princeton university computer science - cos 217: introduction to programming systems ·...
TRANSCRIPT
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$ cat welcome.c#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, char *argv[]){
printf(“Welcome to COS 217\n");printf("Introduction to Programming Systems\n\n");
printf("%s %d\n", "Spring", 2019);return 0;
}
$ cat MakefileCC=gcc217welcome: welcome.o
$ makegcc217 -c -o welcome.o welcome.cgcc217 welcome.o -o welcome
$ ./welcome
Welcome to COS 217Introduction to Programming Systems
Spring, 2019
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Agenda
Course overview• Introductions• Course goals• Resources• Grading• Policies• Schedule
Getting started with C• History of C• Building and running C
programs• Characteristics of C• C details (if time)
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Introductions
Lead Instructor• Prof. Szymon Rusinkiewicz [email protected]
Lead Preceptors• Robert Dondero, Ph.D. [email protected]• Xiaoyan Li [email protected]
Graduate Student Preceptors• James Heppenstall [email protected]• Seo Young Kyung [email protected]• Josh Zhang [email protected]
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Agenda
Course overview• Introductions• Course goals• Resources• Grading• Policies• Schedule
Getting started with C• History of C• Building and running C
programs• Characteristics of C• C details (if time)
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Goal 1: Programming in the Large
Learn how to composelarge computer programs
Topics• Modularity/abstraction, information hiding, resource management,
error handling, testing, debugging, performance improvement,tool support
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Goal 2: Under the Hood
Downward tours
C Language
Assembly Language
Machine Language
Application Program
Operating System
Hardware
languagelevelstour
servicelevelstour
Learn what happens “under the hood” of computer systems
Learn “how to be a client of an
operating system”
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Modularity!
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Goals: SummaryHelp you to become a...
Power Programmer!!!
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Specific Goal: Learn C
Question: Why C instead of Java?
Answer 1: A primary language for“under the hood” programming
Answer 2: Knowing a variety of approacheshelps you “program in the large”
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Specific Goal: Learn LinuxQuestion: Why use the Linux operating system?
Answer 1: Linux is the industry standard for servers, embedded devices, education, and research
Answer 2: Linux (with GNU tools) is good for programming(which helps explain answer 1)
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Agenda
Course overview• Introductions• Course goals• Resources• Grading• Policies• Schedule
Getting started with C• History of C• Building and running C
programs• Characteristics of C• C details (if time)
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LecturesLectures
• Describe material at conceptual (high) level• Slides available via course website
Etiquette• Use electronic devices only for taking notes or annotating slides
(but consider taking notes by hand – research shows it works better!)• No SnapFaceNewsBookInstaGoo, please
iClicker• Register in Blackboard (not with iClicker – they’ll charge you)• Occasional questions in class, graded on participation
(with a generous allowance for not being able to attend)
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iClicker QuestionQ: Do you have an iClicker with you today?
A. Yes
B. No, but I’ve been practicing my mental electrotelekinesis andthe response is being registered anyway
C. I’m not here, but someone is iClicking for me(don’t do this – it’s a violation of our course policies!)
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PreceptsPrecepts
• Describe material at the “practical” (low) level• Support your work on assignments• Hard copy handouts distributed during precepts• Handouts available via course website
Etiquette• Attend your precept – attendance will be taken
• Must miss your precept? ⇒ inform preceptors & attend another• Use SCORE to move to another precept
• Trouble ⇒ See Colleen Kenny (CS Bldg 210)• But Colleen can’t move you into a full precept
Precepts begin today and tomorrow!
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Website
http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~cos217/
• Home page, schedule page, assignment page, policies page
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Piazza
Piazza• http://piazza.com/princeton/spring2019/cos217• Instructions provided in first precept
Piazza etiquette• Study provided material before posting question
• Lecture slides, precept handouts, required readings• Read / search all (recent) Piazza threads before posting question• Don’t reveal your code!
• See course policies
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BooksC Programming: A Modern Approach
(Second Edition) (required)• King• C programming language and standard libraries
ARM 64-bit Assembly Language (required)• Pyeatt & Ughetta• Preprint will be made available through Pequod
The Practice of Programming (recommended)• Kernighan & Pike• “Programming in the large”
Computer Systems: A Programmer’sPerspective (Third Edition) (recommended)• Bryant & O'Hallaron• “Under the hood” 17
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Manuals
Manuals (for reference only, available online)• ARMv8 Instruction Set Overview• ARM Architecture Reference Manual• Using as, the GNU Assembler
See also• Linux man command
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Programming Environment
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Your Computer
SSH
ArmLab Cluster
Linux OS
GNUtools
YourProgram
armlab01
Server Client
On-campusor
off-campus
armlab02
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Agenda
Course overview• Introductions• Course goals• Resources• Grading• Policies• Schedule
Getting started with C• History of C• Building and running C
programs• Characteristics of C• C details (if time)
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Grading
* Final assignment counts double; penalties for lateness
** Closed book, closed notes, no electronic devices
*** Did your involvement benefit the course as a whole?• Lecture/precept attendance and participation counts
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Course Component Percentage of GradeAssignments * 50Midterm Exam ** 15Final Exam ** 25Participation *** 10
These percentages are
approximate
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Programming AssignmentsRegular (not-quite-weekly) assignments
0. Introductory survey1. “De-comment” program2. String module3. Symbol table module 4. Assembly language programs5. Buffer overrun attack6. Heap manager module7. Unix shell*(some individual, some done with a partner from your precept)
Assignments 0 and 1 are available now
Start early!!!22
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Agenda
Course overview• Introductions• Course goals• Resources• Grading• Policies• Schedule
Getting started with C• History of C• Building and running C
programs• Characteristics of C• C details (if time)
23
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PoliciesLearning is a collaborative activity!
• Discussions with others that help you understandconcepts from class are encouraged
But programming assignments are graded!• Everything that gets submitted for a grade
must be exclusively your own work• Don’t look at code from someone else, the web,
Github, etc. – see the course “Policies” web page• Don’t reveal your code or design decisions to anyone except
course staff – see the course “Policies” web page
Violations of course policies• Typical course-level penalty is F for course• Typical University-level penalty is suspension from University
for 1 academic year
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Assignment Related PoliciesSome highlights:
• You may not reveal any of your assignment solutions (products, descriptions of products, design decisions) on Piazza.
• Getting help: To help you compose an assignment solution you may use only authorized sources of information, may consult with other people only via the course's Piazza account or via interactions that might legitimately appear on the course's Piazza account, and must declare your sources in your readme file for the assignment.
• Giving help: You may help other students with assignments only via the course's Piazza account or interactions that might legitimately appear on the course's Piazza account, and youmay not share your assignment solutions with anyone, ever (including after the semester is over), in any form.
Ask the instructor for clarifications• Permission to deviate from policies must be obtained in writing.
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Agenda
Course overview• Introductions• Course goals• Resources• Grading• Policies• Schedule
Getting started with C• History of C• Building and running C
programs• Characteristics of C• C details (if time)
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Course Schedule
Weeks Lectures Precepts1-2 C (conceptual)
Number SystemsC (pragmatic)Linux/GNU
3-6 Programming in the Large Advanced C6 Midterm Exam7 Spring break!8-13 “Under the Hood”
(conceptual)“Under the Hood”(assignment how-to)
Reading PeriodFinal Exam
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Questions?
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Agenda
Course overview• Introductions• Course goals• Resources• Grading• Policies• Schedule
Getting started with C• History of C• Building and running C
programs• Characteristics of C• C details (if time)
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The C Programming Language
Who? Dennis Ritchie
When? ~1972
Where? Bell Labs
Why? Build the Unix OS
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Java vs. C: History
BCPL B C K&R C ANSI C89ISO C90
ISO C99ANSI C99
1960 1970 1972 1978 1989 1999
LISP Smalltalk
C++ Java
ISO C11
2011
Algol
Simula
This is whatwe’re using
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C vs. Java: Design Goals
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C Design Goals (1972) Java Design Goals (1995)Build the Unix OS Language of the InternetLow-level; close to HW and OS High-level; insulated from
hardware and OSGood for system-level programming
Good for application-level programming
Support structured programming Support object-oriented programming
Unsafe: don’t get in the programmer’s way
Safe: can’t step“outside the sandbox”
Look like C!
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Agenda
Course overview• Introductions• Course goals• Resources• Grading• Policies• Schedule
Getting started with C• History of C• Building and running C
programs• Characteristics of C• C details (if time)
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HW (ArmLab)
OS (Linux)
Building Java Programs
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MyProg.java(Java code) javac MyProg.class
(bytecode)
$ javac MyProg.java Java compiler(machine lang code)
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Running Java Programs
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$ java MyProg
MyProg.class(bytecode)
Java interpreter /“virtual machine”
(machine lang code)
HW (ArmLab)
OS (Linux)
data java data
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HW (ArmLab)
OS (Linux)
Building C Programs
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myprog.c(C code) gcc217 myprog
(machine lang code)
$ gcc217 myprog.c –o myprog C “Compiler driver”(machine lang code)
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Running C Programs
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$ ./myprog myprog(machine lang code)
HW (ArmLab)
OS (Linux)
data myprog data
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Agenda
Course overview• Introductions• Course goals• Resources• Grading• Policies• Schedule
Getting started with C• History of C• Building and running C
programs• Characteristics of C• C details (if time)
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Java vs. C: Portability
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Program Code Type Portable?MyProg.java Java source code Yesmyprog.c C source code Mostly
MyProg.class Bytecode Yesmyprog Machine lang code No
Conclusion: Java programs are more portable
(In particular, this semester we’re moving from thex86_64-based “courselab” to the ARM64-based “armlab”,and all of the programs must be recompiled!)
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Java vs. C: Safety & EfficiencyJava
• Automatic array-bounds checking,• NULL pointer checking, • Automatic memory management (garbage collection)• Other safety features
C• Manual bounds checking• NULL pointer checking,• Manual memory management
Conclusion 1: Java is often safer than C
Conclusion 2: Java is often slower than C40
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Java vs. C: Characteristics
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Java C
Portability + -Efficiency - +
Safety + -
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Q: Which corresponds to the C programming language?
A.
B.
C.
iClicker Question
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Agenda
Course overview• Introductions• Course goals• Resources• Grading• Policies• Schedule
Getting started with C• History of C• Building and running C
programs• Characteristics of C• C details (if time)
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Java vs. C: Details
Remaining slides provide some details
Use for future reference
Slides covered now, as time allows…
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Java vs. C: Details
Java C
OverallProgramStructure
Hello.java:
public class Hello{ public static void main
(String[] args){ System.out.println(
"hello, world");}
}
hello.c:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void){ printf("hello, world\n");
return 0;}
Building $ javac Hello.java $ gcc217 hello.c –o hello
Running$ java Hellohello, world$
$ ./hellohello, world$
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Java vs. C: DetailsJava C
Character type char // 16-bit Unicode char /* 8 bits */
Integral types
byte // 8 bitsshort // 16 bitsint // 32 bitslong // 64 bits
(unsigned, signed) char(unsigned, signed) short(unsigned, signed) int(unsigned, signed) long
Floating point types
float // 32 bitsdouble // 64 bits
floatdoublelong double
Logical type boolean/* no equivalent *//* use 0 and non-0 */
Generic pointer type
Object void*
Constants final int MAX = 1000;#define MAX 1000const int MAX = 1000;enum {MAX = 1000};
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Java vs. C: DetailsJava C
Arraysint [] a = new int [10];float [][] b =
new float [5][20];
int a[10];float b[5][20];
Array bound checking
// run-time check /* no run-time check */
Pointer type// Object reference is an// implicit pointer
int *p;
Record type
class Mine{ int x;
float y;}
struct Mine{ int x;
float y;};
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Java vs. C: DetailsJava C
StringsString s1 = "Hello";String s2 = new
String("hello");
char *s1 = "Hello";char s2[6];strcpy(s2, "hello");
Stringconcatenation
s1 + s2s1 += s2
#include <string.h>strcat(s1, s2);
Logical ops * &&, ||, ! &&, ||, !
Relational ops * =, !=, <, >, <=, >= =, !=, <, >, <=, >=
Arithmetic ops * +, -, *, /, %, unary - +, -, *, /, %, unary -
Bitwise ops <<, >>, >>>, &, ^, |, ~ <<, >>, &, ^, |, ~
Assignment ops=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=,<<=, >>=, >>>=, &=, ^=, |=
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=,<<=, >>=, &=, ^=, |=
* Essentially the same in the two languages
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Java vs. C: DetailsJava C
if stmt *
if (i < 0)statement1;
elsestatement2;
if (i < 0)statement1;
elsestatement2;
switch stmt *
switch (i){ case 1:
...break;
case 2: ...break;
default:...
}
switch (i) { case 1:
...break;
case 2: ...break;
default:...
}
goto stmt // no equivalent goto someLabel;
* Essentially the same in the two languages
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Java vs. C: DetailsJava C
for stmtfor (int i=0; i<10; i++)
statement;
int i;for (i=0; i<10; i++)
statement;
while stmt *while (i < 0)
statement;while (i < 0)
statement;
do-while stmt *do
statement;while (i < 0)
dostatement;
while (i < 0);
continue stmt * continue; continue;
labeled continue stmt
continue someLabel; /* no equivalent */
break stmt * break; break;
labeled break stmt
break someLabel; /* no equivalent */
* Essentially the same in the two languages
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Java vs. C: DetailsJava C
return stmt *return 5;return;
return 5;return;
Compound stmt (alias block) *
{statement1;statement2;
}
{statement1;statement2;
}
Exceptions throw, try-catch-finally /* no equivalent */
Comments/* comment */// another kind
/* comment */
Method / function call
f(x, y, z);someObject.f(x, y, z);SomeClass.f(x, y, z);
f(x, y, z);
* Essentially the same in the two languages
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Example C Program#include <stdio.h>#include <stdlib.h>
int main(void) { const double KMETERS_PER_MILE = 1.609;
int miles;double kMeters;
printf("miles: ");if (scanf("%d", &miles) != 1){ fprintf(stderr, "Error: Expected a number.\n");
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);}
kMeters = (double)miles * KMETERS_PER_MILE;printf("%d miles is %f kilometers.\n",
miles, kMeters);return 0;
}
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Summary
Course overview• Introductions• Course goals
• Goal 1: Learn “programming in the large”
• Goal 2: Look “under the hood”and learn low-level programming• Use of C and Linux supports both goals
• Resources• Lectures, precepts, programming environment, Piazza, textbooks• Course website: access via http://www.cs.princeton.edu
• Grading• Policies• Schedule
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Summary
Getting started with C• History of C• Building and running C programs• Characteristics of C• Details of C
• Java and C are similar• Knowing Java gives you a head start at learning C
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Getting Started
Check out course website soon• Study “Policies” page• First assignment is available
Establish a reasonable computing environment soon• Instructions given in first precept