assurance and protection on the products they buy.

(C) offers

(D) has offered

2. In addition to visiting her family once a week, Elaine usually

Center with her children whenever she has time. (A) work (C) works

(B) is working (D) working

3. Fundraising is very important to any groups that

(A) wish (C) wishing

(B) wished (D) had wished

out at the Forest Fitness

to expand their operations.




4. Consider accepting our proposal, which

satisfactory. (A) including (C) includes

(B) is including (D) include

estimated returns on investment that are very

Past Simple

I The past simple tense is used to talk about a completed action at a time before now. Adverbs that usually

go with this tense include:

• last night/week/month/year

• in (a year in the past), a few days/weeks/months/years ago, many years ago

• yesterday, in the past, just now, at that time, then, the other day

t.%. I worked for the LA. Times a few years ago.

Oil prices rose by 20% last month.

He never studied hard when he was a student.

oTOEIC Questions

1, Last September, our Marketing Department

(A) begin (C) begun

(B) began (D) beginning

Answers on page 308 to

expand into residential areas.

2, As I in my note to you the other day, you should try to be less wordy and more

concise in your writing. (A) mention (C) mentioning

(B) mentioned (D) had mentioned

3. My secretary already

days ago. (A) sends

(B) was sending

a copy of the revised contract by registered mail to you two

(C) sent

(D) will send

4, On her previous visit to the island, Jennifer

(A) see (C) saw

(B) will see (D) seeing

travelers everywhere.

Future Simple

l The future simple tense is used for an action that will occur in the future. e.g. I will be twenty-one years old

next month. John says that he will do his best until the end.

He will be here jn an hour.

* Below are some expressions that can be used in place of “will” to express future actions.

be going to be about to be likely to

be ready to be due to be willing to

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(o T0ÉIC Questions) Answers on page 308

1. Because our headquarters will move to the area next month, the Marketing Department

to a local office.

(A) relocate (C) will relocate

(B) relocated (D) relocating

2. Because of the system failure, repairs to our computers tomorrow between 3 and 5 P.M.

(A) were made (C) are made

(B) has made (D) will be made

3. The management next

month. (A) initiates (B) initiated

the training program to generate more interest among employees

(C) will initiate

(D) was initiating

Perfect Tenses

Present Perfect

The present perfect tense has several uses:

A An action or a state that started in the past and continues up to the present. We usually use for or

since with this structure.

e.g. We have known him for ten years, (or for/in the last/past ten years) I have lived here since I was born, (or since 1990)

Note: Last.../in the past is used with the past simple tense but in/for the last/past... must go with the present

perfect tense.

B An action which happened at some unknown time in the past. We often use the adverb already, yet,

ever or never along with this structure. These adverbs usually go before the past participle in the

sentence. e.g. He has already submitted his report.

Have you ever been to Germany?

C An action which happened in the past, but has an effect in the present. e.g. I have lost my keys. (I don’t have the keys; they are still missing.)

She’s broken her arm. (The arm is still injured.)

D Experiences. We often use the adverbs ever, never, before, once. e.g. I’ve been to Europe many times. Have you ever seen anything like this?

(o TOEICQuestions) Answers on page 308

1. I five chapters since I started writing the grammar book with my assistant.

(A) completed (C) completes

(B) complete (D) have completed

90 PRIME T0EIC READING



2. In recent years, golf popular all across the country although it is a costly pastime.

(A) became (C) has become

(B) becomes (D) will become

3. Since last weekend, workers who volunteered to participate in the project all of the

orphanages in Michigan.

(A) will paint (C) would paint

(B) painting (D) have painted

Past Perfect

l The past perfect tense expresses an action taking place before another action or a certain time in the past.

eg. I could not sleep well because I had had too much coffee.

He lost the book which he had bought the day before.

^ ---- , Answers on page 308

^OTQEIC Questionsj

1. They were told that many manufacturing workers

(A) fired (C) have been fired

(B) are fired (D) had been fired

2. After the CEO the business letter twice, he decided to send it.

(A) rewrites (C) rewrite

(B) had rewritten (D) has rewritten

3. The application form was invalid because the candidate to supply all of the mandatory

information.

(A) will fail (C) had failed

(B) fails (D) failing

Future Perfect

l The future perfect tense expresses an action in the future before another action or a certain time in the future. This is the

past in the future.

We often use phrases such as by next..., by the end of..., by the time + clause along with this structure.

e.g. By April next year, I’ll have graduated from university.

All of the restaurants will have closed by the time we finish this project.

He’ll have finished this report by the end of next month.

_ Answers on page 308

oTOEIC Questions

1. By the time the prisoner is released, he 5 years behind bars.

(A) will spend (C) will be spending

(B) has spent (D) will have spent

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2. By the time Jenny retires as general director, she a large amount of money from her

stock investments. (A) accumulated (C) have accumulated

(B) will accumulate (D) will have accumulated

3. Analysts predict that the productivity of the manufacturing factory by the end of

the

year due to the new fringe benefits at the company. (A) will have doubled (C) double

(B) has doubled (D) doubled

Tenses in Complex Sentences

BBill Tense Agreement in Main Clauses & Subordinate Clauses

: The tense of the verb in the subordinate clause changes in accordance with the tense of the verb in the main clause.

If the verb in the main clause is in the present or the future tense, the verb in the subordinate

clause may be in any tense, depending upon the sense to be expressed.

e.g. He says that he confirms the reservation.

that he will confirm the reservation, that he

confirmed the reservation, that he had

confirmed the reservation.

If the verb in the main clause is in the past tense, the verb in the subordinate clause will be in the past.

e.g. He said that he confirmed the reservation.

He said that he had confirmed the reservation.

He said that he would come.

He told me that he had been ill.

I knew that he would not pass. We noticed that the fan had stopped.

to TQEIC Questions) Answers on page 308

1. The report clearly showed that the accident when the car passed on the left instead

of the right. (A) occur (C) occurring

(B) occurred (D) occurs

2. The board members agreed to take on the project when the sales manager hisproject

report. (A) submit (C) submitted

(B) have submitted (D) submitting

3. The board members rejected Mr. Andrew’s idea and Ms. Bower’s instead because it

was more reasonable and original. (A) choose (C) has chosen

(B) chose (D) choosing




IHEB Tense Agreement in Time & Conditional Clauses

l We do not use the future tense (will) in a time clause to describe future activities. It is also similar to if -clauses.

The time clauses are introduced by conjunctions such as after, as soon as, before, till, until, when, whenever, while or time

expressions such as the minute, the moment. e.g. If it is fine tomorrow, we will go on a picnic.

When he arrives home tonight, he will be very tired.

As soon as he finishes his work, he will leave the office.

We often use for and since when talking about time.

A For + period

For means "from the beginning of the period until the end of the period." For can be used with all tenses.

e.g. They study for two hours every day.

They are studying for three hours today.

He has lived in Bangkok for a long time.

I’ve been working for this company for ten years.

I worked at that bank for five years.

B Since as a conjunction of time + clause Since here means “from a point in the past until now”. Since is normally used with

perfect tenses. e.g. Since he started at this company, Mr. Johnson has been working as an engineer.

He has been working since he arrived.

(oTOEIC Questions^) Answers on page 308

1. As soon as I

(A) graduate

(B) will graduate

2, If you

little experience in banking, dealing with major clients on time-critical matters

, I will go back to my parents’ house in Seattle.

(C) graduated

(D) graduating

can be a worrying business.

(A) had

(B) will have (C) have

(D) are having

3. I will ask him to spare me some time when he the meeting tomorrow.

(A) will attend

(B) attends

(C) attended

(D) attend

4. We

(A) request

(B) requested

a meeting with the director when he returns from lunch.

(C) will request

(D) have requested

For & Since

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C Since as a conjunction of reason + clause Since here means

“because, as”.

e.g. Since he was a good worker, Mr. Johnson was promoted to be a manager.

D Since as a preposition + point of time

Since here also means "from a point in the past until now”. It is followed by a point of time. e.g. Since 2000, Mr. Johnson

has been working at this company.

oTOEIC Questions} Answers on page 308

1. Since last month’s staff meeting, the personnel manager our employees’ work

performance. (A) is reviewed (C) reviewed

(B) has been reviewing (D) reviewing

2. The Internet amazingly fast since last year, so it is difficult to predict how different

industries will evolve. (A) has grown (C) grew

(B) grows (D) had grown

3. High-Tech Motors has sponsored the car festivals held in New York 2011.

(A) for (C) while

(B) whenever (D) since

m Continuous Tenses

A The continuous tenses include the present continuous, the past continuous, and the future continuous. The continuous tense is formed by the verb be + the -ing form of the main verb.

This tense indicates that an action or a state - in the present, past or future - is, was or will be unfinished at the time

referred to.

e.g. Don’t disturb me. I am studying for tomorrow’s test.

He was watching TV when she came.

I will be flying to London tomorrow.

B Below are verbs that can never be used in the continuous tenses.

> have, belong to, own

■ resemble, know, want, remember, understand ' see, hear, smell, feel, taste

(when functioning as verbs of perception)

Note: The verb have can be used in the continuous tenses when it indicates an action.

e.g. They are having breakfast in the bedroom.

We are having a good time.

PRIME TOEIC READING


TOEIC Practice

1. While the analysts the report

figures, the writers will revise the chairman’s speech.

(A) reviewing

(B) reviewed

(C) are reviewing

(D) are reviewed

2. Fortunately, the head office the

project for developing the overseas market that we

presented a month ago.

(A) approving

(B) approves

(C) approved

(D) approve

3. Any member who since February

is entitled to submit his or her photographs to the annual

Photothon Exhibition in San Diego.

(A) joins

(B) joined

(C) joining

(D) joine

4. Although that mutual fund very

well since it started in 1990, it has recently been

somewhat erratic.

(A) performed

(B) has performed

(C) performing

(D) was performing

5. The telephone company its

domestic long distance rates by an average of 5% per

month for the past four months.

(A) increased

(B) would increase

(C) was increasing

(D) has increased

6. All of your banking transactions

on your monthly statement as long as you keep at

least one account at our bank.

(A) appeared

(B) appears

(C) will appear

(D) appearing

7. Mr. Jones in intellectual property

rights cases while he worked for the law firm.

(A) specialize

(B) specializing

(C) specializes

(D) specialized

8. Over the last year, auditors the

flow of interdepartmental funds to determine how to

improve efficiency.

(A) observing

(B) was observing

(C) has been observing

(D) have been observing

9. After the members of the team

their ideas, a discussion will be held to talk about the

merits of each proposal.

(A) present

(B) will be presenting

(C) is presenting

(D) presented

10. We are waiving the tuition fees for the registration

period, which until the

end of August.

(A) run

(B) ran

(C) has run

(D) will run

11. After returning from a week-long business

trip to Eastern Europe last month, Ms. Donaldson to

takea few days off

work.

(A) decides

(B) will decide

(C) decided

(D) deciding

12. Since her research paper was due the next

morning, Kelly the night at

the library searching for the necessary

information.

(A) spends

(B) spent

(C) has spent

(D) will spend

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13. We all of our archived documents

over to the storage warehouse in the coming month.

(A) moving

(B) moved

(C) have moved

(D) will be moving

14. Before retiring, Harold on a

plan to expand his sales accounts by 60%.

(A) works

(B) has been working

(C) has worked

(D) had been working

15. When too much cholesterol in

the bloodstream, it can build up in the arteries and block

the flow of blood.

(A) accumulate

(B) accumulates

(C) accumulation

(D) accumulating

16. As of this coming Friday, Harvey Barker will

in this department for 10 years.

(A) worked

(B) working

(C) has been working

(D) have been working

PRIME TOEIC READING


7 Passives

As a general rule, we speak and write in the active form, but the passive form can be useful in formal writing such as scient ific

reports when the emphasis is on the process and results, rather than on j the agent of the action. eg.

Active: The doctorgave me a prescription

Passive: I was given a prescription.

Passives with Modals

|Q Form: Subject + will/would/can/could/may/might/should/must + be + past participle e.g. The concert will be held at the

party.

The payment of bills can be done at any post office.

oTOEIC Questions,

1. Imports of the new vending machine from Asia

last year. (A) expected

(B) expect

Answers on page 308

to outpace those for the same quarter

(C) have expected

(D) may be expected

[ 2. A complimentary gift set will

magazine. (A) send

(B) be sending

to all subscribers in the area to promote our new

(C) be sent

(D) have sent

13. The identification numbers which are typed on the front of the cards guard in the

building. (A) checked (C) check

(B) should be checked (D) have checked

[ 4. All revenues from voluntary activities that are listed on the report

orphanage. (A) will be donated (C) donate

(B) donated (D) have donated

by the security

to the local

Intransitive Verbs

[ A Only transitive verbs can form the passive. e.g. She wrote a letter.

- A letter was written (by her).

E o U

4—'

ÛJ ’>

JC c

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B Such intransitive verbs as below cannot form the passive.

go, come, react, talk, speak become, remain, feel, seem

arrive, appear, deteriorate, die, disappear, happen, occur, rise, take place have, belong, cost resemble, escape, lack

e.g. This is arrived this morning, (x)

The earthquake was happened last night, (x)

The UFO was disappeared last night, (x)

The sun was risen this morning, (x)

C Intransitive verb + preposition = transitive verb

Some intransitive verbs with a preposition can also form the passive. e.g. Recent problems with late deliveries were

dealt with in the morning.

Below are some intransitive verbs + prepositions that are frequently found in the TOEIC test.

account for comply with

agree to (with, on/about) enroll in

deal with interfere with

look at object to

proceed with reply to

return to search for

start from subscribe to

think of wait on

operate on laugh at

speak to run over

add to sympathize with

apologize to talk about

roTOErC Questions) Answers on page 308

1. Before the accident , there was no crosswalk in front of the elementary school.

(A) happens (C) was happened

(B) happened (D) was happening

2. The report shows that the price has been by 20% during the last year.

(A) rise (C) risen

(B) raise (D) raised

3. Another meeting between the two Sales Departments last Monday because one of

the board members complained about the sales figures for the last quarter. (A) was taken place (C) took place

(B) is taken place (D) takes place

! I lli




Iggjyjgp Verbs with Two Objects

I As for ditransitive verbs (verbs with two objects), in the passive form, the direct object has to go with the preposition to or

for, whereas the indirect one does not.

Active: He gave her a doll for her birthday.

Passive: A doll was given to her for her birthday.

She was given a doll for her birthday.

Below are ditransitive verbs.

allow award deny find give

grant lend offer pay promise

send show tell

e.g. Most employees were offered company shares. Olga was granted admission to the university.

To-lnfinitive Phrases in Passives

l In the TOEIC test, the to-infinitives following the passive verbs are usually given in Parts 5 and 6 (Sentence Completion & Text

Completion). e.g. Food prices are expected to rise next month.

-{oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 308

1, Resumes and cover letters in

the position. (A) should be submitted

(B) be submitted

to the Personnel Department if graduates are interested

(C) submitted

(D) submitting

2. Your application

(A) will be reviewed

(B) reviewed

by our Personnel Department.

(C) be reviewed

(D) reviewing

3. Passengers are notified that all luggage time. one hour before the scheduled departure

(A) will check

(B) will be checked

(C) checked

(D) had checked

(ÖTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 308

1. The famous National Art Museum was reconstructed more visitors.

(A) accommodate

(B) accommodated

(C) to accommodate

(D) accommodating

2. The company is predicted

(A) move

(B) moving

within the next few months.

(C) to move

(D) moved

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3. You are invited the second press conference for digital-tech engineers at the Grand

Hotel in downtown New York City. (A) attending (C) attend

(B) to attend (D) attended

4. The budget is to pass the Senate by a narrow margin.

(A) expect (C) expectant

(B) expected (D) expectation

Prepositions in Passives

A In the passive construction, the preposition by is mostly used.

e.g. He is loved by them.

The letter was written by her.

The concert was reviewed by the music critics.

B Below are some fixed expressions that go with other prepositions in place of by. e.g. All participants will

be provided with materials for the upcoming seminar.

be known as be covered with/in be provided with/for

be replaced with be exposed to be furnished with

be concerned with be filled with be supplied with/to

be presented with/to be devoted to be served with

* The following expressions are often given in the passive construction, so you should pay attention to the prepositions

going with them.

provide A with B = provide B for A furnish A with B = furnish B to A

supply A with B = supply B to A serve A with B = serve B to A

present A wjth B = present B to A

.oTOEIC Questions)

1. Most people are concerned the rising cost of health care.

(A) of (C) from

(B) in (D) with

2. All of the computers will be replaced new ones, or they will be upgraded.

(A) with (C) in

(B) of (D) from

Answers on page 308

Passives with Transitive Verbs

□ As mentioned in Point 2 of this unit, only transitive verbs can be transformed into passives. Therefore, there must be no

objects in the passive sentences.

e.g. Your application has been forwarded to the Personnel Department.

You must check your vacation schedule before it is submitted.





1. As we announced earlier, the entire building must

(A) clear (C) have cleared

(B) be cleared (D) be clearing

2. The accumulation of too much dioxide in our bodies

(A) connect (C) is connected

(B) connected (D) is connecting

3. Anyone who is too loud during the performance will

(A) remove (C) be removed

(B) be removing (D) have removed

in the event of a fire drill.

with a variety of health problems.

from the concert hall.

QQ593I Adverbs in Passives

l In passive sentences, adverbs are usually put between the verb be and the past participle of the main verb. Sometimes,

adverbs can come after the passive verb form.

e.g. They are continually updated on key corporate policies.

The attendees were completely surprised to see the president.

The order must be made clearly.

-(oTOEIC Questions)

1. Though it was quite revolutionary, the concert was

(A) favor (C) favorite

(B) favorably (D) favorable

2. The project will be successful only if it is

(A) full (C) to fill

(B) fully (D) filling

Answers on page 308

reviewed by the music critics.

budgeted.

3. The equipment must be used

(A) efficient

(B) efficiently

for it to work as well as possible.

(C) efficiency

(D) effectual

Other Passive Structures

A Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement

Q The preposition as may often be added when this structure is transformed into a passive one, and as is followed by

an adjective, a noun, a to-infinitive or a participle.

e.g. Active: They consider the award a great honour.

Passive: The award is considered (as) a great honour.

Active: He regarded the offer as absurd.

Passive: The offer was regarded as absurd.

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Below are some verbs used in this structure, regard / consider / look upon / count / refer to A as B

Q Sometimes, to be is added into this structure in the passive.

e.g. Active: They considered the politician progressive.

Passive: The politician was considered to be progressive.

B Subject + need + to be + past participle

In passives, the transitive verb need can be followed by either a to-infinitive phrase or an -ing phrase.

e.g. My bedroom needs to be painted.

My bedroom needs painting.

Note: The subjects in the sentences of this structure are usually objects, not people.




TOEIC Practice

1. Space Portal is the most eagerly awaited

game to by X-Gen Games in

the last five years.

(A) release

(B) releasing

(C) be released

(D) be releasing

2. It wasn’t until the following Monday morning that the

theft of several art pieces

by a cleaning crew.

(A) noticed

(B) had noticed

(C) was noticed

(D) was noticing

3. Anyone without a ticket to call

ahead before arriving at the theater to ensure seating

availability.

(A) encourages

(B) encouraging

(C) is encouraged

(D) encouragement

4. Unless building residents strongly object,

access to the parking lot will to

certain hours.

(A) limit

(B) limiting

(C) be limited

(D) be limiting

5. Because the processors are more expensive than we

had anticipated, the engineers are

to choose another brand.

(A) asks

(B) to ask

(C) being asked

(D) to be asking

6. Because of his success in designing our

company’s coffee mugs, Bob Lumbergh

to district manager.

(A) promoted

(B) promotes

(C) has promoted

(D) was promoted

7. Everyone wanted Mr. Thompson, the new

district manager, asvice pres

ident, but Mr. Alton was chosen since he had the most

seniority.

(A) to select

(B) was selected

(C) to be selected

(D) is being selected

8. All goods ordered before the end of March

should be on the 15th of April

to retailers.

(A) ship

(B) shipping

(C) shipped

(D) shipment

9. In his letter, Bob told us to visit him the next

time we to be in New Orleans.

(A) happen

(B) happens

(C) happening

(D) were happened

10. He agreed to purchase the small company provided

that all prior business records be

during negotiations.

(A) disclose

(B) to disclose

(C) disclosing

(D) disclosed

11. Michael hurt his shoulder during a football

game and has been rehabilitation

to heal from the surgery.

(A) undergo

(B) undergoing

(C) undergone

(D) underwent

12. If the files are properly.anyone in the office can easily access and retrieve important information.

(A) arrange

(B) arranged

(C) arranging

(D) arranges

Part 5 | Unit 7 Passives 103

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13. Many of the trees by the state’s

engineering department, which will help complete the

road to the lake.

(A) were removed

(B) removed

(C) would remove

(D) were removing

14. Guests are kindly to complete

this form and return it to the concierge when checking

out of the hotel.

(A) request

(B) requesting

(C) requested

(D) requests

15. Organizational performance can

by constantly innovating at the intersection of IT and

business.

(A) improves

(B) be improving

(C) improvements

(D) be improved

16. The winners of the university’s annual fiction writing

competition are full-tuition scholarships.

(A) award

(B) awarded

(C) awarding

(D) awards

17. Unfortunately, several customers were subjectedPhil’s

abusive behavior

before he was finally removed from the sales floor.

(A) by

(B) in

(C) to

(D) with

18. Before any home in the bay area can be sold,

inspections must be to deter

mine if asbestos was used in insulating the walls or

ceilings.

(A) conduct

(B) conducts

(C) conducted

(D) conducting

19. Through our flexible financing options, healthcare

providers are able to acquire equipment through a

program that especially for their budgets.

(A) designed

(B) designs

(C) was designing

(D) was designed

20. A recent study released by the federal gov

ernment states that the employment rate of women by

9 percent in the last

five years.

(A) rose

(B) was risen

(C) has been risen

(D) has risen

PRIME TOEIC READING


U n i t 8 Conditionals & Subjunctives

There are two kinds of conditional sentences: real and unreal. Real Conditional describes real-life situations. Unreal Conditional

describes unreal, imaginary situations. Although the various conditional forms might seem quite abstract at first, they are

actually some of the most useful structures in English and are commonly included in the TOEIC test.

e.g.

If I had enough money, I could buy the bag.

First Conditional

A Form

lf-clause

If + Subject + Verb

(present tense)

main clause

Subject + will/shall/can/may + bare infinitive/Verb (present

tense)/lmperative

e.g. If he is honest, I’ll employ him.

B Use • Nature: This is known as open conditional as what is said in the condition is possible.

• Time: The conditions refer either to present or to future time.

iQTOEIC Questions)

1. If the economic conditions in the country among

the people. (A) don’t (C) wouldn’t

(B) won’t (D) couldn’t

2. If the traffic problems are not solved soon, traffic congestion in cities

(A) becomes (C) become

(B) will become (D) had become

Answers on page 308

improve, there will be widespread unrest

impossible.

3. If we don’t concentrate on this project now, we

(A) cannot (C) cannot have

(B) could not (D) could not have

meet the deadline.

Second Conditional

A Form

lf-clause

If + Subject + Verb (were/past tense)

main clause Subject + would/could/might + bare infinitive

e.g. If I were you, I would take the post.

If he had enough time, he would meet her.

Part 5 I Unit 8 Conditionals & Subjunctives 105

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B Use

• Nature: These are unreal, impossible or improbable situations.

• Time: The conditions refer to the present (the tense is past, but we are talking about the present).


1. If you

(A) lived

(B) had lived

2. If he

(A) had

(B) has

3. If the weather

(A) would be

(B) be

closer to my office, you could drop by there more often.

(C) live

(D) would live

a job, he could pay back the money that he borrowed from me.

(C) will

(D) had had

nice today, we could have a barbecue in the yard.

(C) is

(D) were

Third Conditional

A Form

lf-clause main clause

If + Subject + Verb (past perfect tense) Subject + would/could/might + have + past participle

e.g. If you had come then, you could have met him.

B Use

• Nature: These are unreal, impossible or improbable situations.

• Time: The conditions refer to the past (i.e. we are talking about situations that were unreal in

the past).

Answers on page 308

(oTOEIC Questions)

1. If he her advice, he would have succeeded.

(A) took (C) would take

(B) take (D) had taken

2. If Jerry that the meeting would finish early, he wouldn’t have cancelled his two o’clock

appointment with his client. (A) knew (C) knows

(B) has known (D) had known

3. If I had noticed the brand of the skirt, I

(A) would not (C) had not

(B) would not have (D) would be

chosen it.




Future Real Conditional with Should

A Form

lf-clause

If + Subject + should + bare infinitive

main clause

Subject + Verb (simple future)/lmperative

e.g. If you should meet him there, please tell him to come home.

If it should rain tomorrow, we will not go on a picnic.

8 Use

• Nature: The Future Real Conditional describes what you think you will do in a specific situation in the future. Although this

form is called “real", you are usually imagining or guessing about the future. Still, it is possible that the action might occur in

the future.

• Time: The conditions refer to the future.

{oTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 308

1. If I pass the bar examination, my parents will be glad.

(A) should (C) would

(B) shall (D) were

2. If she become aware of his intention, she will be greatly disappointed.

(A) shall (C) should

(B) could (D) will

Inversion in Conditionals

l Informal English, the subject and the auxiliary will be inverted in the if-clause with if omitted: eg. If I were you, I would take

the post.

Were I you, I would take the post.

If you had come then, you could have met him.

Had you come then, you could have met him.

If you should meet him there, please tell him to come home.

Should you meet him there, please tell him to come home.

Answers on page 308 (oTQEIC Questions)

1. it not been for your help, I would not have passed the examination.

(A) Have (C) Had

(B) Would (D) Will

2. you find any errors in the file that you’re proofreading, you should report them to the

manager right away. (A) If should (C) If had

(B) Should (D) Had

3. he worn a protective helmet, he wouldn’t have died.

(A) Should (C) If

(B) Should have (D) Had

Part 5 | Unit 8 Conditionals & Subjunctives 107

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ESHH Present Subjunctives if

The present subjunctive is used to emphasize urgency or importance. This structure of the subjunctive is extremely simple. For

all verbs, the present subjunctive is the same as the bare infinitive (infinitive without "to”) and it is only noticeable in certain forms

and tenses.

A The present subjunctive is used after certain verbs.

Q Verbs

insist order command wish request

require ask suggest propose

Q Structure

Subject + Verb + that + Subject + (should) + bare infinitive

e.g. He insisted that he go abroad to study music.

The officer ordered that they carry the cabinet into the room.

The company required that he bring some picture identification.

I suggested that we go on a picnic next Saturday.

Note: The use of the present subjunctive as above is more common in American English than in British English, where

should + bare infinitive is often used.

e.g. The manager insists that the car park should be locked at night.

B The present subjunctive is used after certain expressions.

It is important/essential/imperative/necessary/recommended/suggested + that + Subject +

(should) + bare infinitive

e.g. It is imperative that every employee wear his or her name badge in the office.

It is crucial that you be there before Tom arrives.

It is important that she attend the meeting.

It is recommended that he take a gallon of water with him if he wants to hike to the bottom

of the Grand Canyon.

QTOEIC Questions j

1. The chief engineer insists that all engineers

to operate it properly. (A) be (C) will be

(B) are (D) were

2. It is imperative that the new product

(A) will be (C) be

(B) is (D) was

Answers on page 308 familiar with the manual of the

machine

shown to the public as soon as possible.

3. He required that each applicant a photo to the application.

(A) attached (C) would attach

(B) had attached (D) attach




Equivalents of If

a Below are words and phrases that are equivalent to “if” in meaning.

provided (that) in

case

providing (that)

without

suppose (that)

once

supposing (that)

otherwise

jpTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 308

1. Without her help, I

(A) can

(B) would

have never had all of this work done on time.

(C) must

(D) need

2. you had a billion dollars, what would you do with it?

(C) Provide

(D) Suppose (A) Though

(B) Like

3. Employees in the Sales Department never have succeeded in completing the report

on time without the marketing team’s cooperation.

(A) can

(B) must

(C) would

(D) will

ISEEB Other Subjunctive Structures

A Past and past perfect subjunctives after wish

Wish is often used with the past/past perfect subjunctive because their meanings are close to

the unrealness.

e.g. I wish I were rich. (In fact, I am not rich.)

I wish I had been rich. (In fact, I was not rich.)

Since the past/past perfect subjunctive is not relative to the tense, although wish is changed

into the past tense, the verb of the subordinate clause is not changed,

e.g. I wished I were rich. (In fact, I am not rich.)

I wished I had been rich. (In fact, I was not rich.)

B As if/As though

Clauses that start with as if/as though describe an unreal or improbable situation if they are

followed by an unreal tense (the past subjunctive or the past perfect subjunctive).

The past subjunctive after as if/as though indicates an unreal situation in thepresent.

e.g. He talks as if he were rich. (In fact, he is not rich.)

The past perfect subjunctive after as if/as though is used to refer to an unreal past situation.

e.g. He talks as if he had been rich. (In fact, he was not rich.)

Since the subjunctive is not relative to the tense, although the verb in the main clause is

changed into the past tense, the verb of the subordinate clause is not changed.

e.g. He talked as if he were rich. (In fact, he is not rich.)

He talked as if he had been rich. (In fact, he was not rich.)


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C If it were not for/If it had not been for

If it were not for/But for/Without + noun /noun phrase If it had not been for/But

for/Without + noun/noun phrase

e.g. If it were not for your help, I could not complete the project.

= But for/Without your help, I could not complete the project.

If it had not been for my wife’s care, I would have died of cancer. = But

for/Without my wife’s care, I would have died of cancer.

(oTOEIC Questions)

1. She talks as if she to Chicago to attend the last biennale.

(A) will go (C) has been

(B) had been (D) goes

2. If it for your assistance, they couldn’t have coped with the disaster.

(A) were not (C) had not been

(B) had been (D) was not

Answers on page 309




TOEIC Practice Conditionals & Subjunctives

1. If you have more than two year’s experience

in the industry, you may for the

position.

(A) apply

(B) applying

(C) have application

(D) have applying

2. Harriett had ordered sufficient

packing materials, there wouldn’t be a delay in getting

the boxes in the mail.

(A) If

(B) So

(C) That

(D) Since

3. If there are no other matters to discuss now,

we the meeting.

(A) conclude

(B) would conclude

(C) will conclude

(D) concluded

4. the recruiter reviewed John’s resume

carefully, he would have been called in for a job

interview.

(A) Had

(B) Should

(C) If

(D) Having

5. If we could bring together the skills of these

two candidates, we a perfect

match to end this project.

(A) have

(B) would have

(C) can have

(D) will have

6. find any errors in the file that you’re

proofreading, you should report them to the director right

away.

(A) If

(B) Should

(C) If should

(D) Should you

7. The computer might have shut down without

warning if the software compatible with the operating

system.

(A) is not

(B) will not

(C) would not

(D) had not been

8. Federal law requires that each item at the

duty free shop clearly warranty

information.

(A) display

(B) displays

(C) displayed

(D) is displayed

9. If he really to transfer to Mem

phis, he would have brought it up with his supervisor at

the meeting.

(A) wants

(B) would want

(C) has wanted

(D) had wanted

10. The safety inspectors insist that the packing system

immediately to avoid

any future accident.

(A) is replaced

(B) had been

(C) replaced

(D) be replaced


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The three verbals - gerunds, to-infinitives, and participles - are formed from verbs, but are never used alone as action verbs in

sentences. Instead, verbals function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. These verbals are important in phrases.

To-lnfinitives

Functions of To-lnfinitives

A To-infinitives may function as nouns being the subject, object, or complement in a

sentence.

B To-infinitives may function as adjectives.

Just like a single-word adjective, a to-infinitive used as an adjective always describes a noun. It may be a complement coming

after the verb be or some linking verbs or follow the noun it describes. e.g. The meeting is to be held tomorrow.

He is not a man to break his promise.

C To-infinitives may function as adverbs.

Just like a single-word adverb, a to-infinitive used as an adverb always describes a verb or an adjective. An adverbial infinitive

usually occurs at the beginning or at the end of a sentence and does not need to be next to the verb it describes.

e.g. I went to the supermarket to buy some milk, (expressing purpose)

I’m happy to hear that you got a promotion, (expressing cause)

pTQEIC Questions j Answers on page 309

1. pursuing the company’s sales strategy, we need to study and reflect on current trends

and situations.

(A) To continue

(B) Continued (C) Continue

(D) Continues

2. Even though we hired more people to do the proofreading, we weren’t able deadline. the

(A) meet

(B) to meet

(C) meeting

(D) to be met

3. The factory managers have a legal and moral obligation a safe work environment.

(A) provides

(B) to provide

(C) provide

(D) provided




Form of To-lnfinitives

B A to-infinitive is a verbal formed by placing to in front of the base form of a verb.

(ÔTOEIC Questions) Answerson page 309

1. To the building, extra funding will be required in the budget.

(A) maintain (C) maintenance

(B) maintaining (D) maintained

2. Because the customer had not purchased the laptop at the designated store, the manufacturer

refused to the faulty laptop.

(A) replacing (C) having replaced

(B) replace (D) replaced

3. Jenny refused to those letters for the sales manager because he was not her immediate

supervisor.

(A) typed (C) type

(B) typing (D) the type

Gerunds as Objects of the Preposition To

■ A gerund is a verbal ending in -ing that functions as a noun and in the following verb phrases, it is the object of the

preposition to.

look forward to object to

be used to be accustomed to

be devoted to pay attention to

be committed to in addition to

be opposed to when it comes to

(oTOEIC Questions) Answers on page

309

1. My family and I are looking forward to my cousins again.

(A) see (C) seeing

(B) to see (D) be seen

2. All of those taking part in the current labor negotiations are devoted to their goals.

(A) achieving (C) achieves

(B) achieve (D) achieved

3. Be sure to pay attention to the cost of the promotions when you estimate the

expenses.

(A) address (C) be addressing

(B) addressing (D) addressed

Part 5 | Unit 9 Verbals 113

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To-lnfinitives in Sentences with It as False Subjects

A Instead of coming at the beginning of a sentence to be the subject, it is more common for a to-infinitive

to come in the middle while It functions as the false subject in a sentence. e.g. It is good to exercise every morning. false subject real subject

B To-infinitives after prepositional phrases

□ For

It will be difficult for me to master Japanese in a year. It is necessary

for her to do the task.

I stepped aside foiMthe_vehicles to pass.

□ Of

It is kind of you to help me.

It is foolish of me not to follow his advice. It is polite

of her to say that.

r, p T0.EIC Questions)

1. It is convenient

overtime. (A) for

(B) of

2. It is necessary

(A) of

(B) in

Answers on page 309

all of us to have a microwave at the office since we often work

(C) to

(D) with

you to carry a valid photo ID with you during your visit.

(C) for

(D) with

3. Your donation made it possible us to continue offering our students free education

and to provide opportunities for personal development. (A) of (C) in

(B) for (D) with

(55B To-lnfinitives as Objects of Verbs

n Below are verbs that are followed by a to-infinitive as their objects.

afford agree ask begin continue desire

expect fail hope learn like offer

plan pretend promise propose refuse try

want wish need decide manage choose

e.g. I want to be a good writer.

Please try to do better next time.




■o TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 309

1. They decided

(A) lending

(B) to lend

2. Having managed

me some money when I explained that I was in a difficult situation.

(C) by lending

(D) lent

his business from going bankrupt, Mr. Matthews decided to sell his

stock while he still had the opportunity.

(A) prevent

(B) preventing

3. If both parties agree

(A) sign

(B) signing

4. The couple wanted

conglomerates. (A) investing

(B) to investing

(C) prevented

(D) to prevent

the contract, we can officially announce the merger.

(C) to sign

(D) of signing

most of their money in medium-sized companies instead of

(C) to invest

(D) invest

To-lnfinitives After Adjectives

■ Below are adjectives that are always followed by to-infinitives.

be easy be necessary

be able be difficult

be willing be unable

be likely be unwilling

be ready be unlikely

be eager be reluctant

be free be sure

be anxious be convenient

be possible be natural

jo TOEiC ^estions) --------------------------------- Answers on page 309

1. He is to undertake the position because it will pay a lot more.

(A) willing (C) hesitate

(B) reluctant (D) fortunately

2. It is for businesses to expand in the present economic climate.

(A) difficult (C) fortunately

(B) willing (D) potential

3. We believe that it is necessary everyone to be prepared for the meeting this Friday.

(A) remind (C) reminding

(B) to remind (D) reminded


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Noun + To-Infinitive

□ Below are some nouns that are often followed by a to-infinitive.

ability attempt chance opportunity right time way

(o TOEIC Questions)

1. All of my attempts

(A) open

(B) to open

Answers on page 309

the door failed because it was locked.

(C) opening

(D) opened

around the garden and to share their 2. The two business partners had the opportunity

experiences with each other. (A) walk (C) walked

(B) walking (D) to walk

3. Hank Jackman’s performance was outstanding despite the fact that he didn’t have much time

for the part.

(A) prepare (C) preparing

(B) preparation (D) to prepare

BBS To-lnfinitives as Object Complements

□ Below are transitive verbs that are followed by to-infinitives as object complements.

advise enable expect order urge

instruct would like would love tell compel

request require teach choose get

warn wish cause force remind

allow ask forbid persuade want

e.g. I advised him to study hard for the test.

I urged her to sell her house.

He told me to quit smoking.

Note: When the verbs above are in the passive form, a to-infinitive always follows them.

e.g. He was advised to study hard for the test.

She was urged to sell her house.

I was told to quit smoking.

(o TOEIC Questions)

1. My high school teacher has always encouraged me

(A) go (C) to go

(B) going (D) to have gone

Answers on page 309

to university.

2. The Federal Transportation Administration expects the number of buses 10% in three years. (A) increase (C) to increase (B) increasing (D) increased

by more than




3. With the repairs, we can expect the machine

(A) to be (C) be

(B) being (D) is

fully operational again within two months.

Gerunds

Functions of Gerunds

I A gerund is a verbal ending in -ing that functions as a noun being the subject, object of a verb, complement, or object of a

preposition. e-S- Parking is prohibited on this street, (subject)

I finished repairing the broken door, (object of the verb "finish”)

One of his hobbies is collecting stamps, (complement)

I am relaxing by listening to music, (object of the preposition “by")

(oTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 309

1. new developed products every year is essential for the survival of most companies in the high-technology

field.

(A) Launch (C) Launched

(B) Launching (D) Launches

2. water pollution levels requires decreasing the amount of untreated waste from manufacturing factories.

(A) Reducing (C) Reduces

(B) Reduce (D) Reduced

3. experienced professors to provide high-quality educational services is important to any university.

(A) Find (C) Finding

(B) Found (D) To be found

Using Nouns When Possible

■ Though gerunds function as nouns, they cannot replace nouns when nouns of the same meaning are available.


1. The general director announced that the department’s for submitting new proposals

was too complicated and needed to be changed or adjusted.

(A) proceed (C) procedure

(B) proceeding (D) proceeded

2. The manager who is in charge of the department will review your in order to check

your qualifications meet our requirements.

(A) applying (C) applied

(B) application (D) apply


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3. Some of the team members showed for his valued contributions to the project.

(A) recognize (C) recognizing

(B) to be recognized (D) recognition

Gerunds as Objects of Verbs

a Below are verbs that are followed by gerunds as their direct objects.

admit avoid consider finish give up

mind suggest delay deny enjoy

include discontinue recommend quit postpone

practice advise reject

e.g. Would you mind opening the window? I just

finished reporting to my boss.

.0 T OEIC Questionsj

1. When he finished

(A) to write

(B) writing

2. We are considering

younger generation. (A) to introduce

(B) introducing

3. The customer considered

limited. (A) buying

(B) to buy

Answers on page 309

the letters, he made himself a cup of coffee.

(C) written

(D) write

a new product line designed by Harris, which will target the

(C) introduce

(D) introduced

the DVD player until she learned that the warranty was very

(C) bought

(D) of buying

4. Please quit

(A) postpone

(B) to postpone

the meeting and visit the client in her office this week.

(C) postponing

(D) postponed

Gerunds & To-lnfinitives as Objects of Verbs

□ Below are verbs that can be followed by both gerunds and to-infinitives, but there is difference in meaning: after these verbs,

a to-infinitive refers to the future, while a gerund expresses an earlier action relative to the time of the verb in the main

clause.

forget regret remember stop

e.g. I stopped to smoke. (= I stopped doing something in order to smoke.)

I stopped smoking. (= I stopped the act of smoking.)

I remember to meet him tomorrow evening. (= I will meet him tomorrow evening.)

I remember meeting him 2 years ago. (= I met him 2 years ago and now I remember that.)

I regret to inform you of our mistake. (I’m going to tell you about our mistake.)

I regret informing you of our mistake. (I did tell you about our mistake some time earlier.)




(OTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 309

1. Next month, we will have to stop in the office.

(A) to smoke (C) to smoking

(B) smoking (D) smoke

2. Jennifer stopped some much-neededrest before attempting to type the report.

(A) to get (C) get

(B) getting (D) gotten

3. Though I clearly remember the car key inmy pocket this morning,I don’t have it now.

(A) to put (C) to have put

(B) put (D) putting

4. We regret that the train bound for Tokyo will leave one hour behind schedule.

(A) to say (C) said

(B) saying (D) say

Gerunds as Objects of the Preposition To

■ Below are expressions ending in the preposition to and followed by a gerund as their direct object. (This point has been

mentioned in Point 3 - To-lnfinitives).

look forward to when it comes to

be used to object to

be devoted to be accustomed to

be committed to pay attention to

be opposed to in addition to

(oTQEIC Questions) Answers on pa9e 309

1. Animal rights groups object animals in laboratory testing.

(A) to use (C) to using

(B) using (D) having used

2. Mary’s father is still opposed to abroad to get a more stable job.

(A) go (C) goes

(B) going (D) gone

3. The students in the class are devoted to English to get high scores on their tests.

(A) studying (C) study

(B) to study (D) studied

Gerunds Following Prepositions

■ After a preposition, either a noun or a gerund is correct. Frequently, you are expected to choose a gerund as the correct answer

in the TOEIC test.

e.g. On studying English, I feel my speaking ability is getting better.

In studying English, the most difficult thing is grammar.

By studying English, my grade is getting better.

Part 5 I Unit 9 Verbals 119

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1. The test is important in the differences between the two theories and correlated

samples.

(A) determine (C) determining

(B) to determine (D) determined

2. Anyone who wants to receive information about the program can register by us on the

World Wide Web at any time. (A) visit (C) visiting

(B) to visit (D) visited

3. translating the contract, he was able to understand exactly what the terms of the deal were. (A) By (C) With

(B) For (D) To

Expressions with Gerunds

B Below are some common expressions that are always followed by a gerund.

be busy cannot help

keep make a point of

feel like there is no point (in)

it is no use end up

have a hard time/difficulty/trouble be comfortable in

go

z -- — ---------------------- : -------- > Answers on page 309

(o TOEIC Questionsj

1. While the Manufacturing Department was making the new products, the marketing team was

busy to launch them. (A) preparing (C) to prepare

(B) prepared (D) prepare

2. My daughters want to go in the downtown area this afternoon if it is possible.

(A) shop (C) shopping

(B) to shop (D) shopped

3. The manufacturing company had a lot of difficulty a contract with the Swedish retail

chain.

(A) made

(B) making

(C) to make

(D) to making

PRIME TOEIC READING


Participles

Forms and Functions of Participles

Participles come in two categories: past and present.

The past participles of all regular verbs end in -ed; the past participles of irregular verbs, however, vary considerably, e.g. the

past participle of bring is brought, of sing is sung.

The present participles are the only verb forms that are completely regular. The present participle is formed by adding -ing to

the base form of a verb, e.g. bringing, singing.

Participles have three functions in sentences. They can be components of multipart verbs, or they can function as adject ives or

nouns.

A Present participles

The man wearing glasses is my brother, (modifying the noun “man”) The news is very

surprising, (subject complement)

I saw him drinking coffee at the café. (object complement)

The baby is sleeping on the bed. (forming the present continuous tense)

B Past participles

He likes fried chicken, (modifying the noun “chicken”)

We were surprised to hear the news, (subject complement)

I heard his named caljed. (object complement)

I have known him for ten years, (forming the present perfect tense) The house was

built in 2000. (forming the passive)

C Participial phrases

As I felt excited, I quickly made a reservation for the tour, (adverb clause) Feeling

excited, I quickly made a reservation for the tour, (participial phrase)

Using Adjectives When Possible

■ Though participles function as adjectives, they cannot replace adjectives when adjectives of the same meaning are

available. • Satisfied, challenging and impressed are defined as adjectives in any dictionary.

_ ------- Answers on page 309

tPTQEIC Questions)

1. developments have recently occurred in the electronics industry.

(A) Significant (C) Signified

(B) Signifying (D) Signification

2. The company High-Tech has introduced a new testing system for all employees.

(A) prospect (C) protecting

(B) prospective (D) protected


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3. Since the vending machine was out of coins, I had to insert the

(A) correct (C) corrected

(B) correcting (D) correction

amount of change.

CSSB Participles as Adjectives

We have seen that a participle modifies a noun or a pronoun like an adjective. We usually use the past participle (ending in -ed)

to talk about how someone feels and use the present participle (ending in -ing) to talk about the person, thing, or situation

which causes the feeling.

A Participles as attributive adjectives

Ç) Present participles: Verb + -ing e-g-

an interesting game boiling water an amazing story a continuing situation

remaining tickets rising costs existing equipment a fascinating place

a competing company a growing population

Q Past participles: Verb + -ed or Past participle of irregular verbs

e.g.

a tired man enclosed stamps restricted areas a retired employee

a designated spot a revised budget a written contract an assigned task

Most common participles as attributive adjectives

attached envelopes a challenging task

a confusing matter a demanding supervisor

a distinguished singer an encouraging job

an existing problem finished goods

a lasting effect a promising man

a reserved seat rewarding work

the rising sun an unused leave

a dedicated worker a designated area

a diversified solution an exciting game

an experienced man a growing number of clients

a limited time a required inspection

a revised regulation a rising population

a surrounding area updated data

o TOEIC Questions. Answers on page 309

1- The product will be available for the demonstration by the project team next Monday.

(A) finish (C) finished

(B) finishing (D) finisher




2. We were able to persuade the customers that our new model is better than the one made by the firm. (A) compete (C) competed

(B) competing (D) competence

Participles of Emotions

B As explained in Point 3 of this unit, we usually use the past participle to talk about how someone feels and the present

participle to talk about the person, thing, or situation which causes the feeling.

Below are verbs that can form participles showing emotions.

amaze bore challenge confuse surprise

disappoint embarrass exhaust fascinate frighten

impress interest overwhelm please

e.g. I was really bored during the flight.

Disney Land is the most fascinating place I have ever travelled to.

oTOEIC Questions)

1. Until recently, it had been an

(A) excited

(B) excite

2. Mr. Kim sometimes feels

classmates’. (A) disappointed

(B) to be disappointed

Answers on page 309

experience for me to travel just ten miles from home.

(C) exciting

(D) excitedly

because he knows his English isn’t as good as his

(C) disappoint

(D) disappointing

3. The main reason we go to the national park is that we can appreciate the

made by a famous artist. (A) fascination (C) fascinating

(B) fascinated (D) fascinate

sculptures

(3StDils9 Reduced Participial Phrases

A Forms of participial phrases

Q Two sentences that share the same subject can be merged (joined) into one sentence to avoid wordiness. A clause with an

active verb is reduced to a present or perfect participial phrase. A clause with a passive verb is reduced to a past

participial phrase, and it is placed directly after (but sometimes before) the noun it modifies.

The students (who are) studying in the library are mine.

The goods (which were) ordered last month were delivered today.

(Being) Written in German, the document was impossible for us to understand. (Having been) Cleaned

completely, the office looked great when we got there.


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□ To make the meaning clear, such conjunctions as while/when/unless are not omitted.

When starting a job interview, you should look confident.

B Examples of reduced participial phrases

When I saw him, I started to cry.

= Seeing him, I started to cry. (present participial phrase)

As it was written by him, the book is selling well now.

= Written by him, the book is selling well now. (past participial phrase)

Because she had finished washing the dishes, she went out.

= Having finished washing the dishes, she went out. (perfect participial phrase)

As there is no bus service, we have to take a taxi. = There being no bus service, we have to take a taxi, (different subjects in two clauses)

,—— -------------------------- : ------- x Answers on page 309

ipTOEIC Questions)

1. Once with Joy Department Store, Angelina’s Shopping Center will be shut down.

(A) merging (C) are merging

(B) have merged (D) merged

2. After to the office, Andy immediately began to work because there were a lot of

documents piled up on his desk. (A) returning (C) return

(B) to return (D) returned

3. all of the items planned for the meeting, the committee finished its business for the day. (A) Covers (C) Covered

(B) Being covered (D) Having covered




TOEIC Practice

1. I sent the suppliers an e-mail

the modifications to be made to our next shipment.

(A) details

(B) detail

(C) detailed

(D) detailing

2. Despite the lack of manpower, the accounting

division managed the

project

on schedule.

(A) keep

(B) keeping

(C) kept

(D) to keep

3. We traveled to Atlanta to have a closer look

at the site for the new factory, but the area was so

undeveloped that it did not seem worth the

money.

(A) invest

(B) investing

(C) invested

(D) to invest

4. Mr. Jones accepted responsibility for the

design team’s inability the

project on time and under budget.

(A) to finish

(B) finishing

(C) finished

(D) finishes

5. Despite an unexpected delay of more than

two hours, visitors to the White House were finally able

the President.

(A) meet

(B) meeting

(C) meets

(D) to meet

6. Even a little negative publicity can harm a

company’s image by customers’

confidence.

(A) damage

(B) damaging

(C) damageable

(D) damaged

7. Our annual company retreat provides a

great setting ideas and foster

relationships across all of the company’s departments.

(A) to exchange

(B) exchanges

(C) exchange

(D) exchanged

8. For this entire document from

English to Tamil, Mr. Singh was paid only $35.

(A) translate

(B) translating

(C) translated

(D) to translate

9. We are currently investigating new ways

more consumer interest in our

products and services.

(A) generate

(B) generating

(C) to generate

(D) generated

10. Any customers to cancel their

contracts early will be required to pay a fee equal to 15%

of their monthly rate.

(A) intended

(B) intends

(C) to intend

(D) intending

11. It is not yet clear whether the vendors are

willing us a further discount for

the larger quantity we are ordering.

(A) to offer

(B) offer

(C) offering

(D) offers

12. to isolate the source of a minor accounting error, James

discovered evidence of embezzlement.

(A) Attempted

(B) Attempts

(C) Attempting

(D) To attempt


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a> ’>

c as

13. Some loans give you the option of

the terms after the fixed rate period has ended while

others are more restrictive in their wording.

(A) renegotiate

(B) to renegotiate

(C) renegotiation

(D) renegotiating

14. Julia rarely joins us in the cafeteria at lunchtime,

preferring to use her time

at the local fitness center instead.

(A) exercise

(B) exercising

(C) exerciser

(D) exercised

15. The interviewer will usually ask you questions to

evaluate your ability

various tasks successfully.

(A) comprehend

(B) comprehensive

(C) comprehension

(D) to comprehend

16. Protesters blocked traffic during the demonstration, many

workers to be late

for work.

(A) cause

(B) caused

(C) causing

(D) to cause

17. The main reason our batteries are more popular than our

competitors’ is that

them takes less time.

(A) recharged

(B) to recharging

(C) recharge

(D) recharging

18. It is that the suggested revisions

to the blueprints will reduce costs as well as enhance the

lighting in the lobby area.

(A) anticipate

(B) anticipated

(C) anticipating

(D) anticipation

19. In an effort to schedule a technician

my fax machine, I called the company, but each time

the line was busy, or I was abruptly disconnected.

(A) repair

(B) repairs

(C) to repair

(D) repaired

20. Wise brokers will advise their clients to

maintain a portfolio that ranges

between high-risk and low-risk stocks.

(A) diversify

(B) diversifying

(C) diversified

(D) diversification

21. The phone company’s customer service

manager flatly refused the out

rageous amount they charged us for this call to

Antarctica.

(A) reduce

(B) reducing

(C) reduction

(D) to reduce

22. Morale has improved greatly among those

workers the option of working

flextime schedules.

(A) given

(B) were given

(C) have given

(D) gave

23. Soon after his resignation was announced, Stan

Marshall met with senior managers

finding his replacement.

(A) discuss

(B) discussing

(C) discussion

(D) to discuss

24. Essential oils from lavender and

vanilla are the chief components of the new herbal

soap.

(A) extract

(B) extracting

(C) extracted

(D) extractability



25. how many products we have in stock is crucial to our

shipping procedures.

(A) Know

(B) Known

(C) Knowing

(D) To knowing

26. Any researchers in a modern

laboratory face the challenge of controlling a wide array

of different instruments.

(A) have worked

(B) work

(C) working

(D) are working

27. There are certainly as many ways to

a personal office space as there are different kinds of

people.

(A) organize

(B) organizing

(C) organization

(D) to organizing

28. To avoid out of business, owners

should have well-prepared business plans and

innovative ideas.

(A) go

(B) going

(C) to go

(D) to going

29. An important quality of anyone working in

customer service is the ability a

positive attitude, especially during stressful situations.

(A) maintain

(B) maintaining

(C) to maintain

(D) maintained

30. It is to our advantage customers

to speak highly about our products since it is an indirect

way of advertising.

(A) for

(B) of

(C) with

(D) from

31. In the plan, the entrepreneur will

conduct research to determine a systematic and realistic

evaluation.

(A) developed

(B) development

(C) developing

(D) developers

32. Jessica and Mandy will only purchasing appliances

that come with a money-back guarantee.

(A) think

(B) want

(C) hope

(D) consider

33. Mr. Miles is a very generous and capable

manager, but he is not very helpful when it comes tous

of what isgoing

on in the organization.

(A) inform

(B) informed

(C) informing

(D) having informed

34. If you are expecting Ms. Simmons that many seats for

you, then you had better let her know well in advance of

the deadline.

(A) reserves

(B) to reserve

(C) of reserving

(D) reserving

35. profitable yet competitive product prices is a vital

component of any company’s success in the marketplace.

(A) Establishing

(B) Established

(C) Establishment

(D) To establishing

36. The team manager will call for a meeting to

discuss the for revising the

company’s articles of association.

(A) propose

(B) proposal

(C) proposing

(D) proposed


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37. Before computing his taxes, make sure you

remember the allowable home

improvement expenses.

(A) deduction

(B) deducting

(C) deducted

(D) to deduct

38. We found the new security system so

because we had to change the secret

number every two months.

(A) frustrate

(B) frustrating

(C) frustrated

(D) frustration

39. Port Stephens is a major coastal and recreational

holiday center as Blue

Water Paradise.

(A) known

(B) knowing

(C) know

(D) to know

40. that she had made no mistakes in her calculation,

Pamela didn’t bother

to check the monthly sales report before turning it in.

(A) Assume

(B) To assume

(C) Assuming

(D) Assumed

41. After everyone at the accident

scene, investigators concluded that the icy roads

had caused the car to hit the pedestrian.

(A) question

(B) questioned

(C) questioning

(D) questionable

42. the project on time, the design team celebrated by

eating dinner at Mario's Grill.

(A) Complete

(B) Completion

(C) Completed

(D) Having completed

43. Julia Truman’s presentation on self-improve-

ment strategies in the workplace was by far the most

speech at the confer

ence.

(A) inspire

(B) inspires

(C) inspiring

(D) inspiration

44. The revenue from thousands

of fundraising events is expected to raise sizable cash

donations to the tsunami relief effort.

(A) combine

(B) combination

(C) combining

(D) combined



U n i t Phrases, Clauses & Sentences ■

You must be able to recognize phrases, sentences, and clauses so that you can do your test well.

Basic Components in a Sentence

A Words

A word is a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a

principal carrier of meaning. e.§. company, economic, merge, rapidly

B Phrases

A phrase is a small group of words that forms a meaningful unit within a clause. There are several different types of phrases,

such as: Q Noun phrase

I want a new dress.

Q Prepositional phrase

The furniture in her room was luxurious.

Q Adverb phrase

We tried our best to complete the project in time.

C Clauses

A clause is a group of words that contains a verb (and usually other components too). A clause may form part of a sentence or

it may be a complete sentence in itself.

9 Noun clause

I said that I was happy.

Q Adjective clause

He was the man whom I met yesterday.

Q Adverb clause

They went out when it rained.

Note: Various conjunctions are often used in adverb clauses. e.g. Although he was inexperienced, he was promoted to

manager.

ES3B Prepositional Phrases vs. Adverb Clauses

A Prepositional phrase = Preposition + noun

A preposition is usually followed by a noun, noun phrase, pronoun, or gerund.

B Adverb clause = Conjunction + Subject + Verb

An adverb clause always starts with a conjunction.

Before the class, we had a meeting. (Before is a preposition.)

Before you start the engine, you should wait for ten seconds. (Before is a conjunction.)

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After the class, we will have a meeting. (After is a preposition.) After I finish the

class, I will go home. (After is a conjunction.)

I have lived here since the event, (since is a preposition.)

I have lived here since I came to L.A.. (since is a conjunction.)

1333SEEB Prepositions vs. Conjunctions

o As introduced in Point 2 above, a preposition precedes a noun, noun phrase, pronoun, or gerund and a conjunction starts a

clause.

e.g. It is morning, for the birds are singing, (for is a conjunction.)

I could not see anything for the fog. (for is a preposition.)

Below are prepositions and conjunctions that are similar in meaning and often cause confusion.


1. Many people prefer large cars

(A) though

(B) although (C) despite

(D) during

the rising cost of fuel.

2. Many small companies went bankrupt the rise in the interest rate.

(A) even though

(B) even

(C) because of

(D) because

3. Andy is young and relatively inexperienced, he is just as capable as other candidates, so we hope he gets the

position.

(A) Before

(B) Despite

(C) Regarding

(D) Although

the patient was not recovering quickly, the physician told him to do nothing but rest 4.

for at least a week.

(A) Because of

(B) Even (C) Because

(D) Despite




Sentences

■ A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete thought. It must contain a subject and a finite verb.

e.g. Tom plays football every morning.

Subj. Verb

ioTOEIC Questions) Answers on page

309

1. The faculty meeting at 8:00 P.M. every night.

(A) begins (C) to begin

(B) beginning (D) begun

2. Before you start the engine, you should the manual carefully.

(A) reading (C) to read

(B) read (D) reads

3. The concert at 7:00P.M. and should be finished by 9:30 P.M.

(A) begin (C) to begin

(B) begins (D) beginning

4. High school students who their time to public charities will get bonus points.

(A) volunteer (C) voluntary

(B) to volunteer (D) voluntarily

5. The quality of the overall products after the company installed the automatic checking

system.

(A) improved (C) improvement

(B) improving (D) improvingly

Finite Verbs in Sentences

■ In a complete sentence, the finite verb always follow the subject, but sometimes there is a participial phrase, a relative

clause, or a prepositional phrase modifying the subject coming between them. You, therefore, should be careful to be able to

recognize the finite verb when doing the test.

e.g. The survey (conducted last week) shows positive customer feedback.

The documents (you had requested) were sent this morning.

The manager (from the associated company) hasn’t been very cooperative.

------- 1; ------ \ Answers on page

------- 309

(o TOEIC Questions)

1. Employees having problems with their computers the issues to the maintenance office.

(A) report (C) reports

(B) to report (D) reporting

2. People interested in the position their application along with their diplomas.

(A) submit (C) submitting

(B) submission (D) submits

Part 5 | Unit iO Phrases, Clauses & Sentences 131

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3. The reports you handed in last Monday a lot of spelling mistakes, so you should

revise them. (A) have (C) having

(B) to have (D) has

Commas in Sentences

□ In long sentences, a comma may be added to make the meaning clear. A comma is used in the following structures:

Q Adverb, Subject + Verb

Apparently, he didn’t seem to care about it.

(j) Prepositional phrase, Subject + Verb

Since her recent promotion, Jane has been very cheerful.

Q Adverb clause, Subject + Verb

After Andy returned to the office, he immediately began to work.

Q Participial phrase, Subject + Verb

Returning to the office, Andy immediately began to work.

fo TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 310

1. , the new promotion team works well together despite the members’ different backgrounds and experiences. (A) General (C) Generalize

(B) Generally (D) Generalization

2. , the profit figures of the company need to be calculated.

(A) Biannual (C) Biannulate

(B) Biannually (D) Biangular

3. many people enjoy going on a vacation in the summer, Molly prefers taking trips in winter because she loves skiing. (A) These (C) Since

(B) Whether (D) While

Inversion

Inversion is used to give emphasis or to be rhetorical in more formal situations, in political speeches, on the news, and also in

literature. Some native speakers may also use them occasionally in day-today conversation.

In English, there are twelve kinds of inverted sentences, but the four ones below are most frequently given in the TOEIC test.

A Negative Adverb + Auxiliary Verb (including Modal Verbs) + Subject + Main Verb (+ Object)

When a negative adverb starts a sentence, inversion is used. Negative adverbs include rarely, hardly, scarcely, only,

never, seldom, few, little, no, not, nothing but. e.g. Never have I met him before.

Rarely did he work on the weekend.




B Had + Subject + past participle..., main clause

When If in conditional clauses is omitted, inversion is also used. e.g. If I had caught that plane, I

would be dead now.

-» Had I caught that plane, I would be dead now.

C After adverbial expressions of place

e.g. On display at the gallery is an exhibit from France.

Round the corner came the postman.

On the doorstep was a bunch of flowers.

D For emphasis

e.g. Enclosed is a handbook regarding how to buy a used air conditioner.

(pTOEIC Questions^! Answers on page 310

1. have we a need for temporary staff, but this week there is a need to hire one person.

(C) Near

(D) Even (A) Seldom

(B) So

2. the shipment been despatched on schedule, we might have received the products on

time.

(A) Have

(B) Had (C) Having

(D) To have

3. is a copy of the status report on the new research and development project.

(A) Enclose

(B) Enclosing

(C) Enclosed

(D) Enclosure

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TOEIC Practice Phrases, Clauses & Sentences

1. The preface of the prospectus for our conglomerate

simple and clear

provisions.

(A) provide

(B) to provide

(C) providing

(D) provides

2. The improved record-keeping software

allowed the Research and Development

Department to perform better.

(A) having

(B) to have

(C) has

(D) have

3. , the director requested our

assistance in an effort to turn in the report by the due

date.

(A) Final

(B) Finally

(C) Finality

(D) Finalize

4. The home appliance company expanded

into several Asian markets it

broadened the scope of its domestic activities.

(A) during

(B) while

(C) on

(D) in spite of

5. You should your insurance

information and registration card in order to receive

assistance from the authorities.

(A) to send

(B) sent

(C) sending

(D) send

6. The discounted price is not valid for certificates

prior tothe publication of

this advertisement.

(A) purchase

(B) purchases

(C) purchasing

(D) purchased

7. The science teacher who is in charge of the

class angrily to the suggestion

that the final exam had not been fair.

(A) to react

(B) reacting

(C) reacted

(D) react

8. the funds have been budgeted for

the employee training program, the director of the

project is reluctant to proceed.

(A) Despite

(B) Although

(C) Because of

(D) Therefore

9. Jennifer considered the problems

carefully then, she wouldn’t have any trouble preparing

for the project now.

(A) Have

(B) Has

(C) Had

(D) Having

10. An important item on the agenda which

to be discussed at the general

shareholders’ meeting was the expansion into the new

market.

(A) needs

(B) to need

(C) needing

(D) needed




U n i t 11 Sentence Structures

^3SS9 Five Sentence Structures in English

■ Below are five sentence structures in English.

Structure 1 Subject + Intransitive Verb

Structure 2 Subject + Linking Verb + Subject Complement

Structure 3 Subject + Transitive Verb + Object

Structure 4 Subject + Ditransitive Verb + Indirect Object+ Direct Object

Structure 5 Subject + Complex Transitive Verb + Object + Object Complement

Sentence Structure 1

Form: Subject + Intransitive Verb

e.g. We ate out. Her mother died a long time ago.

B In the TOEIC test, the structures below are often given.

Q There + be + noun phrase + prepositional phrase

Q There + verb (come, go, remain, live, seem, appear, exist, etc.)


1. There many restaurants offering hundreds of kinds of Korean dishes and seafood.

(A) is (C) has

(B) are (D) have

2. are far more education programs on TV than there used to be.

(A) There (C) They

(B) It (D) We

3. remain three other issues to be clarified about the construction contract.

(A) It (C) They

(B) He (D) There

4. There a large number of problems that we have to deal with.

(A) is (C) has

(B) are (D) have

Part 5 | Unit 11 Sentence Structures 135

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mm Sentence Structure 2

Form: Subject + Unking Verb + Subject Complement ;

A Verbs followed by an adjective modifying the subject of a sentence

be get become stay remain seem

appear feel go grow lie look

prove run smell sound taste turn out

e.g. She is beautiful.

The company became successful.

I got (grew) nervous.

The air feels cold.

The food looked delicious.

The water supply is running low.

His proposal sounds interesting.

He went crazy.

B Verbs followed by a noun or a noun phrase modifying the subject of a sentence

be become remain appear prove seem

e.g. Tom will be the vice president of the company.

She became a lawyer.

Henry remained the manager of the office.

oTOEIC Questionsj Answers on page 310

1. Alan is that he is through with her and will not see her again until she apologizes.

(A) confident (C) confidentially

(B) confidence (D) confide

2. Communication between the management board and the workers seemed

(A) excellent (C) excellently

(B) excellence (D) excel

3. The elderly have to stay

(A) health

(B) healthy

in order to live happy lives with their family members.

(C) health care

(D) healthful


Form: Subject + Transitive Verb + Object *:■

A In this structure, the main verb must be followed by a direct object.

Below are confusing verbs that can easily be used in the wrong way.




B Some intransitive verbs are followed by a preposition and a noun or noun phrase is the object of this

preposition.

e.g. We are seeking foreign investment since we began this business, (transitive verb)

I’ve been looking for a job since I graduated from college, (intransitive verb + preposition)

Below are some common verbs of this type.

account for add to

agree to (with, on) apologize to

arrive at comply with

enroll in graduate from

interfere with look at

object to proceed with

reply to return to

search for start from

subscribe to wait for

react to contend with

Part 5 ! Unit 11 Sentence Structures 137

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, _ ------- — --------- ■* Answers on page 310

OTQEIC Questions)

1. Convenience Tech Systems Ltd. must with lower demand in the electronic appliance

market.

(A) contend (C) reward

(B) replace (D) group

2. All branch offices should the new safety regulations set by headquarters.

(A) comply (C) follow

(B) abide (D) after

3. The new manager of the department is sure to to the news of the business expansion

with great interest.

(A) answer (C) explain

(B) regret (D) react


Form: Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object

A Below are verbs that are followed by both an indirect object (people) and a direct object (things).

ask take teach write save cost

draw bring build buy give promise

lend find fix get pass show

read make offer owe send

e.g. John passed his boss the sales report. Coop-Mart offered us a contract.

B Form: Subject + Verb + Direct Object + to + Indirect Object

Below are verbs that are immediately followed by a direct object and their indirect object must be followed by the preposition

to.

announce deliver describe explain introduce mention

propose prove recommend report return suggest

e.g. He teaches me English, (o)

He mentioned me the party, (x)

He mentioned the party to me. (o)

«rnnrn *.■ Answers on page 310

vQTOEIC Questions)

1. Mr. Smith is looking for his coworker to him a ride to the office.

(A) give (C) present

(B) bestow (D) grant




2. Professor Brown once

(A) mentioned

(B) asked

that issue to me.

(C) demanded

(D) inquired

The real estate agent me a two-story apartment and stated that it was the most

recently built building in the entire area. (A) recommended (C) introduced

(B) showed (D) proposed


Form: Subject + Verb + Object + Object Complement

A Below are verbs that are followed by a direct object and this object is modified by an adjective, a noun, or a to-infinitive phrase.

allow prove get declare make find

choose appoint push keep urge permit

forbid compel call select cause

e.g. I had to keep the food cold.

We should allow him to use the room.

We got the project team to work on the bid.

B Below are causative verbs that are followed by a direct object and an infinitive phrase without to.

have help let make

Note: The verb help can be followed by an infinitive phrase with or without to.

e.g. The company had him work in the Accounting Department.

He jet me go to the party.

Note: With the causative verb have/get, a past participle is used if the direct object is a thing.

e.g. Mr. Smith had his tooth pulled out.

I got my photo taken by the photographer.

C Below are verbs that are followed by a direct object and a noun phrase after the preposition as.

choose cite consider define

designate look upon refer regard

see take think of describe

e.g. The media described him as a clown. o « ----------------------------------------- -------------- iJ

Ms. Organ is considered (as) an expert in this field.


u +-•

a; >

+-* c

03 _c c 1. With the detailed manual, everybody found the new software fairly to use.

(A) ease(C) easy § (B) easily(D) easiest 5

Part 5 I Unit 11 Sentence Structures 139

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2. The organizers had to have the attendees busy. in the lobby because the counter was too

(A) register

(B) registered

(C) registering

(D) registers

3. Mrs. Fonda him as the director of the Asian Commerce Show 2014, which was to be

held in Tokyo.

(A) ordered

(B) designated (C) allowed

(D) helped

4. Mr. Martin had to

(A) have

(B) give

the documents sent twice since the first set got lost in the mail.

(C) allow

(D) push

laBUSIUIp Sentence Structures with the Verb Say and Suchlike Verbs

n Below are sentence structures containing the verbs related to the meaning “say”.

Q Say + that-clause/direct object + to + indirect object

e.g. He said that he would be promoted next year.

They said nothing to me about the project.

a Tell + somebody + about something, inform/notify + somebody + of something

e.g. We’ll tell him about the news/project.

They informed us of the coming meeting.

Note: No prepositions are added in these expressions: tell the truth/a lie/a story

Q Talk/speak to/with + somebody + about something

e.g. They talk/speak to me about the problem.

Notes:

1. No preposition is added in speak + a language, e.g. speak English.

2. talk/speak can never precede a relative clause starting with that.

□ Cite A as B

e.g Most managers cite employee satisfaction as an important business objective.

a Mention/explain something + to somebody/that-clause

e.g. To get the discount, just mention it to us when you are ordering the goods.

I’ll mention it to her when I see her tomorrow.

Did I mention that I’ve got a new job?

II Notice vs. notify

• notice (that)

e.g. I noticed that the door was open.

After a few days here you will hardly notice the rain!

• notice how/what/who/which

e.g. Did you notice how pale he looks?

• notify somebody of something

e.g. We’ve notified our policyholders of the changes affecting their policies.




• notify something to somebody

e.g. The committee’s decision will be notified to all employees next week.

oTOEIC Questions

1. Contractors are strongly advised to

(A) inform (C) say

(B) tell (D) speak

Answers on page 310 with

the lenders before signing the contract.

2. When I talked to my best friend on the phone last night, she

(A) said (C) spoke

(B) talked (D) told

me her secret.

3. When entering the factory, guests immediately

(A) notice (C) tell

(B) notify (D) inform

some of the paintings on the walls.

4. All employees must their immediate supervisors at least three days in advance if

they are unable to work overtime next Saturday. (A) notify (C) issue

(B) notice (D) require

oTOEIC Questions

1. When ordering online,

(A) specify

(B) specific

2, Whenever you have urgent printing needs, efficiently. (A) ask (C) asking

(B) to ask (D) asked

BBS! Other Sentence Structures

A An imperative sentence almost always starts with a bare infinitive. e.g.

Submit the document on time.

B A modal verb is always followed by a bare infinitive. e.g. The duty-free shop might change its business hours.

They would prefer to get their bonuses.

C A past participle follows the verb be to form the passive. e.g. This box will be ship to America tomorrow, (x) -♦ be shipped (o)

An agreement was reach, (x) -> was reached (o)

D A bare infinitive or -ing form can never follow the verb have but a to-infinitive, past participle, noun,

etc. can. e.g. The shipping cost has rise, (x) —■ has risen (o)

The shipping cost has rising, (x) -* has risen (o)

what color and size you want to purchase.

(C) specification

(D) specifically

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3. Contacts must be quickly in order for the company to build new trade relationships

with developed Western countries.

(A) established

(B) establishing

(C) to establish

(D) establishes

4. The professors were pleased with the fact that some of their top students’ applications had been

5. We might have finished the project on time except for the fact that we were constantly

(A) interrupt

(B) interrupting

(C) interrupted

(D) to interrupt

by the conglomerates.

(A) accept

(B) accepting

(C) to accept

(D) accepted




<«/

v; Frequently Tested Verb Patterns

• attend a meeting

• await a reply approach

a building

• Funds have been specifically allocated for

allot money from

■ decide to acquire more property

assume that

• accord sick leave

• accommodate over 150 people

• accept the proposal to set up

• aim at young adults

attach the label firmly

apologize for the delay

belong to a union

- residents are billed directly by

• clear Customs

• carry out further studies

• complete a form

compare consider

• commence at 3 o’clock

• collaborate in providing

• concur that cope with

stress

• must be checked

• can be condensed into one page

displace outgoing mail

• defer to a decision

• deliver the concrete to the wrong address

detain the terrorists

• debate a question

• disclose the information

discard the old files

discuss their concerns

• Checks must be deposited at

• be designated as

consent to

consolidate several departments

file for bankruptcy


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• examine the latest data expect a

price increase

• expand its manufacturing division

• enable people to do

• extend his visit to

• exceed $2 million in October

• My passport expires in

• enrich your life

» entrust my bag to

• empower a company to

• evacuate the people from

• estimate the cost of

• express concern about

• endorse a check

omit something = leave out

• obey a company policy = comply with

• oppose = be opposed to

• initiate a project

• Maximum security will be enforced.

• intend to clarify

• launch a new branch

• function properly

• follow a person

• the price fluctuates

• foster something = develop

• facilitate the export

• hesitate to telephone

• inform you of the exact shipment date

• The price includes airfare and accommodations.

• name A as B

• make a decision on

• meet international standards

• suffer from

e o u

present a plaque proceed with the

plan be preserved for the future

c A3

prevent from any harm prohibit a

sale

c preclude an importer



“ provide guests with complimentary shuttle service

• perceive that

• translate a speech

• be transacted on the phone

• transfer him to L.A.

transfer money to

• transfer at

■ the contract can be terminated by

• give his support

• employees must notify

• request a leave of absence from work

cif maternity leave, sick leave

• represent a significant advance

• realize a public’s awareness

• regret the mistake

’ resemble his father

• renew a contract

• return a questionnaire

• request permission resign

from a company

• remit payment

■ reimburse an expense

• It would resume paying for deliveries

• trainees are still reporting that

• reserve the right to refuse

• broaden our research into a few areas

question whether

• Since local manufacturers are unable to supply

• vacate the premises

welcome the guests

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TOEIC Practice Sentence Structures

1. We fully with the assessment

given by the independent investor.

(A) recur

(B) occur

(C) concur

(D) incur

2. Increased oil prices have made it more

expensive to fly, more holiday

tourists to choose domestic destinations over

international locations.

(A) causing

(B) caused

(C) causes

(D) to cause

3. Nearly all passengers would

of being downgraded from first class to coach,

especially on long flights.

(A) decline

(B) decent

(C) decrease

(D) disapprove

4. The interviewer did not say why I was not

chosen although she to my

lack of experience.

(A) alluded

(B) eluded

(C) included

(D) concluded

5. Unfortunately, the plan to unnecessary expenses

has not been as successful as we had hoped.

(A) brake

(B) curb

(C) encourage

(D) decelerate

6. Finally, the wise judge a

solution

that satisfied both parties in the civil case.

(A) deposed

(B) exposed

(C) proposed

(D) reposed

7. It’s important that we our line

of

goods so that we are not too dependent on any one

product for revenue.

(A) combine

(B) reduce

(C) generate

(D) diversify

8. Although she did not say it directly, the client

that if her complaints were not

addressed, she would take her business elsewhere.

(A) implied

(B) induced

(C) initiated

(D) impressed

9. Whether or not we into any

foreign markets this year really depends on the stability

of the exchange rates.

(A) expand

(B) expel

(C) expire

(D) expert

10. The trade show will displays

from some of the top companies in the field.

(A) hasten

(B) feature

(C) assert

(D) search

11. The investor’s portfolio of blue

chip company stocks and government bonds.

(A) consisted

(B) consisting

(C) consistent

(D) was consisted

12. Because the deadline for reservations had passed, the

hotel manager could not

our request for more rooms.

(A) accept

(B) accepted

(C) accepting

(D) to accept




13. The proposed plan seemed very practical, so the

board members decided to

it.

(A) implemented

(B) implement

(C) implementing

(D) implements

14. Even though the company

higher profits since last quarter, the overall outlook

remains uncertain.

(A) has generated

(B) generate

(C) generating

(D) generates

15. The treasurer couldn’t ____________________ for the

whereabouts of the donations that had been collected

during the club’s charity event.

(A) explain

(B) describe

(C) account

(D) detail

16. The mayor will with her plan

to build a new elementary school in the suburb.

(A) proceeds

(B) proceed

(C) proceeded

(D) proceeding

17. To me, Shanghai always __________________ New

York, especially in the sense that it’s the capital of all

the financial activities.

(A) resembles

(B) looks

(C) reminds

(D) thinks

18. After drawing up a draft joint contract, JR £ o

Shipping asked whether we the V

terms of the contract. >

(A) agreed iz

(B) conferred m

(C) concurred q

(D) accepted §


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I n

12 Conjunctions

Definition & Kinds of Conjunctions

Conjunctions, also known as connectors, are words joining words, phrases, clauses or sentences.

Different kinds of conjunctions join different kinds of grammatical structures.

Below is the table that lists different kinds of conjunctions together with adverbs and prepositions having similar meanings.

Meanings

Addition

Cause/Result

Purpose

Concession/

Contrast

Condition

Subordinating

conjunctions

after before when

while

since until

as soon as

because/since/as now

that so... (that) such...

(that)

so (that) in order that

even though

although

though

whereas

while

in case/unless

providing/provided

Coordinating

conjunctions

and

or (else)

Adverbs

nevertheless

nonetheless

however

otherwise

Prepositions

besides besides

furthermore in addition to

in addition

afterward after before

after that in during

at until

since by

on

consequently because of

therefore due to

as a result as a result of

despite in

spite of

in case of in the

event of

Subordinating Conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction is a word or a phrase which joins a dependent/subordinate clause and an independent/main clause.

A Conjunctions of time Below are conjunctions of time.

when/while as soon as before until by the time as long as once




e.g. Let’s go to a cafe when the concert is over.

As soon as he saw me, he ran away.

= He had no sooner seen me than he ran away.

= No sooner had he seen me thaji he ran away.

* 'No sooner had + S + p.p. than S + V When "no sooner” is put at the beginning of a sentence,

inversion is used.

Conjunctions of condition

if unless in case as long as provided once supposing

e.g. I’ll go if the weather is fine tomorrow.

Once you meet him, keep your eyes on him.

Conjunctions of concession/contrast

although though even though while/whereas whether ~ or not...

e.g. It is worth attempting even though we may fail. Whether you

like it or not, you have to do it.

Conjunctions of cause

because since as now that seeing

e.g. Now that you mention it, I remember the picture.

Richard became a manager because he was a hard worker.

Conjunctions of purpose

[so that / in order that] + S + [may / can / will] -> [so as to / in order to]

e.g. She ran so that she might catch the train.

-» She ran so as to catch the train.

They are hurrying in order that they may not miss the plane.

-> They are hurrying so as not to miss the plane.


1. It is important to have trainees read the procedures beforehand they study technical

issues. (A) when (C) and

(B) although (D) after

2. you sign the mortgage contract, the bank will issue a check payable to you.

(A) So (C) Since

(B) Despite (D) Once

3. R

io de Janeiro was a top tourist destination in the past, it is now drawing fewer visitors.

(A) Since (C) If

(B) Although (D) Now that

Part 5 | Unit 12 Conjunctions 149

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4. he was behind on updating his client files, Jack stayed at the company to work on

them all night long.

(A) Because

(B) However (C) Although

(D) During

5. Under these circumstances, we usually seek the advice of a third party decision making can

be kept as objective as possible.

all of the

(A) although

(B) since

(C) so that

(D) in order

gSyEZl Coordinating Conjunctions

A coordinating conjunction joins parts of a sentence: words, phrases or independent clauses that

are grammatically equal or similar. A coordinating conjunction shows that the elements it joins are

similar in importance and structure.

A and

Q Joining words

e.g. John and Mary are good friends.

He and I are responsible for the damage.

Q Joining phrases

e.g. He bowed and went away.

Why don’t you go and see the doctor?

Q Joining clauses

e.g. Study harder, and you will get a good job.

What you say and what you do are two different things.

B but

Q Joining words

e.g. The meeting was brief but comprehensive.

Q Meaning “except”

e.g. They are all gone but the girl. = All but the girl are gone.

Q Going with not

* not A but B

e.g. They did not regard him as a genius but as a fool.

= They regarded him not as a genius but as a fool.

= They regarded him as a fool and not as a genius.

C or

Q Connecting choices or possibilities

e.g. You or he is to blame in the matter.

(3 Going with else meaning “if not”

e.g. Hurry up, or (else) you will miss the plane.

D nor

g| Neither A nor B e.g. She was neither young

nor pretty.




Q Going with never

e.g. I have never met her mother, nor have I any desire to do so.

Q Going with not/no

e.g. Man cannot live by bread alone, nor can he live without bread. * When nor is

put at the beginning of a clause, inversion is used.

Correlative Conjunctions

■ A correlative conjunction is a coordinating conjunction that pairs up with other words to connect elements in a sentence. I t

helps indicate the relationship between elements it connects in a sentence.

A Both A and B (the verb is in the plural form)

e.g. Both John and Mary are college students this year.

B Either A or B (the verb agrees with B) e.g.

Either you or I am in the wrong.

C Neither A nor B (the verb agrees with B) e.g.

Neither you nor he knows the fact.

D Not only A but (also) B = B as well as A (the verb agrees with B) e.g. Not only the

mother but ajso the girls were smoking.

The mother as well as her girls js beautiful.

E Between A and B

e.g. They will build a bridge between the island and the mainland.

ÇoTOÊiC Questions) Answers on page 310

1. Our competitors learned our password were able to access our computer records.

(A) and

(B) yet

(C) but

(D) or

2. The board feels that downsizing would not only fail to cut costs significantly also damage the

firm’s public image.

would

(A) and

(B) so

(C) but

(D) or

3. The person responsible for the mess in the restroom after recess must be Sally Jenny.

(A) but

(B) and

(C) or

(D) nor

(oTÔEIC Questions)

1. We have often heard references to the gap between the rich domestic

policy implications.

Answers on page 310

the poor as having

(A) or

(B) to

(C) as

(D) and

Part 5 | Unit 12 Conjunctions

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2. the union will have to accept pay cuts for all of its members, or the division will have

to lay off 20% of its staff. (A) Both (C) Neither

(B) Either (D) As well as

3. One in eight Americans

(A) because

(B) that

manages a business or works for himself or herself.

(C) either

(D) although

Conjunctive Adverbs

H Below are conjunctive adverbs in English.

Q Result: therefore, as a result, consequently, thus, hence Contrast: however,

nonetheless, nevertheless Q Time: meanwhile, in the meantime d Condition:

otherwise Q Addition: moreover, furthermore, in addition U Example: for

example, for instance 01 Detailed information: namely

„ „ .. Answers on page 310

o TOEIC Questions 1

1. This mailbox must be received by Mr. Lee by the first of the month; , he will have to

attend the meeting without it. (A) otherwise (C) except

(B) unless (D) whenever

2. The price of imported raw materials has increased; a fall in demand is expected.

(A) because (C) although

(B) for (D) therefore

3. I have already finished the project; I don’t need you to do it now.

(A) nevertheless (C) however

(B) otherwise (D) therefore

Whether vs. If

A If is used when there is a condition. Both if and whether are used when there are two possible

alternatives. However, to start a clause that functions as the subject or object of a sentence, whether is

used instead of if.

e.g. If you come here or not doesn’t matter to me. (x)

Whether you come here or not doesn’t matter to me. (o)

B If can only be used in reporting Yes/No or alternative questions and after verbs of doubting (wonder,

doubt, find out, etc.) (like whether; however, whether can also function as a subordinating conjunction

of concession).

e.g. Whether you will come to the party or not, please inform us in advance, (o)

If you will come to the party or not, please inform us in advance, (x)




C Whether is used after prepositions.

e.g. We talked about whether we had a chance to win.


1. the temperature of the lake rises even one degree, many species of fish will not be

able to survive.

(A) Although

(B) If (C) Whether

(D) But

2. you would like to ask about this kind of donation, please call the local Salvation

Army for further information.

(A) If

(B) Whether (C) But

(D) Although

3. it rains or snows, we should attend the coming conference.

(C) If

(D) Whenever (A) Whether

(B) Though

That vs. What

That is both a conjunction and a relative pronoun forming the subject, object, or complement of a relative clause.

e.g. I didn’t know that she was married, (conjunction) It’s a song that my mother taught me. (relative pronoun)

What is a relative pronoun starting a relative clause that is the subject, object, or complement of a sentence.

e.g. She showed me what she had bought.

A That as a conjunction

e.g. That time is money has never been realized in the East, (that starts a noun clause being the subject of the sentence.)

I agree that it was a great mistake, (that joins the clause being the object of the verb agree.) The worst thing was that

she never answered his letters, (that joins the clause being the complement of the verb be.)

No one can deny the fact that you are guilty, (the fact and that are in apposition.)

Note: The following nouns usually precede “that”: fact, truth, statement, news, report, etc.

B That as a relative pronoun

e.g. The first subject that attracted my attention was religion, (that as the subject) This is the book that I am looking for. (that as the object)

C What as a relative pronoun starting a relative clause that is the subject, object, or complement of a

sentence

e.g. The shop didn’t have what I want.

This is what I meant.

What he wanted was simple.


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1. The golf club policy states children under fifteen must be accompanied by a coach or parent.

(A) that (C) who

(B) what (D) as

2. The workers of a company specializes in construction went on strike.

(A) what (C) who

(B) that (D) as

3. happens in a certain quarter does not have any important effects on the long-term investment.

(A) That (C) Who

(B) What (D) Where

4. It was quite obvious none of the workers would get their expected bonus this year.

(A) what (C) whether

(B) though (D) that

laiSKO Conjunctions vs. Prepositions

The information and questions in this part are similar to Point 3 of Unit 10: “Phrases, Clauses & Sen tences". As these are the

grammar points related to conjunctions, it is a good idea for you to have another chance to take a look at them.

A Conjunction + clause - Preposition + noun/noun phrase/pronoun/gerund

A conjunction starts a clause, while a preposition precedes a noun, noun phrase, pronoun, or gerund.

e.g. It is morning, for the birds are singing, (conjunction)

I could not see anything for the fog, (preposition)

Before the class, we had the meeting, (preposition)

Before you start the engine, you should wait for ten seconds, (conjunction)

After the class, we will have the meeting, (preposition)

After I finish the class, I will go home, (conjunction)

I have lived here since the event, (preposition)

I have lived here since I came to L.A. (conjunction)

B Confusing conjunctions and prepositions

Preposition + noun/noun phrase/pronoun/gerund despite, in spite of Conjunction + clause

although, though

because of, due to, owing to, on account of because, as, since

during while

without unless

according to according as

in order to in order

in case of if, in case




Answers on page 310

1. Many people prefer large cars the rising cost of fuel.

(A) though (C) despite

(B) although (D) during

2. Many small companies went bankrupt the rise in the interest rate.

(A) even though (C) because of

(B) even (D) because

3. Andy is young and relatively inexperienced, he is just as capable as other candidates, so we hope he gets

the position.

(A) Before (C) Regarding

(B) Despite (D) Although

4. the patient was not recovering quickly, the physician asked him to do nothing but rest for at least a week.

(A) Because of (C) Because

(B) Even (D) Despite

ISS21 Parallelism with Correlative Conjunctions

A A sentence is parallel when the items listed share the same grammatical structure. Because these parts of

the sentence are of equal value, it is important to use them with the same grammatical structure.

B Below are incorrect sentences (due to lack of parallelism] and the corrections.

Q Nouns: Tom is not an artist but writes novel, (x) -> a novelist (o)

□ Adjectives: Jane is cute, smart, and talent, (x) — talented (o)

Q Adverbs: Julia finished her work quickly and accurate, (x) -> accurately (o)

Q Tenses: She went to school this morning and studies English, (x) — studied (o)

3 Infinitives: To keep and maintaining the condition ~ (x) -> to maintain (o)

(I Gerunds: My father stopped smoking and to drink, (x) — drinking (o)

(oTOEIC Questions") Answers on page 310

1. Obtaining a full refund on your purchase and the goods within a week is the usual

custom.

(A) returning (C) returned

(B) return (D) to return

2.

In order to receive assistance from the government,your registration card and give your serial number to the task force as soon as possible.

(A) send (C) sending

(B) sent (D) to send

3. to pursue our current sales strategy and to get unanimous agreement from the board members are the most

important items on the agenda.

(A) To continue (C) Continue

(B) Continuing (D) Continued


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-> Both of these structures form the adverb clauses of result in complex sentences.

A So + adjective/adverb + that

He was so excited that he couldn’t sleep.

Note: In this structure, that may be omitted.

She was so tired (that) she could not go further.

B Specific structures with so and such


1. The conference room became

afternoon session. (A) so

(B) such (C) likely

(D) too

crowded that they had to book a bigger room for the

2. The new employee was

performance. (A) so

(B) much (C) that

(D) such

an efficient worker that the manager soon recognized his

3. The heating system broke down, and it was home early. a cold day that the manager let us go

(A) so

(B) much

(C) such

(D) too




TOEIC Practice Conjunctions

1. Mr. Wang was planning to stay in Bangkok

until the 18th, but his company

decided to withdraw its bid, he left on the 15th.

(A) since

(B) despite

(C) nevertheless

(D) in order that

2. all of the guests have eaten,

several presenters will take the stage to announce the

winners of the industry awards.

(A) With

(B) Once

(C) During

(D) While

3. where they acquired the tip, traders

are strictly prohibited from sharing illegal information

with clients at this brokerage house.

(A) Although

(B) Regardless of

(C) Nonetheless

(D) While

4. she tried several methods of data

retrieval, Joan was unable to recover the files she had

accidentally deleted.

(A) Despite

(B) However

(C) As

(D) Although

5. The factory workers are threatening to go on

strike the management agrees

to increase their pay and vacation time.

(A) since

(B) unless

(C) as

(D) before

6. the time clock shows that Martin

was in the office from noon to 5:30, several of his

coworkers claimed he was absent between 2:00 and

4:00.

(A) Because

(B) Unless

(C) When

(D) Although

7. More people applied for the position than

expected, we decided to

conduct the interviews in groups of five instead of

individually.

(A) or

(B) so

(C) that

(D) in case

8. As we’d lost both the rental receipt and keys,

we had a hard time convincing the police officer the

car was ours.

(A) what

(B) that

(C) which

(D) for

9. By replacing outdated equipment, we have

greatly improved our production

time and safety record.

(A) between

(B) either

(C) both

(D) as well as

10. It was reported this morning

prices for AMG stock have again fallen, suggesting that

the company continues to struggle.

(A) that

(B) what

(C) which

(D) of which


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E o u

ï >

11. Dr. Harper’s presentation on black holes received

applause from the entire audience

several scientists still had reservations regarding

his conclusions.

(A) if

(B) although

(C) since

(D) despite

12. About 18,000 people were laid off as part of the

downsizing of the company,

the board of directors gave themselves a raise.

(A) yet

(B) for

(C) or

(D) so

13. the Italian restaurant in this building and the Irish

pub on the corner down the street offer authentic

food at reasonable prices.

(A) Both

(B) Either

(C) Neither

(D) As

14. a lower turnout than expected during the play, the

producers have decided to extend the performance by

two days.

(A) Although

(B) Since

(C) If

(D) Despite

15. The nickel producer said it has halted

production at its four mines a

three-year labor deal expired at midnight last

Tuesday.

(A) until

(B) after

(C) unless

(D) because of

16. Production was moved to India

labor costs are much cheaper there than in France.

(A) until

(B) since

(C) so that

(D) although

17. Oliver was repeatedly warned it

is not acceptable to argue with coworkers in front of

customers.

(A) that

(B) what

(C) where

(D) which

18. The chairman argued for the expansion of

the company the board voted

against any further expenditures until the spring.

(A) despite

(B) while

(C) which

(D) that

19. Continuous growth can be realized

an investment house sets ever-higher goals for itself.

(A) so that

(B) in spite

(C) only if

(D) even if

20. Successful businessmen know

they must, at all times, meet their customers’

demands.

(A) about

(B) what

(C) that

(D) it



13 Relative Pronouns

& Relative Adverbs

The most common relative pronouns are who, whom, whose, that, and which.

Relative pronouns introduce relative clauses, which are a type of dependent clause. Relative clauses modify a word, phrase, or

idea in the main clause.

ijgum Relative Pronouns as Subjects and Objects

A In the following senetences, that and who are the subjects of the relative clauses. e.g. We are looking for workers. They are

intelligent and dedicated.

-* We are looking for workers who/that are intelligent and dedicated.

We did not know the tune. The tune had been playing.

We did not know the tune that had been playing.

B In the following sentences, whom and that are the objects of the relative clauses. e.g. The man is my friend. You met the man.

-> The man (whom) you met is my friend.

The house is large. Jack built the house.

-> The house (that) Jack built is large.

Below is the table that sums up the uses of the relative pronouns.

■ We use who and whom for people.

Q Subject

The artist who talked to you is my friend. Q Object

The artist whom you talked to is my friend.

(ggyjjQI The Relative Pronouns Who & Whom


1. The employees

(A) whom

(B) who

participate in this special training will be promoted first.

(C) which

(D) what

Part 5 I Unit 13 Relative Pronouns & Relative Adverbs 159

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2. The office workers thanked the assistant manager time. helped them to finish the report in

(A) who

(B) which

(C) whom

(D) what

3. The accountant

(A) who

(B) whose

was recruited last month is responsible for compiling bank statements.

(C) which

(D) what

4. The private accountant

(A) whose

(B) what

I believed to be honest deceived me.

(C) whom

(D) which

QB99 The Relative Pronoun Which

□ The relative pronoun which can be used in the following cases.

Q Which is used for things. e.g. I have

a pencil which is sharp.

a Which is used in non-defining clauses to refer to the previous clause as a whole.

e.g. My friend eventually decided to get divorced, which upset me a lot.

He is a teacher, which is not a goal inhis life.

He said he was ill, which is a lie.

Q Of which is used for things or concepts after numbers and words such as most, many, some, both, none. e.g. I read many books, most of which were useful.

He was always coming up with new ideas, most of which were absolutely impracticable.

2. The methods and costs of construction will vary according to the composition of the land upon

QTOÉIC Questions^ Answers on page 310

1. The equipment

(A) which

(B) whom

is used in this manufacturing facility is made in Japan.

(C) of which

(D) what

they are being built.

(A) who

(B) whose

(C) which

(D) of which

3. Angelina dressed carelessly for work, the

department.

drew the unfavorable attention of the head of

(A) that

(B) while

(C) what

(D) which

PRIME TOEIC READING


The Relative Pronoun Whose

A Whose is the only possessive relative pronoun in English.

B The antecedent of whose can be both people and things. e.g. The family whose house burnt in the fire was immediately given a complimentary suite in a

hotel.

(oTOEIC Questions)

1. Most of the people voted against the candidate

Answers on page 310

proposals called for higher taxes.

(A) his

(B) whose

2. There is a boy

(A) who

(B) he

3. The writer

(A) whose

(B) who

(C) whom

(D) that

main goal in life is to be a good teacher.

(C) whose

(D) which

books many students read is going to be on a TV talk show tomorrow.

(C) which

(D) his

The Relative Pronoun That

■ The relative pronoun that seems easy to use, yet its uses can sometimes be problematic.

Q for people or things

e.g. It took me a while to get used to people that eat popcorn during the movie.

This is the house that had a great Christmas decoration.

Q when the antecedent is a combination of people and things

e.g. Look at the beautiful lady and her dog that are crossing the crosswalk.

Q after the noun modified by an adjective in the superlative degree or after the words last, first,

the only, same, very

e.g. She is the greatest actress that has ever lived.

Q after words such as all, much, some, any, -thing (everything, anything, nothing, the thing)

e.g. I can’t find any paper that contains the news. Q That cannot be used in non-defining clauses.

e.g. Kimberly told me about her new job, that she is enjoying very much, (x) - which (o)

U That cannot be used after a preposition.

e.g. He is the man about that I told you last night, (x) -<■ whom (o)

Answers on page 311

needs to be discussed at this Friday’s meeting is the expansion

(oTOEIC Questions)

1. An important issue

into the European market.

(A) this

(B) who (C) when

(D) that

Part 5 | Unit 13 Relative Pronouns & Relative Adverbs 161

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2. The field manager knows that Anderson is the only employee worked on the weekend.

(A) that (C) what

(B) whose (D) which

3. Most buyers coming from Colombia, is a Spanish-speaking country located in South

America, need personal interpreters.

(A) that (C) who

(B) which (D) what

Relative Adverbs

D The adverbs where, when, why can be used to replace the more formal structure of preposition + which in a relative clause.

e.g. This is the house. He lives in it.

—■ This is the house which he lives in.

— This is the house in which he lives.

- This is the house where he lives.

That’s the restaurant where we met for the first time.

{where = at/in which)

I remember the day when we first met.

{when = on which)

There was a very hot summer the year when he was born.

{when = in which)

Tell me (the reason) why you were late home.

{why = for which, but could replace the whole phrase ‘the reason for which’)

(oTOEIC Question?) Answers on page 311

1. The company is planning a new promotion campaign is expected to increase sales.

(A) where (C) what

(B) which (D) this

2. We are eagerly anticipating our representatives’ return from the United Nation’s conference,

they gave a special presentation.

(A) why (C) how

(B) which (D) where

3. The second quarter of next year is the time we expect our shares to be listed on

the

stock exchange.

(A) why (C) where

(B) when (D) how




The Relative Pronoun What

A What as a relative pronoun means 'the thing or things which.’ It does not refer to the noun that

comes before it.

e.g. What she said made me cry. (Here what and its clause act as the subject of the verb made.)

We can’t give you what you need. (Here what and its clause act as the direct object of the verb give.)

B Cases where what is not used What cannot be used as an ordinary relative pronoun after a noun or pronoun.

e.g. We have shipped everything that you ordered. (NOT We have shipped everything what you ordered.)

The only thing that keeps me going is my desire to win. (NOT The only thing what keeps me going is my desire to

win.)

To refer to the whole previous clause, we use which, not what.

e.g. Ann married her secretary, which made her mother angry. (NOT Ann married her secretary, what made her mother

angry. Here which refers to the whole clause that comes before it.)


1. Worker’s benefits are given to new employees have increased greatly.

(A) what (C) who

(B) that (D) whom

2. When I entered the classroom, one of my classmates asked me I had found in the

room. (A) what (C) whom

(B) that (D) where

3. The pharmacist said that I shouldn’t eat anything containsa lot of cholesterol.

(A) what (C) where

(B) that (D) who

4. We often look up to managers because of they’ve done for their companies over the

years. (A) what (C) that

(B) who (D) which

Complex Relative Pronouns/Adverbs

Complex relative pronouns whoever, whomever, whatever, whichever, whosoever and complex relative adverbs

however, whenever, wherever already include the meaning of "any", so “anyone”, “anytime", or “any place" is not

needed.

Anyone whoever comes to my house will be welcome, (x)

Anyone who comes to my house will be welcome, (o)

Whoever comes to my house will be welcome, (o)


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A Words like whatever, whichever, wherever, whenever mean It doesn't matter what, which, where, when. e.g. Take whatever you want. (= Take anything that you want.)

You can come whenever you want. (= You can come any time that you want.)

Whoever comes to my house will be welcome. (= Anybody who comes to my house is welcome.)

You can dress however you like for the party, it’s not formal. (= You can dress the way that you want for the

party.)

You can do it however you like, I don’t really care as long as it gets done. (= You can do it any way that you

want.)

B Whatever can be a determiner coming before a noun.

e.g. You may read whatever book you like.

2. The Research and Development Department has provided a complimentary manual to needs one.

Relative Pronouns Preceded by a Preposition

□ In formal or written English, the preposition is often placed before the relative pronoun, and in this case the pronoun cannot

be omitted.

e.g. This is the rumour which every employee is talking about these days.

— This is the rumour about which every employee is talking these days.


1. you visit in China, make sure you always keep your passport with you.

(A) Whoever

(B) Wherever

(C) Whatever

(D) Whichever

(A) who

(B) whoever

(C) whomever

(D) which

3. Engineers and scientists

(A) who

(B) whoever

have experience will have no trouble finding new positions.

(C) which

(D) whichever

4. team wins tonight will go to the championship game that will be held in California.

(A) Which

(B) Whichever

(C) When

(D) Who

5. often travelers experience bad service from the bus company, they continue to use it because of the low

fares.

(A) Whenever

(B) However

(C) Whatever

(D) Whoever

'OTQEIC Questions}

1. The man in the corner is the person

Answers on page 311

whom I have told you.

(A) for

(B) about

(C) at

(D) from

PRIME TOEIC READING


2. The subject

(A) in

(B) of

which I was interested when I attended the university was economics.

(C) at

(D) by

Omission of Relative Pronouns

■ When the relative pronoun is the direct object or complement of a clause, it can often be omitted,

particularly in written English.

□ Complement

e.g. He is not the man (that) he used to be.

I am not the man (that) I was when you first knew me.

Q Direct object

e.g. Happiness is a perfume (that) you cannot pour on others without getting a few drops for

yourself, (that is the direct object of the verb pour.) Note: The relative pronoun cannot be omitted in the following examples.

e.g. I met a man who I thought was honest.

I saw a woman who I thought was a friend of my mother’s.

(think, imagine, suppose, believe are often seen in this case.)


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ï

r TOEIC Practice

E o u

■4—< a; >

Pronouns & Relative Adverbs

1. Applicants submissions have

not been received by our agencies will be automatically

disqualified for the contests.

(A) who

(B) that

(C) which

(D) whose

2. We sent the surplus parts back to our supplier,

in turn forwarded them to the

manufacturer.

(A) that

(B) who

(C) whose

(D) which

3. They decided to give the contract to Harlan

Bowes, office furniture designs

have won multiple industry awards.

(A) which

(B) that

(C) what

(D) whose

4. MRK has established itself as a leading Internet

services business

systems are used in 87 countries around the world.

(A) which

(B) that

(C) whose

(D) what

5. Taxes and health insurance payments are

we call deductibles because they are

deducted from your paycheck.

(A) that

(B) which

(C) what

(D) how

6. The computer count and the physical count were

disturbingly incongruous, distressed the store manager.

(A) that

(B) which

(C) who

(D) what

7.

Any employeescare about the quality control will notice defective machinery before a serious breakdown occurs.

(A) who

(B) whose

(C) whom

(D) which

8.

Employeespositions will be terminated because of the merger will be notified by their managers next Monday.

(A) who

(B) whose

(C) whom

(D) which

9. Job hunters must make sure to have several

references can vouch for their

performance.

(A) who

(B) whose

(C) which

(D) where

10. The restaurant experienced several outbreaks of food

poisoning, is why

it lost many of its regular customers.

(A) that

(B) what

(C) which

(D) whichever

11. City officials have installed a marble statue

at the exact spot the first settler’s

house was built 165 years ago.

(A) who

(B) where

(C) what

(D) whenever

12. The hosts of the party were unable to determine

necklace it was that had

been found by the cleaning crew the next morning.

(A) who

(B) which

(C) what

(D) whose



13. Scientists say they have created a new form

of plastic will revolutionize the

production of automobile body panels.

(A) that

(B) who

(C) whose

(D) what

14. We'd like to meet the researcher attending

this year’s conference found a

correlation between increased birth rates and a

decline in urban populations.

(A) whose

(B) what

(C) when

(D) who

15. Georges Buffet is now advertising that

patrons purchase a meal

or buffet by cash will receive a $5 gift certificate.

(A) who

(B) whom

(C) which

(D) whose

16. The new medicine was developed by six

scientists, most of had partici

pated directly in the research.

(A) who

(B) which

(C) that

(D) whom

E o U ■»—< Oj > +-> C H3 JZ c

?


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U n i t 14 Prepositions

A preposition is a word which shows relationships among other words in the sentence. The relationships include direction, place,

time, cause, manner and amount.

There are no specific rules concerning when to use which preposition. The only ways to learn prepositions are looking them up in

a dictionary, reading a lot in English and learning useful phrases by heart.

Positions & Common Prepositions

QBJSBf Prepositions Followed by Nouns/Noun Phrases

□ A preposition always goes with a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun which is called the object of the preposition.

e.g. the reputation of its products be covered with snow The eagle soared above the clouds.

,— ---------------------------- : ------- v Answers on page 311

Co TQEIC Questions)

1. The development of the new drug is of great to patients suffering from heart problems.

(A) significant (C) significantly

(B) significance (D) signifying

2. The planner of the event will schedule a wide range of

(A) active (C) activities

(B) actively (D) acted

3. All employees are reminded that the laboratory equipment should be used for business-related

only.

(A) purposes (C) purposely

(B) purposed (D) purposeful

4. Expressway authorities are seeking an experienced tollgate collector for long-term

(A) employer (C) employed

(B) employ (D) employment

Prepositions ending in -ing

□ Below are some prepositions that always end in -ing and their examples.

the questions concerning the project the policies regarding smoking three people including

myself every cost excluding shipping considering her lack of experience barring any further

delays following the seminar




(oTÔEIC Questions) Answers on page 311

1. The head of the Sales Department wrote an insightful memo the second quarter’s

decline in product sales.

(A) concerned (C) concerning

(B) to concern (D) concerns

2. all of the options she has, we recommend that she buy a secondhand car.

(A) Considering (C) Following

(B) Thinking (D) Barring

3. Questions were raised concerning the domestic during the general conference.

(A) economic (C) economically

(B) economical (D) economy

Prepositions of Time

A We use at to designate specific times.

e.g. at 7 o’clock at night

The train is due at 12:15 p.m.

B We use on to designate days and dates. e.g. on

the first Monday of May

My brother is coming on Monday.

We’re having a party on the Fourth of July.

C We use in for a month, a season, a year or nonspecific times during a day. e.g. in 1993 in spring in

the beginning She likes to jog jn the morning.

It’s too cold in winter to run outside.


1. On Sunday, the library usually closes 6 every evening except for during the holiday

season.

(A) on (C) at

(B) for (D) to

2. The company will have its annual retreat this coming Saturday.

(A) at (C) in

(B) on (D) for

3. The Olympia Hotel was built 1986in Seoul and was designed by the famous architect

Andrew Bentley for the Seoul Olympic Games. (A) in (C) on

(B) at (D) for

Part 5 | Unit 14 Prepositions 169

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Prepositions of Place

A We use at for specific places. e.g. He is

at the conference.

B We use on to designate names of streets, avenues, etc. or to indicate positions in relation to a surface.

e.g Her house is on Spring Road. The book is on the table.

C We use in for the names of land areas (towns, counties, states, countries, and continents). e.g. She lives jn Durham.

Durham is in Windham County.

(o TOEIC Questions)

1. If you have any questions during the speech, please let the speaker know conference.

(A) in (C) on

(B) at (D) for

2. The hotel designed by the famous architect Kimberly was built in 2013

(A) in (C) on

(B) at (D) to

3. This restaurant is very popular, so you may have to leave your name when you arrive.

(A) in (C) on

(B) for (D) by

Answers on page 311

the

Sydney.

the waiting I

The Prepositions For & During

A We use for when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years, etc.).

e.g. He held his breath for seven minutes.

She’s lived there for seven years.

The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.

B During is used to say when something happens. During is used with a noun/noun phrase/ pronoun.

e.g. I will be really busy during the next year.

The children were sleeping during the movie.

The power went out during the snow storm.

(o TOEIC Questions)

1. S&G Entertainment has sponsored the music festivals

(A) during (C) for

(B) since (D) by

Answers on page 311

the last five years.




2. Try to take as much time as you can to look around the city

(A) for (C) during

(B) over (D) since

your visit.

3. Mr. McGuinness has been operating the maintenance division in our company years.

(A) for (C) during

(B) at (D) by

fifteen

The Prepositions For & Since

A As explained in Point 5, for is used when we measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years, etc.).

e.g. I’ve been working for this company for 10 years.

B We use since with a specific date or time.

e.g. I’ve been working for this company since 1970.

She’s been sitting in the waiting room since 2:30.

lOTQEIC Questions)

1. We have tried to establish a nonprofit group with volunteers

(A) for (C) since

(B) during (D) by

Answers on page 311

the past two years.

2. the beginning of the workday, we have been constantly receiving calls from customers.

(A) For (C) Since

(B) During (D) By

3. We specialize in importing foreign textiles and have been running this business

decade.

(A) for (C) during

(B) since (D) through

over a

The Preposition Of

□ The preposition of is used after nouns, expressing the meaning of "belonging to”, "relating to”, or "being part of something".

e.g. the plans of the marketing team the project of the merger

(oTQEIC Questions)

1. Damage continued in the eastern part area with

formidable power. (A) to (C) of (B) on (D) between

Answers on page 311

the island as the hurricane swept through the


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2. After being exposed to high levels radiation in the laboratory, the assistant had to

stay in the hospital for six months for treatment.

(A) of (C) to

(B) for (D) at

3. Fifteen percent the computers in the office will have to be replaced soon because

new developments have made our older ones obsolete.

(A) at (C) by

(B) to (D) of

The Preposition In

□ The preposition in is used for saying the aspects in which things change, increase, improve, etc. e.g. a change in the dress

code an increase jn price an improvement in technology

fotOEIC Questions) Answers on page 311

1. This business report will provide accurate and comprehensive business information to help us

recover from the sharp decline profits.

(A) in (C) for

(B) to (D) by

2. The introduction of the fax machine created a noticeable increase phone expenses.

(A) of (C) by

(B) to (D) in

3. The recent increase employee benefits makes the LFD Corporation an appealing

place to work.

(A) in (C) to

(B) of (D) for

ESB B The Prepositions By, Until & Within

A by: not later than a particular time or date

e.g. It should be done by next Monday.

B until: happening or done up to a particular point in time, and then stopping

e.g. It should be open until 11 p.m.

C within: during a period of time e.g. It should be

here within 2 hours.

(o TOEIC Questions ] Answers on page

311

1. The company will continue its current project the beginning of next year.

(A) by (C) since

(B) until (D) within




2. The manufacturing company wishes to come up with a new line of product the next

two years.

(A) by (C) within

(B) until (D) to

3. The head of the Sales Department should submit the status report tomorrow.

(A) until (C) within

(B) by (D) in

4. All managers are expected to practice caution in their spending the end of the year.

(A) by (C) until

(B) within (D) for

iism The Prepositions Throughout, Through & Beyond

A throughout: in every part of a place; during the whole of a period of time or an event e.g. branches throughout the

country provide activities throughout the year

B through: from one end or side of something to the other; by means of something e.g. travel to China through

Korea find out through the analysis

C beyond: past a place or outside an area; outside the range or limits of a subject, quality, or activity

e.g. the forest beyond the river a task beyond my ability

ipTQEIC Questions) Answers on page 311

1. The heavy rain did not subside the day and got stronger as evening approached.

(A) until (C) thorough

(B) across (D) throughout

2. Mr. Holden is one of the few employees who go far the expectations of the employer.

(A) beyond (C) topped

(B) overly (D) plus

3. The definition of communication is information conveyed the use of verbal language.

(A) through (C) throughout

(B) thorough (D) across


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Frequently Tested Prepositions

B3BEBE1 Common Expressions with At

at an additional cost at all times

at a surprisingly fast pace at an awards banquet

at first at best

at least at last

at one’s peak at dinner/at lunch

at one’s convenience at once = immediately

at one’s expense at one’s discretion

at random at present

at the end of the month at a reasonable rate

at the rate of at a meeting

at the same time at the risk of

■gTOElCQ55fi5ia Answers on page 311

1. Unfortunately, Mr. Hibachi was lunch when the president called him.

(A) in (C) on

(B) at (D) with

2. If you want to buy any items lower prices, the shopping malls and big supermarkets

downtown are better than convenience stores. (A) to (C) at

(B) of (D) in

Common Expressions with For

concern for (cf. be concerned with) be valid for

make up for be eligible for

be liable for be known for

a plan for be ideal for

a request for a recipe for

a discount for a banquet for

apply for a demand for

a reason for ask for

be responsible for be qualified for

except for for future reference

check for substitute A for B




(QTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 311

1. The mayor’s new city plan has been criticized for its lack of concern the poor citizens

in the urban area. (A) of (C) to (B) for (D) from

2. The most recent survey shows that the proposed location will be ideal the art

museum. (A) with (C) to (B) for (D) of

Common Expressions with From

aside from refrain from

retire from choose from

permission from withdraw from

benefit from collect A from B

differ from judge from

prevent A from B prohibit A from B

protect A from B be far from

result from apart from

away from from now on

work from home from above

start from Seoul from door to door

from the voters from time to time

absent from tell A from B

be free from hear from

be made from get out from under

(QTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 311

1. The strike prevented employees attending the orientation which was held on May 15,

so the company postponed it. (A) of (C) to (B) from (D) at

2. Our customers will be able to choose several different models because the store will

offer a wide range of products. (A) to (C) at (B) of (D) from

i


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gSuBEsl Common Expressions with In

in spite of = despite in conclusion

in honor of in charge of

in duplicate in the suburbs of

in order to in the last five years

in reference to in accordance with

in the corner in effect

in recession in stock

in front of in comparison with

in terms of in response to

in the strongest possible terms an advance in

in bulk be involved in

in a row be engaged in

an increase in stop in

be interested in drop in

experience in come in

turn in participate in = take part in

wait in line


1. There are approximately 3,500 employees the Sales and Marketing Department, but

the company is planning to recruit 200 more. (A) on (C) to

(B) in (D) of

2. On the way back from the train station, Mr. Hall left his briefcase the taxi.

(A) under (C) in

(B) between (D) around

^ 39 Common Expressions with Of

accuse A of B ahead of

schedule a wide range of

as of (+ a point of time) a

variety of be assured of be

conscious of be made of be

out of consist of a

guarantee of

approve of a number

of as a result of ask a

favor of be

appreciative of be

capable of be

desirous of be in

charge of be out of

order fall short of

instead of




in light of in honor of

in favor of in place of

on account of regardless of

remind A of B take advantage of


1. Kimberly, who is in charge of the northern states, will be out the office for the next

three weeks to visit her client in Minneapolis. (A) for (C) to

(B) of (D) at

2. Mr. Eric Smith, who was in charge the manufacturing facilities, wanted the buyers to

fill out a request form to order the new equipment. (A) of (C) for

(B) at (D) to

Common Expressions with On

on account of on and off

on average on board

on leave = on vacation on sale

on the alert on the brink of

on the contrary on the other hand

on the recommendation of on the rise

on the waiting list on the way

on the wane on behalf of

agree on on foot

an impact (effect) on a survey on

concentrate on be based on

depend on decide on

focus on have an emphasis on

an influence on impose A on B

plan on react on

spend money on a tax on

on a diet

(p TOEIC Questions) Answers on page 311

1. The floor manager has concentrated the automation system for threeyears.

(A) at (C) on

(B) to (D) of

2. The city will be hosting the next exhibition on world culture and costumes, which will be held

September 1.

(A) on (C) in

(B) for (D) of


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|3SU£liH0 Common Expressions with To

to one’s regret to one’s surprise

to some extent to the point

to date an alternative to

apply to attribute A to B

be addressed to be directed to

be admitted to be entitled to

be identical to be limited to

be related to be subject to

come to a conclusion come to an end

a commitment to contribute to

a dedication to damage to

have regard to expose A to B

object to lead to

pay attention to owing to = due to

refer to prior to

subscribe to a solution to

(o TOEIC .Questions) Answers on page 311

Questions about the content of these notices may be directed the manager of the

Personnel Department.

(A) to (C) of

(B) at (D) with

Sales of the new product, everyone’s surprise, rose 20% last quarter.

(A) for (0) to

(B) in (D) with

Common Expressions with With

with the exception of with the aim of

with respect to with regard to

with pleasure with caution

with care agree with

assist A with B be associated with

be consistent with be equipped with

be familiar with cope with

be concerned with be commensurate with

comply with be faced with

deal with in conjunction with

in compliance with an interview with

interfere with provide A with B

have a problem with

present A with B




(o TOEIC Question?) Answers on page 311

1. The mayor has been consistent his plans to open the city auditorium to the public.

(A) to (C) for

(B) at (D) with

2. Heaven, Inc. provides its employees excellent salaries and fringe benefits.

(A) for (C) of

(B) with (D) to

Other Common Expressions

abide by beyond repair

as a father by phone

beyond control by means of

by hand concern about

by bus, by train divide A into B

come into effect give a speech on

change A into B lag behind

fill out make room for

keep abreast of out of stock

make up for out of control

be out of print put up with

stop by = drop by show off

sign up for take sth into account

take notice of take over

track sb/sth down throughout the world (= around the world)

touch down take sb into custody

until further notice under warranty

under control under discussion

under construction under new management

under pressure under a seat

up in the air upon request

vote for within 10 days

within our company within the guidelines

ahead of time

(o T OEIC Questions) Answers on page 311

1. Many forest areas lie a one-hundred-mile radius of the southern part of the state.

(A) through (C) into

(B) among (D) within

2. a teacher, he will address students who are concerned about the upcoming final

exam.

(A) To (C) In

(B) As (D) For


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TOEIC Practice Prepositions

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1. We doubt that the accountant embezzled

money the company, but there

is a possibility nonetheless.

(A) in

(B) from

(C) with

(D) within

2. splurging on a new sports car,

Catherine bought a secondhand one for half the price.

(A) Beside

(B) In spite of

(C) Instead of

(D) In addition

3. The endangerment several plant

species prompted local civic groups to protest industrial

construction on the wetlands.

(A) in

(B) at

(C) of

(D) against

4. The hectic pace of work at the office during

the last few weeks has definitely had a negative impact

employee morale.

(A) on

(B) for

(C) of

(D) with

5. No engine may be installed in a prototype

vehicle having first gone through

rigorous testing.

(A) except

(B) if

(C) prior

(D) without

6. the approval of a majority of the

shareholders, the board elected to suspend the internal

audit for an indefinite period of time.

(A) In

(B) At

(C) With

(D) From

7. determine who opened this bank

account, we will need to file a police report and request

a subpoena.

(A) In order to

(B) Instead of

(C) So that

(D) As to

8. We need to get in touch every

client that purchased Songbird microchips

manufactured in June and July of last year.

(A) to

(B) for

(C) of

(D) with

9. It will first be necessary to tour the production facility

signing any binding

contract.

(A) due to

(B) in order

(C) despite

(D) before

10. If every item on our afternoon itinerary goes

according to plan, we should be able to arrive

Brussels at approximate

ly 9:00 P.M.

(A) at

(B) for

(C) in

(D) to

11. It will be necessary all managers

to submit their budgets by Tuesday since the meeting

is scheduled for Thursday.

(A) at

(B) on

(C) from

(D) for

12. If your package does not arrive

the next few days, please call our distribution center,

and ask to speak to the manager on duty.

(A) by

(B) within

(C) until

(D) to



13. Despite rechecking his calculations several

times, the navigator was still several miles away

the planned landing place.

(A) in

(B) from

(C) within

(D) at

14. the early 1970s, women have had the right to make a

claim on property even though they were legally

restricted from many other common rights.

(A) For

(B) During

(C) While

(D) Since

15. According to the shipping agreement, the

delivery should be made the

agreed-upon date.

(A) within

(B) above

(C) before

(D) throughout

16. The professor strongly recommended her

former student for the job the

medical practice.

(A) in

(B) at

(C) of

(D) from

17. Given its considerable limitations regarding

to temperature changes, the role of

stone is mainly to protect architectural surfaces.

(A) resist

(B) resistant

(C) resistance

(D) to resist

18. Drivers who refuse to take a breathalyzer

test will be subject fines and

possible imprisonment.

(A) in

(B) at

(C) to

(D) on

19. Representatives from the two major corporations were

able to reach a compromise

extensive negotiations.

(A) in

(B) among

(C) through

(D) throughout

20. At the airline desk, it clearly states that each

passenger may check two pieces of luggage

no charge.

(A) of

(B) in

(C) at

(D) on

21. We could not accept his excuse

being late to the meeting since I had just seen him at

the restaurant eating breakfast.

(A) of

(B) for

(C) to

(D) with

22. The technicians in the group have agreed

to divide the work evenly them

selves in order to complete the project on time.

(A) with

(B) through

(C) inside

(D) among

23. her trip to Wyoming, Denise thought of several

excellent ideas for attracting new customers to the

firm.

(A) In

(B) On

(C) At

(D) From


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24. The Federal Reserve lowered interest rates

today for the first time six months.

(A) in

(B) from

(C) by

(D) since

25. Automax’s innovative design and astounding success

the trial phase

seemed to guarantee approval by the oversight

committee.

(A) of

(B) within

(C) during

(D) while

26. Our customers will be able to choose

several different models since the

agencies usually have a wide range of devices.

(A) from

(B) at

(C) of

(D) within



Unit 15 Articles

An article is a kind of adjective which is always used with and gives some information about a noun. There are only two artic les

a(n) and the, but they are used very often and are important for using English accurately.

The Definite Article The

■ The word the is known as the definite article and indicates a specific thing.

e.g. Sufficient break time increases the productivity of employees. (The expression “of employees” indicates a specific class

among other classes.)

(ÔTOEIC Questions) Answers on page 312

1. Union members believed that most employees had agreed to sign the new policy under influence of their forceful

manager.

(A) the (C) and

(B) it (D) every

2. The renovation of the library is expected to be completed by

(A) the end (C) end

(B) an end (D) ending

of the month.

E5Q9 The + Superlative Adjective

■ The definite article the is used before a superlative adjective and words such as next and last. e.g. This is the best

proposal to make a profit in the Asian market, (good - the best)

iQTOEIC Questions)

1. We guarantee the Fasto is

also the most reliable. (A) the most

(B) most

Answers on page 312 fuel-efficient automobile that you have ever had and is

(C) the more

(D) more

2. The sales for

from last year. (A) the

(B) any

newest model of their vending machine are expected to exceed those

(C) a

(D) some

3. Constructing the new museum was challenging project they had ever worked on.

(A) most (C) the most

(B) more (D) the more

4. According to reports, the

have been published. (A) new

(B) newer

edition of the magazine is better than any other issues that

(C) newest

(D) more new

E o

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Part 5 I Unit 15 Articles 183

The Following Pronouns

□ The definite article the is often used in expressions having the following pronouns.

all, some, any, half, most

one, each, either, neither, much, little

many, both, few, several

e.g. All of the money has been stolen.

All of the students have to take a test in the class.

One of the friends is coming to visit me this Sunday.

Either of the promotional projects is acceptable.

Several of the pencils were broken when the pencil case fell down.

Fixed Expressions with The

□ The definite article the is always used in the expressions like the same/only/rest. e.g. Berlin has a

population roughly the same as that of England.

A The is used in the double comparative structure.

e.g. The quicker you finish what you are doing, the sooner you can go home.

B The is used to refer to the remaining of the two.

e.g. Of the two candidates, the board members chose the better one for the post.


2. Each of

1. This is one of

(A) the

(B) any

oldest buildings that were ever built in Italy.

(C) some

(D) an

advertising companies was able to make a profit despite the economic

recession

(A) every

(B) some (C) any

(D) the


1. The cost of this commodity is

(A) the same

(B) same

in Europe as it is in North Africa.

(C) same as

(D) a same

2. Mr. Wang and Mr. Hoover are the

end of the fourth quarter. (A) any

(B) only

two sales managers ever to reach their quotas before

(C) every

(D) the only

QSB9 Other Uses of The

PRIME TOEIC READING


C The is used with ordinal numbers (the first, the second, the third, etc.).

e.g. This is the first time I’ve seen this film.

D The is used with directions (the north, the south, the east, the west, etc.).

e.g. Go to the north of this city, you’ll see a newly built skyscraper.

E The is used with something that is unique [the sun, the moon, the sky, the earth, etc.).

e.g. The sun rises in the east.

OTOEIC Questions Answers on page

312

1. The more the teachers and parents scolded the students, unpleasant the students

became. (A) the more (C) most

(B) more (D) better

2. The closer employees live to their companies, expensive their cost of living will be.

(A) the more (C) more

(B) the less (D) the least

3. I will never forget that today is day I started working.

(A) the first (C) a first

(B) first (D) any first

4. of Japan is warmer than any place here in Canada.

(A) The south (C) A south

(B) South (D) The southern

The Indefinite Article A/An

0 A or an is an indefinite article which is used when we are referring to one of many or when we do not know which one is

referred to. The only difference is that an is used before nouns or adjective-noun combinations beginning with a vowel sound

and a is used before nouns or adjective-noun combinations beginning with a consonant sound. e.g. a university, uniform,

union

an hour, honorable career, honest man, heir, MBA

I saw an elephant, a lion and a tiger come down to the watering hole in a clearing in the jungle.

I met an Australian backpacker in a bar in Birmingham.

oTOEIC Questions]

1. Is your mother working in old office building?

(A) a (C) the

(B) an (D) 0

2. After this tour, you’ll have whole afternoon free to explore the city.

(A) a (C) any

(B) an (D) 0

Answers on page 312

Part 5 ! Unit 15 Articles 185

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A No articles are used with plurals or uncountable nouns when we refer to general ideas.

e.g. Water is the best drink.

Silence is gold.

Dogs are loyal.

B No articles are used with commonly used nouns when there is general reference and when they are used with prepositions:

school, college, university, work, home, bed, prison, hospital, church, breakfast, lunch, dinner, spring, summer, autumn,

Christmas, New Year, Easter, etc. e.g. He is in church. He goes to school.

He is going to bed.

Note: However, for specific reference, the definite article the will be necessary. e.g. The church I

went to as a child has been converted into a bingo hall.

The lunch they prepared to celebrate my birthday was stunning.

The summer of 1979 remains one of the wettest on record.

C No articles are used when we refer to subject matters: politics, statistics, economics, physics, mathematics, etc.

e.g. We don’t like to talk about politics.

,oTOEIC Questions} Answers on page 312

1. Generally speaking,

(A) a

(B) an

boys are physically stronger than girls.

(C) the

(D) 0

2. What is

(A) a

(B) an

capital city of Czech Republic?

(C) the

(D) 0

3. She is not working at the moment. She is unemployed technician.

(A) a

(B) an

(C) the

(D) 0

4. She lives in

(A) a

(B) an

north of Spain but her parents live in

(C) th

e

(0)

0

east.

5. economics is not easy to learn.

(C) the

(D) 0 (A) a

(B) an




TOEIC Practice Articles

1. All of to the Grand Hotel’s res-

taurant said that the food was satisfactory but the

service was not.

(A) visitors

(B) the visitors

(C) visitor

(D) visit

of those 2. It is time for us to take ______________

children who live only with their siblings after

their parents get divorced.

(A) care

(B) a care

(C) the care

(D) caring

3. The board members made a peculiar last-

minute change in regulations of

the agreements.

(A) any

(B) a

(C) every

(D) the

________ that the

4. Hundreds of years ago, _____________

Earth was flat was widely believed to be true.

(A) idea

(B) the idea

(C) idea

(D) an idea

5. It is a growing concern that of

the recently laid-off workers are giving up

their efforts to get new jobs.

(A) the most

(B) almost

' (C) most

(D) the almost

6. If you want to know about our newly devel

oped product, the company will send you some more

information the

mail.

(A) by

Pin

(C) at

(D) on

7. Students have mentioned several of

why they enjoy studying English at the language

institute.

(A) reason

(B) a reason

(C) reasons

(D) the reasons

8. of a newly developed machine is

currently on display on the third floor of the National

Convention Center.

(A) Exhibition

(B) An exhibition

(C) The exhibition

(D) Exhibitions

9. Please deliver to Mr. Hunt, who is

in charge of the Manufacturing Department.

(A) an equipment

(B) equipments

(C) the equipment

(D) equip

10. The governor’s speech, which was originally scheduled

for next week, will be postponed

until ______________ notice because of the

presidential election.

(A) the further

(B) further

(C) the farther

(D) father

11. Most of in the union were

replaced with employees who were newly hired.

(A) workers

(B) the workers

(C) a worker

(D) worker

12. A higher fuel forced the people

to use public transportation instead of their cars.

(A) prices

(B) price

(C) the price

(D) a price

Part 5 | Unit 15 Articles 187

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13. The plan to renovate the old museum in the

park was canceled as of serious

concerns about some environmental problems.

(A) result

(B) a result

(C) resulted

(D) resulting

14. If you take a look atdata from our local offices, you will recognize the importance of the correlation between employee morale and their productivity.

(A) latest

(B) later

(C) the latest

(D) the later

15. The more students learn about management,meaning

it can have for

them.

(A) greatest

(B) greater

(C) the greatest

(D) the greater

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1. Don’t forget to all the audiovisual

equipment to the storage closet when you’re done with

the training session.

(A) remit

(B) return

(C) refund

(D) replace

2. While guests must pay for any beverages

they take from the refrigerator, bottles of water are

provided free of ______________________________ .

(A) rate

(B) price

(C) fare

(D) charge

3. Ableton Investments has just secured the right to

build on the most expensive and

piece of property in Manhattan.

(A) erectable

(B) desirable

(C) permissible

(D) aggressive

4. All dormitory residents are required to

the Wellness Program this evening

discussing the dangers of smoking.

(A) attend

(B) register

(C) participate

(D) associate

5. LKC Laboratories is the dominant

in cancer research in the United States, with over 140

pharmaceutical patents to its name.

(A) force

(B) desire

(C) energy

(D) direction

6. The consultants claim that they have a

detailed method of __________________ cutting labor

costs and other operating expenses while optimizing

productivity.

(A) excessively

(B) distinctly

(C) emphatically

(D) drastically

7. Green World has been recognized through

out the years as a valuable ally in the fight to the

environment.

(A) perceive

(B) prevent

(C) preserve

(D) preside

8. One of a successful customer

service representative is the ability to listen patiently to

customer complaints.

(A) profile

(B) personality

(C) description

(D) characteristic

9. Since I didn’t get the raise I asked for, I’m ______

ready to give up on this company and go look for work

somewhere else.

(A) almost

(B) scarcely

(C) timely

(D) momentarily

10. Apple Electronics has vowed to redesign its keyboards

due to consumer complaints of discomfort during

periods of use.

(A) extended

(B) enhanced

(C) expanded

(D) empowered




1. The author told the audience that he has

every of continuing his highly

popular “Jack Blade” series for at least two more

books.

(A) focus

(B) purpose

(C) business

(D) intention

2. Even though Mr. Campbell was tired of going on

business trips every month, he liked traveling to new

places for the change of

(A) scenery

(B) area

(C) region

(D) ecology

3. Never go into a bargaining session with the

that you have no choice other than to

accept the job.

(A) attitude

(B) vision

(C) aversion

(D) solution

4. The public relations manager made a mistake

when she two interviews

for the same time on the same day.

(A) sorted

(B) arranged

(C) adjusted

(D) correlated

5. Constructed ten years to the

courthouse, the Tremont Hotel is the oldest building in

the city, a fact few people are aware of.

(A) before

(B) previously

(C) prior

(D) older

6. Although more than two hundred people

have inquired about the trip, our chartered bus can

only forty passengers.

(A) appreciate

(B) articulate

(C) accommodate

(D) alienate

7. The most desirable _______ has proven

to be Hank Jarvis, who has 13 years’ experience in

international arbitration.

(A) apply

(B) applicant

(C) application

(D) appliance

8. If you keep refusing to to the

dress regulations, we will have no choice but to take

disciplinary action that may result in termination.

(A) receive

(B) accept

(C) comply

(D) conform

9. The new policies to change the amount charged to

see the physician will be put into

before the end of July.

(A) effect

(B) beginning

(C) condition

(D) progress

10. Though your starting salary will be

with your experience, we can include your part-time

work when negotiating your vacation time.

(A) based

(B) continual

(C) similar

(D) commensurate

Vocabulary TESTS | 100 Questions

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Vocabulary

T E S T 3

1. Despite the engineers’ assurances, some

critics still doubt that the new dam will generate enough

power to the entire

city with cheap electricity.

(A) supply

(B) enhance

(C) deliver

(D) distribute

2. According to all current theories of finance,

in the absence of , shares are

worthless and have no value.

(A) dividends

(B) trustees

(C) capitals

(D) distributions

6. , if these new procurement pol-

icies are approved, we will be able to finish the

building renovations two weeks ahead of time and

well under budget.

(A) Principally

(B) Ideally

(C) Rationally

(D) Believably

7. Luckily, none of the factory workers were

to the mercury gas when the

machine malfunctioned.

(A) exposed

(B) harmed

(C) breathed

(D) attacked

3. We said that we would be willing to split the

losses with our partner firm, but,

in the end, we were left with the entire debt.

(A) fully

(B) evenly

(C) eventfully

(D) intensively

4. During the first few weeks after the surgery,

it will be necessary to the pa

tient for even the slightest signs of infection.

(A) monitor

(B) protect

(C) prevent

(D) comfort

5. Dentistry is the only health that

deals with the prevention and treatment of oral

diseases.

(A) career

(B) treatment

(C) operation

(D) profession

8. The price seems greater than

what could be explained by transmission cost

differences between high and low cost regions.

(A) terms

(B) range

(C) limitation

(D) area

9. An important passage in the promotional

brochure was accidentally during

the proofreading process.

(A) deleted

(B) cancelled

(C) destroyed

(D) dissolved

10. With the proper equipment, you can reduce in your

factory and increase productivity by as much as 30

percent.

(A) injuries

(B) damages

(C) falsehoods

(D) risks




1. You must your supervisor at

least a month in advance if you intend to resign from

the position.

(A) notify

(B) message

(C) infer

(D) notice

2. Because his business has been so

over the last several years, Bernard Feldstein has been

asked to speak at the entrepreneurs’ convention.

(A) prosperous

(B) seasonable

(C) advantageous

(D) opportune

3. Out of a lineup of ten suspects, witnesses

were able to help police the

culprit because of the distinctive scar on his face.

(A) evaluate

(B) judge

(C) identify

(D) isolate

4. From 530 initial applicants for

these positions, we must select a maximum of 75 for

consideration in the first round of the interview process.

(A) as much as

(B) more than

(C) exceeding

(D) equivalent

5. In order to ensure that both their projects were

finished ahead of schedule, the two teams decided it

would be best if they

the tabulation of their surveys.

(A) compromised

(B) conceded

(C) cooperated

(D) coordinated

6. Losses resulting from widespread recalls of

unsafe products did not preclude the company from

reporting the that

shareholders had expected.

(A) profits

(B) damages

(C) accounting

(D) productions

7. Groups may reserve the swimming pool for private

parties; however, this option is not

on any major holidays.

(A) achievable

(B) reachable

(C) amenable

(D) available

8. Southern California has a certain quality that

people, particularly celebrities, who tend to own

several properties there.

(A) attracts

(B) adores

(C) attains

(D) appeals

9. On Tuesday of last week, the Board of Labor released

the results of its most recent investigation into payroll

accounting

(A) practices

(B) actions

(C) morals

(D) exercises

10. As you know, our regulations regarding client

confidentiality, including the consequences of violating

it, have always been strict.

(A) widely

(B) primarily

(C) approvingly

(D) extremely

Vocabulary TESTS | 100 Questions 193

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1. In order to become a qualified senior technician,

one must a considerable

amount of time in studying for the certification exams.

(A) invest

(B) obtain

(C) pursue

(D) expand

2. Our lawyers will shortly be in

with their legal affairs division so that we can begin

negotiating a settlement before the matter goes to court.

(A) writing

(B) conversation

(C) contact

(D) exchange

3. If possible, I’d like to arrange a meeting with

you at 5 P.M. so that we can go

over your recent proposal to the board.

(A) timely

(B) appropriately

(C) apparently

(D) approximately

4. Some athletes so outshine their competitors

that they an exalted place in the

pantheon of sports heroes.

(A) reserve

(B) sanction

(C) foster

(D) occupy

5. You’re going to receive a if the

attendants don’t see a parking permit sticker on your car

windshield.

(A) fine

(B) fee

(C) fare

(D) cost

6. Copyright laws internationally,

but as a basic rule, they protect authors’ rights to their

works.

(A) differ

(B) alter

(C) emerge

(D) define

7. Due to unexpected circumstances, we will have to

reschedule your dental

with Dr. Patel for later in the week.

(A) notice

(B) plan

(C) reservation

(D) appointment

8. The press has recently reported that several

local restaurants are not with

the new federal sanitation policies.

(A) composing

(B) comparing

(C) complying

(D) compiling

9. According to this survey, enthusiasm for the new

holiday and vacation schedule that we announced

last week has been all but

(A) popular

(B) approved

(C) unanimous

(D) victorious

10. The Sales Manager, Mr. Sanz,

telling the president that the past few months’ sales

were at an all-time low.

(A) hesitated

(B) loathed

(C) insisted

(D) unwilling

PRIME TOEIC READING


1. When faced with a serious crisis in which time is of

the essence, a successful leader’s actions should be

as swift and

as possible.

(A) unyielding

(B) reckless

(C) pivotal

(D) decisive

2. Mr. Windsor her to leave

early

for the weekend provided that all of her work was

completed in advance.

(A) made

(B) ensured

(C) permitted

(D) suggested

3. Union members are objecting to the new

limiting workers to only two hours

of overtime each week.

(A) policy

(B) symbol

(C) conference

(D) presentation

4. Administration officials are well

of how important it is to be honest and open with the

local media in times of crisis.

(A) aware

(B) attuned

(C) focused

(D) known

5. The hospital will new safety

procedures next week regarding the proper disposal of

toxic waste.

(A) install

(B) implement

(C) notify

(D) fulfill

6. Some parts of the assembly line were automated,

resulting in a 20% increase in plant

(A) abundance

(B) execution

(C) creation

(D) productivity

7. Finding an economical excursion fare does

not mean that your trip must be

different from a more expensive one.

(A) relatively

(B) correctly

(C) necessarily

(D) selectively

8. Tobacco companies have experienced

pressure in recent years to disclose

formerly confidential industry documents.

(A) increasing

(B) inflicting

(C) resisting

(D) constructing

9. Narrowing the gap in between

men and women was one of many topics discussed at

the forum.

(A) costs

(B) wages

(C) prices

(D) charges

10. Applicants should make sure that they are dressed

when they go for an

interview.

(A) readily

(B) intensely

(C) appropriately

(D) admiringly


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Vocabulary

T E S T 7

1. Any components that are during

the shipment can be returned for a full refund.

(A) hurt

(B) injured

(C) damaged

(D) maimed

2. If customers place an order for the wrong size, they

will be responsible for freight

to return or exchange the clothes.

(A) charges

(B) money

(C) fees

(D) interests

3. If you would like to have an opportunity to

present your paper, you should register for the

conference by December.

(A) annual

(B) recent

(C) happening

(D) appearing

4. You should communicate with your health

insurance company regarding any difficulties you

encounter related to the of

your medical care costs.

(A) enforcement

(B) depositing

(C) settlement

(D) reimbursement

5. In the commercial, the company

that its toothpaste will be more effective than any

other currently on the market.

(A) suggests

(B) requires

(C) imitates

(D) demands

6. It requires credit bureaus to report informa

tion accurately and to remove credit report

information that is or inaccurate.

(A) outdated

(B) existent

(C) realistic

(D) purposeful

7. Rather than pay a 20% increase in rental fees,

Brine Financial elected to

to a building with more space and a less expensive

lease.

(A) deliver

(B) transport

(C) transmit

(D) relocate

8. The new law banning smoking in public parks

is of the health-conscious atti

tudes of many people nowadays.

(A) reflective

(B) thoughtful

(C) intentional

(D) contemplative

9. Please do everything in your power to

that Helen receives the promotion

she was promised.

(A) inquire

(B) insure

(C) ensure

(D) require

10. Even though the house was in good

we didn’t want to lock ourselves into a longterm lease

by signing a contract of more than three years.

(A) term

(B) basis

(C) situation

(D) condition




1. The fruit bat is known for its small size and

high-pitched screech when startled

in flight.

(A) distinctively

(B) quickly

(C) spontaneously

(D) distantly

2. He attended several employee training

courses in order to his knowl

edge of the new software.

(A) learn

(B) invest

(C) expand

(D) intend

3. Military personnel are expected at all times

to follow strict of conduct as

described in the Code of Conduct Handbook.

(A) standards

(B) means

(C) lengths

(D) degrees

4. The new policy on shipping procedures made it

possible for Jessie to estimate when the goods would

arrive at the port.

(A) repetitively

(B) accurately

(C) critically

(D) prospectively

5. Remember to with the Human

Resources Director before transferring any

employees to a different department.

(A) consult

(B) discuss

(C) comprise

(D) conceive

6. The organizer and the caterer weren’t able

to reach a on acontract

that the

flowers will be also provided by the caterer.

(A) dispute

(B) assurance

(C) retention

(D) consensus

7. Since the directors believe that we aren’t a

very efficient department, we’d better hold meetings to try to improve our

performance.

(A) periodically

(B) productively

(C) considerably

(D) progressively

8. The subways have been delayed for the last couple

of days due to union strikes, but leaders announced

that they would return to

as of today.

(A) station

(B) work

(C) regular

(D) normal

9. The driver was expelled from the race for using an

engine that exceeded the imposed by the racing

authority.

(A) findings

(B) diagrams

(C) limitations

(D) confirmations

10. We have no vacancies right now, but I’ll notify you as

soon as one becomes

(A) empty

(B) taken

(C) noticed

(D) available

Vocabulary TESTS | 100 .Questions 197

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Vocabulary

T E S T

1. Special arrangements have been made to

recall the merchandise and im

prove the overall quality control.

(A) deliberate

(B) untrue

(C) defective

(D) repellent

2. Working for General Industry for eight years,

Steve being promoted to general

manager next year.

(A) arranged

(B) anticipated

(C) consented

(D) deserved

3. The Marketing Department has determined that the

new product will be most

with men between the ages of 18 and 27.

(A) liked

(B) attractive

(C) popular

(D) attentive

4. I believe we should about oppor

tunities to buy small areas of unused land from the

federal government.

(A) inquire

(B) acquire

(C) request

(D) require

5. As an to switch to Oscar Tele

com, new business accounts become eligible to use

one-hour international call service.

(A) action

(B) explanation

(C) anticipation

(D) incentive

6. Despite the suspicious circumstances, the

police investigators finally that

the man’s death was an accident and not a murder.

(A) alluded

(B) eluded

(C) included

(D) concluded

7. The inventory process that

you

have accounted for all the items that are supposed to

be in the store.

(A) rearranges

(B) discounts

(C) verifies

(D) displays

8. Mr. Steven’s delaying tactics may

us to cancel the contract since the job must be done

on time.

(A) compel

(B) diverse

(C) suggest

(D) ensure

9. My supervisor asked me to make a table

for five people to celebrate Jim’s

promotion.

(A) book

(B) reservation

(C) assistance

(D) reserve

10. Customers are our most valued assets and

often have

(A) imperative

(B) imperial

(C) impertinent

(D) imperceptive

needs.




Vocabulary

T E S T 1 0

1. We lost confidence in him because he never

on the promises he made regarding the

following regulations.

(A) treated

(B) renewed

(C) delivered

(D) yielded

2. One of just-in-time manufactur

ing strategies is that if one part fails to be delivered on

time, the whole assembly process is stalled.

(A) loss

(B) crisis

(C) catastrophe

(D) disadvantage

3. Money is these days since I have

not been able to find a job, so we must be frugal.

(A) narrow

(B) tight

(C) small

(D) down

4. The St. Kilda Esplanade Art and Craft market

hundreds of stallholders, with something

for everyone.

(A) presents

(B) features

(C) creates

(D) takes

5. Internet banking gives people the freedom

to perform many banking with

out waiting in lines or the restrictions of traditional bank

hours.

(A) policies

(B) liquidations

(C) transactions

(D) evaluations

6. All homeowners should have inspections

____________ regularly of both their plumbing

and electrical systems.

(A) conducted

(B) alerted

(C) engaged

(D) protected

7. A discussion with the staff about the

of the merger took place at the meeting.

(A) implications

(B) solicitations

(C) compensations

(D) nominations

8. He has been as the leader of the

market research team.

(A) defrayed

(B) designated

(C) determined

(D) demanded

9. Acting toward your colleagues

improves not only the work relationships with them

but also the overall atmosphere of the workplace.

(A) respectfully

(B) repeatedly

(C) rewardingly

(D) respectively

10. A number of people are willing to

the law for the large amounts of money they could make

by trading fake antiques.

(A) interfere

(B) disconnect

(C) grant

(D) violate


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PART 6

73

'' This part consists of four short reading passages. Each passage has three gaps and below each gap are four answer

choices. You must decide which of these four choices produces a complete grammatical and logical sentence.

Basically, the testing points in Part 6 are the same as those in Part 5, except that they occur in longer passages.

Similarly, vocabulary and grammar points are tested in this part.

Similar to Part 5, you should begin by skimming through the passage quickly. Then, you have to look at the sentences

that have gaps and try to choose the best item from the four answer choices given. Note that at least one question in

each passage requires you to read more than one sentence to find the correct answer. You have no more than 5

minutes for each passage in this part. So, remember not to spend too much time working on any one question.

Exercise Questions 141-143 refer to the following passage.

A second resort could open near White Creek State Park. Bryson Development of Iowa is currently looking at two

sites. Tim Moore, project manager of the proposed resort, said company officials did not want to village

officials until a site was selected.

141. (A) approach

(B) deal

(C) sponsor

(D) agree

The resort will be called Wild Bill’s at White Creek. The decision about the location will be made in a couple of weeks,

Moore said.

The $90 million Grizzly Jack’s Grand Bear resort opened this summer to for

142. (A) attract

(B) take

(C) accommodate

(D) cater the large number of people who go to White Creek State Park each year.

Wild Bill’s developers have drawn up plans a 61,000-square-foot water park, a hotel,

143. (A) for

(B) with

(C) of

(D) to a conference center, and condominiums costing from $190,000 to $400,000 each.



TOEIC Questions

Questions 1-2 refer to the following passage.

Foodland is currently looking to one member to its kitchen staff. You should have

1. (A) add

(B) attain

(C) allow

(D) join

previous experience in preparing Italian food, especially pasta. You should be ready to start soon.

This will be a top-rated restaurant, and we will open for business in one month. Please

2. (A) stop

(B) apply

(C) enter

(D) send

in person between 2 and 4 P.M.


Net@Home has been working hard to develop a new web browser. We are pleased to announce that it is now for

download. You will see a lot of improvements in our service when

3. (A) use

(B) able

(C) eligible

(D) available

you use Net@Home 4.1. We apologize for the delay in our new product. Our project

4. (A) relating

(B) refunding

(C) releasing

(D) resolving

engineers want to thank all of our customers for their patience.

Part 6 | TOEIC Questions 203

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Attention Visitors!

Groups must come in through the Zebra Entrance. Payment must be when entering,

5. (A) done

(B) given

(C) sent

(D) made

and all members of a group must enter together. The zoo does not have public storage

6. (A) facilities

(B) productions

(C) supplies

(D) equipment

and no items may be left in the care of zoo employees.


There was a 7-percent drop in the state’s smoking rate during the late 2000s. Researchers think it was because of a big in

cigarette taxes. The number of adults who smoked

7. (A) increase

(B) increasingly

(C) increased

(D) increasing

dropped from 24 percent in 2009 to 17 percent in 2011. In 2008, voters raised the cigarette tax from 16 cents to 38 cents

pack.

8. (A) by

(B) every

(C) per

(D) in



I


Subscribe to American Gardener today, and have it delivered to your home. The bi-monthly issues will give you tips on

growing the garden. For a yearly fee of $19.95, you’ll save 25%

9. (A) perfect

(B) perfection

(C) perfectly

(D) perfectionist off the newsstand rate.

Subscribe today, and our North American Plants CD-ROM, a useful reference for any

10. (A) reform

(B) receive

(C) rebate

(D) resume gardener.


Dear Ms. Goldsmith,

Thank you for coming to our bank. We are sure you will be happy with our loan service.

11. (A) normally

(B) apparently

(C) recently

(D) gradually In this envelope there is a coupon book. Please one coupon with each payment, as it

12. (A) indeed

(B) inspire

(C) involve

(D) include will also be a record of your monthly payments.

Please feel free to stop by the bank at any time if we can be of assistance to you in any othe r way.

Sincerely,

Bonnie Clydesdale Loan Manager


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Questions 13-15 refer to the following passage

As athletes begin to train for their events, they become somewhat like machines. They keep a consistent diet to control how

many calories they are ingesting, they do exercises to help with their , and they completely focus on their events. To keep

this sort of schedule for a number

13. (A) coordination

(B) complication

(C) allocation

(D) stimulation

of weeks requires a lot of discipline. But many athletes do not mind because they know that all the hard work will pay off

when it comes time for their event. Unfortunately for some, this training period is not always so easy, and they need a little

extra to help them get through their

14. (A) termination

(B) intervention

(C) simulation

(D) motivation

training sessions. This can come in many forms. Some athletes use their family while others p icture themselves winning the

events. When the training is all done, the athletes on only

15. (A) investigate

(B) concentrate

(C) transmit

(D) appreciate one thing — winning.



*

*


If you think one must be a curator or a security guard to work inside an art museum, think again. Many Wisconsin

employees work among pieces of art each day.

16. (A) origin

(B) original

(C) originate

(D) originally

That’s because some Wisconsin companies place a high value on aes thetics in the workplace. Unfortunately for the rest of

us, many corporate art can only be viewed by company

17. (A) collections

(B) suggestions

(C) contributions

(D) sections

employees. But some are available for public viewing. Just keep in mind that these are places of business; they don’t hold

regular gallery hours.

One such business where people can view art is Wassau Hospital. Over time, it has stuck to its policy of purchasing

original art for display in its public areas. Mary Aldridge, the hospital staff member with purchasing the art, always

stays mindful of the artworks’ color and

18. (A) commend

(B) responsible

(C) employed

(D) charged design and often buys landscape paintings because of the light colors and cheery moods.


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*

N


A fully functional Koln 21-1 wind turbine was on Saturday on the grounds of the State

19. (A) equipped

(B) set

(C) installed

(D) performed

Science Building Museum in Madison, Wisconsin. The wind turbine was being used to

20. (A) offer

(B) display

(C) arrange

(D) promote

the museum’s upcoming exhibition entitled Clean & Green: Solutions to Energy Demands in the 21 st Century, which runs

from July 1st to October 31st. The exhibition highlights a growing interest to curb Americans’ insatiable demand for

electricity by generating electricity from renewable energy sources. In the past, turbines were noisy and expensive and

broke down too often. Now, all of that has changed. They have become a more alternative source of power.

21. (A) replaceable

(B) visible

(C) viable

(D) entitled



Part 6

Directions: Read the texts that follow. A word or phrase is missing in some of the sentences. Four answer choices are

given below each of the sentences. Select the best answer to complete the text. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on

your answer sheet.


With the recent storms that had been affecting the area, Staysafe, Inc. decided that it was time to assess the of its

office building in the downtown area. In order to do this, they had

141. (A) assembly

(B) integrity

(C) maturity

(D) importance

many steps to take. The first was to hire a meteorologist to help explain the weather patterns and the possibility of

continued storms and their potential damage. The second was to bring in a building inspector to analyze the of

thebuilding.

142. (A) structure

(B) production

(C) protection

(D) flexibility

Finally, Staysafe had to bring in a contractor to take the necessary steps to increase the safety of its building. After some

long discussions with the inspector, the contractor decided on a three- phase plan for the building. The first phase included

the upgrades that were most to

143. (A) durable

(B) accurate

(C) critical

(D) confident

the long-term stability of the building. The second phase dealt with the upgrades that would help the building survive harsh

weather conditions. The final phase of the project focused on the minor damage that had been caused by the recent

weather.

Part 6 I TOEIC Mini-Tests 209

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The dollar and the yen — in that order — are the most actively traded currencies in the world, with the New Zealand and

Australian dollars being key currencies in Asia. Currency trading was hugely for banks in the 1980s. But, in the 1990s,

policy coordination among European Union

144. (A) profitable

(B) achievable

(C) affordable

(D) attainable

members decreased the market volume for major currencies.

As a result, banks are looking more to Asian-Pacific currencies for trading opportunities. For example, the Thai baht, the

Indonesian rupiah, the Malaysian ringgit, and other so-called exotic currencies are in increasing as bank

traders expand their activities in the region.

145. (A) needs

(B) presence

(C) demand

(D) shortage

Trading the currencies of emerging markets is riskier than trading the currencies of

146. (A) considered

(B) considerable

(C) considering

(D) consideration stable industrialized countries because there is often less information, or less reliable information.




During the of his latest movie, Hollywood director Davis Brown ran into some unusual

147. (A) certification

(B) investigation

(C) participation

(D) production

difficulties. Many actors developed cases of food poisoning because the caterer failed to follow industry guidelines, write rs

had to deal with computer viruses placed by hackers, and the film crew had to deal with film that had passed its date.

148. (A) satisfaction

(B) expiration

(C) regulation

(D) transportation

On top of all this, Davis Brown was experiencing difficulties of his own. As the director, it was his responsibility to oversee

all aspects of the filming. Unfortunately, due to all the problems that had been occurring, Brown became too distracted and

failed to secure the filming site for an extra week. It seemed that if anything could go wrong for Davis Brown, it did.

149. (A) moderately

(B) possibly

(C) additionally

(D) specifically


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Arthritis is a kind of joint inflammation. It is the body’s natural response to injury and plays an important role in healing

and fighting infection. Joint injury can be by trauma or by

150. (A) caused

(B) resulted

(C) thrived

(D) created the wear and tear of aging.

Arthritis treatments have three objectives: to reduce pain and swelling, to keep joints moving safely, and to avoid further

damage to joints. They may include medicines to pain,

151. (A) decline

(B) declaim

(C) diminish

(D) deplete special exercise, use of heat or cold, weight control, and surgery.

Strengthening and endurance activities are recommended, but should be limited or avoided during flare -ups. Arthritis

patients should their doctors before starting an exercise program.

152. (A) talk

(B) refer

(C) consult

(D) counsel

When damage to the joints becomes disabling or when other treatments fail to reduce pain, your doctor may suggest

surgery. Surgeons can repair or replace damaged joints with artificial ones.



Test H

Part 6


given below each of the sentences. Select the best answer to complete the text. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on

your answer sheet.


Our college seeks to have as many students as possible involved in extracurricular activities. Involvement in activities such

as sports remains optional, according to the that was

141. (A) decision

(B) agreement

(C) option

(D) experiment made between the college and its students.

However, attendance for all classes or other educational seminars is . The college

142. (A) stressed

(B) appealed

(C) required

(D) permitted

places a great deal of importance on the academic success of its students and hopes that participation in these classes and

seminars will further their academic success. Consequently, failure to comply with these will result in

a meeting with the deanand possible disciplinary action.

143. (A) regulations

(B) applications

(C) ambitions

(D) encounters

However, should a student present a satisfactory reason for his or her absence, an exemption may be made.


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While libraries are known to be quiet places, the opposite is true right now at the Hamilton Public Library, but officials

expect the end result to be a more place for people to read, do

144. (A) comfort

(B) comfortable

(C) comfortably

(D) comforting

research, and enjoy activities such as story hours. Work on the library’s outdated heating and cooling system has begun.

With the updates come several temporary changes in public to the building.

145. (A) use

(B) access

(C) contribution

(D) availability

During the six-month project, the library staff hopes the inconvenience to patrons is minimal, but guaranteeing that will be

difficult. However, officials are certain the $951,000 project will provide better conditi ons for library visitors.

The library might have to close at times because the electricity will be shut off. The library will receive three days’

from the firm contracted to do the work and will use its own

146. (A) notice

(B) information

(C) adjustment

(D) report

website and the local media to inform the public of the closings. Also, signs will be placed outside the building.




To protect you and your fellow passengers, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is required by law to

inspect all baggage. As part of this process, some bags are

147. (A) checked

(B) registered

(C) submitted

(D) admitted

opened and physically inspected. Your bag was among those selected for physical inspection. During the inspect ion, your

bag and its contents may have been for prohibited items.

148. (A) watched

(B) reached

(C) sought

(D) searched

At the completion of the inspection, the contents were returned to your bag, which was resealed. If the TSA screener was

unable to open your bag for inspection because it was locked, the screener may have been forced to break the locks on

your bag. TSA sincerely having

149. (A) apologize

(B) regards

(C) considers

(D) regrets

to do this, and has taken care to reseal your bag upon completion of inspection. However, TSA is no t liable for damage to

your locks resulting from this necessary security precaution. We appreciate your understanding and cooperation. If you

have questions, comments, or concerns, please feel free to contact the Transportation Security Administration Cons umer

Response Center.

Part 6 | TOEIC Mini-Tests 215

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Shadow is one of the easiest to of all nature’s beauties. As one may see the charm of

150. (A) conceive

(B) perceive

(C) receive

(D) deceive a profile for the first time when looking at a silhouette, one becomes of the perfection

151. (A) serious

(B) aware

(C) cautious

(D) careful

of a natural outline simply by seeing it drawn in one color. It is much simpler to trace the outline of an ash tree when it lies

on the grass in shadow than when the eyes are dazzled by the vivid green of leaves and clustering scarlet of berries

against the sky. It has become a blue tree on the green canvas of a field. the shadow, we could not

also appreciatethe light, the texture, or

152. (A) Unless

(B) Except

(C) Without

(D) Regardless

the ripples on a pond. With it come reality and rounded loveliness.



Test 3

Directions: Read the texts that follow. A word or phrase is missing in some of the sentences. Four answer choices are given

below each of the sentences. Select the best answer to complete the text. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your

answer sheet.


Electric heaters come two types: convector heaters, which are used to heat an entire

141. (A) in

(B) by (C) with

(D) of

room by heating the air throughout the room, and radiant heaters, which have a shiny surface that reflects heat onto objects

and are good for heating just one spot.

According to the Consumer Products Safety Commission, about 45 million electric heaters are in use, and more than 130 people

die every year in fires started by them.

142. (A) primarily

(B) currently

(C) costly

(D) obviously

As with wood stoves, the fires are usually caused by careless use. The heaters are either placed too close to a sofa or

draperies or located where they can be knocked over by a pet or a small child.

Frayed cords start many fires, as does the use of ordinary cords, which cannot handle

143. (A) extend

(B) extensive

(C) extension

(D) extensively

the electrical current. If you decide to buy one of these units, follow the basic safety rules that come with the product.


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A recent study conducted by the National Employers Board shows the Internet has

144. (A) invaded

(B) overtaken

(C) upturned

(D) eradicated

all traditional sources of hiring, including newspaper classified ads, which now only account for 5 percent of new hires.

The study, which was conducted on the board’s by the

145. (A) benefit

(B) interest

(C) behalf

(D) support

management consulting firm J.P. Price, revealed that Internet sources produced 51 percent of all hires last year, with the

largest source of hires being the employers’ own corporate websites.

Employers interviewed for the study reported they find the highest-quality candidates and receive the highest on

their investment from their own corporate websites and from employee

146. (A) rerun

(B) restate

(C) resupply

(D) return

referrals. The majority agreed they preferred to hire in-house, as it saved on training time for new recruits and reduced the

loss of proprietary knowledge to competitors.




More than 82 million Americans (nearly 40% of the teen and adult population) _______________________________ from

147. (A) experience

(B) suffer

(C) exhausted

(D) undergo

some form of insomnia, meaning they routinely have trouble falling asleep and staying asleep. Only 32% get the

recommended eight hours of shut-eye on weeknights, according to a 2013 poll by the National Sleep Society. Among them

are both students and office workers trying to finish the next day’s work, write a paper, or prepare for a test. Studies show

that as we age, the quality of our sleep . And living in this information society makes it worse,

bombarding us with news

148. (A) determines

(B) defined

(C) deteriorates

(D) demanded

of war, disease, rising tuition costs and so on.

Scientists have found that sleep deprivation is a major risk factor for depression, alcoholism, and obesity. Sleep deprivatio n

costs $45 billion a year in lost , health-care bills, and expenses

149. (A) production

(B) productivity

(C) progress

(D) prospects

related to traffic accidents — rivaling the impact of depression or strokes.


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There are many difficulties in conducting effective scientific studies aimed at the

150. (A) assessing

(B) locating

(C) interpreting

(D) answering

nutritive value of organic vs. conventionally produced foods. The first is that the difference in terms of health effects is not

large enough to be apparent. In other words, if people stayed healthy on an organic diet but got violently ill as a of

consuming food grown with chemical fertilizers

151. (A) cause

(B) result

(C) reaction

(D) determination

and pesticides, then the difference would be perfectly obvious; however, this is generally not the case.

The second reason is that it is difficult to conduct and interpret agricultural research investigating the nutrient content.

Factors such as sunlight, temperature, and rainfall, which influence the nutrient content of plants, vary from year to year.

Additional changes in the nutrient content of a crop can also during storage and shipping. For all of these reasons, it

is difficult both to plan

152. (A) erupt

(B) arrive

(C) adjust

(D) occur

effective studies and to make sense of the results.



Test 4

Part 6


given below each of the sentences. Select the best answer to complete the text. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or

(D) on your answer sheet.


Over a very long period of time, many kinds of animals and plants have from the Earth.

141. (A) disappear

(B) disappearance

(C) disappeared

(D) disappearing

This has happened for several reasons. Animals are threatened when the climate of their habitat changes in a major way.

Sometimes animal habitats are when people need

142. (A) destroyed

(B) deserted

(C) deteriorated

(D) demolished the land.

Buffaloes once ranged over the entire Great Plains of the United States, but they were hunted to extinction in the 19 th

century. Since then, they have been protected by laws, and

143. (A) still

(B) once

(C) yet

(D) almost

their numbers are increasing. Sometimes, when an animal population is too large, controlled hunting may reduce the number

of animals enough so that the surviving animals can live comfortably with the food available to them.


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The Globe Theater was constructed in 1599 on the south bank of the Thames and was one of several major theaters in the

area. It was the principal playhouse of the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, the playing company to Shakespeare

belonged.

144. (A) that

(B) who

(C) which

(D) where

Most of Shakespeare’s post-1598 plays were originally at the Globe. The first Globe

145. (A) shown

(B) performed

(C) displayed

(D) exhibited

burned to the ground in 1613, apparently by flaming material expelled from a cannon used for special effects that ignited

the roof of the theater. It was immediately, this time

146. (A) rebuilt

(B) refurbished

(C) renovated

(D) remodeled with a tiled roof, and reopened in July of the following year.


A computer is a very machine comprised of many different parts that all work together

147. (A) adequate

(B) uniform

(C) complex

(D) internal

to form a working unit. From the smallest transmitter to the largest component, it is crucial that all parts be fully functional .

If any of these parts fail to work, the results can be disastrous. A small failure can cause anything from a minor problem

with the computer to the computer not working at all. When this happens you must call a tocome and look at

your computer.

148. (A) researcher

(B) practitioner

(C) colleague

(D) professional

This person will be able to help you assess the amount of damage that has been done to your computer and whether or

not it can be fixed. He may also be able to help you find the most way to fix or replace your machine.

149. (A) excessive

(B) relevant

(C) intricate

(D) economical




The Newport Power Company plans to raise its rates starting May 1, 2014, according

150. (A) of

(B) to

(C) from

(D) with

a press release issued by the company early this morning. A typical customer should expect a 3.4% increase in bills

beginning in May. The company the rate increase to the rising

151. (A) attributes

(B) blames

(C) contributes

(D) explains

cost of fuel.

Americans across the nation have seen the price of natural gas and fuel oil rise to their highest levels since the late

1970s. , Newport Power is expecting to pay increasingly higher

152. (A) Considerably

(B) Consecutively

(C) Consequently

(D) Conventionally

prices for the fuel it will need to use at its electrical power plants.


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Test 5


given below each of the sentences. Select the best answer to complete the text. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D)

on your answer sheet.


Containerization contributed to the standardization of freight handling in the 20 th century. Malcolm McLean claimed to

have the shipping container in the 1930s in New Jersey.

141. (A) promoted

(B) invented

(C) suggested

(D) impressed

Then a truck owner-operator, McLean explained that while sitting at a dock waiting for cotton bales to be unloaded from

his truck and then reloaded onto a ship, he realized that, with some minor , the truck itself could

be transferred much more efficiently.

142. (A) foundations

(B) reparations

(C) evaluations

(D) alterations

Containerization revolutionized cargo shipping. Today, approximately 90% of cargo moves by containers on

transport ships. As of 2013, some 18 million containers make over

143. (A) found

(B) affixed

(C) stacked

(D) delivered

200 million trips per year. The widespread use of standard containers distressed modifications in other freight moving

standards, such as gradually forcing removable truck bodies into the same sizes and shapes.




A bank is an institution that provides financial services, particularly taking deposits and

144. (A) reaching

(B) gaining

(C) earning

(D) extending

credit in the form of loans. Currently the term bank is generally understood as a business that holds a banking license.

Banking licenses are by bank regulatory authorities and provide

145. (A) granted

(B) accepted

(C) sponsored

(D) allowed

rights to conduct the most fundamental banking services, such as accepting deposits and making loans. There are also

financial institutions that provide certain banking services without meeting the legal definition of a bank. Traditionally, a

bank generates profits from fees on financial

146. (A) bond

(B) account

(C) transaction

(D) purchasing

services and from the interest it charges for lending. In recent history, much of banks’ income is provided by overdraft fees

and riskier investments.


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http://www.nhantrivlet.com/


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When doing any sort of science experiment, there is much that must be taken into consideration. The first thing that y ou

must do is to ensure that you have all of the that you will need

147. (A) applications

(B) materials

(C) features

(D) categories

to perform the experiment. Once you have all of these in place, then you can begin to set up your experiment. One thing

that is very important during the set-up phase is to make sure that you are able to control as many as possible.

This will help you toachieve consistent results.

148. (A) statistics

(B) investments

(C) techniques

(D) variables

When the set-up of the experiment is complete, you are ready to start. As you begin your experiment, be careful to follow

the very carefully to keep your results accurate.

149. (A) translation

(B) prediction

(C) procedure

(D) revision



T Questions 150-152 refer to the following passage.

In December 2013, Azure Publishers celebrated the centennial of its Harborview Classics with the publication of its one-

hundredth volume. Although the is one of the most preeminent

150. (A) list

(B) array

(C) series

(D) sequence in the publishing industry, the event received little public attention.

This is not surprising as the volumes are sent as gifts to customers, employees, and special friends. They are never sold by

the company. Over the years, however, many of them have found their way into the rare book market and quickly

collectors and serious readers.

151. (A) exerted

(B) induced

(C) injected

(D) attracted

Once seeing them, it’s easy to understand why the volumes are appealing in a number of special ways. They are

conveniently in size, handsomely bound in durable cloth, and have

152. (A) solid

(B) bunched

(C) compact

(D) compressed

pages whose upper edges are gilded in gold. All in all, when placed on a shelf, even a small group of them enhances

a library.

E o U


Types of Questions

In Part 7, five types of questions are frequently asked: overview questions, detail questions, NOT questions,

inference questions, and questions about synonyms or lexical meanings.

Types of Texts

In Part 7, the questions are based on a variety of reading text types such as notices, letters, e -mails, forms,

newspaper and magazine articles, and advertisements. Especially, letters and e-mails are most commonly found.

Reading Passages

For the final part of the Reading section, there are 48 questions in total. For the first part, you will have one

passage to read and 2 - 5 questions to answer. The second part is just like the first part, but you now have 2

related passages to read. The second passage is generally a response or an inquiry based on the situation

presented in the first passage. There will be 5 questions which will cover the contents of both passages. Answers

to the questions are based on what is stated or implied in the passages. Overall, you will have at least 10 passage

sets in this part.


Paraphrasing Practice

1. We had hoped to visit the family long ago, but one thing after another interfered with our plans. This event would be the

perfect opportunity to catch up on all the news. Unfortunately, Don has his final exam for medical school that week. I

wouldn’t feel right going alone since he needs me to he lp him study. We sent you a little gift which should arrive soon.

Q: Why won’t Don be at the event?

A: He has to t at

Key take / test

2. Dear Mr. Trilby:

As you requested in your letter of April 12, I have reviewed the market for your new Orion Health Club facility and have

examined three sites which would prove most adequate for your needs. The sites are located in the cities of Winchester,

Pinkerton, and Waymouth. All are less than thirty minutes’ drive from Los Angeles, which satisfies your primary conditio n.

Q: What requirement did Mr. Trilby specify?

A: The site must be n m than a half hour drive from L.A.

Key no / more

3. I will call you next Tuesday between 2:00 and 3:00 P.M., and I would appreciate the opportunity to hear your ideas about

where you think someone with my skills and abilities might be needed.

Many thanks!

Chris MacDonald

Q: Why is Chris MacDonald writing this letter?

A: To talk to someone for some a

Key advice

4. Our new program makes travel faster and more convenient. We believe our First Class program makes traveling safer than

ever before. And that’s why, according to the latest issue of Traveler’s Digest, we are now the number one airline with

women traveling on business.

Q: Why is this First Class program popular with women?

A: The program makes traveling less d

Key dangerous

5. Have you ever been driven by a beautiful home and seen brown, dying grass and ugly, out -ofcontrol bushes? It changes

the whole impression of that lovely house. That is why you need Green Thumbs Lawn Care. Our service i s complete and

all-year-round. We keep hedges trimmed and neat.

Q: When will the service be provided?

A: Alls

Key seasons

Part 7 | Paraphrasing Practice

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I

: 07. To: Sales Representatives

: From: Tony Aikman, Sales Manager

I attended the first meeting of the annual conference, and I found it very informative. The topic of the conference was

increasing online sales. I feel that the information presented at this conference is worth sending to the members of our

sales staff.

Q: What is Tony Aikman’s opinion of the conference?

A: It’s h

Key helpful

8. In recent years, the Food and Drug Administration has switched a number of drugs from prescription to nonprescription

status. In most cases, that will enable you to save money. Experts worry, however, because consumers sometimes forget

that over-the-counter medicines are still drugs, which can be dangerous if misused.

Q: What is true about over-the-counter medication?

A: It can be u to use.

9. Somehow the paperwork on your order was misplaced in our records and then was incorrectly sent to another account. It

wasn’t until the other customer called the error to our attention that we became aware of the mix -up.

Q: How was the mistake discovered?

A: Another customer i the company of the error.

Key informed

10. Unlike other programs that are partially delivered via mail, telephone, or videotape, or require some on -campus

attendance, 100% of our curriculum, including all administration, registration, and book buying, can be completed via the

Internet. At University of Phoenix Online, you’ll earn your bachelor’s or master’s degree in the most practical and efficient

way possible. You are free to participate at the times and places that work best for you.

Q: What is an advantage of this school?

A: It is more c than other schools.




11. Mr. Dillan,

By paying us within 10 days of delivery, you can actually save 24% offyour average monthly

bill over the period of a year. There are, in fact, firms that prefer toborrow funds to take advan

tage of this discount.

Q: How often must Mr. Dillan pay his bill?

A: O am

Key Once / month

12. The Riley Hotel - Cascade Falls

$175 package includes:

One night’s lodging in a spacious king suite

18 holes of golf for two (power cart extra)

(You must arrange your own tee times at least two days in advance.)

Q: What are guests required to do?

A: Make r to play golf

Key reservations

13. Our weekly newsletter is your one-stop guide to careers in retail and where to find retail jobs. If you would like it delivered

directly to your home, just fill out and send in the card below.

Q: If people want home delivery of the newsletter, what should they do?

A: R the subscription card

Key Return

14. This information compares rental prices at two properties over a three-year period. The size is given in square feet while

the rent is monthly. The rents went up because of raised property taxes. If the rent didn’t go up, it was because the tenant

signed on for another year (a rental contract renewal gives the tenant the right to keep the rent at a fixed rate).

Q: Why did some of the rents go up?

A: Because of i property taxes.

Key increased

15. Premier Computers is having its yearly clearance sale. We need to unload our old stuff to make room for the new pro ducts.

All of the PCs will be discounted 10% off their original prices. Monitors will be 15% off, and printers will be 25% off.

Q: What will be discounted by a q of the original price?

A: Printers

Key quarter

16. This sale will last for only 72 hours, so be sure to come down early to get the best selection.

If your purchase exceeds $1,000, we’ll throw in a pair of computer speakers, usually priced at $69 a set, for free!

Q: What will be i with a $1,000 purchase?

A: A speaker set

Key included

Part 7 | Paraphrasing Practice 233

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17. If you want to join us, please contact our treasurer, Paul Nelson, at 223-3892 to sign up for membership. You will receive

our membership packet, which includes the monthly newsletter Lake News, as well as membership information.

Q: How can a person join this club?

A: C Paul Nelson

Key Call

18. Medical leave requires a note from the physician. If this is not handed in to the Human Resources Office before the end

of the pay period, you will be docked pay for the number of days that you’ve taken off.

Q: What must be done when reporting medical leave?

A: An explanation written by the doctor should be p

Key provided

19. Sunbelt has its headquarters and the only other factory in Iowa City, Iowa. The assembly work done in Moline will be

moved there. About 145 new positions will be created to relocate the most skilled and experienced of the Moline

employees. The rest, however, will have to seek new employment elsewhere.

Q: What will happen to the employees who are not relocated to Iowa City?

A: They will have to f new jobs with other companies.

Key find

20. The Pendleton Herald has faithfully delivered the news to you for over seventy years, and now it has just gotten better.

After bringing more people on board in our Editorial, Advertising, and Subscription departments, we’re now able to offer a

better quality paper delivered to you with better service.

Q: How could the Pendleton Herald make these changes?

A: It h more employees for several departments.

Key hired

21. We are hoping you can make our upcoming May 9 National Broadcasting Seminar a great success. Since you have

covered three recent battles for your newspaper, we felt you would make the perfect choice of speaker. We will provide

you with a first-class round-trip ticket and a room at the Carlton.

Q: What is provided for the speaker at the seminar?

A: Travel expenses and a

Key accommodations

22. The first decision is whether to choose wool or polyester. Wool is more durable, and its color does not fad e as quickly.

Q: Why is wool a better choice?

A: It I longer.

Key lasts

PRIME TOEIC READING


23. Applicants should be in good physical condition, as work will include light to heavy labor. At least two -year basic

installation experience is required. One year of specialization in restoration or special items handling is beneficial.

Q: What prior experience is n for the applicant?

A: Two years of experience in basic installation

Key necessary

24. Rockman Office Supplies has 1,700 square feet of prime office space on the third floor of its headquarters available for

immediate occupancy. Located adjacent to Lincoln Towers, this building offers many advantages not usually found in a

commercial space.

Q: When can new tenants move into this office?

A: R a

Key Right / away

25. Dear Mr. Tyron,

In the past twelve months, you have purchased a considerable amount of merchandise from us. Needless to say, we

appreciate your business very much.

Q: What has Mr. Tyron done?

A: He has o many products.

Key ordered

26. I have just returned from the conference, and, in general, I found the meetings interesting and informative. As you know,

the main subject of the conference was building a website on the Internet for sales and advertising.

Q: What was the conference about?

A: Using the Internet for b

Key business

27. It was a thrill and a pleasure to hear the announcement last night on the evening news. It’s great that you have been

selected as one of the outstanding scientists of the year for your work in physics. As one of your old students, I have

waited for the scientific community to recognize your important work. And sure enough, here comes this wonderful news!

Q: Who wrote the letter?

A: A f student

Key former

28. Enclosed with the order form was a check for $438.95 covering the full amount of the order as well as the shipping cost.

Delivery was guaranteed within 4 to 6 weeks. After 8 weeks had passed, we received the 3-ring binders and ballpoint pens

along with a note explaining the backpacks were no longer available. No refund for the backpacks was included or even

mentioned in the letter. Beyond this, the logos on the binders were printed upside down, making it impossible for us to sell

them.

Q: Why couldn’t some items be sold?

A: The logos were printed i

Key incorrectly


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29. Put paper in paper bags or tie it with string. Each of the following paper types should be bagged or bundled separately:

newspapers, mixed paper, and cardboard boxes. These types of paper are recycled into different products and can be

sold at a higher value if kept separate from each other.

Q: What is true about the paper?

A: Paper of various types are w m m when separated.

Key worth / more / money

30. Carl Hammond has submitted his resignation as Vice President of Marketing and Sales effective today. I have accepted

his resignation. Joshua Baylor will take over his position immediately. Joshua will be spending one week per mon th in the

Boston office to continue his work there. He has been responsible for building our sales and marketing efforts in the

Northeast since the company’s inception.

Q: Who will f the s of Carl Hammond?

A: Joshua Baylor

Key fill / shoes

31. All staff members are reminded that when reporting days off, it is important to distinguish between sick days and medical

leave. You are allotted four sick days and one week of medical leave per year. The reporting procedure for each, however,

is different.

Q: What is the subject of this memo?

A: Procedures for reporting days off due to h c

Key health / concerns

32. Back in 1922 when Energon was just a small local company, we didn’t have to worry about a shortage of fuel. There

weren’t even very many cars on the roads.

Q: What was true when Energon was established?

A: Fuel was in p supply.

Key plentiful

33. Dear Mr. Banner,

As we discussed over the phone, according to company policy, employees terminating employment prior to the completion

of their employment contract must reimburse the company for vacation days taken but not earned. You will need to

reimburse the company for the extra vacation days taken in December 2013. In the enclosed envelope, please send a

personal check for $339.45 payable to Romeo Limited.

Q: What is the writer asking Mr. Banner to do?

A: To r the company for some extra vacation time

Key repay

34. We recognize that it’s easier for us to visit the customer than for the customer to come to the Environ offices. Therefore, i f

your company is within a 200-mile radius of Chicago, we will conduct an on-site evaluation of your company’s facilities at

no charge.

Q: What f service does this company provide?

A: An evaluation of nearby companies’ current systems

Key free




35. Sonia New York’s Women’s Apparel is going out of business! After 28 years in business, Sonia New York’s is shutting

down all 50 stores. As a “Thank you” to all our loyal customers, we’re having an enormous sale of up to 80% off our retail

prices.

Q: Why is Sonia New York’s having a sale?

A: It is c its b

Key closing / business

36. Unlike the huge resorts nearby, Hotel State Street is a cozy place that offers simple, warm hospitality usually found only in

European inns. Spend your day walking along some of the most beautiful coastlines in the U.S. or swimming in our

Olympic-sized heated indoor pool for a minimum fee.

Q: How would you describe the hotel?

A: C

Key Comfortable

37. Leaflets by Eaton Plus is the most direct way to target the right areas and the people you want as customers. You can

distribute any number of leaflets to any specific area of your choice. Our design and print services will make your leaflets

for you at highly competitive rates. This is our promise to you.

Q: What does Eaton Plus g ?

A: Reasonable prices

Key guarantee

38. Is the downtown area safer?

36% saw a decrease in the number of crimes committed downtown.

51 % said they detected no appreciable difference from three years ago. 13% said that crime would

probably continue to decrease in the coming year.

Q: How do most people feel now about crime in the downtown area?

A: It h really c

Key hasn't i changed

39. I have included our invoice, which reflects expenditures up to this date. You will receive another invoice closer to the end of

this project. We hope the Planning Authority is pleased with the quality and punctuality with which we are completing this

project and that you will contact us with any questions.

Q: What is e w the letter?

A: Cost updates

Key enclosed / with

40. Continuing Education: Are you interested in going back to school but just can’t find the money? This class will help you find

financial assistance from sources you’ve never thought of. You will learn to go online to complete scholarship applications

from your company as well as public and government institutions.

Q: Which of the following will be covered in the Continuing Education class?

A: How to find student financial a on the Internet

Key aid


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41. The SAT measures a student’s potential for academic work rather than solely assessing knowledge already learned. How

you perform on the SAT can mean the difference between getting into an Ivy League school and a local community

college. Due to complaints that the test was outdated, it was changed recently for the first time in 20 years.

Q: Why was the SAT a ?

A: It was out of date.

Key altered

42. On May 13, 2014, our office sent you the machine partsyou ordered from our catalog. The

cost of the shipment came to a total of $690.65, which you agreed to paywithin 30 days of

receipt. It is now 60 days later, and you have neither made the payment nor made any attempt to contact our company to

explain the delay.

Q: When was the payment expected to be made?

A: Within 30 days a the order was d

Key after / delivered

43. Please take some time to fill out this form and return it to the Census Bureau in the envelope provided. It will take

approximately 35 minutes to complete all of the questions. Census takers will come to your place of residence only if we

have not received your form by the September 3 deadline.

Q: What will happen if your census form is late?

A: An employee of the Census Bureau will v your h

Key visit / home (or house)

44. A special orientation seminar has been scheduled for two weeks prior to the move of the employees and their families.

They will be introduced to the region and its customs. This will help smooth the way to an easy transfer and may help

remove any fears family members may have about life in a new country.

Q: When will the seminar be given?

A: Two weeks b the move

Key before

45. Women often complain that men don’t help around the house as much as they should. To find out if that complaint is

justified, we studied 200 couples and recorded how much time each spent on various household duties.

Q: Why was the study done?

A: To see if women h the r to complain

Key have / right

46. In recent years, changing climatic patterns have caused extended droughts and serious shortages of water across the U.S.

Here in Bryce City, the limited water supply is a major concern since we are in the midst of an ongoing dry period. At the

request of the Bryce City Council, we will limit the amount of water consumed at our offices.

Q: What is the subject of this memo?

A: Water c efforts

Key conservation




47. Most cases of diarrhea may be treated with over-the-counter medications; however, if symptoms do not resolve within two

to three days, then professional assistance is needed because of the risk of dehydration.

Q: What is true about diarrhea?

A: It can usually be cured by n medicine.

Key nonprescription

48. I plan to leave New York for three weeks beginning on August 7 and will travel by train to San Francisco, where I am taking

an extended vacation. Since I do not have time to do the planning, I shall appreciate the cooperation of your firm. Kindly

inform me when you have completed the arrangements, and I will call your office to go over them with you.

Q: What is the writer requesting?

A: A complete i

Key itinerary

49. Unfortunately, our stock of Silver eagle claw bracelets (item 834-B) has been depleted

because of a delay in shipments from Taiwan. Our craftsmen have been trying to keep up with the demand for these

popular bracelets. We have put your one dozen bracelets on back order and hope to have them on their way to you before

the end of the month.

Q: Why is the current shipment incomplete?

A: They are o of s

Key out / stock

50. Business News: Sparkling Cola, Inc. has reached an agreement. The company has agreed to pay $190.5 million to settle a

sexual discrimination lawsuit filed by a group of female former employees. The case drew national attention when women’s

advocacy groups around the country led a protest campaign and boycott against Sparkling Cola, Inc.

Q: What was the main argument of the lawsuit?

A: The company d on the basis of g

Key discriminated / gender

Part 7 | Paraphrasing Practice

I r

I f

Part 7 TOEIC Practice

Single Passages

Advertisement

Questions 1-2 refer to the following advertisement.

I Families Helping Families Benefit ■

J Saturday October Ist, 4 P.M. - Midnight [

l Kids welcome until 8 P.M. i

Eagle National Bank is sponsoring the Families Helping Families Benefit for Phil Martin I& family. The benefit will be held at the VFW Post 672, located at 206 E. Lincoln St., |

I Blair Springs. •

1 A $15.00 donation includes food and entertainment. There will also be a live auction, 1

. raffles, and door prizes. .

I This benefit is being held in memory of Phil’s wife, Lucia, and in support of the continued |

I leukemia treatment for his son Mark. I

I If you want more information or have any questions, please contact Eagle National Bank *

| at 201-930-2300. ]

I Entertainment: Blues House Rockers / Neon Nights Karaoke / The Amazing

Armand and |

I His Magical Wonderland I

1. What is being advertised?

(A) Musical performances

(B) A trade show

(C) A flea market

(D) A charity event

Who is Mark Martin?

(A) The sponsor of the event

(B) The co-host of the event

(C) The beneficiary of the event

(D) The organizer of the event




I

Kookaburra Wildlife Gardens

Located 100km east of Brisbane and 40km north of Toowoomba, near the Wivenhoe Dam,

Kookaburra Wildlife Gardens presents visitors with a unique opportunity to interact with nature

more closely than ever before.

Kookaburra is both locally and internationally known for its hands-on encounters with animals.

Guests at Kookaburra can get “up close and personal” with a variety of local fauna. Come cuddle

the koalas, cajole the kangaroos, and dance with the dingoes! We also feature aviaries housing

bird species that include cockatoos, emus, cassowaries, and kookaburras, of course! Or, if you

like a touch of danger, take in one of our crocodile demonstrations. These run daily from 10 A.M.

to 6 P.M., every hour, on the hour.

We’re open Tuesday through Sunday and on all major holidays except Christmas. Children 6-10

years of age pay half price while tykes 5 and under get in for free!

For full details, please visit us online at www.kookaburrawilds.info.

3. What is a unique feature of Kookaburra Wildlife Gardens?

(A) It’s free for all children.

(B) It’s at the base of a dam.

(C) It’s open on all major holidays.

(D) Visitors can pet some of the animals.

4. What is being provided every hour?

(A) A guided tour

(B) A visit to an aviary

(C) A crocodile show

(D) A koala demonstration

5. Who can get a 50% discount?

(A) Children aged 6-10

(B) Children aged 5 and under

(C) Senior citizens

(D) A group with more than 10 people

Part 7 | TOEIC Practice - Single Passages

http://www.kookaburrawilds.info/

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• •

• Idaho State University *

• Staff Counselor, Student Counseling Services • • •

• Ten-month, full-time position. Primary responsibility to provide individual and group alco- •

9 hol/drug counseling; participation in prevention efforts and data collection/assessment #

• also required. Some evening/weekend work. Master’s degree in counseling or social work •

a required. Idaho licensure as Certified Alcohol and Drug Counselor (CADC) certification a

• preferred. Review of applications will begin immediately and will continue until the position •

• is filled. To assure full consideration, apply by June 3, 2014. Preferred start date of August •

£ I, 2014. Salary is based on qualifications and experience. Submit resume, cover letter, and *

• contact information for three professional references to Kendra Carlyle, Coordinator, •

2| Health Promotion, Campus Box 2540, Boise, ID 38923-0083. * • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • m• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

6. What is NOT a requirement of this position?

(A) CADC licensure

(B) Counseling for students

(C) Availability to work on weekends

(D) A graduate degree related to the field

7. How long will the university accept applications?

(A) Until June 3

(B) Until August 1

(C) Until the position has been filled

(D) Until the end of July

8. How should someone apply for this position?

(A) Mail the appropriate documents

(B) Schedule a meeting with Kendra Carlyle

(C) Fax a resume to Student Counseling Services

(D) Attach the required information to an email

9. Which factor will be used to determine the new employee’s salary?

(A) What university the person attended

(B) The amount of time the person has worked in this field

(C) The salary in the person’s previous position

(D) The grades the person earned during graduate school




•7

Announcement / Notice / Memorandum / Information

Questions 10-12 refer to the following notice.

BLOCK PARTY and GARAGE SALE

Come join us this Saturday at Wisteria Lane Flea Market for a day of browsing, barbecuing, and

fun in the sun! Other folk’s trash can become your treasure — all at rock bottom prices! You

never know what you’ll find! Guests can also buy raffle tickets for $2, $5, and $10. The grand

prize of the raffle will be a 1969 Ford Mustang in fair condition. There will be a whole pig

barbecued over charcoal and mesquite, gallons of potato salad, buckets of coleslaw, and

several kegs of ice-cold beer. An auction of celebrity-related items will be held and is

scheduled to start at 1:40 P.M.

Anyone who is interested not only in shopping but also in selling their own items can reserve

one of our 500 stalls at the eight-square-kilometer site along Main Street ahead of time or try

their luck on a first-come, first-served basis. You’re advised to make a reservation unless you

want to risk having to turn around and haul that bag of old clothes and books back home again.

And for those of you who like to compete, we will be blocking off the street for a game of

roller hockey between 9 A.M. and noon. There will also be volleyball nets set up on several of

the larger lawns. All the food and fun you can stand for a $5 ticket! Come one and all!

10. What will NOT take place during the event?

(A) A performance

(B) A sports competition

(C) A drawing

(D) A cookout

11. What are people who want to sell their items recommended to do?

(A) Try to arrive at the site as early as possible

(B) Make their arrangements in advance

(C) Purchase a raffle ticket first

(D) Register the items they sell

12. What will happen in the morning of the event day?

(A) They’ll sell items that were owned by famous people.

(B) They’ll announce the winner of the grand prize.

(C) They’ll ban cars from parking on the street.

(D) They’ll start registering vendors.

Part 7 I TOEIC Practice - Single Passages 243

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Questions 13-16 refer to the following memorandum.

Wfff.V.V.'f.'.WAVS.WSAVf.VAW.V.V.Wff.'.Wi ■ To: All retail location staff members ■

From: Steve Scrimshaw, CEO i Date: June 7, 2014 "J

^ Re: Colonial Dining Set recall ^

■jj Following an investigation into numerous customer complaints about our Colonial Dining ■

^ Set (table and chairs), Washington HomeFurnishings (WHF) issuspending all sales of the line J

effective immediately. WHF will be sending letters to those clients whose contact information J

we have, and will soon be posting notices in catalogs and newspapers to alert the public. ÿ

This affects all of our retail locations. Retail representatives should follow these guidelines ^

starting immediately: ^

% 1. Remove all Colonial Dining Sets from your showrooms. Send them to the district

^ warehouse until further notice.

jjj 2. Contact all customers that have purchased these sets, explain the situation, and offer /

Ji to refund their money or allow them to exchange their purchase for a similarly priced C

ajj set, no matter how long ago it was purchased. %

Ji 3. If the customers cannot bring in the sets, send a delivery van to pick up the pieces. Do L

a" not charge them either for this service or for the service to deliver their replacement \ i sets. ^

4. Explain to the customers that the sets are being recalled because of an inferior-quality BJ

adhesive that was used during manufacture. This adhesive degrades at an advanced %

rate, causing the pieces to collapse under even light weights. This adhesive was used

only in the Colonial Dining Set line. No other furniture manufactured by WHF used

this adhesive. ji ■ 5. Let the customers know that WHF is proud of its 120-year history as a quality furniture

producer and that it accepts full responsibility for this matter. B|

JJi ij ■ The WHF home office will send updates as more information is gathered. If you have any ■

questions, contact Terry Wright at (309) 384-8831, ext. 10.

i.V.W.ViV.V.V.VVV.B.V.V.SW.WAW/.W.VAVV.W;

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13. What initiated this product recall?

(A) The factory realized there was a problem.

(B) Dissatisfied customers raised the issue with the company.

(C) Several sets fell apart in the showrooms.

(D) The catalog printers alerted the company to the problem.

14. Why are the Colonial Dining Sets being recalled?

(A) They have structural defects.

(B) They were sent to the wrong customers.

(C) They were painted the wrong color.

(D) They look different than the catalog pictures.

15. What option is NOT available to customers?

(A) A full refund of their money

(B) An exchange for a different set

(C) Free shipping of replacement sets

(D) Repairs performed on their Colonial Dining Sets

16. How many product lines are being affected by this recall?

(A) One

(B) Two

(C) Three

(D) Four

Part 7 | TOEIC Practice - Single Passages 245

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TO: Dr. James T. Calhoun, President, Commission for Sustained Economic Development

FROM: Jenny Alvarez, Supervisor, Forest Development Group DATE: July 13

SUBJ: Proposal for managing fuel wood consumption

The situation regarding fuel wood availability in the state has not yet reached a crisis stage.

Currently, forested land is readily available for multiple uses-recreation, fisheries, etc., as

well as fuel Compared to the other 49 states, deforestation in our state is in the lowest

quartile.

However, the long-term trends are not good. We have noticed a significant increase in the

illegal harvesting of fuel wood. Given the ever-growing prices of fuel oil, we can expect this

trend to continue as individuals collect wood for fuel without regard for the consequences.

Our proposed reform has three components. First, we should offer individual communities

small plots of land in the forest for legal harvesting with the proviso that these plots must be

replanted at the same rate they are harvested. Second, we should establish a network of

regional fuel wood management offices to monitor the illegal trade of fuel wood, to encourage

fuel efficiency, and to offer technical assistance for the sustainable use of the forest plots.

Third, an interstate system of forest plantations should be encouraged to ensure future fuel

wood supplies.

If this proposal meets with your initial approval, I’d like to set up a meeting in your office with

all affected departments to discuss ratification and next steps. Please let me know what you

think.




17. What is the main issue that prompted this memo?

(A) Recreational use of forests by state residents

(B) The potential deforestation of the state

(C) The increasing costs of fuel oil

(D) Economic impacts of the illegal harvesting of fuel wood

18. What is the cause for the actions residents are taking?

(A) The increasing cost of fuel oil

(B) Insufficient law enforcement personnel

(C) Outdated wood-burning heating systems

(D) An opportunity to earn income by selling fuel wood

19. What is the desired response to the memo?

(A) Modifying the three-part plan to solve the problem

(B) Agreeing to host a discussion about how to implement the proposal

(C) Increasing the use of alternative power in the state

(D) Hiring extra law enforcement personnel

20. Which of the following is NOT part of the proposed solution?

(A) Promoting the use of high-technology alternatives to burning wood

(B) Cooperating with other states to increase the amount of forested land

(C) Helping residents to understand how to use the forest resources wisely

(D) Reforestation at a rate equal to the harvest rate


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Letter / E-mail/Card

Questions 21-22 refer to the following letter.

i i Dec. 12

Dear Mr. Wagner,

Thank you for your letter expressing interest in our hydraulic systems. It just so happens that I am scheduled to be

in Seattle on business from January 3 to 17. If you are still in the Tacoma area during this time, perhaps we can

arrange to meet in whichever city you find more convenient. I would be happy to provide you with a full range of

specifications, sample blueprints, and any other technical data that you might need.

Unfortunately, I cannot provide exact pricing information until we have actually designed a system custom-

suited to your needs.

If you have any questions, you may contact me at any time through the toll -free number at our Main Sales

Department.

21. What does Brian Fiske suggest Mr. Wagner do?

(A) Set the place for a meeting

(B) Send him design specifications

(C) Come to Tacoma to see him

(D) Contact his sales crew

22. What will Brian’s company probably do once Mr. Wagner agrees to buy the system?

(A) Send the invoice

(B) Show some sample blueprints

(C) Get the system delivered

(D) Design a system as required

* Sincerely,

► Brian Ffs&e ►

A

A*





I Dear Dr. Fraser: |

I I p I am writing to request that you consider Dr. Harold Meyers for inclusion in next |

| year’s Visiting Scholars Program in the field of Resource Allocation Systems. |

I I

| As you know, before turning to academia. Dr. Meyers accumulated almost two decades |

| of practical experience in the field as an RAS consultant to over 130 companies, |

| 53 of which are still ranked in the Empire 500. His doctoral thesis, New Insights |

| into RAS Design and Management, has since become an industry classic and re- |

| quired reading for any serious student of the subject. $

i I | I have worked closely with Dr. Meyers and can vouch for his personal character and ^

| academic integrity. Hosting him for a year would both strengthen our program and |

| give our students an invaluable opportunity to learn from a groundbreaking |

I scholar. I Sincerely,

jfarn/Cftp, Ph.D.

23. Where does Dr. Meyers work?

(A) In a company

(B) In a doctor’s office

(C) At a university

(D) At a hotel

24. Why did Ham Klig write this letter?

(A) To recommend Dr. Meyers as a valuable asset

(B) To ask Dr. Fraser to join the program

(C) To request Dr. Fraser’s assistance with Dr. Meyers’s research

(D) To recommend publishing Dr. Meyers’s thesis

25. What does the Empire 500 do?

(A) It lists universities.

(B) It rates companies.

(C) It ranks consultants.

(D) It publishes books. o U

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From: [email protected] To:

[email protected] Subject: Regarding

the accident

Dear Ms. Perkins:

I am writing to confirm the main points of our recent conversation regarding my dissatisfaction with

your company’s products and services. Unfortunately, we lost our connection toward the end of our

talk because I had just driven out of my mobile service zone. I apologize for that.

To my understanding, we agreed that your workers had been negligent in using half-inch plywood for

the frame of the outdoor staging area rather than high-density particle board, as specified in the

contract. As a result of this negligence, a dozen people were injured during the festival when the

staging area collapsed.

If Tyler Construction does not agree to compensate the victims for their hospital bills and other

damages, I will have no choice but to take this matter to court. Please inform me of Tyler

Contruction’s position as soon as possible.

Sincerely,

fit ax, Sandora

26. Why did Max Sandoval write this letter?

(A) To apologize for the delay

(B) To confirm the schedule of the construction

(C) To change some terms of the contract

(D) To blame someone for the accident

27. How did they have their previous conversation?

(A) In person

(B) By videoconference

(C) By phone

(D) By online messenger

28. What does Max Sandoval request that Tyler Construction do?

(A) File a lawsuit

(B) Pay medical costs

(C) Rebuild the staging area

(D) Review their contract



mailto:[email protected]



V

Article / Report / News

Questions 29-30 refer to the following news report.

Sales of Canadian homes set a record-breaking pace in December, rising 2.9 percent from

November, as buyers continued to take advantage of low-interest mortgages, the

Commonwealth Realtors' Association reported yesterday.

The sales avalanche drove the national median price of a house to an all -time record $312,940,

up 5.1 percent from $297,755 in December of last year. This represents the biggest year -over-

year increase since April 1983, when annual appreciation stood at 1 1.4 percent and the median

price at $157,350, the association said. If sales continue at their current pace, the average price

could hit almost $330,000 by this time next year.

Analysts were surprised by the report. Many, not foreseeing the drop in interest rates, had

expected that the housing market would slip into decline owing to higher prices and lack of

affordability.

29. What has been an advantage to people buying houses?

(A) A sales boom

(B) Low-interest housing loans

(C) Expensive houses

(D) Surprised analysts

30. What had the analysts expected?

(A) That the housing market would expand

(B) That the housing market would get worse

(C) That interest rates would decrease

(D) That records would be broken


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Questions 31-32 refer to the following news article.

31. Who is most likely to be interested in the service?

(A) Moms who want to shop online for baby supplies

(B) Young children interested in learning about the Internet

(C) Parents who want to travel with their children

(D) Manufacturers of car seats, cribs, and other items for children

32. What advantage can people enjoy by using this service?

(A) They can rent sports equipment.

(B) They can shop online for travel items.

(C) They can ship large items to their destinations.

(D) They can travel hassle-free with their babies.




Questions 33-35 refer to the following article.

^iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiimitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiib

E Windows XP is now the OS of choice for the majority of the PC-using public, not E E only because it

comes pre-installed on 95 percent of PCs but also because it’s E E widely seen as both flexible and user-

friendly. But despite this, there’s a rapidly =

E growing community that has opted for an alternative - Linux. E

E Linux has many different flavors, such as Red Hat, Fedora, SUSE, Debian and E E even no-install

versions such as Knoppix. Most of these distributions (“distros” =

E in the Linux vernacular) can be downloaded for free, though some, such as Red E E Hat, are sold

complete with hefty installation manuals, user guides, and customer E E support plans. E

= Linux, while not quite as easy to learn, can be every bit as powerful as Win- =

E dows. In most speed tests, Linux beats Windows, and it has the added bonus E E of total control. Users

can tailor the OS to their own liking, and, if they possess E = the technical skills, they can even dip into the

source code in order to improve =

E and alter the whole thing. Major application software, such as word processing, E E spreadsheets, video

editing, etc., is freely available for downloading, a welcome =

= alternative to the high-priced Windows world. As a further benefit, Linux is more =

E secure than Windows and has a remarkable anti-virus record. E

^i 1111111111111111111111111 i 11111111111111111111111111111111111111111 i 11111111111111111 ii 111111111111 ii 111111111 iF

33. What is one reason that Windows XP is more popular than Linux?

(A) It is included on most newly-purchased PCs.

(B) It is cheaper to upgrade than Linux.

(C) It runs faster than Linux in most speed tests.

(D) Free desktop publishing software is widely available.

34. What can be predicted for the future of Windows operating systems?

(A) They will continue to lose market share to Linux systems.

(B) They will become less expensive.

(C) They will become more efficient than competing systems.

(D) They will be completely replaced by other systems.

35. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the Linux OS?

(A) A variety of application software is available for download.

(B) Users can refine the source code to their preferences.

(C) It is generally as user-friendly as Windows XP. §

(D) It is more secure than Windows XP. %

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Recipe / Graph / Table / Form

Questions 36-37 refer to the following invoice.

36. Which item on the invoice can NOT be returned after a certain time?

(A) Kitchen scale

(B) Escargots

(C) Kitchen scissors

(D) Stainless steel serving spoon

37. How does the customer pay this bill?

(A) In cash

(B) By credit card

(C) By monthly bank transfer

(D) By corporate check




Questions 38-40 refer to the following form. imMmMmmimiNHiMmmmmMmmiMimiMimiiimiMNiiiiimiimmiimmMiiiiimiiiiiiiiiMimmiimmMiiMimiiiMiiiiimiiiiiiHiiiiiiiiimmiim iinMimiimiimmiimmiiiimmiimmi

Yes! I want to be a Friend of the Lincoln Theater!

Name: Janet Smith

Address: 301 Mabry Avenue

City: Lincoln

State: NY

Zip code: 63721

Phone:

Send to: Friends of the Lincoln Theater, 241 S. Elm St., Lincoln, NY 63723

Check One:

____________ $25 Patron

_____ )L _____ $35 Star

____________ $50 Producer

____________ $100 Director

Your donation will contribute to keeping the Lincoln Theater open for years to come!

MIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII

38. What type of form is this?

(A) A membership application

(B) A sales receipt

(C) A customer survey

(D) A loan application

39. What information is lacking on this form?

(A) The name

(B) The donation amount

(C) The phone number

(D) The address

40. What is the smallest donation a person can make?

(A) $25

(B) $35

(C) $50

(D) $100


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Part 7 TOEIC Practice

Double Passages

Notice & Letter

Questions 1-5 refer to the following notice and letter.

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1. Who is the notice written for?

(A) Current Monterey Golf Club members

(B) Children of club members

(C) The staff of the Monterey Golf Club

(D) Members of the general public

2. What is being advertised?

(A) A golf resort

(B) Childcare services

(C) Golf equipment

(D) Club membership

3. How long has Ms. Parker been a member of the golf club?

(A) Since August

(B) For one year

(C) For three years

(D) For six years

4. Why is Ms. Parker writing the letter?

(A) To sign her children up for childcare

(B) To renew her club membership

(C) To get a club membership for her sister

(D) To see if the club will extend its childcare services

5. What might Ms. Parker have to do upon the club’s response?

(A) Check the Clubhouse Information Board

(B) Pay an additional fee for three more children

(C) Look for an alternative solution for her sister

(D) Forward the information to her sister

Part 7 | TOEIC Practice - Double Passages 257

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Questions 6-10 refer to the following notice and letter.

CITY OF PEMBROKE

CONSTRUCTION NOTICE

Issued: May 3

This is to notify you that Brandt Construction will soon begin working on the Maple Street Storm Drain Project for the

City of Pembroke Wastewater Division. The work consists of improving the water system and upgrading the storm

drain system along Maple Street. Brandt Construction will be working on Maple Street for approximately five months,

starting on July 15. Brandt Construction will establish traffic control systems, which will be removed when construction

is completed. Please look for construction signage regarding parking, as some areas will be temporary no-parking

zones. We realize that construction may be an inconvenience. Brandt Construction will make every effort to minimize

public impact on residents. Thank you for your patience.

Dear Brandt Construction,

My name is Margaret Binns, and I am a resident of Maple Street. First, I would like to say that I am pleased to

hear that the storm drains are finally being upgraded.

Second, I would like to ask a question about your construction project on our street. My question is: How will

this construction impact the children of this neighborhood? During the summer months, many of the children

like to play in their front yards and even in the street when it is not busy. I would like to know if your company

has thought about the measures it will take to ensure the safety of our children.

Sincerely,

ftfarparet Bms




6. What is the purpose of the construction?

(A) To improve the pavement

(B) To widen the lanes

(C) To make the water system better

(D) To upgrade the traffic control system

7. When will the construction take place?

(A) In five months

(B) May 3

(C) July 15

(D) Next summer

8. What will NOT be affected by the construction?

(A) Parking

(B) Sidewalks

(C) Storm drains

(D) Traffic control systems

9. Who is Ms. Binns?

(A) A representative of the local community

(B) A principal of a school

(C) A construction worker

(D) Someone who lives on Maple Street

10. The word “impact” in passage 2, paragraph 2, line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) improve

(B) affect

(C) damage

(D) shock


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http://www.nhantrlviet.com/

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Article & Advertisement

Questions 11-15 refer to the following article and advertisement.

O O O O O O O O O O O O O

As you are no doubt aware, the Fourth of July is just a week away. Many of you will head out to

watch the spectacular display of fireworks at Pierce Park. You may be thinking about taking your

camcorder with you to the show. It is going to be difficult to capture both faint detail and color at the

same time with a camcorder in the nighttime setting. Here are a few tips that should help you

achieve good results:

To achieve better color capture, you will need to adjust your exposure to allow a bit less light in.

This will prevent the bright fireworks from overexposing the image. When auto exposure is on and

you point your camcorder at the dark sky, the camcorder will try to pull in as much light as possible.

To prevent this, turn off the auto exposure, and set it manually. The other important adjustment you

need to make is white balance. If you have full manual white balance, use your camcorder's on-

camera light and a white card. If you have to choose from presets, use the indoor option. As with

exposure control, the most important setting is to the auto white balance feature. Make sure you

turn it off to prevent the color from shifting unnaturally while filming.

Fired of your failed attempts to film or photograph fireworks? Fantastic Foto has the solut ion

for you - we'll do the taping!

Just stop by our booth at the north entrance of Pierce Park anytime on July 4 and pre- order

your copy of the Smithville Fireworks Show for only SIO. Sign up early to reserve your copy, or

stop by our store anytime after July 5 to order a copy.

Why bother worrying about, light meters and balancing feat ures? Let us take care of the

filming so you can sit back and enjoy the show!




11. Why is it difficult to film a fireworks display?

(A) A balance of color and detail is hard to achieve.

(B) Most camcorders are not able to film at night.

(C) The fast movement of the fireworks is hard to capture.

(D) It’s hard for a person to hold the camera still enough.

12. How can a user accurately capture the light of the fireworks?

(A) By using a secondary light source, such as a flash

(B) By using the manual setting only

(C) By using a special film for high-speed motion

(D) By allowing the camera to adjust automatically

13. What is the advertisement for?

(A) A camcorder

(B) A sale at Fantastic Foto

(C) The fireworks show at Pierce Park

(D) Fireworks videos

14. Where can people place a late order?

(A) At designated booths in the park

(B) At Fantastic Foto

(C) At the north entrance to Pierce Park

(D) At the Smithville Fireworks Show

15. Why should people place an order in advance?

(A) They can get a better price.

(B) There are limited copies.

(C) They can have a copy made for them.

(D) They can have additional copies.


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News Report & Review

Questions 16-20 refer to the following news report and movie review.

Crossroads Pictures, the Hollywood-based movie production company that has been filming

a romantic comedy entitled A Quiet Few in Harperville, is nearly ready to begin post-

production work. The independent movie will feature some four hundred area residents in

small speaking parts or as extras.

The cast of A Quiet Few is a mixture of seasoned professional actors and firsttime extras who

just wanted the experience of being involved in a movie production.

One of the professional actors is Ansel Jones, a famjliar local face who plays a grandfather

in the movie. Jones has been acting for years. Ed Emerson talked with him about his career,

which has included appearances in some movies now regarded as classics. Tune in

tomorrow to station WIKP to hear what he had to say about his experience on the set.

Resident Joyce Hamilton was one of the many extras. She worked four days in a wedding

scene that was shot at North Meadow Church. She also discusses her experience on

tomorrow's broadcast.

............. ^

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A Quiet Few (2014)

Romantic Comedy Crossroads

Pictures, 112 min.

It starts off a little slowly but quickly gains momentum and finally develops into one of the

smartest romantic comedies of the season. Director Jon Woods’s use of Capra’s technique — a

rapid-paced montage of newsreel footage punctuated by a dramatic voice-over narration — is

evident in this story of a rich man’s daughter who rebels against her father’s objection to her

planned marriage to an aviator. She escapes from her home in Winchester by bus and is

assisted in her flight by a recently-fired newspaper reporter. Hilarious complications arise along

the way to Harperville. Cathy Wright and Ansel Jones make a grand team, with Jones exhibiting

excellent talent as a laugh provoker. A preview audience ate it up.

Reviewed by Davis Moore — Box Office Weekly.



16. What has recently taken place in Harperville?

(A) The screening of A Quiet Few

(B) The filming of a new movie

(C) Auditions for an upcoming performance

(D) A television broadcast of a local production

17. What can be inferred about Ansel Jones?

(A) He is a resident of Harperville.

(B) He is the grandfather of the director.

(C) He is a minister at a local church.

(D) He is a famous Hollywood director.

18. Who is getting married in the film?

(A) A wealthy man

(B) A reporter

(C) Joyce Hamilton

(D) A pilot

19. What is Davis Moore’s opinion of this movie?

(A) It is a little too long.

(B) It has good acting.

(C) It is a good sequel.

(D) It is an excellent remake.

20. Who most likely is Capra?

(A) A director

(B) An actor

(C) A narrator

(D) A resident of Harperville

Part 7 I TOEIC Practice - Double Passages 263

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Memorandum & E-mail

Questions 21-25 refer to the following memorandum and e-mail.

To: All employees

From: Leslie Miner

Date: November 23

Employees may be scheduled to work overtime hours when operating requirements or other needs cannot be met

during regular working hours.

In this case, the management will try to notify employees of these mandatory assignments in advance. Anyone who

needs to work overtime must receive the supervisor’s prior authorization. Overtime assignments will be distributed as

equitably as possible to all employees qualified to perform the required work.

Overtime compensation is paid to all non-exempt employees in accordance with federal and state wage and hour

restrictions. Overtime pay is based on actual hours worked. Time off on sick leave, vacation leave, or any leave of

absence will not be considered hours worked for the purposes of performing overtime calculations.

Failure to work scheduled overtime without prior authorization from your immediate supervisor may result in

disciplinary action, up to and including possible termination of employment.

From: Jack Davis [jd@canmaiLnet]

To: Leslie Miner [mineri0massey.com]

Subject: Overtime Hours - — ■ I ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ i r ■ ■ - M — I I — . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ■ ■ ■ . . . . . ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ • r nf- lY ' I

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1

Dear Ms. Miner,

I have read over the memorandum on overtime hours that you sent out, and I may have a conflict that does not allow

me to comply with the overtime requirements. I recently started coaching my son’s little league hockey team in the

evenings, so I will be unable to work any overtime shifts on Mondays, Thursdays, and Fridays. I don’t think it would be

fair to the other workers that I do not have to work any overtime, so I will make myself available for overtime on

Tuesdays and Wednesdays if it is needed.

My children are very important to me, so missing out on this opportunity is not an option for me. I hope the company

can understand my position.

As I said, I am still available for some overtime work and will let you know as my schedule allows me to take more.

Sincerely,

Jack Davis




\

21. What is the subject of the memorandum?

(A) Disciplinary actions and termination of employment

(B) Hiring non-exempt employees for specific needs

(C) Operating requirements for senior personnel

(D) Policies on working overtime hours

22. In order to work overtime, what do employees need?

(A) A temporary assignment

(B) An explanation letter

(C) Approval from a supervisor

(D) Special skills

23. How is overtime work calculated?

(A) By position

(B) Per hour worked

(C) Per assignment

(D) By salary

24. Why did Jack write the e-mail to Ms. Miner?

(A) To raise a complaint about company policies

(B) To inquire about the requirements of overtime work

(C) To ask for an approval for overtime work

(D) To explain his limitation for overtime work

25. What does Jack suggest that he do to solve the problem?

(A) He’ll partially clear his schedule.

(B) He’ll find a replacement for his overtime hours.

(C) He’ll make himself available for the weekends.

(D) He’ll circulate an e-mail to everyone in the office.


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Letter & Document

Questions 26-30 refer to the following letter and document.

Ms. Smith,

We received your toaster oven that was sent to us through express mail yesterday. After

checking the oven, we found that the temperature control has been reset. Unfortunately, this

modification is a violation of the terms of our warranty.

In case you have misplaced yours, I am forwarding a copy of our written warranty. You will

note that the warranty does not cover a defect caused by modification or repair other than that

done by an authorized agent.

We still can make the necessary repair for you, if you wish, at our flat charge of $150. We

have enclosed a form for your convenience with pre-printed instructions. Simply check off the

appropriate box and we will act accordingly. We must ask that you remit the cost for repairs

with your instructions, if you would like us to service the product.

I trust you will understand why we are unable to provide this service free for you this time.

Thank you for purchasing one of our products. We hope that we can be of service to you in

the near future.

Sincerely,

/Ifci Sterns Sylvania Appliances

_______________________________ ___ ______ ——

WARRANTY EXCLUSIONS

warranty is extended to SYLVANIA Toaster Ovens purchased and used in

Canada. This warranty shall not apply to appearance or accessory items including

but not limited to shelves, cabinets, cabinet parts, knobs. This warranty shall,

in addition, not apply to damage due to handling, transportation, unpacking,

set-up, installation, customer adjustments that are covered in the instruction

book, repair or replacement of parts supplied by other than the SYLVANIA

authorized service depot, any malfunction or failure caused by or resulting from

abnormal environmental conditions, improper unauthorized service, improper

maintenance, modifications or repair by the consumer, abuse, misuse, neglect,

accident, fire, flood, or other acts of God, and incorrect line voltage.




26. Why did Ms. Smith send the company her toaster?

(A) To have the temperature control reset

(B) To exchange it for a different model

(C) To get a refund for the product

(D) To have the company fix it

27. What did Ms. Smith do that was wrong?

(A) She harassed a company employee.

(B) She neglected to fill out some forms.

(C) She threw away her product warranty.

(D) She made changes to the appliance she purchased.

28. What was sent to Ms. Smith with the letter?

(A) An instruction manual

(B) Product documents

(C) A tool kit

(D) Store coupons

29. What will the company do for Ms. Smith?

(A) Contact a repairman

(B) Send a new toaster

(C) Make alterations for a fee

(D) Mail a new warranty

30. Which of the following is NOT a warranty exclusion?

(A) Damage during shipping

(B) Faulty wiring

(C) Repairs by an authorized electrician

(D) Lightning


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Letter & Minutes

Questions 31-35 refer to the following letter and minutes.

Dear Leo,

I read your most recent progress report on the McElroy Building renovations this afternoon. I am alarmed by

how much we are exceeding our budget on this project. This matter should have been brought to my

attention sooner.

Please get back to me regarding the reasons why this project is turning out to be so expensive. Before I

take definitive action, I would like your input on the best way to reduce costs. Phase 3, which involves work

on the building's exterior, has not yet begun. If we need to make changes to that phase of the work, this is

the time to do it.

I have called an emergency meeting that will be attended by the senior managers of this project for this

coming Friday at 9 A.M. Please come prepared with a detailed cost breakdown at that time. Call me if you

have any questions or need further clarification.

ii Regards,

Joshua Goad Project Leader

McElroy Building Renovation Project

Boone Construction Minutes 24 April 2014

Subject: First Meeting for McElroy Building Project Budget Revision Leo Mink, Financial

Director, was present to present this item.

Leo Mink stated the second phase of the McElroy Project is exceeding its budget by 30%.

This is a deficit of $38,400.

Leo Mink proposed a budget revision (attached) for the third phase of this project.

The budget revision will reduce the material costs of this building project budget by $27,000

and the labor costs by $9,800.

Mr. Goad noted the company has applied for a grant for architectural fees but it is unknown if

the county will approve the grant. The grant would require the money be spent before

December 31, 2014. This is the reason this item is being moved forward at this time.

There was no further discussion on this item.

Mr. Goad stated this is the first meeting and requested the clerk schedule this item for a

second meeting once the status of the grant is known.

PRIME TOEIC READING


31. What is Joshua Goad unhappy about?

(A) How much more the project is costing than was expected

(B) How much longer it is taking to complete the renovations

(C) Leo’s behavior at a recent meeting

(D) The work done on the exterior of the McElroy Building

32. What does Joshua Goad want Leo to do?

(A) Set up a meeting with the senior managers

(B) Prepare a budget report

(C) Make adjustments to Phase 3 of the project

(D) Acquire additional financing for the project

33. What action has Joshua Goad taken?

(A) He has called a special meeting to discuss the problem.

(B) He has removed Leo from the McElroy Building Renovation Project.

(C) He has made changes to Phase 3 of the project.

(D) He has recommended firing Leo to the senior managers.

34. What was the intention of the meeting?

(A) To discuss the second phase of the project

(B) To discuss the status of the grant

(C) To discuss the finances for Phase 3

(D) To discuss a 30% budget increase

35. How does Leo propose they save money?

(A) Spend less on workers

(B) Use grant money from the county

(C) Revise the second phase of the project

(D) Progress to the third phase immediately


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E-mails

Questions 36-40 refer to the following e-mails.

To: Stanley Lane-Armco Expert Jewelers ([email protected])

From: Bob Disenthrall - Supreme Fashions ([email protected])

Subject: Order cancellation

Date: May 14, 2014

Mr. Lane,

Please cancel the unfilled part of our order, B1663, of April 11, for one hundred units of small jewelry boxes. We have

already received fifty units from you. However, we do not wish to receive the one hundred still on order since we find

that we have ordered in excess of our needs. Those on hand will be sufficient for our demands for some time to

come.

Thank you,

Bob Disenthrall

a ..................................... ............ ....... ....... _ .. . ...... .................. ....... ............. ..................................... ............ ....... 3

: To: Bob Disenthrall - Supreme Fashions ([email protected])

j From: Stanley Lane - Armco Expert Jewelers ([email protected])

! Subject: RE: Order cancellation

Date: May 15, 2014 '

.................... ........ d

Mr. Disenthrall,

In response to your request of May 14, we have cancelled fifty units of small jewelry boxes that were to be sent to

you. As you state, fifty have already been shipped.

We cannot cancel the entire order as we have twenty-five of the boxes ready for shipment this week and twenty-five

so far in the works that it will be necessary to complete them.

Possibly you were not aware that boxes of the specification you set down constituted a special order for which no

other firm with which we deal has ever put in a request. Consequently, we would have a difficult time finding a buyer

for your cancelled units. In view of this condition, we feel sure that you

will permit us to send you the additional finished and in-production units. If youhave further need for

this item, we shall be very much pleased to accept a reorder.

Sincerely,

Stanley Lane

_ _______________________________________________________________________ 4 2zz: ..... ___ц ": * . " • •• ..... .............. : -"j








36. Why does Supreme Fashions want to change the order?

(A) They couldn’t afford the rest of the order.

(B) They received some defective items.

(C) They are not selling as many as they expected.

(D) They have enough of the product in stock.

37. What did Supreme Fashions order?

(A) A customized container

(B) Fine jewelry

(C) A wooden box

(D) Accessories for women

38. How many units are still being made?

(A) 25

(B) 50

(C) 75

(D) 100

39. What is Armco Expert Jewelers unable to do?

(A) Complete the order on time

(B) Send the entire order in one batch

(C) Cancel the entire order

(D) Complete the order at an earlier date

40. Why is Armco Expert Jewelers unable to satisfy Mr. Disenthrall’s request?

(A) They can’t offer such a large discount.

(B) They wouldn’t be able to sell the remaining units.

(C) They don’t have the resources to satisfy the request.

(D) They can’t finish the order in such a short period of time.


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READING TEST

274

In the Reading test, you will read a variety of texts and answer several different types of reading comprehension questions.

The entire Reading test will last 75 minutes. There are three parts, and directions are given for each part. You are

encouraged to answer as many questions as possible within the time allowed.

You must mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Do not write your answers in the test book.

Part 5

Directions: A word or phrase is missing in each of the sentences below. Four answer choices are given below each

sentence. Select the best answer to complete the sentence. Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your answer

sheet.

101. Although everyone in the school thought

he would fail, not only did he do the entire job by ,

but healso did it in

record time.

(A) him

(B) himself

(C) ourselves

(D) itself

102. Given the of the situation and

the cost of further delays, the decision to postpone

must be made by noon at the latest.

(A) urgent

(B) urge

(C) urgency

(D) urgently

103. Steve was so desperate ____________________ my

new club that he promised to mow my lawn for me for

the entire summer.

(A) to join

(B) joining

(C) joined

(D) joins

104. she hadn’t ever worked in this field, we still believed

Kendra was the right choice for the job.

(A) Even though

(B) Because

(C) Despite

(D) Unless

PRIME T0EIC READING

105. When the e-mail server was down, John could not

reach you by telephone, so he

you a fax late last night.

(A) sent

(B) sends

(C) has sent

(D) sending

106. Generally speaking, of all the tree species

in California, the typical Redwood both is much

taller and has a larger girth than trees of

species.

(A) any

(B) other

(C) those

(D) another

107. Even though I was looking forward to meeting Mr.

Hans in person, I couldn’t

his invitation because I was on a

business trip.

(A) accept

(B) admit

(C) agree

(D) attend

108. The Italian teacher, when

about an extra lesson before our vacation, said that

he would come over quickly.

(A) contacts

(B) contacting

(C) contacted

(D) contactable



109. The real estate agent began advertising

on the Internet last week because she wanted to

new clients to

increase her business.

(A) prospect

(B) attract

(C) inquire

(D) investigate

110. When I was a senior, I was told that an attractive,

readable, and

resume is one of the important things I needed to

get a job.

(A) information

(B) informative

(C) informed

(D) informing

111. In order to reach its of adding

one million new customers by 2014, NoWire is

providing free cell phones with two-year

subscriptions.

(A) conclusion

(B) target

(C) productivity

(D) outcome

112. The instruction manual noted adjusting, oiling, or

otherwise maintaining a running machine could

result in serious injury or even death.

(A) when

(B) whose

(C) which

(D) that

113. As soon as she got home from school,

Julia listened carefully the

message from her mother, who was still out

shopping.

(A) about

(B) to

(C) of

(D) through

114. Although I thought he made too many references

to Greek mythology, on the whole I found

Samuelson’s new novel simply

(A) delightful

(B) delight

(C) delighting

(D) delighted

115. Mary’s dog, a pure-bred Doberman, is much taller

than John’s, even though John’s Alsatian is a full

year

(A) old

(B) oldest

(C) older

(D) most old

116. Without conclusive proof of

his discovery, Dr. Wharton claimed that he found

a way to extend the human lifespan to 150 years.

(A) granting

(B) revealing

(C) proposing

(D) attempting

117. With the end of the dot.com boom, new

Internet startups usually need to hire independent

auditors to their

fiscal stability before they can make a successful

stock offering.

(A) assess

(B) assert

(C) abscess

(D) assist

118. Provided you drive safely and return it with a full tank

of gas, you may take

car to the mountains next Tuesday.

(A) your

(B) its

(C) my

(D) theirs

GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE

Mock Test 275

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119. Extensive and relevant professional experience is

always a prerequisite

to gaining an upper-management position at a firm.

(A) nearly

(B) hardly

(C) primarily

(D) firstly

120. Seeing the puzzled looks and frowns on the faces of

most of her students, the teacher realized that she

needed to give a

explanation.

(A) simplified

(B) simplify

(C) simplifying

(D) simplifies

121. After looking all over a vacant

seat and noticing the wet paint everywhere, I decided

not to sit down but to stand.

(A) at

(B) for

(C) out

(D) from

122. having a sore throat from shouting so much at the

football match,

I had to sing at the wedding to keep my promise.

(A) Since

(B) Although

(C) However

(D) In spite of

123. While he occasionally tries new foods,

Bob eats more common

American dishes, such as hamburgers and pizza.

(A) particularly

(B) typically

(C) briefly

(D) knowingly

124. Although they’re only four minutes

in age, the difference in mental development

between the one-year-old twins seems like four

months.

(A) aside

(B) close

(C) apart

(D) away

125. We checked with our warehouse superin

tendent and found out that Mr. Cliff’s order was being

this afternoon.

(A) inspects

(B) inspected

(C) inspecting

(D) to inspect

126. Regular exercise keeps your spirits up and

your confidence and self-esteem.

(A) proceeds

(B) boosts

(C) thrives

(D) flourishes

127. Despite his success in the

comprehensive procedures for our product

distribution, Jason didn’t get the promotion he had

anticipated.

(A) implement

(B) implementing

(C) implementation

(D) implementer

128. Since there have been a few cases of theft, we

recommend that all workers keep their personal

belongings in a

place.

(A) safe

(B) complete

(C) sincere

(D) decent

129. The members of the association were

asked for the reception well

in advance because the ballroom had limited

space.

(A) register

(B) registering

(C) registration

(D) to register




130. yesterday, no one knew that, in addition to having a

PhD in biology, Dr. Parker also possesses an MBA

from Stanford University.

(A) By

(B) Until

(C) Since

(D) When

131. Because the of the film are

hoping to release it in time for the holidays, the

director will have to reduce its length.

(A) product

(B) producing

(C) production

(D) producers

132. The flight attendant made an announcement the

passengers that

they needed to complete a customs declaration.

(A) remind

(B) reminded

(C) reminding

(D) reminds

133. As a preferred customer, I receive a 20%

discount off all priced items,

and my orders will be sent within two days for

free by air express.

(A) regularly

(B) preferably

(C) additionally

(D) commonly

134. In most western countries, the unemployment rate is

considered an important

for predicting future economic

growth.

(A) indicator

(B) milestone

(C) segment

(D) evidence

135. His constant poor has disap

pointed me ever since I hired him instead of

promoting the mail clerk.

(A) perform

(B) performing

(C) performed

(D) performance

136. In order to discuss the latest ramifications of recent

global warming research, the United Nations will be

meeting next week

a special session.

(A) on

(B) in

(C) to

(D) with

137. The loan payment for my new house shows

up as a on my monthly state

ment.

(A) deduct

(B) deducting

(C) deduction

(D) deductive

138. While there are exceptions, it’s

true that most people don’t mind flying, especially for

relatively short distances.

(A) generally

(B) timely

(C) nominally

(D) scarcely

139. Although our legal department is willing to

make some modifications within reason, they don’t

want to rewrite the entire contract with

Allied Construction.

(A) specific

(B) specifying

(C) specifically

(D) specifications

140. As your health service provider, we want to make

sure that you are happy and

with the service you are receiving.

(A) satisfy

(B) satisfying

(C) satisfied

(D) satisfaction


Mock Test 277

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Part 6

Directions: Read the texts on the following pages. A word or phrase is missing in some of the

sentences. Four answer choices are given below each of these sentences. Select the best answer

to complete the text Then mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on your answer sheet.


Dear Mr. Kopper:

I have had some preliminary discussions with Ace Printing in Montana, a printing company you may have heard of. They are

building a new plant and are installing our state-of-the-

141. (A) deciding

(B) thinking

(C) determining

(D) considering art air-cooling system. This is the same system that has worked so well for your San Diego plant.

If you know any of the top managers there, I would it if you would call them and tell

142. (A) enhance

(B) grateful

(C) disregard

(D) appreciate

them about your experience with our system. I am meeting with them on March 23rd, so anything you can do on our

would be much appreciated.

143. (A) aid

(B) behalf

(C) benefit

(D) support Sincerely,

Bill Stanger

Macron Cooling Systems





The Panama Canal is a major ship canal that traverses Panama in Central America,

144. (A) relating

(B) equating

(C) detaching

(D) connecting

the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The construction of the canal was one of the largest and most difficult engineering projects

ever undertaken. It has had an impact on shipping. A

145. (A) inefficient

(B) excessive

(C) enormous

(D) insignificant

ship sailing from New York to San Francisco via the canal travels well under half the distance of the previous route around

Cape Horn.

Although the of building acanal in Panama dates back to the early 16th century,

the

146. (A) gesture

(B) concept

(C) approach

(D) impression

first attempt to construct a canal began in 1880 under French leadership. After this attempt failed, the work was finally

completed by the United States in 1914. The building of the 77 kilometre canal was plagued by problems, including disease

and massive landslides.


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At the town of Springfield swimming pools, we believe we exceed standards in almost everything we do. For years, our

facilities have the Montana Department of Health standards

147. (A) met

(B) gained

(C) allowed

(D) retained

that require children younger than 9 years old to be accompanied by an adult. Still, children of this age and younger were

getting dropped off at the pools and left unattended. We know there is no for parental supervision, so we conducted a survey

of area parents to see what age 148. (A) addition

(B) substitute

(C) remainder

(D) successor

they would feel comfortable leaving their children alone at the pools. The response

149. (A) gathering

(B) marginal

(C) unimpressive

(D) overwhelming

was that children should have to be 12 years old or older to come to the pools on their own. Therefore, town pools will

continue to require children to be 12 years old or older to be able to come to the pools unaccompanied.





You could have heard a pin drop at the Jazz Masters concert on February 14th. That’s how intently the was listening to two

of the best jazz musicians performing that day as they worked

150. (A) guests

(B) members

(C) audience

(D) attendance their very own brand of music before an enthusiastic crowd.

Guitar legend Jimmy Winton opened the show and amazed everyone with a solo performance that was powerful and

moving. His tender, thoughtful arrangements the attention of the

151. (A) caused

(B) conducted

(C) conserved

(D) captured

audience. Phil Carlson the crowd with his stylistic piano arrangements. His natural

152. (A) pleased

(B) was pleased

(C) was pleasing

(D) was pleasant ability entertained from beginning to end.


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Part 7

Directions; In this part you will read a selection of texts, such as magazine and newspaper articles, letters, and advertisements.

Each text is followed by several questions. Select the best answer to each question and mark the letter (A), (B), (C), or (D) on

your answer sheet.


E Dear Mr. Carson,

= Thank you for your order of May 12. We regret that our stock of the type of lawn mower

| that you ordered (Model #12-338) is sold out. Unfortunately we do not know for certain

E when we shall be able to ship one to you.

E Rather than keep your money until the manufacturer can supply us, we are returning it

E to you. Along with your original check, please find our product catalog enclosed. You

E may see an alternate model that would answer your lawn-care needs.

E As soon as we have a new stock of your requested model, we shall promptly inform

E you. We are looking forward to continuing our business relationship with you.

E Very truly yours,

| Be'tcni& ardwritfkt E ABC Lawn and Gardening

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153. Why can’t the company fill the customer's order?

(A) They no longer produce lawn mowers.

(B) They are currently out of stock.

(C) The customer failed to send a payment.

(D) The company doesn’t sell that specific model.

154. What has been included with this letter?

(A) A competitor’s product catalog

(B) A payment that the customer had sent

(C) An invoice form for future orders

(D) A manual for using the lawn mower


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Questions 155-156 refer to the following article.

The Hopedale Historical Museum is the first historical museum in the nation to earn a gold

rating in Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design from the U.S. Green Building Council.

“It’s fantastic that we’re the first historical museum to receive a gold rating,” said Hopedale

Mayor Andrea Anderson. Anderson said the local museum achieved the status through such

things as recycling construction waste, using a roof that reflects light, installing a high energy-

efficient heating and air-conditioning system, and providing showers and locker rooms to

encourage employees to bicycle or use other alternatives to driving to get to work.

The museum also gained points by using building materials with a high content of recycled

products and by procuring all materials within a 500-mile radius.

Experts say environmentally friendly buildings pay for themselves in the long run. But Anderson

said there also are other benefits. “Employees are healthier in a building where glue, paint, and

primer meet air standards,” she said.

155. Why has the museum received a gold rating?

(A) It was built on energy efficiency principles.

(B) It was constructed entirely of recycled materials.

(C) It has been judged the most interesting museum in the country.

(D) It has been elected to lead the U.S. Green Building Council.

156. Which of the following was NOT used in the construction of the museum?

(A) Energy-saving systems

(B) Bathing facilities for workers

(C) Materials from recycled bicycle parts

(D) Construction materials made of recycled products


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^ ered normal yard waste and will require the $1 yard waste st icker. Yard waste pickup ^ continues

through January 13, 2014

^ Additionally, City Street Department crew will begin vacuuming leaves from the edge ^

^ of residential curbs November 7 through December 9, 2013, and December 12, 2013 ^

^ through January 13, 201Л. Click the link below for more information on leaf collection ^

§ dates and routes, or watch your mail for the scheduled leaf collection dates. ^

157. What is true if residents use the special leaf-collection bags?

(A) The Sanitation Department will pick up the leaves on any day of the week.

(B) The residents won’t have to pay the cost of disposal.

(C) The $1 bag fee will be donated to a local fire station.

(D) The bagged leaves can be burned instead of buried in the ground.

158. Where would a reader find this notice?

(A) On the board of a fire station building

(B) In a local newspaper

(C) On the City of Sybil’s website

(D) On the biodegradable leaf-collection bags

159. What should residents do in order to use the leaf-collection service?

(A) Register for the service

(B) Pick up the free bags from a fire station

(C) Call and ask the crew to stop by

(D) Put the yard waste sticker on the bag

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Questions 160-162 refer to the following e-mail.

To: John Ferguson, Vice-President, Planning and Operations

From: Dan Crandall, President

Re: River Queen Cruises — Nile River Overnight Cruise —

I’m concerned about the Nile River Overnight Cruise package losing ground to competitors. When we first offered

this trip twenty years ago, there were only five competitors on the scene; there are now fifteen, and they all provide

more services for less money than we do. Therefore, I think it’s time for us to make some difficult decisions. Either

we need to permanently suspend the Nile River Overnight Cruise service and concentrate on other projects, or we

need to ramp up our efforts and offer a more competitive package, not only in terms of cost but also services. To this

end, I'd like you to work up a cost projection for a longer, more luxurious Nile River Overnight Cruise package a nd

submit it to me by the end of the week. It doesn't need to be down to the penny. Just paint in broad strokes what you

think we should do in terms of financial investment and effort. The Nile River Overnight Cruise package was our

flagship offering twenty years ago - we shouldn’t give it up without a fight.

160. What two choices does Dan Crandall describe?

(A) Discontinue or expand the current service

(B) Charge more or charge less for overnight cruises

(C) Go out of business or merge with a competitor

(D) Lay off employees or reduce salaries and bonuses

161. What is significant about the Nile River Overnight Cruise?

(A) It is the company’s only tour package on the Nile River.

(B) It is the only tour package the company currently offers.

(C) It is the highest profit-making service this company has.

(D) It was once the company’s main tour package.

162. What should John Ferguson do in the near future?

(A) Locate another river with a higher tourist visitation rate

(B) Put together a merger offer with one of this company’s competitors

(C) Write a report on how to save the Nile River Overnight Cruise package

(D) Detail how much money discontinuing the Nile River Overnight Cruise can save the company


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£jÉ

a

Brookgreen Job Announcement

There is an opening for the position of Library Director for the Brookgreen Public

Library.This is a permanent full-time position with full benefits. Starting wage will

be $20 to $22 per hour, depending on qualifications.

This position plans and directs all phases of the operations of the Brookgreen Pub-

lic Library and administers the professional, financial, personnel, and business ac-

tivities requiring adherence to library standards. Will perform librarian duties.Those

with a working knowledge of the Dewey classification system, computer programs,

Internet, and typing skills will be considered first. Must be willing to attend State

Library’s sponsored training. Schedule will include Monday through Saturday opera-

tions with some evenings until 7:00 P.M.

Resumes can be dropped off at Brookgreen Public Library at 402 W. Main, Brook-

green. Applications will be taken until October 24. Job will start as soon as possible

after that date.

163. What will NOT be a requirement of this position?

(A) Mandatory training sessions

(B) Working on the weekends

(C) Giving presentations at training seminars

(D) Handling of library budgetary matters

164. What is true of this position?

(A) It oversees several branch libraries.

(B) The director must work on all holidays.

(C) The director must pay for his or her additional training.

(D) The salary is determined by the applicants’ qualifications.

165. How can people apply for the position?

(A) By sending their resumes to the given address

(B) By calling the Brookgreen Public Library

(C) By delivering their resumes to the location

(D) By submitting their applications online

PRIME TOEIC READING


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REGISTERING FOR DentalWorld

The National Dental Association (NDA), the International Association of Dental Assistants (IADA), and Manta Dental

Products, Inc. (MDP) are pleased to co-sponsor our 7th annual conference — DentalWorld. We’re certain that all

conference attendees will come away from their 3-day experience with significant new insights into many areas of

advanced dental technology.

HOW TO REGISTER There are 3 ways to register for DentalWorld.

Good: Fill out the registration form on page 5 of this brochure, and mail it to the MDP Conference Coordinator. You may

pay the conference fees by credit card or personal check.

Better: Fill out the registration form with credit card data, and fax it to MDP at (303) 454-1212. (Do not mail the original

copy.)

Best: Register online with your credit card data. (Click here to go to the registration form.)

Conference badges (full registration) include entrance to the Exhibit Hall, all lectures, the plenary session, and eligibility

to register for one workshop. (Attending more than one workshop is available for a small additional fee.) Exhibits Only

badges include entrance to the Exhibit Hall only (no access to lectures or workshops). A 10% “Early Bird” discount is

available for online registrations received 3 or more weeks prior to the conference. Hotels, meals, local transportation,

and other incidental expenses are not covered by the conference fees and must be paid directly by the attendees.

Please be sure to specify your affiliation (NDA, IADA, or MDP), as we have several special events planned for our

sponsors’ attendees. (You must be over 21 years of age to attend the special events.)

HOTEL & TRAVEL INFO

MDP has arranged a special conference discount at the Fairmont Hotel (only 1 minute away from the conference

venue). You may arrange your accommodations by contacting the Fairmont Hotel reservation desk directly (at 303-343-

2235). Please mention promotion code 34W to obtain the special conference discount. Alternatively, you may call the

Housing Bureau (at 303-333-5945), which can search for more economical hotels near the conference venue.



169. Who may attend the DentalWorld conference?

(A) The announcement does not specify this.

(B) Any member of the NDA, IADA, or MDP

(C) Anyone who pays the conference fees by cash

(D) Anyone over 21 years of age

170. How should attendees pay the hotel charges?

(A) They should be paid directly to the hotel.

(B) They should be paid to the Housing Bureau.

(C) The conference fees include hotel room charges.

(D) NDA, IADA, and MDP will pay the charges.

171. How should someone apply to attend the conference?

(A) Online registration is preferred by the conference organizers.

(B) A faxed registration is acceptable if payment is mailed separately.

(C) The Housing Bureau can register an applicant as part of the hotel package.

(D) Walk-in registrations are permitted if payment ismade bycredit card.

172. Who may visit the conference exhibits?

(A) Any member of the NDA or IADA

(B) The general public

(C) People with a Conference badge

(D) Only people with an Exhibits Only badge

GO ON TO THE NEXTPAGE^>

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Since its foundation in 1904, First National Bank has prided itself on providing the most secure,

efficient and friendly service possible to its customers. However, even in the best-run

operations, human errors may occur.

We regret to inform our customers that a recent audit of our credit card operations by BDB

Accounting Services has uncovered the possibility of such an error. The auditors discovered a

security flaw, which, if exploited, would allow the release of sensitive customer information,

including account numbers and PIN codes.

So far there’s no evidence of an actual leak. However, the auditors have recommended that

First National Bank alert its customers to the potential for abuse. We encourage customers to

monitor their statements closely for the next several months. Online monitoring using the bank’s

FirstMX service would be ideal. If customers notice any irregularities, they should call the

state’s bank fraud hotline at 1-888-555-0909 immediately.

First National Bank wishes to reiterate its policy on controlling customer data. Simply stated,

we never sell or share such data with anyone (except when legally required by law

enforcement agencies). Please rest assured that we value your privacy and do everything

possible to protect it.

Again, First National Bank regrets the need to make this announcement. We do not believe

there has been any compromise, but we also believe that we have the responsibility to alert our

valued customers to the potential. For more information about the possible security leak,

customers may call the special hotline at 1-888-208- 4434 during normal business hours.

173. Who caused the bank to issue this notice?

(A) The local police department

(B) The customers affected by the leak

(C) The bank manager

(D) The auditors

174. What can be learned from this notice?

(A) Banks hire outside companies to validate security procedures.

(B) Using the internet for online banking is on the increase.

(C) Banks often sell or share customer data with other banks.

(D) The government closely monitors bank security.

175. What does the notice say about customer information?

(A) Credit card transaction history is available online.

(B) Customer data may be sold with the consent of the customer.

(C) Some customer data has been compromised.

(D) Computer technology ensures the security of customer data.

176. What should customers do if their information seems to have been used improperly?

(A) Contact the federal government

(B) Contact the state’s bank fraud hotline

(C) Contact the auditors

(D) Continue careful monitoring


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To: Richard Wainwright

From: Andy Sharpe Re:

Upcoming Interviews

As you know, the company will be interviewing

around eighty applicants for thirty-five positions in six

departments. As the Human Resources representatives,

you and I will be on the interviewers’ panel and will be

joined by one representative from whichever

department we’re interviewing for at that time. Each of

us will have approximately five minutes to ask each

applicant questions. Thus, I feel it’s important for each

of us to know what questions the others intend to ask

the applicants. I have compiled a list of thirty questions

and attached it to this memo. Please look them over,

let me know if there are any you intend to ask, and

send me your list of questions by tomorrow. I’ve

circulated a memo similar to this to each of the

departments, asking for their lists of questions. Doing

this will keep us all on the same page come interview

day and should help things move along smoothly.



177. Why did Andy Sharpe write this memo to Richard Wainwright?

(A) To discuss the interview process

(B) To ask him to review the applications

(C) To tell him to compile the entire list of questions

(D) To ask him if he could join the interview

178. How many people will sit on the interviewers’ panel?

(A) One

(B) Two

(C) Three

(D) Four

179. How long will each interview last?

(A) Five minutes

(B) Ten minutes

(C) Fifteen minutes

(D) Thirty minutes

180. What should Richard Wainwright do within today?

(A) Submit his list of interview questions

(B) Telephone the other departments for more information

(C) Notify the applicants of their interview dates

(D) Email the interview questions to the applicants


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Questions 181-185 refer to the following advertisement and e-mail.

Comfort Hotel Manassas ; *

$ 1 7 / Single Occupancy

$29 / Double Occupancy '

Awesome facilities & low prices!

Freebies!

Breakfast, Tea, & Coffee ;

.

Airport Shuttles (min. 3 nights’ stay)

City & Beach Shuttles

Internet Access

Swimming Pool I

Parking & Laundry

■ BSBBR ijj

Pay 6 nights, get the 7th free!

Toll-free number: 1-800-384-9901

E-mail: [email protected]

239 Great Eastern Highway, Manassas

To: Comfort Hotel [[email protected]]

From: Jenny Hart [email protected]]

Re: Reservations

Dear Comfort Hotel,

My husband and I are planning on visiting the Manassas area a few times during our summer vacation, as his mother

lives in the area and is quite ill. I am writing you because I read your ad and would like to ask about the “pay 6 nights,

get the 7th free” deal that you have.

We will not be staying in Manassas for more than four or five days at a time, but I was wondering if the hotel would be

willing to work out any sort of deal for us. Here are the dates we will be staying:

June 17-20

July 7 - 10 July

24 - 28 August

3 - 8 August 23

- 25

By my calculation, that will be twenty-two nights in total. That would be three free nights by your advertised deal, but

whatever you can work out for us would be great.

If there is any way that you can accommodate this request, we would greatly appreciate it. If not, please still reserve a

room for us on these nights.

Thank you.

Jenny Hart






181. How much will it cost for two people to share a room?

(A) $17

(B) $29

(C) $34

(D) $58

182. What is provided for guests who stay for six days?

(A) A discount on future reservations

(B) A free lunch

(C) Use of a rental car at no charge

(D) One free night of occupancy

183. What is NOT provided free of charge?

(A) Transportation to certain places

(B) A morning meal

(C) Facilities for washing clothes

(D) Use of the fitness center

184. Why are the Harts going to visit Manassas?

(A) To have a summer vacation

(B) To stay at the Comfort Hotel

(C) To care for a relative

(D) To get free accommodations

185. What does Jenny ask the hotel to do for her?

(A) Make reservations

(B) Provide accommodations for her mother-in-law

(C) Give her discounts on her meals

(D) Let her use a hotel vehicle

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Questions 186-190 refer to the following letter and response.

Dear Mr. Barnett,

I am writing to request additional time to pay the balance owed on my account. Although I

normally pay in full each month, my biggest retailer has not yet paid me, so I find myself in a

cash flow crisis.

I have never been late with a payment in the three years that I have been a client of your firm.

I expect that I will be able to bring my account current and paid in full within the next 60 days.

To show my good faith, I am enclosing a check for $1,500.

Please contact me as soon as possible, and let me know if this arrangement is agreeable to

you. Thank you for your consideration.

Grand Fashion, Inc.

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Dear Mr. Scrimshaw,

I received your letter with the enclosed payment. We have been very impressed with the

punctuality of your payments, so we have no problem with granting you this extension. There

will be no service charges applied to your account for this extension.

Thank your for your business.

RonaidBarnztt

Barnett's Fabrics & Co.

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186. Why has Steve Scrimshaw written this letter?

(A) He is asking the company to pay its debt in full.

(B) He is asking to borrow additional funds.

(C) He is not able to pay all of the money he owes the company.

(D) He is requesting a loan of $1,500.

187. What has Steve Scrimshaw proposed to do?

(A) Pay his balance in full within two months

(B) Extend the customer’s loan for 60 days

(C) Pay a penalty fee if his debt period is extended

(D) Pay $1,500 a month for two months

188. What did Mr. Barnett find in the letter?

(A) A loan application

(B) A copy of Mr. Scrimshaw’s bankbook

(C) Mr. Scrimshaw’s payment record

(D) A partial payment

189. What is Mr. Barnett impressed with?

(A) Mr. Scrimshaw’s letter

(B) Mr. Scrimshaw’s prompt payments

(C) Mr. Scrimshaw’s products

(D) Mr. Scrimshaw’s enclosed check

190. The word “granting” in passage 2, paragraph 1, line 2 is closest in meaning to

(A) affording

(B) allowing

(C) allocating

(D) assigning


Mock Test 297

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Questions 191-195 refer to the following notice and memorandum.

Notice

Tomorrow afternoon, all seniors will meet in the auditorium for a lecture regarding graduation.

Issues to be discussed will include class and grade requirements, options for after high school,

including universities and military service, and preparing university and job applications.

All fourth-year students, regardless of what they plan to do after leaving Clearwater High, must

attend. The lecture will include seven different guest speakers and will take about three hours, not

including a one-hour break for lunch.

To: All Teachers

From: James Witherbee, Principal, Clearwater High School Subject: Senior Class

Lecture

This is just a memo for you to remind all your homeroom students about the lecture

for fourth-years tomorrow. Attendance is mandatory for all seniors.

After the abysmal turnout at last year’s lecture, it would be good if we could get all

the students excited about this year’s. Be sure to have enthusiasm when you make

the announcement.

As an added incentive, also inform your students that a free BBQ lunch will be

provided for everyone.

Thank you, and I hope to see you all there. 7,


• ft.


191. What will NOT be discussed during the lecture?

(A) Requirements for graduation

(B) Joining the military after graduation

(C) How to prepare an employment application

(D) How to study for final examinations

192. Who is required to attend the lecture?

(A) All students

(B) Only seniors

(C) Juniors and seniors

(D) All teachers

193. Who is the memorandum written to?

(A) The faculty

(B) All seniors

(C) All students

(D) Homeroom students

194. Why does the principal want all the students to attend?

(A) A free lunch will be provided.

(B) Because of the good attendance last year

(C) So he can brag to the other principals.

(D) Not many people attended last year.

195. What should the homeroom teachers do?

(A) Be excited about the lecture

(B) Give out tickets for the lecture

(C) Give out coupons for the free BBQ lunch

(D) Attend the lecture


Mock Test 299

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Questions 196-200 refer to the following letter and response.

Dear Joan Acacia,

We regret to inform you that the Runner's stopwatch, Model #24-0385, you ordered is tem-

porarily out of stock. We do not anticipate having inventory of this item for another three to six

weeks.

However, we do have two other models you might be interested in. Model #24-0429 is a high-

end version of what you originally requested. Model #24-0129 is a less expensive model than

what you ordered but still enjoys brisk sales. I am enclosing brochures on both of these products

and hope that one of them will meet your needs.

Unless you notify me otherwise, I will assume that you still want us to ship Model #24-0385 as

soon as it arrives in our warehouse. Thank you for your understanding in this matter.

Sincerely,

Boi Smith, Runner's Equipment Co.

•' ■, •" •' • I:/ • .• •' • • .. • ■ . •,

% Dear Mr. Smith,

0 I have looked over the brochures that you included with your letter and have decided that 9

I would like to wait until the Model #24-0385 becomes available.

While the two watches that you recommended to me were very nice, there were a couple of •, difficulties that I had

with each of them. *,

The Model #24-0429 was an extremely nice watch with a large number of features; however, the price is a lot

more than I can afford at this time. Also, some of the features *'

seemed that they would be difficult for me to use as I do not have the greatest eyesight, *'

and the display is quite small.

• The Model #24-0129 was also very nice but not what I was looking for. While this watch #

was well less than 1 was expecting to spend, it was lacking in some of the basic features f

that I was hoping for. Foremost was the fact that it was not waterproof. 1 am an avid swimmer, so a

waterproof watch is important to me (which is why I choose the Model #24- 0385 — it’s a waterproof

stopwatch).

I would be very interested in a watch with more features (like the Model #24-0429) if it

• were a little less expensive and had a slightly larger display. •

Thank you for all your help.

Sincerely,

• *.

(loan Acacia • ’Vr'V* • • • • • • • • • • •' •



196. What is Runner’s Equipment Co. unable to do?

(A) Fulfill a customer’s order

(B) Pay for the product they ordered

(C) Waive the shipping costs

(D) Find the customer’s order

197. What has been included with the first letter?

(A) Product samples

(B) Informational pamphlets

(C) A refund payment

(D) A copy of the invoice

198. Why did Joan choose the Model #24-0385?

(A) It had the most functions.

(B) It was the cheapest one.

(C) It suited her needs.

(D) It had a small display.

199. What does Joan want to do?

(A) Purchase a less expensive watch

(B) Choose one from the catalog

(C) Receive the model she originally ordered

(D) Look at more models that are available

200. What is the difficulty with the Model #24-0429?

(A) It is not waterproof.

(B) The buttons are too small.

(C) It doesn't have a stopwatch.

(D) It is too costly.

Mock Test 301

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ANSWER SHEET READING (Part V-VII)

No. ANSWER No. ANSWER No. ANSWER No. ANSWER No. ANSWER

101 ® ® © ® 121 ® ® © ® 141 ® ® © © 161 ® ® © ® 181 ® ® © ®

102 ® (D © ® 122 ® ® © ® 142 ® ® © ® 162 ® ® © ® 182 ® ® © ©

103 ® ® © ® 123 ® ® © ® 143 ® ® © ® 163 ® ® © ® 183 ® ® © ®

104 ® ® © ® 124 ® ® © ® 144 ® ® © ® 164 ® ® © © 184 ® ® © ©

105 ® ® © ® 125 ® ® © ® 145 ® ® © ® 165 ® ® © ® 185 ® ® © ®

106 ® ® © ® 126 ® ® © ® 146 ® ® © ® 166 ® ® © ® 186 ® ® © ®

107 ® ® © ® 127 ® ® © ® 147 ® ® © ® 167 ® ® © ® 187 ® ® © ©

108 ® ® © ® 128 ® ® © ® 148 ® ® © ® 168 ® ® © ® 188 ® ® © ©

109 ® ® © ® 129 ® ® © ® 149 ® ® © ® 169 ® ® © ® 189 ® ® © ©

110 ® ® © © 130 ® ® © ® 150 ® ® © ® 170 ® ® © ® 190 ® ® © ®

111 ® ® © ® 131 ® ® © ® 151 ® ® © ® 171 ® ® © ® 191 ® ® © ®

112 ® ® © ® 132 ® ® © ® 152 ® ® © ® 172 ® ® © ® 192 ® ® © ©

113 ® ® © ® 133 ® ® © ® 153 ® ® © ® 173 ® ® © ® 193 ® ® © ©

114 ® ® © ® 134 ® ® © ® 154 ® ® © ® 174 ® ® © ® 194 ® ® © ©

115 ® ® © ® 135 ® ® © ® 155 ® ® © ® 175 ® ® © ® 195 ® ® © ©

116 ® ® © ® 136 ® ® © ® 156 ® ® © ® 176 ® ® © ® 196 ® ® © ©

117 @ ® © © 137 ® ® © © 157 ® ® © ® 177 ® ® © © 197 ® ® © ®

118 ® ® © ® 138 ® ® © © 158 ® ® © ® 178 ® ® © ® 198 ® ® © ©

119 ® ® © ® 139 ® ® © ® 159 ® ® © ® 179 ® ® © ® 199 ® ® © ©

120 ® ® © ® 140 ® ® © ® 160 ® ® © ® 180 ® ® © ® 200 ® ® © ®

LISTENING (Part 1 -IV)

No.

ANSWER No. ANSWER No. ANSWER No. ANSWER No. ANSWER

1 ® ® © © 21 ® ® © 41 ® ® © ® 61 ® ® © ® 81 ® ® © ©

2 ® ® © © 22 ® ® © 42 ® ® © ® 62 ® ® © ® 82 ® ® © ©

3 ® ® © © 23 ® ® © 43 ® ® © ® 63 ® ® © ® 83 ® ® © ®

4 ® ® © ® 24 ® ® © 44 ® ® © ® 64 ® ® © ® 84 ® ® © ®

5 ® ® © ® 25 ® ® © 45 ® ® © © 65 ® ® © ® 85 ® ® © ®

6 ® ® © ® 26 ® ® © 46 ® ® © ® 66 ® ® © © 86 ® ® © ®

7 ® ® © © 27 ® ® © 47 ® ® © ® 67 ® ® © © 87 ® ® © ©

8 ® ® © © 28 ® ® © 48 ® ® © ® 68 ® ® © © 88 ® ® © ©

9 ® ® © © 29 ® ® © 49 ® ® © ® 69 ® ® © ® 89 ® ® © ©

10 ® ® © ® 30 ® ® © 50 ® ® © © 70 ® ® © © 90 ® ® © ©

11 ® ® © 31 ® ® © 51 ® ® © © 71 ® ® © © 91 ® ® © ®

12 ® ® © 32 ® ® © 52 ® ® © © 72 ® ® © © 92 ® ® © ©

13 ® ® © 33 ® ® © 53 ® ® © ® 73 ® ® © © 93 ® ® © ©

14 ® ® © 34 ® ® © 54 ® ® © ® 74 ® ® © ® 94 ® ® © ®

15 ® ® © 35 ® ® © 55 ® ® © ® 75 ® ® © ® 95 ® ® © ®

16 ® ® © 36 ® ® © 56 ® ® © © 76 ® ® © © 96 ® ® © ©

17 ® ® © 37 ® ® © 57 ® ® © © 77 ® ® © © 97 ® ® © ©

18 ® ® © 38 ® ® © 58 ® ® © ® 78 ® ® © ® 98 ® ® © ®

19 ® ® © 39 ® ® © 59 ® ® © © 79 ® ® © ® 99 ® ® © ®

20 ® ® © 40 ® ® © 60 ® ® © © 80 ® ® © © 100

® ® © ©

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I PART 5 TEST QUESTIONS |

|§2 Nouns, Adjectives & Adverbs

Nouns

p.JM

1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (A)

1 (C) 2(A)

1 (B) 2(A)

1 (B) 2(A)

1 (0) 2(A)

1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (B)

1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (B)

Adjectives

p.4/

1 (A) 2 (D) 3 (B) 4 (A) 5 (C)

1 (B) 2(D)

1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (B)

1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (C)

1 (B) 2 (C)

1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (C)

1 (C) 2(A)

j POINT 8 ------------------------------------------

2 (B) 3 (C)

Adverbs

p.00

1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (B) 4 (B)

2 (B) 3 (C)

1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (A)

* POINT 4 2(D)

1 (D) 2(D)

■■■

1 (A) 2(C)

TOEIC Practice -------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.6i

1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (C) 4 (B) 5 (A)

6 (A) 7 (C) 8 (A) 9 (D) 10 (B)

11 (C) 12 (B) 13 (D) 14 (B) 15 (B)

16 (A) 17 (C) 18 (A) 19 (A) 20 (D)

21 (B) 22 (A) 23 (A) 24 (B) 25 (A)

26 (B) 27 (C) 28 (D) 29 (C) 30 (B)

31 (D) 32 (D) 33 (D) 34 (C) 35 (D)

36 (C) 37 (D) 38 (C) 39 (B) 40 (B)

jpj|0 ; Pronouns & Determiners

Pronouns ---------------------------------------------------------------- p.65 POINT 1

1 (B) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (A)

POINT 2

1 (D) 2 (C) 3 (D)

POINT 3

1 (D) 2 (D) 3 (C)

POINT 4

1 (D) 2 (C)




Determiners ■ p.67

j POINT 1

2 (D) 3 (D) 4 (A)

2(A)

1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (B)

2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (A)

2(D)

1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (B)

2(B)

TOEIC Practice

1 (C) 2 (D) 3

6 (D) 7 (B) 8

4 (C) 5

9 (C) 10

■ p.73

p.74

POINT 1

1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (B)

POINT 2

1 (C) 2 (D)

POINT 3

1 (B) 2 (D)

1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (C) 4 (B)

POINT 5

1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (C) 4 (B)

j POINT 7 ------------------------- .-----------------------------------------------

2 (A) 3 (B)

j POINT 8 I“ .......... .. ............... ■

2(B) 3(A)

1 (C)

2 (A) 3 (B)

TOEIC Practice ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.80

------------ ■—» --------- .... ■ • *

Subject-Verb Agreement

■ p.82

POINT 1

1 (D) 2 (B) 3 (A) 4 (D) 5 (A)

POINT 2

1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (A)

POINT 3

1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (D) 4 (C)

1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (C) 4 (B)

1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (A)

1 (B) 2 (A)

1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (D)

TOEIC Practice ' p.87

POINT 6

1 (A) 2 (D) 3 (D)

Answer Key 307

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T

e

n

se

s

Si

m

pl

e

Te

ns

es

1 (C) 2 (C) 3 (A) 4 (C)

POINT 2

1 (B) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (C)

POINT 3

1 (C) 2 (D) 3 (C)

Perfect Tenses

POINT 1

1 (D) 2 (C) 3 (D)

POINT 2

1 (D) 2 (B) 3 (C)

POINT 3

1 (D) 2 (D) 3 (A)

Tenses in Complex Sentences

• p.88

■ p.90

• p.92

1(B) 2(C) 3(B)

I

1 (A) 1 .................... .............. 2 (C) 3 (B) 4 (C)

i

1 (B) 1 .................................... . — ....................................

2 (A) 3 (D)

TOEIC Practice p.95

POINT 2

1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (C)

1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (B)

2 (C) 3 (B) 4 (B)

1 (D) 2(A)

1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (C)

1 (B) 2 (B) 3 (B)

TOEIC Practice -p.103

5) 3 (C) 4(C) 5 (<

;) 8 (C) 9(A) 10 (

5) 13 (A) 14 (C) 15 (I

;) 18 (C) 19 (D) . 20 (

Conditiopals & Subjunctives

"p.105

POINT 1

1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (A)

1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (D)

1 (D) 2 (D) 3 (B)

■■■■

1 (A) 2(C)

1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (D)

MÊÊÊÊÊÊ

1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (D)

^oSSf

2 (D) 3 (C)




POINT 8 POINT 5

1 (B) 2 (C)

TOEIC Practice ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.iii

To-lnfinitives ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.112

POINT 1

1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (B)

POINT 2

1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (C)

POINT 3

1 (C) 2 (A) 3 (B)

POINT 4

1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (B)

POINT 5

1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (C) 4 (C)

POINT 6

1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (B)

POINT 7

1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (D)

POINT 8

1 (C) 2 (C) 3 (A)

Gerunds ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.117

POINT 1

1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (C)

POINT 2

1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (D)

POINT 3

1 (B) 2 (B) 3 (A) 4 (C)

POINT 4

I 1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (A) |

I

1 (C) r ■

2 (C) 3 (A)

I

2 (C) 3 (B)

Participles

P. IZ I

1 (A) r

2 (B) 3 (A)

1 (C) \

2(B)

1 (C) 2 (A) 3 (C)

1 (D) r —

2 (A) 3 (D)

TOEIC Practice ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.125

1 (D) 2 (D)

co

(B) 4 (A) 5 (D)

6 (B) 7 (A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D)

11 (A) 12 (C) 13 (D) 14 (B) 15 (D)

16 (C) 17 (D) 18 (B) 19 (C) 20 (C)

21 (D) 22 (A) 23 (D) 24 (C) 25 (C)

26 (C) 27 (A) 28 (B) 29 (C) 30 (A)

31 (C) 32 (D) 33 (C) 34 (B) 35 (A)

36 (B) 37 (D) 38 (B) 39 (A) 40 (C)

41 (C) 42 (D) 43 (C) 44 (D)

Phrases, Clauses , & Sentences >

p.129

POINT 3 -----------------------------------------------------------------

2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (C)

1 (A) -----------

2 (B) 3 (B) 4 (A) 5 (A)

1 (A) ....... .............

2 (A) 3 (A)

5

(B

10

(D

1 (A) 2

6 (D) 7

1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (D) 4 (A)

Answer Key 309

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POINT 6

1 (B) 2 (B) 3 (D)

1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (C)

TOEIC Practice

2 (C) 3 (B

7 (C) 8 (B

"p.134

[gp11 Sentence Structures,

-p.135

1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (D) 4 (B)

WÊÊÊ

1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (B)

2 (C) 3 (D)

1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (B)

■■■■

1 (C) 2 (A) 3 (B) 4 (A)

■■■

1 (D) 2 (D) 3 (A) 4 (A)

1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (A) 4 (D) 5 (C)

TOEIC Practice

p. 146

1 (C) 6

(C) 11

(A) 16

(B)

2 (A) 3 (D) 4 (A) 5 (B) 7(D) 8(A) 9(A) 10(B) 12(A)

13(B) 14(A) 15(C) 17(A) 18(D)

»12 Conjunctions. ■ -r

POINT 3

1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (C)

POINT 4

1 (D) 2 (B) 3 (C)

1 (A) 2 (D) 3 (D)

POINT 6

1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (A)

POINT 7

1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (B) 4 (D)

POINT 8

1 (C) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4 (C)

POINT 9

1 (A) 2 (A) 3 (A)

1 (A) 2 (D) 3 (C)

TOEIC Practice

"p. 148

POINT 2

1 (A) 2 (D) 3 (B) 4 (A) 5 (C)

-p.157

Relative Pronouns

"p. 159

1 (B) i

2 (A) 3 (A) 4 (C)

1 (A) 1 .......... ...............

2 (C) 3 (D)

1 (B) 1

2 (C) 3 (A)




POINT 5 POINT 9

1 (D) 2 (A) 3 (B)

1 (B) 2 (D) 3 (B)

...................

1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (B) 4 (A)

1 (B) 2 (B) 3 (A) 4 (B) 5 (B)

1 (B) 2 (A)

TOEIC Practice

......... . p.166

1 (D) 6(B)

11 (B) 16

(D)

2 (B) 3 (D) 4 (C) 5 (C) 7(A) 8(B) 9(A) 10(C)

12(D) 13(A) 14(D) 15(A)

jpy -------------- r-—— . • •

k Prepositions ,

Positions & Common Prepositions

|J. I Do

1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (A) 4 (D)

1 (C) 2 (A) 3 (D)

1 (C) 2 (B) 3 (A)

1 (B) 2 (A) 3 (C)

1 (C) 2 (C) 3 (A)

1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (A)

1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (B) 4 (C)

POINT 10

1 (D) 2 (A) 3 (A)

Frequently Tested Prepositions ------------------------------------------------------------------------- p. 174 j POINT 1 2(C)

1 (B) 2(B)

1 (B) 2(D)

■IMi

1 (B) 2 (C)

1 (B) 2(A)

1 (C) 2(A)

1 (A) 2(C)

WÊÊÊ^M

1 (D) 2(B)

■■■■

1 (D) 2(B)

TOEIC Practice

p. 180

1 (B) 6(C)

11 (D)

16(A) 21

(B) 26 (A)

2 (C) 3 (C) 4 (A) 5 (D) 7 (A) 8 (D) 9 (D) 10 (C)

12(B) 13(B) 14(D) 15(C) 17(C) 18(C) 19(C)

20(C) 22 (D) 23 (B) 24 (A) 25 (C)

POINT 7 I ----------------------------------------------------------------

2 (A) 3 (D)

POINT 8

|

2 (D) 3 (A)

Answer Key 311

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1 (A) 2 (A)

-p.183

POINT 2




I PART 6 TEST QUESTIONS |

TOEIC Questions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- p.203

1 (A) 2 (B) 3 (D) 4 (C) 5(D)

6 {A) 7(A) 8 (C) 9(A) 10(B)

11 (C) 12 (0) 13 (A) 14 (0) 15(B)

16 (B) 21

(C)

17 (A) 18 (D) 19 (C) 20 (D)

TOEIC Mini-Tests

141 (B) 142 (A) 143 (C) 144 (A) 145 (C)

146 (A) 147 (D) 148 (B) 149 (B) 150 (A)

151 (C) 152 (G)

141 (B) 142 (C) 143 (A) 144 (B) 145 (B)

146 (A) 147 (A) 148 (D) 149 (D) 150 (B)

151 (B) 152 (C)

141 (A) 142 (B) 143 (C) 144 (B) 145 (C)

146 (D) 147 (B) 148 (C) 149 (B) 150 (A)

151 (B) 152 (D)

141 (C) 142 (A) 143 (D) 144 (C) 145 (B)

146 (A) 147 (C) 148 (D) 149 (D) 150 (B)

151 (A) 152 (C)

41 (B) 142 (D) 143 (C) 144 (D) 145 (A)

46 (C) 147 (B) 148 (D) 149 (C) 150 (C)

51 (D) 152 (C)

I PART 7 TEST QUESTIONS*!

Part 7 TOEIC Practice - Single _______ Passages

Advertisement

p.240

p.243

10(A) 11 (B) 12 (C) 13 (B) 14 (A)

15 (D) 16 (A) 17 (B) 18 (A) 19 (B)

20 (A)

Letter / E-mail / Card

p.248

5 5

Answer Key 313

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Recipe / Graph / Table / Form

p.254

36 (B) 37 (C) 38 (A) 39 (C) 40 (A)

Part 7 TOEIC Practice - Double

Passages

Notice & Letter

p.256

Article & Advertisement

p.260

11(A) 12(B) 13(D) 14(B) 15(C)

News Report & Review

p.262

16(B) 17(A) 18(D) 19(B) 20(A)

Memorandum & E-mail

p.264

21 (D) 22 (C) 23 (B) 24 (D) 25 (A)

Letter & Document

p.266

26 (D) 27 (D) 28 (B) 29 (C) 30 (B)

Letter & Minutes

p.268

31 (A) 32 (B) 33 (A) 34 (C) 35 (A)

E-mails

p.270

36 (D) 37 (A) 38 (A) 39 (C) 40 (B)

Final Check

-------------------------------------------------------------- p.273

101 (B) 102 (C) 103 (A) 104 (A) 105 (A)

106 (B) 107 (A) 108 (C) 109 (B) 110 (B)

111 (B) 112 (D) 113 (B) 114 (A) 115 (C)

116 (B) 117 (A) 118 (C) 119 (A) 120 (A)

121 (B) 122 (D) 123 (B) 124 (C) 125 (B)

126 (B) 127 (B) 128 (A) 129 (D) 130 (B)

131 (D) 132 (C) 133 (A) 134 (A) 135 (D)

136 (B) 137 (C) 138 (A) 139 (D) 140 (C)

141 (D) 142 (D) 143 (B) 144 (D) 145 (C)

146 (B) 147 (A) 148 (B) 149 (D) 150 (C)

151 (D) 152 (A) 153 (B) 154 (B) 155 (A)

156 (C) 157 (B) 158 (C) 159 (B) 160 (A)

161 (D) 162 (C) 163 (C) 164 (D) 165 (C)

166 (A) 167 (B) 168 (C) 169 (B) 170 (A)

171 (A) 1 72 (C) 173 (D) 174 (A) 175 (A)

176 (B) 177 (A) 178 (C) 179 (C) 180 (A)

181 (B) 182 (D) 183 (D) 184 (C) 185 (A)

186 (C) 187 (A) 188 (D) 189 (B) 190 (B)

191 (D) 192 (B) 193 (A) 194 (D) 195 (A)

196 (A) 197 (B) 198 (C) 199 (C) 200 (D)

1 (A) 2

6(C) 7



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