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©2002 by Frano Barbir.

• Despite the recession and global economic

slowdown the fuel cell industry saw an increase in

shipments of 41% in 2009.

• As anticipated, stationary fuel cells experienced

the highest rate of growth, with an annual jump of

some 134% to around 9,000 units.

© Fuel Cell Today

some 134% to around 9,000 units.

• 2009 saw some 170 MWs shipped of which

stations represented approximately 80% of this.

• 97% of all units shipped in 2009 were low

temperature fuel cells, with PEM fuel cells

accounting for 73% of this.

• In terms of fuel 2009 was dominated by direct

hydrogen with “Other” taking a significantly

increasing share.

Small* Stationary Fuel Cell MarketSmall* Stationary Fuel Cell Market

New Annually Produced Units

4000

2008

© *Small means less than 10 kWe

Technology Adoption

Small Stationary Fuel Cell MarketSmall Stationary Fuel Cell Market

©

Region of Manufacture

North America

Rest of the World


Japan

Europe

©

Choice of Fuels

Hydrogen

Other(methanol,

kerosene,

LPG,

biogass)


©

Natural Gas

biogass)

Market pull –

demand by customers


Market push –

government initiatives and

subsidies

Residential:Japan – leader in creating market demand by switching government

subsidy away from the technology developers to the adopters

Germany – set out a number of technical and adoption based targets

for residential (1-5kW; PEM, SOFC) fuel cells.

The 2020 vision is to have 72,000 residential units produced per


annum at a cost of €1,700 / kW

US – customers require units that can also operate independently

from the grid (back-up)

Korea – still in R&D phase

UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply)Telecommunications

Disasters (Hurricane Katrina aftermath)

Grid connection

Load following

Stationary Fuel Cell Design OptionsStationary Fuel Cell Design Options

stand-alone

grid back-up

grid-parallel

grid-interconnected

load followingLoad following

Cogeneration

load following

constant power

thermal load following

no waste heat utilization

heating domestic hot water

combined with gas boiler

combined with heat pump

tri-generation

blower

fuel cell stack

air filter humidifier

tail gas burnerreformer

desulfurizer

shift converter

PROX

blower

fuel cell stack


tail gas burnerreformer

desulfurizer

shift converter

PROX

Combined Heat and Power Combined Heat and Power

Fuel Cell SystemFuel Cell System

coolant

pump

fuel in

condenser


water

pumpgas boiler domestic hot

water system

heat

exchangercoolant

pump

fuel in

condenser


water

pumpgas boiler domestic hot

water system

heat

exchanger

Major players (well known):

PEMEbara Ballard (Japan)

Eneos Celltech

(Sanyo & Nippon Gas)

Plugpower (US)

Major players (up and coming):

PEMAltergy (US)

Cellcraft (Sweden)


Plugpower (US)

Idatech (US)

Matsushita (Japan)

Panasonic (Japan)

Toshiba (Japan)

Cellcraft (Sweden)

Electropower Systems (Italy)

Helion (France)

Hydra Fuel Cells (US)

P21 (Germany)

SOFCBloom Energy (US)

Ceres Power (UK)

Ceramic Fuel Cell (Australia)

Fuel Cell Related PatentsFuel Cell Related Patents

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

nu

mb

er

of

pate

nt

pu

bli

cati

on

s Patent applications 1990-2003

Patent applications 2001-2005

Japan USA Germany Korea China Canada UK France Italy Russia

nu

mb

er

of

fill

ing

s

12,839

2,9801,525 1,447 726 592 493 332 281 131 98

3. quarter 2009. – 1487 patent applications

0

500

nu

mb

er

of

pate

nt

pu

bli

cati

on

s

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002

Assignee Number of

(Company) patents

Toyota, Japan 330

Honda, Japan 62

Nissan, Japan 48

Panasonic, Japan 43

Toshiba, Japan 39

Daimler AG, Njemacka 33

New Patents in 3New Patents in 3rdrd Quarter 2009Quarter 2009

Daimler AG, Njemacka 33

Aisin Seiki, Japan 25

Ford, USA 24

Hyundai, J. Koreja 19

General Motors, USA 18

Kyocera, Japan 17

Casio, Japan 14

Hitachi, Japan 13

Samsung, J. Koreja 12

Mitsubishi, Japan 11

Sony, Japan 9

3M, USA 9

Panasonic Mitsubishi

Panasonic (Matsushita Electric

Industrial) PEM residential unit. The

company is taking part in the Japan

Gas Association (JGA) demonstration

project.

Mitsubishi Electric presented this

1kW PEM small stationary fuel

cell unit in 2003 and announced

an overall efficiency rate of 83%.

Ballard-Ebara

In January 2003, Ballard’s jointly-owned company, EBARA BALLARD, unveiled the

second-generation of its engineering prototype 1 kilowatt cogeneration stationary

system for the Japanese residential market. This generator has achieved total

system efficiency (heat and electricity) of 92 percent (LHV).

Fuji Electric's 1kW

CHP residential unit.

Nippon Oil 10kW PEM

ViessmanBaxi

Prototype of Viessmann 2kW PEM

stationary fuel cell. Company developed

4.5kW and aims to place ready-to-

market product in 2006/07??.

Baxi ‘Home Energy Centre’

Baxi’s networkable fuel cell produces

1.5kWe, 3kWth, and includes a 15kWth

integral boiler. The beta unit shown is

1.7m high.

Vaillant

Vaillant's natural gas powered residential fuel cell system. (1-4.5 kW)

Exhaust Air

Fuel cellsAir

Off-gas

Inverterelectricity

Heating system

Supplemental heater

Process block diagram

VAILLANT‘S BOILER WITH FUEL CELL

Natural gas

Sulfur removal Reformer

Primary loop

Off-gas

converter CO trap

Burner

Fuel cell system

H2 ,CO2

Fuel Cell R&D in Croatia at Končar Institute

Large Stationary Fuel Cell MarketLarge Stationary Fuel Cell Market

Number of units and power installed annually

©

Technology Mix


©

MCFC

SOFC

SOFC-GT

SOFC

SOFC-GT

Technology Mix


PEMFC

SOFC

PEMFC

PAFC

MCFC

SOFC

10-20 kWe – data centers

Applications


200-400 kWe – office blocks, hospitals, prisons, etc.

>1 MWe – power plants, server farms

Economics


©

Key PlayersMCFC

FuelCell Energy (US)

CFC Fuel Cells (formerly MTU) (Germany)

Ansaldo Fuel Cells (Italy)

PAFCUTC Fuel Cells


UTC Fuel Cells

Fuji Electric (Japan)

HydroGen (US)

PEMHydrogenics (US)

SOFCSiemens (Germany)

Rolls Royce (UK)

Wartsilla (Finland)

UTC’s PAFC UTC’s PAFC –– more than 200 units installed all over the Worldmore than 200 units installed all over the World

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells

Combined Cycle Combined Cycle –– Ultra High EfficiencyUltra High Efficiency

>70%

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Power PlantsSolid Oxide Fuel Cell Power Plants

Siemens

recently making big announcements

100 kW SOFC units installed at

Google, Ebay, Staples, Fedex, Wallmart

More information on fuel cell installations Worldwide

available in a data base at:available in a data base at:

http://www.fuelcells.org/db/index.php

Less transmission lines

Lower losses in transmission and distribution

More reliable power supply (back-up capabilities)

Newer more efficient and cleaner technologies

Easier siting (it can be located inside a building)

Advantages of distributed power generationAdvantages of distributed power generation

Easier siting (it can be located inside a building)

Combined heat and power generation

Potential for lower capital cost (by applying mass

production techniques)

Less up-front capital

Better matching of installed power and growing

demand

Prva elektrana na vodik na svijetu

•Italian power company Enel on August 14, 2009

announced that it started operating a 12 MW

hydrogen-powered electricity plant in Fusina in

Venice’s industrial zone of Porto Marghera.

•The combined cycle plant is the first of its kind in the

world to operate on such a scale.

•Powered by hydrogen by-products from local

petrochemical industries such as the ENI Group’s petrochemical industries such as the ENI Group’s

Polimeri Europa factory,

•It can meet the needs of 20,000 families, while

saving emissions equivalent to more than 17,000

tonnes of carbon dioxide a year .

•The power station is part of the Hydrogen Park

project, launched by the Venice region and Italy’s

environment ministry financed by € 4 mln with the

aim to promote the development and implementation

of hydrogen technologies in transportation and

electricity generation in the Porto Marghera area.

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